It 句型 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)（合集13篇）由网友“比利亚尔”投稿提供，以下是小编为大家整理后的It 句型 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)，欢迎阅读与收藏。
篇1：It 句型 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
It 句型归纳
1． It is ＋adj．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋ to do sth．
用于此句型的形容词有：easy， hard， difficult，possible，
important， impossible， necessary， good， bad， exciting，
interesting， surprising等。如：
It is necessary to change your job．
It was very hard for them to walk such a long way in
the snow．
2． It is ＋n．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋ to do sth．
用于此句型的名词有： pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s
job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。如：
It is a pity for you to have missed such a wonderful
play．
It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats
for the old．
3． It is ＋adj．＋of sb．＋to do sth．
此句型中的形容词主要描述某人的品德、特征。能用于该句型的形容词有：
kind, nice, wise,
silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。如：
How silly it was of you to give up such a good
chance！
It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel
at home in their house．
4． It is ＋adj．（＋n．）＋doing sth．
此句型中的形容词和名词常见的有：no／little use, no／much good,
useless等。如：
It’s no use crying over spilt milk．
5．It takes sb．＋一段时间＋to do sth． 表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”。如：
It took us half an hour to ride to the town by the
sea．
6．It is ＋及物动词的过去分词＋that从句
此句型中常见的及物动词的过去分词有：said, told, known, reported,
recorded, thought, believed, considered等。如：
It is reported that the Russian President will visit
China next week．
7．It ＋不及物动词＋that从句
此句型中不及物动词常见的有：seem， happen， appear， matter等。如：
It seems that there will be a heavy snow tomorrow．
It happened that I met my good friends in the museum
yesterday．
8．强调句型：It is＋被强调部分＋that／who从句
在使用强调句型时要注意，指人时可以用who或that，其它情况一律用that。如：
It was under the bed that my brother hid the ball
this morning．
It is Mr Bell who／that often comes and looks after
the old man．
9．It is／has been＋一段时间＋since从句。如：
It is ／has been three years since we saw each other
last．
10．It is (high) time that sb． did sth．
该句型表示“某人现在该做某事了”，从句常用过去时（虚拟语气）
说明现在应该做的事情。如：
It’s six o’clock．It is high time that we went home
now．
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇2：英语常用的句型结构(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
高中英语重点语法网络图表
英语常用的句型结构
1、 S + vi
2、 S + link verb + predicative
3、 S + vt +o
4、 S + vt + o (间接) + o (直接)
5、 S +vt+ o + o c
6、 There be + s + …
简单句的五个基本句型
种类 句型 主语
S. 谓语部分
谓语动词V. 表语P. 宾语O. 宾语补足语OC.
第1种 S +V We work.(不及物)
第2种 S+V+O He plays(及物) the piano.
第3种 S+V+P We are(系动词) students.
第4种 S+V+ino(间接宾语)+Do(直接宾语) She gave(及物) me a pen.
第5种 S+V+O+C He made(及物) the boy laugh.
第6种 There be+S There are thirty days this month.
主语部分 谓语部分
谓语动词 修饰语/补语/宾语
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Flowers
Flowers
Many beautiful flowers
I
Betty, your younger sister,
Some students in my class
you
(You) bloom。
bloom
bloom
go
looks
speak
Do... understand
Read
in the gardens.
in the gardens in spring.
to school by bicycle every day.
very pretty.
English very well.
these sentences?
Lesson Two, Mary.
句子的成分
1. 主语-主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。
注意：不定式作主语时，常用形式主语it句型。
2. 谓语-说明主语“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么样”。
谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。
3. 表语-表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。
*注意区别：My job is teaching.(teaching 为表语) 与 I am teaching now.(am teaching 为谓语)
4. 宾语-宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么，在谓语之后。
5. 状语-状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。
6. 定语-定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词又可以作主语，还可以作表语和宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。
简单句、并列句、复合句
1. 简单句
句型：主语+谓语
只包含一个主谓结构，而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示。
2. 并列句
句型： 简单句+并列连词（或连接副词）+简单句
*由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。
1、联合关系：
常用的连词有and, not only…but(also), neither…nor等。
Eg. Tom doesn’t smoke, nor does his brother.
2、转折关系
常用的连词有but, yet, still, however, while(而，然而)，when（那时，然后）等。
Eg. He got up very early, (and) yet he failed to catch the morning train.
We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain.
She is tired, (but) still she will make another test.
*yet 和still是连接副词，又叫半连接句。
*however(然而，不过，但是)意义接近yet,可放在句首、句末或插入句子中间。
3、选择关系：
常用的连词有or（或者，还是，否则），otherwise, or else, either…or等。
Eg. Hurry up, or we’ll be late for school.
4、因果关系
连词有：for, so, thus, therefore, and so 等。
Eg. He studied hard, thus he succeeded in passing the exam.
The Frenchman coughed loudly, so he decided to go and get some medicine for it.
*for 表示附加或推断的理由、原因。 Therefore较so更正式，and so 较口语化。
3. 复合句
句型：主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句（包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句，或只包含一个从句，但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。）
动词时态，被动语态
一、一般现在时
1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。
2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。如：
I’ll go there after I finish my work./ If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go there.
3.在以here, there开头的句子里，go, come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。
例如：There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。
二、现在进行时
1.表示正在进行的动作。
2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。
例如：She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。
He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。
3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。
例如:The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滚滚向东流。The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。
4.大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有：exist, live, understand, mean, owe, belong to, know, doubt, suppose, remember, forget,
believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope等。
三、现在完成时
1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作。
例如：I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.
2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for…”, “since…”表述的一段时间状语连用。例如：He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.
3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
1）用两种时态来表述发生在过去的某一动作，现在完成时强调这一过去动作对现在产生的影响或结果，而一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态，和现在关系不大。例如：She has cleaned the room. It’s very clean now.(此句has cleaned就不能改为cleaned.一是因为cleaned与现状无关，二是因为一般过去时不可突然跳到It’s…这样的一般现在时。)
2）汉语中的“了”、“过”、“曾”等词常用完成表达，如：I have seen that film.（我看过那部电影了。）但是如果是在特定的过去时间“看了”、“做过”，就不可用完成时而必须用一般过去进来表达。例如：When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么时候看了那部电影？我昨天看的。)不能说：When have you seen that film? I have seen it yesterday.
4.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”.例如：
--Where is Li Hua? －He has gone to the reading-room.
--She knows a lot about Shanghai.－She has been there.
5.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如不能说：He has finished the work for three hours.要翻译“他已完成工作三小时了。”可采用1）“ago法”：He finished the work three hours ago.2）“延续法”：He has been through(with)the work for three hours.3）“since法”：It is/has been three hours since he finished the work.
四、现在完成进行时
1.用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续一去）的动作。例如：He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been raining for two days.
2.凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。
五、一般过去时
表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。
六、过去进行时
1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）。例如：He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行。例如：They were still working when I left.
3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生。例如：I was writing while he was watching TV.
4.表示过去将来动作。例如：He said she was arriving the next day.
七、过去完成时
1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。例如：He had shut the door before the dog came up./ Everything had been all right up till this morning.
2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。例如：At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.
3.常用hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。例如：We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
八、一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。有下列一些形式：
1.will/shall do （侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事）
2.be going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生)
3.be doing (按计划将要发生，常和表示最近的将来时间连用)
4.be about to do (按计划即将发生)
九、将来完成时
用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when, before引起的时间状语连用。例如：We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
被动语态
一、被动语态的句型
1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）
例如：He was scolded by the English teacher.
2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分
例如：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.
注意：使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者”
3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。
例如：She lent me a bike.
被动：1）I was lent a bike(by her). 2）A bike was lent to me(by her).
4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词
例如：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.
5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分
例如；These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.
二、主动表示被动的几种情况
1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。例如：This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。These books sell well.这些书好卖。The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。
2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。
例如：The apples taste good./The flower smells wonderful./The news proved/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.
注：prove也可用于被动式，如：His answer(was) proved right.
3.不定式在某些形容词之后，且与主语有动宾关系。常见形容词有：hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible等。例如：The problem is easy to do./The question is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year.比较：The problem is to be done./The question is to be answered.没有形容词时，虽然不定式与主语是动宾关系，但必须用被动式。
三、容易误用被动语态的几种情况：
1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。
2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。
3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.因为象lose heart, make a face, keep silence, lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。
4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.因为象take part in, belong to ,own, have, hate, fail, contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。
主谓一致Agreement
在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定，则要看句子的意思。多数情况下，根据句子的主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思，及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。
1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
1）To work hard is necessary.（It is necessary to work hard.）
2）How you get there is a problem.
2、复数主语跟复数动词。
3、在倒装句中, 动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here, there开头，be 动词与后面第一个名词一致。如：1）Here comes the bus.
2）On the wall were two famous paintings.
3）Here is Mr Brown and his children.
4、and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短语，谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如：
1）Jane, Mary and I are good friends.
2）He and my father work in the same factory.
3）His sister, no less than you, is wrong.
4）The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.
5）He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.
6）Every picture except these two has been sold.
7）Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.
8）Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.
9）Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.
5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and后面的名词没有冠词。如：
1）The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow. 这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。
2）Bread and butter is their daily food. 面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。
3）The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.（两个人）
6、and连接的并列单数名词前如有each, every, no, many a修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
1）Every boy and girl has been invited to the party. 所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。
2）No teacher and no student is absent today.
3）Many a student is busy with their lessons.
7、each, either, one, another, the other, neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
1）Each takes a cup of tea.
2）Either is correct.
3）Neither of them likes this picture.
8、由every, some, any, no构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
1）Is everyone here?
2）Nothing is to be done. 没有什么要干的事儿了。
9、关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：
1）Those who want to go please sign their names here.
2）Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.
3）He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.
10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。
11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待（如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等），动词用单数形式。如：
1）The United States is in North America.
2）The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。
3）“The Arabian Nights”（《天方夜谭》）is an interesting book.
12、有些集体名词如family, team, group, class, audience（听众，观众），government等作主语时，如看作是一个整体，谓语动词则用单数形式；如强调各个成员时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：
1）My family is going to have a long journey.
2）My family are fond of music.
3）The class has won the honour. 这班获得了荣誉。
4）The class were jumping for joy.
13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest等作主语时，既可表示复数意义，也可表示单数意义，谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如：
1）All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。
2）All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。
3）Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。
14、the + 形容词（或分词）作主语时，常指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念，谓语动词则用单数形式。如：
1）The young are usually very active.
2）The wounded are being taken good care of here now.
15、or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or, not only…but (also)连接的是主语,谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如：
1）Either you or I am going to the movies.
2）Not only you but also he is wrong.
16、不可数名词没有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
1）Water is a kind of matter.
2）The news at six o’clock is true.
17、集合名词如：people, police ,cattle等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
1）The police are searching for him.
2）The cattle are grassing (吃草)。
18、population当人口讲时，谓语动词用单数形式；当人们讲时，谓语动词用复数。如：
1）The population of China is larger than that of Japan.
2）One third of the population here are workers.
19、the number of + 名词复数，是表示“…的数字”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；a (large / great) number of + 名词复数，表示许多，作主语时；谓语动词用复数形式。
1）The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.
2）A number of students have gone for an outing.
20、means, politics, physics, plastics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
复合句
( 1 ) 定语从句
I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注
关系代词 Who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? Whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
Whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
Whose 人，物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
That 人，物 主语，宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
Which 物 主语，宾语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
As 人，物 主语，宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. As做宾语一般不省略
关系副词 When 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which
Where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which
why 原因 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用for which
II. That与which, who, whom的用法区别：
情况 用法说明 例句
只用that的情况 1． 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。
2． 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时
3． 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
4． 先行词既指人又指物时
5． 先行词被the only, the very修饰时
6． 句中已经有who时，为了避免重复时 1.He told me everything that he knows.
2.All the books that you offered has been given out.
3.This is the best film that I have ever read.
4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
5.He is the only man that I want to see.
6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情况 1． 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人
2． 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。
3． 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
III. As与which的区别：
定语从句 区别 例句
限制性定语从句中 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.
Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性定语从句中 as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
类别 语法意义及特征 例句
限制性定语从句 对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。 The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定语从句 对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开, 相当于一个插入语, 不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。 His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.
( 2 )状语从句
状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等，按意义可分为地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较等。
1、时间状语从句
由从属连词when, whenever, as, while, before, since, once, till. Eg. I waited till he had finished his work.
A. when, as, while 作时间从属连词的区别。
When可引导持续性动作，又可引导短暂性动作。它可表示主从句的动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。 Eg. When I was a boy, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. (同时)
B. as 引导持续性动作，侧重表示主句和从句动作同时发生。 Eg. He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
C. while “在某一段时间里”、“在……期间”
While引导的动作必须是持续性的，它也强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。
Eg. Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.
*当when, as, while(正当……的时候)表示主句和从句的动作同时发生时，可以换用。
*当when引导的状语从句是系表结构（名词作表语），其主语又和主句主语一致时，往往可用as引导的省略从句代替，应注意as在这里是连词，不是介词，后边名词与年龄有关。
Eg. As a young man(=when he was a young man)he was a postmaster.
D. before 如果when和before引导的句子位于主句之后，有时要译为“才”、“这时”等。
Eg. He almost knocked me down before he saw me. I was having lunch when someone knocked at the door.
E. by the time, each time, every time, immediately, the moment, soon after, shortly after等也可以作为连词，引导时间状语从句。Eg. Each time he came to Beijing on business, he would call on me. I recognized you the moment I saw you.
F. 时间状语从句中的谓语动词一般不能用任何一种将来时,只能用现在时或过去时态表示将来时。
E. hardly…when; no sooner ...than=as soon as
这两个句组只能用于过去时，即从句谓语动词用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用过去完成时。Hardly、no nooner放在句首时，主句主谓倒装。
Eg. He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.
Hardly had he fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.
Eg. I had no sooner come home than it began to rain. No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.
2、 地点状语从句：where, wherever引导
Eg. Go back where you came from. Where there is water, there is life.
3、原因状语从句
由连词because, as, since, now than (既然，由于)
because引导的从句是全句意思的重心所在。在有上下文的情况下，可以不要主句而单独成句。as与since则不能。
在回答why开始的问句时只能用because。
*在强调句式中强调原因状语从句，只能用because引导从句，不能用as或since.
Eg. It was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us.
*as （由于）所引导的从句一般放在主句之前，说明原因；后边的主句说明结果。主句和从句表达的内容同等重要。 Eg. As there was no answer, I wrote again.
以as引导的从句位于主句之后时，它的力量更弱一些，类似一种附带的说明。As在口语中使用较多。
*since(既然，因为)：用以表示显然的或已知的理由、原因。从句的意思是次要的，主句是全句意思的重心所在。
Eg. Since he can not answer the question, you’d better ask someone else.
*now that与since, as 同义。其区别是now that用来说明一种新情况，然后再加以推论，从句与主句的因果关系很小，而since和as连接的句子因果关系比较明显。
Eg. Now that you have finished the work, you are free to do what you like.
注意：*用了以上表示原因的从属连词，主句不可再用并列连词so.
*并列连词for有时表示因果关系，有时是对前面分句的内容加以解释或推断。
当for表示因果关系时，可和从属连词because同样使用，但语气较弱。
Eg. He could not have seen me, for (or: because) I was not there.
4、目的状语从句
that, so that, in order that, for fear that(以免，唯恐)，lest(唯恐，免得)：lest从句中谓语(should)+v, in case (万一)等。
Eg. We remained at home lest(=for fear that) they should come in our absence.
目的状语从句的消语常含有may(might),can, could, should, will等情态动词。通常主句在前，从句在后，主句与从句之间没有逗号。
*lest 只用于正式文体，在现代英语中多以for fear that, so that…not等代替。
5、结果状语从句
由连词that, so that, so…that , such…that etc.
注意区别that, so that引导的目的状语从句和结果状语从句。根据上下文来判断，从句之前有逗号的常是结果状语从句；从句中有情态动词的多半是目的状语从句。
Eg. She hurried, so that she caught the bus. (结果) She hurried so that she might catch the bus.(目的)
6、条件状语从句
通常由if, unless(除非)，as long as, so long as只要，in case (that)万一
*unless 从句的谓语只能用肯定式
*主将从现
7、方式状语从句
连词as, as if(as though)等引导从句多用虚拟语气。 Eg. He walked as if he were drunk.
8、比较状语从句
as…as, not so (as)…as, than等引导 eg. Peter swims as well as Tom does.
*the +比较级（从句），the+比较级（主句） eg. The harder we work, the happier we feel.
9、让步状语从句
though, although, as(虽然)，even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, however, no matter who (what, which, etc)
eg. Wherever you work, you can always find time to study.
Whether he comes or not, we’ll discuss the problem this afternoon.
*让步状语从句可放在句首、句中、句尾
though与although同义。Although 较为正式，多置于句首，as引导的让步状语从句多用于书面语。它比用though(although)引导的让步状语从句更有表现力，语气更强。As引导的让步状语从句要使语序部分倒装。
Eg. Child as he was, he had to help support the family.
*even if (though)从句所说的不一定是事实。 Though从句一般说的是事实。
*whether一般引导名词性从句。当引导让步状语从句时，必须有逗号和主句分开，而且其前边可加no matter.
Eg. You’ll have to do it, (no matter) whether you like it or not.
*让步状语从句和主句之间不可再用but等纯并列连词，但可用yet, still, nevertheless等副词来加强语气。
Eg. Though he was tired, yet (still, nevertheless) he went on working.
*不可将no matter与“疑问词+ever”连用。
Eg. Whatever (no matter what )you say, I won’t agree you .
No matter whatever you say, I won’t agree with you .(错)
倒装句
I. full inversion
1、there (here) + be + S
eg. Here is the milkman. There comes the bus.
*在there和here的后面还可跟一些不及物动词，如stand, lie, go, fall等。句子的谓语时态为一般过去时或一般现在时。如例2
2、单个副词位于句首的倒装句
单个副词位于句首，句子的主、谓需倒装，表示强调。这类副词有in, out, now, up, down etc.句子的谓语一般为be动词或不及物动词。
Eg. Down came the rain. Up went the flag. Away he ran.
如果这类句子中的谓语动词是短语动词则不能将短语动词中的副词移到句首。
Eg. Up it blew.(错)____blew up: exploded
*但有时也例外，当句子的主语在对比的情况下，作主语的人称代词也可与作谓语的be 动词形成倒装。
Eg. There were they, reading in the classroom, while we were cleaning outside.
3、介词短语作状语位于句首的倒装句。在这类句子中，谓语一般为be或不及物动词。
Eg. Near the forest is a small lake. In the doorway stood my brother.
在上述单个副词和介词短语位于句首的倒装句子中，谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。
4、so, nor, neither, no more 引导的倒装句，句子全部倒装。
Eg. He finished his job, and so did I. Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his brother.
Peter 不喜欢流行音乐，他兄弟也是如此。
*在美式英语中，通常认为nor不能跟在but或and的后面。
Eg. John didn’t see the accident and nor did Mary.(错) John didn’t see the accident and neither did Mary.（对）
*当句子的主语与前句的主语为同一人或物，而so位于该句的句首时,后面so引导的句子不用倒装。
Eg. It’s raining . So it is.
5、as引导的倒装句
在正式书面文体中，as引导表示比较含义的从句，句子常用倒装句。
Eg. He likes sports, as do most of his friends. 他和他的大多数朋友一样，喜欢体育。
He is a college student, as are his sisters and brothers.
II. partial inversion
1、副词位于句首的部分倒装句
一些含有否定意义的副词位于句首时，句子倒装：seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, barely, little, never, few, not until, not only等。
Eg. Little did he know about mathematics. 他的数学知识极为贫乏。
Rarely did students attend his lectures. 学生很少去听他的讲座。
*如果scarcely, hardly, little和barely等副词位于句首，但它们在句中修饰主语，此时句子不倒装。
Eg. Little help can be expected from John. 不指望从约翰那里得到多少帮助。
Hardly twenty students are in that big room. 在那间大房子里还不足20名学生。
2、only引导的部分倒装句。
Only位于句首，后接状语，句子要倒装。
Eg. Only on Sunday does he go home. Only alone, does she feel sad.
*only修饰宾语，位于句首时，句子也可以倒装。Eg. Only their teacher will they obey.
*only修饰主语，位于句首，句子不用倒装。Eg. Only two of us got tickets.
3、not only …but also…引导的两个分句，前一个分句用倒装，后一个分句用倒装，后一个分句用陈述结构。
Eg. Not only does he speak English but also he speaks German.
*not only不位于句首，句子则不倒装 eg. He not only speaks English but also he speaks German.
4、hardly…when…; scarcely…when…; no nooner…than…
eg. Scarcely had he come in when the guests wanted to leave.
5、not+名词或副词组成的词组在句子中作状语或宾语，位于句首，句子需倒装。
Eg. Not a letter did he send home. Not once do I meet him. 我一次也没有见到他。
Not until the end of this week did she realize her mistakes.
*not在句首修饰主语，句子不必倒装。 Eg. Not many people came to the party.
6、当含有no的词组位于句首时，句子用倒装。
*Nowhere else in the world can you buy a better and cheaper camera than in our shop.
No longer are they cooperating with us.
By no means should you break the rules. 你决不能违反规章制度。
At no time should we give in to difficulties. 任何时候都不应在困难面前屈服。
*类似的短语：in no way决不，in no sense决不，in no case决不，under no excuse毫无理由，on no account决不
如果这类短语不在句首，句子不用倒装。
7、在if引导的虚拟条件句子中，如有had, were, should，可将if省去，而将had, were, should移到句首倒装。
Eg. Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believe it.
8、as, though引导的让步状语从句，形容词、名词作表语常位于句首，形成倒装。
Eg. Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people. Child as he is, he knows a lot.(省略冠词)
情态动词
I. 情态动词基本用法：
情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答
can 能力（体力，智力，技能）
允许或许可（口语中常用）
可能性（表猜测，用于否定疑问句中） can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…?
Yes,…can.
No,…can’t.
could couldn’t do
may 可以（问句中表示请求）
可能，或许（表推测）
祝愿（用于倒装句中） may not do May…do…? Ye,…may.
No,…mustn’t/can’t
might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might
No,…might not.
must 必须，应该（表主观要求）
肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测） must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? Yes,…must.
No,…needn’t/don’t have to
have to 只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化） don’t have to do Do…have to do…?
Yes,…do. No,…don’t.
ought to 应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…?
Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.
shall 将要，会
用于一三人称征求对方意见
用于二三人称表示许诺命令 shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…?
Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t
should 应当，应该（表义务责任）
本该（含有责备意味） should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…?
will 意愿，决心
请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉 will not/won’t do Will…do…?
Yes,…will. No,…won’t
would would not/wouldn’t do
dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中） dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…?
Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.
need 需要
必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中） need not/needn’t do Need…do…?
Yes,…must. No,…needn’t
used to 过去常常（现在已不再） used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do
didn’t use to do Used…to do…?
Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t
Did…use to do…?
Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.
II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测：
以must为例。Must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；Must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中
2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用语肯定句和否定句。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定否定疑问句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句否定句中)
III. 情态动词注意点：
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。
2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。
3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do, Need/dare…do…?
做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
非谓语动词
I. 非谓语动词的分类，意义，构成：
非谓语形式 构成 特征和作用
时态和语态 否定式 复合结构
不定式 to do
to be doing
to have done to be done
to have been done 在非谓语前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语
分词 现在分词 doing
having done being done
having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用
在句中做定、表、宾补和状语
过去分词 done
动名词 doing
having done being done
having been done sb’s doing 具有名词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定和表语
II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：
情况 常用动词
只接不定式做宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接动名词做并于的动词或短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, st about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作, 接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)
need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）
意义相反 stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）
remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生） Go on to do（接着做另外一件事）
Go on doing（接着做同一件事）
try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）
stop doing（试试去做，看有何结果） Mean to do（打算做，企图做）
Mean doing （意识是，意味着）
can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）
III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：
常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句
不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成。 I heard him call me several times.
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
现在分词 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio.
过去分词 动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态 We found the village greatly changed.
IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别：
区别 举例
不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 I have a lot of papers to type.
I have a lot of papers to be typed.
动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool?
现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 The boiling water / the boiled water
The developing country/the developed country
The falling leaves / the fallen leaves
过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成
V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：
区别 举例
不定式 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。 My dream is to become a teacher.
To obey the law is important.
(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用)
动名词 与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 It is no use saying that again and again.
Teaching is my job.
分词 无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。
现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。 The situation is encouraging.
The book is well written.
(常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)
If和whether
I. if 和whether都能引导主语从句。只不过if 引导主语从句不放在句首，而放在句尾。句首用it 作先行词，而whether引导的主语从句可放在句首或句尾。
*有些语法书说if不能引导表语从句。而在实际阅读中if引导表语从句的句子也是有的。
Eg. The question is if we should go on with the work.
II. if 与whether不能互换的情况：
1、介词后用whether不用if eg. It depends on whether he’s ready.
2、不定式之前用whether, 不用if eg. He worried whether to come.
3、名词之后用whether不用if eg. The decision whether to see her was mine alone.
4、whether可和or not直接连用，if不能。 Eg. I don’t know whether or not he is ready.
5、引导让步状语从句用whether不用if: eg. Whether you like it or not, you will have to do it.
6、如果宾语从句放在句首，用whether不用if. Eg. Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.
7、如果宾语从句是个否定句，用if引导不用whether引导。 Eg. I don’t care if he can’t come.
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇3：时态 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
时态
一、目标
本章要求学生掌握中学阶段常用的八种时态, 即：一般现在时, 一般过去时, 一般将来时, 现在进行时, 现在完成时, 过去完成时, 过去进行时, 过去将来时。
要求掌握时态的意义、各种时态的动词形式、与各种时态连用的时间状语以及一些时态的特殊意义。
二、重点及难点
八种时态的意义；现在完成时与一般过去时的区别；点性动词与线性动词；时态一致性。
三、方法
1．Do you know something about “tense”?
你知道“时态”是什么吗？
2．You are right. For example：
I'm working.我正在工作。
I worked yesterday.我昨天工作。
I will work.我将要工作。
How many tenses have you learned ?
你们学了几种时态？
3．Now let's have a discussion on every tense.
现在咱们分别讨论每个时态。
I think the present indefinite tense is the easiest tense of all． Do you know what it means ?
我想一般现在时是所有时态中最容易的, 你知道它的含义吗？
4．What's the form of the verb ?
谓语动词形式是什么样的？
5．Very good ! Do you know how to use “am, is, are”?
Here's a saying:
（I）我用 am（you）你用 are, is连着他、她、它。单数名词用is, 复数名词全用are。
Can you learn it by heart ?
你知道行为动词第三人称怎么变化吗？
6．Do you know what sound“s” or“es” makes ?
你知道“s”或“es”怎么发音吗？
你应当记住“清-清, 浊-浊, 元-浊”。现在我解释一下：
清-清 即：“s”或“es”之前的音素如 果是清辅音的话, “s”或“es”读作［K］（清）。
浊-浊 指“s”或“es”之前的音素如果是浊辅音的话, 则“s”或“es”读作［L］（浊）。
元-浊 如果“s”“es”之前是元音音素, 则它读作［L］（浊）。
你能想出几个例子吗？
7．一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态外, 常与什么副词连用呢？
8．一般现在时除表示经常性动作或状态外, 还有其他用法。它能表示将来时, 但它是有条件的, 这个条件有两种情况：A．是在条件状语从句中, 如果主句是一般将来时或一般现在时。B．是表示计划、打算、有规律动作。你能想出几个例子吗？
9．I think you have known something about the present indefinite tense. But I have one more point to tell you.
That is：Sometimes the present indefinite tense is used in the object clause when the past indefinte tense is used in the main sentence, Can you show me an example？
10．So much for the present indefinite tense. Let's come to the present continuous tense. Do you know the form of the verb when it is used as the present continuous tense？
11．You are right. Then what kind of adverbial is used？
那么用什么状语呢？
12．现在进行时有一个特殊的意义, 它可以表示将来发生的动作。但是这些动词必须是表示位置移动的单词。例如：go, come, start, leave 等。 Would you please give me two sentences？
13．Very good. Now shall we talk about the future indefinite tense？This kind of tense refers to an action that is going to happen in the future. Would you please say more？
14．一般将来时除去will do结构外, 还有其他结构, 也可表示将来时, 但注意这些结构有其他意义在里边。如： be going to do…表示动作将要发生, 表示主观打算。
be to do表示安排、计划好的动作, 表示命令、可能等意义。
be about to do…表示眼下即将发生……
Can you make some sentences？
15．The past indefinite tense expresses an action happened in the past. It's usually used with the adverbials such as yesterday, last month（ year, week）, the day before yesterday, … ago, in 1968 etc.它的谓语动词形式是什么样的呢？
16．Now let's come to the present perfect tense. In this tense, the action also happened in the past, but the action has something to do with“now”.
现在完成时动作发生在过去, 但它对现在有影响。谓语动词的形式为have done, done代表过去分词。have还有一种变化, 即has。has用于第三人称单数, 其他人称用have, 请你给出几个现在完成时的句子。
17．请你根据刚才的句子, 归纳一下现在完成时有几种含义？
18．现在完成时的这两种含义非常重要, 要认真领会。这里引出了两个概念：延续性动词与非延续性动词。即：点性动词与线性动词。所谓点性动词就是不能延续的动词；线性动词就是可以延续的动词。延续性动词用于现在完成时的第二种用法, 点性动词用于第一种用法。
19．点点结合, 线线结合是完成时中一个重要原则, 这个问题往往是学生容易出错的地方。请把下列句子的错误改正过来：
A．He has come for 3 hours.
B．The girl has waited since two years.
C．The old man has died for ten years.
D．I have bought the book for two months.
20．那么，在英语中，同一种意思，既有点性动词，又有线性动词的实例很多。Now would you please show the continuous verbs of the following ?
A．join the army
B．join the Party
C．come back
D．borrow a book
E．buy a book
F． leave
G．go out
H．die
I．open
J．begin
K． arrive
21．在完成时的句子中, 同一种意思可以有几种英语表达方法。如：
我入团已经5年了。有以下几种表达方式：
A．I have been a League member for 5 years.
B．It's five years since I joined the League.
I joined the League 5 years ago.
I have been a League member since 5 years ago.
Now I give you some sentences and please try to express the same meaning in other ways.
A．He has been here for 2 hours.
B．They've been away since 1960.
C．The film has been on for one hour.
22．Now let's do some other exercises. Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of verbs.
A．I ____ （lose）my pen.
She ____ （ lose） her pen yesterday.
B．I ____ （be）to the Agricultural Exhibition.
I ____ （go） to the Agricultural Exhibition last week.
C．The car ____ （stop）.
The car ____ （stop） just now.
D．A： ____ you ____ your lunch ?
B：Yes, I ____ .
A：When ____ you ____ it ?
B：I ____ it about half an hour ago.
23．Now let me say something about “have been to” and“have gone to”.
have been to 意思是“去过”。
have gone to 意思是“去了”。
请翻译下列各句：
A．我去海南四次了。
B．他已经去南方了。
C．你去过东京吗？
D．小李已经去办公室了。
你可以去那儿找他。
E．你去哪儿了？
F．他去哪儿了？
24．通过练习，对现在完成时和过去时有了足够的认识, 你能说出它们的异同点吗？
25．Very good !Here's a drawing to show the difference between the present perfect tense and the past indefinite tense.
e．g．He was a student in the past.
e．g． He has been a student for 2 years.
26．现在来谈谈对比时态问题。所谓对比时态是指两个动作同时存在, 但有时间前后。这样的时态有过去将来时、过去完成时。
27．过去完成时也可跟另一个时间进行对比, 含义仍然是到过去某个时间为止, 如它与 by the end of…, by the time when…
例如：
A．They had completed the program by the end of the last year.
B．The train had left by the time when we arrived at the station.
28．You are right. The present continuous tense expresses an action happening at a present moment or during a present period of time, while the past continuous tense refers to the past.
e．g．My daughter was reviewing her lessons at eight last night.
What were you doing while I was watching TV ?
Students
1．I think“tense” is a certain form of a verb. It changes according to the time of the action.
我想“时态”是动词的某种形式, 它随动作的时间而发生变化。
2．We have learned eight tenses. They are： the present indefinite tense, the past indefinite tense, the future indefinite tense, the present continuous tense, the present perfect tense, the past continuous tense, the past perfect tense and the future-in-the-past indefinite tense.
我们学习了：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时和过去将来时。
3．一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态、过去、现在以及将来一直进行的动作或存在的状态。
4．一般现在时, 谓语动词要随主语人称而变化。be动词有三种变化形式, 即am, is, are；行为动词有两种变化形式, 即：原形和第三人称单数。
5．行为动词第三人称有以下几种变化形式：
A．动词后面直接加“s”, 如works, plays, learns。
B．以［K］［CM］, ［DN］,［M］,［L］ 结尾的单词, 词尾加“es”, 如果词尾有“e”, 则只加“s”, 如：misses, finishes, teaches, loses。
C．如词尾以辅音字母+y结尾, 应变y为“i”, 再加“es”, 如： flies, carries。
D．特殊情况：go和do词尾加“es”。
6．啊！我明白了, 像 works, 由于 s之前是k, 读作［E］, 是清辅音, 所以s读作［K］；又如：learns s之前是浊辅音［Q］, 所以它读作浊辅音［L］； plays s之前由于是ay字母组合, 读作元音音素［-!］, 所以s读作［L］这叫做“元-浊”。
7．与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：often, usually, sometimes, always, seldom, twice a week, every day…
8． A．If it is fine tomorrow, I will go out for a picnic.
（条件状语从句中一般现在时表示将来）
B．When they leave school, they will go back to the factory.（时间状语从句一般现在时表示将来）
C．The train starts at ten o'clock in the morning.
（计划, 有规律的动作表示将来）
9．Yes, I can. Here's a sentence.
The teacher said that the sun rises in the east. Here“rises”is the present indefinite tense. This tense is used because it happens regularly.
因为动作是有规律地发生。
10．The form of the verb is“be doing”, and“be”can be changeable.
For example：am, is, are. I think the present continuous tense expresses an action happening at present time or during present period of time.
For example：
He is reading a book now.
We are learning BookⅡthis week.
11．现在进行时与 now, at the present, this year（week, month）等时间状语连用。
12．
A．He is coming to see me tomorrow.
明天他要来看我。
B．They are leaving Shanghai for Beijing.他们要离开上海去北京。
13．OK ! The future indefinite tense is connected with the future time, such as, tomorrow, next week（year, month）, the day after tomorrow, from now on, in a month （year） etc.
它的动词结构是will do 有时第一人称单复数用shall do。
14．Yes, I can.
A．We are going to help the farmers on the Red Star Farm.
我们打算去红星农场帮助农民们。
B．The boys are to go to school next week.
这些男孩们下周要上学了。
C．We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit him now.
我们就要离开了, 所以现在没有时间去看他了。
15．一般过去时, 谓语动词的形式应该用过去时。即：原形动词后加ed, 还有一些特殊形式的动词。如：go----went, see----saw, do----did, read----read, give----gave, sit----sat。
我想特殊动词要特殊记忆。
16．我清楚了, 现在完成时谓语动词形式have done, 可以这样理解：have是“变量”；done是“常量”。
A．We have cleaned the room now.
我们现在已经打扫了房间。
B．He has cleaned the room now.
他现在已经打扫了房间。
C．They have been here for 3 hours.
他们在这儿呆了3个小时了。
D．The professor has worked in this university since 1969．
教授自从1969年就在这所大学里工作。
17．我想有两种含义：
一种是动作发生在过去, 动作不延续, 但对现在有结果和影响。如句子A、B表示打扫房间的动作发生在过去, 但强调的是现在房间已经干净了。
另一种是动作从过去开始一直延续到现在, 对现在有结果和影响, 如句子C、D。
18．点性动词应当与点性时间状语连用, 线性动词与线性时间状语连用。点性时间状语有：now, today, already, just, before, never, ever, always, yet等, 线性时间状语有for…, since…等。
19．A句中应当把come改为 been here, come为点性动词, for为线性时间状语。
B句有两种改法，一是将since改为for, 意思是“已经等了两年了”。另一种是在two years之后加ago, 意思是“自从两年前就开始等, 一直等到现在。”
C句将 died改为 been dead, 因为 for ten years是线性时间状语, die为点性动词, 不能延续, 而 be dead是线性动词, 可与 for短语连用。
D．将 bought改为 kept或 had。 buy为点性动词, have（keep）为线性动词。
20．Let me have a try．
join the army----serve in the army
join the Party----be a Party member
come back----be back
borrow a book----keep a book
buy a book----have a book
leave----be away
go out----be out
die----be dead
open----be open
begin----be on
arrive----be here
A．He has been here since two hours ago.
It's two hours since he came.
He came here two hours ago.
B．They went away in 1960.
They have been away for 40 years.
It's 40 years since they went away.
C．The film began an hour ago.
It's one hour since the film began.
The film has been on since one hour ago.
21．A．He has been here since two hours ago.
It's two hours since he came.
He came here two hours ago.
B．They went away in 1960.
They have been away for 40 years.
It's 40 years since they went away.
C．The film began an hour ago.
It's one hour since the film began.
The film has been on since an hour ago.
22．
A．have lost； lost
B．have been； went
C．has stopped； stopped
D．Have… had
have
did… have
had
23．
A．I have been to Hainan four times.
B．He has gone to the South.
C．Have you ever been to Tokyo ?
D．Xiao Li has been to his office. You can find him there.
E．Where have you been ?
F． Where has he gone ?
24．在我看来，它们的相同之处是动作都发生在过去，它们的不同点是现在完成时的动作对现在有影响，而过去时对现在没有影响。
25．图A表示动作发生在过去，处于静止状态, 而图B表示动作发生在过去，但它指向现在，对现在有结果和影响，最后强调的是现在。
26．当主句动作发生在过去，从句动作发生在它之后，这时从句谓语用过去将来时。如：
I said that I would go to that island.
“said”在前，相对它来讲，would go在后。
可当一个动作发生在过去而另一个动作发生在它之前, 那么这个动作则要用过去完成时。如：
I said that I had finished the composition.
said发生在过去, had finished在它之前发生, 称之为过去的过去。
27．现在我明白啦！过去完成时和过去将来时只有在与另一个过去的动作进行对比的情况下才能存在。所以把这两种时态叫对比时态。
老师，我有一个问题，过去进行时是指过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间正在进行的动作吗？
四、精选题
选择填空：
1．----Can I join your club, Dad？ [ ]
----You can when you ____ a bit older.（'94）
A．get B．will get
C．are getting D．will have got
2．----I'm sorry to keep you waiting.（'94） [ ]
----Oh, not at all. I ____ here only a few minutes.
A．have been B．had been
C．was D．will be
3．I don't really work here；I ____ until the new secretary arrives.（'94） [ ]
A．just help out
B．have just helped out
C．am just helping out
D．will just help out
4．I need one more stamp before my collection ____ . [ ]
A．has completed
B．completes
C．has been completed
D．is completed
5．I first met Lisa three years ago．She ____ at a radio shop at the time.（'97） [ ]
A．has worked
B．was working
C．had been working
D．had worked
6．----Is this raincoat yours？ [ ]
----No, mine ____ there behind the door.（'97）
A．is hanging B．has hung
C．hangs D．hung
7．----Nancy is not coming tonight. [ ]
----But she ____ ！（'98）
A．has written B．wrote
C．had written D．was writing
8．Shirley ____ a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it.（'98） [ ]
A．has written B．wrote
C．had written D．was writing
9．----Hi, Tracy, you look tired. [ ]
----I am tired. I ____ the living room all day.（'98）
A．painted
B．had painted
C．have been painting
D．have painted
10． The price ____ , but I doubt whether it will remain so.（'99） [ ]
A．went down
B．will go down
C．has gone down
D．was going down
11．----Bob has gone to California. I hear. [ ]
----Oh. I wonder when he ____ .（'96海淀）
A．has left B．leaves
C．left D．was leaving
12．----Have you got your test result ? [ ]
----Not yet. The papers ____ .（'96海淀）
A．are not correcting
B．have not corrected
C．are still being corrected
D．have already been corrected
13．----Why weren't you at the meeting ? [ ]
----I ____ for a long----distance call from my father in Australia.（'99西城）
A．waited B．was waiting
C．had waited D．have been waited
14．The telephone ____ four times in the last hour, and each time it ____ for my roommate.（'99西城） [ ]
A．has rung; was
B．has been ringing; is
C．had rung; was
D．rang; has been
15． Two million tons of oil ____ exploited in this area that year.（'99西城） [ ]
A．was B．has been
C．were D．have been
16．----What time ____ Tom tomorrow？ [ ]
----At 3：00 p．m．（'99西城）
A．do you meet
B．will you meet
C．would you meet
D．are you meeting
17． That was not a good place to go skating. You ____ your leg. [ ]
A．can break
B．could break
C．could have broken
D．could have been broken
18．---- ____ the sports meet might be put off. [ ]
----Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A．I've been told
B．I've told
C．I'm told
D．I told
19．----Your phone number again？ I ____ quite catch it. [ ]
----It's 9568442．
A．didn't B．couldn't
C．don't D．can't
20． As she ____ the newspaper, Granny ____ asleep. [ ]
A．read; was falling
B．was reading; fell
C．was reading; was falling
D．read; fell
21．I don't think Jim saw me; he ____ into space. [ ]
A．just stared
B．was just staring
C．has just stared
D．had just stared
22．----Who is Jerry Cooper？ [ ]
---- ____ ? I saw gou shaking hands with him at the meeting.
A．Don't you meet him yet
B．Hadn't you met him yet
C．Didn't you meet him yet
D．Haven't you met him yet
用所给动词的正确形式填空：
1． I'm afraid I can't get in all the wheat within such a short time unless you ____ to help me tomorrow.（come）
2． They left for Beijing last week and we ____ then so far.（not hear）
3．When we reached the airport, we were surprised to find that Uncle's plane ____ . （land）
4．I ____ he had finished his work.（think）
5．We ____ the problem for quite some time, but we any conclusion yet.（discuss, not reach）
6．He said this book would be published if the writer ____ .（agree）
7．John works very hard. In fact, I think he ____ right now.（study）
8．The little boy didn't see me, he ____ a golden fish in a basin.（watch）
9．I have to make a quick phone call. Can you wait a few moments ? It ____ long.（not take）
10．They ____ themselves on the beach when the train ____ .（enjoy, come）
答案：
选择填空：
1～5 AACDB 6～10 ABDCC 11～15 CCBAC
16～20 BBAAB 21～22 BD
用所给动词的正确形式填空：
1．come 主句用将来时, 从句用一般现在时表示将来。
2．haven't heard so far与现在完成时连用。
3．had landed 在 reached之前发生, 故用过去完成时。
4．thought
5．have been discussing, haven't reached 讨论从过去开始一直到现在, 但是到目前仍没有结论。
6．agreed 主句是过去时, 从句动作受它影响。
7． is studying
8．was watching 没有看到我, 那时正观看金鱼。
9．won't take
10．were enjoying, came
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇4：省略 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
省略
省略在英语运用中，尤其是在交际对话中普遍存在，因为它可以避免重复，突出关键词语，能做到言简意赅，并使上下文紧密连接。在历年的高考题中也屡见不鲜。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，有的学者把某些替代也看作一种省略。那么--
一、词法上的省略
1. 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略
1）如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。如：
These are John's books and those are Mary's (books). 这些是约翰的书，那些是玛丽的书。
2）名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略。如：
at the doctor's 在诊所
at Mr. Green's 在格林先生家
to my uncle's 到我叔叔家
at the barber's 在理发店
2. 冠词的省略
1）为了避免重复
The lightning flashed and thunder crashed. 电闪雷鸣。（thunder前省略了定冠词the）
2）在the next day (morning, week, year...)等短语中，有时为了使语气紧凑定冠词the 常可以省略。如：We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day. 第二天，我们去农场帮助农民收庄稼。
3）在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。如：
She sings best in the class. 她在班上唱歌唱得最好。
4）在某些独立主格结构中。如：
Our teacher came in, book in hand. (=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.)
我们的老师手里拿着一本书进来了。
5）在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。如：
Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他还是一个孩子，却懂得很多。
3. 介词的省略
1）both 后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时，介词of可以省略，但接代词宾格时，of不能省略。如：
Both (of) the films were interesting. 这两部电影都很有趣。
She invited both of us to her birthday party. 她邀请我们俩去参加她的生日派对。
2）在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一段时间前的介词for可以省略。如：
These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time.
这双鞋穿破了，已经穿了很长一段时间了。
3）被动结构中，如果没有必要强调动作的执行者，则可以省略介词by短语。如：
The letter was posted (by me) yesterday. 这封信是昨天寄出去的。
4）和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，如：consider... (as)..., prevent / stop... (from)doing..., have trouble / difficulty... (in) doing...,spend... (in / on) doing... 等中的介词可以省略。如：
Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away. 树能阻止泥土被冲走。
Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? 你能阻止他下河洗澡吗？
I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. 回答这个问题我有点困难。
4. 动词不定式中的省略
1）有些动词，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构
to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。如：
I consider him (to be) lazy. 我认为他懒。
His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.他母亲发觉他是一个很聪明的孩子。
2）感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役动词let, make, have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留。如：
They made the boy go to bed early.他们强迫这个男孩早睡。
The boy was made to go to bed early. 这个男孩被迫早睡。
注：help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。
3）在can not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后的动词不定式一般不带to； but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 时，也不带to, 否则要带to。如：
We have nothing to do now but wait. 我们现在除了等没有别的事可做。
I can not but admire his courage. 我不能不钦佩他的勇敢。
He has no choice but to accept the fact. 除了接受这个事实他别无选择。
4）在并列结构中为了避免重复。如：
I'm really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知道该怎么想，怎么说才好。
但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省略。如：
I came not to scold but to praise you. 我来不是责备你，而是赞美你。
5）在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。如：
Why talk so much about it? 为什么大谈这个事呢？
Why not try it again? 为什么不再试一试呢？
6）动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to。如：They may go if they wish to(go). 如果他们想去，他们就可以去。
Don't go till I tell you to.直到我告诉你去，你才可以去。
在一些动词afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try等后跟动词不定式作宾语，不定式中的to可以承前（后)省略。如:
-Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿和我一起去看电影吗？
-Well, I'd like to (go with you). 我愿意。
I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you).
我想为你做这事，但我又不知如何做。
在某些形容词，如：afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager等后承前省略动词原形，只保留不定式符号to。如：-Will you join us in the game? 你愿和我们一起做这个游戏吗？
-Sure, I'll be glad to(join you in the game). 当然，我愿意。
有些动词，如：tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like, forbid等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语、主语补足语时，不定式承前省略动词原形， 保留动词不定式符号to。如： He didn't come, though we had invited him to (come).
尽管我们邀请他来，他却没来。
注：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be，则要保留be或have。如：
-Are you a teacher? 你是老师吗？ -No, but I used to be (a teacher). 不，我以前是。
二、句法中的省略
在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。
1． 简单句中的省略
1）感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。如： What a hot day (it is)!多热的天啊！
How wonderful!多妙啊！
2） 在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。如：
-（Will you） Have a smoke? 你抽烟吗？ -No. Thanks. 不，谢谢了。
（Is there）Anything else to say?还有别的要说吗？
2． 并列句中的省略
1） 如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。如：
John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.
约翰一定在踢球，而玛丽一定在做作业。
2） 主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略。如：
His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。
3） 主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。如：
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。
4）在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。如：
Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't （sing at the party）.
杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在晚会上唱歌。
3． 复合句中的省略
1） 名词性从句中的省略
（1）作宾语的what从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则what从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语。如：Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it).
有人用了我的自行车，但我不知道是谁。
He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).
他走了，但没人知道他去哪儿了。
（2）有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分。如：
（I'm） Sorry I've kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。
（3）在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。如：It's important that we (should) speak to the old politely. 我们对老人说话要有礼貌，这很重要。
2） 定语从句中的省略
（1）在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。如：
The man(who / whom) I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。
Where is the book (which) I bought this morning?今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿？
（2）关系副词when, where, why以及that在the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week, month, year等) when, the place(desk, table, room, spot, house, town, country, school等)where, the reason why, the way that结构中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合下，可以省略关系副词when, where, why, that。如：
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair. 他来这么早是他自己的事。
The way (that) you answered the questions was admirable. 你回答这些问题的方式令人钦佩。
3）状语从句中的省略
当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。
（1）在as, before, till, once, when, while等引导的时间状语从句中。如：
While（I was） waiting, I was reading some magazines. 我一边看杂志，一边等。
（2）在though, although,等引导的让步状语从句中。如：
Though (they were) tired, they went on working. 虽然他们累了，但他们仍继续工作。
（3）在if, unless(=if... not)等引导的条件状语从句中。如：
You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) invited.
除非你被邀请，否则你不应该来参加他的宴会。
（4）在as, as if, as though引导的让步状语从句中。如：
He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那样去做了。
He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak. 他停下来，好像是在期待她说话。
（5）在as(so)... as..., than引导的比较状语从句中。如：
I know you can do better than he (can do). 我知道你能比他做得更好。
This car doesn't run as fast as that one (does). 这辆小车不及那辆跑得快。
三、替代性省略
在一些交际用语中的某些动词，如：think, suppose, expect, believe，guess等后常常和so， not等连用，以替代上文出现的内容。如：
-Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? 你认为他会来参加这个会议吗？
-I suppose not. 我认为不会。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇5：表语 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
表语
一、教学目标
通过本章学习, 使学生明白表语的概念及表语的用法。
二、教学重点和难点
不定式、分词、动名词作表语及表语从句。
三、教学方法
1．在谓语一章中我们已分析过表语, 最常见的是 be动词及 become。
2．在使用中我们常见到不定式用在be动词后边作表语。由于不定式表明一个具体的动作, 当放在be动词后边时表示即将要去做的事。请将下列句子翻译成汉语并作分析：
3．
A．The news sounds inspiring.
B．His absence is disappointing.
C．We are interested in the story.
D．After a long walk, we all felt tired.
E．He has got married.
一般来说～ing形式作表语表示主语的特征, 具有影响别人的能力；～ed形式作表语表示受到影响而呈现的状态。
4．A句是动名词作表语, 表示主语job的内容。
B句是现在分词作表语, 表示主语result 的特征。
动名词与现在分词作表语的不同就是前者是表内容, 后者是表特征。
5．这是一个含有主语从句和表语从句的复合句, 在后边的章节中会作进一步阐述。
1．表语表明主语的身份、状态、样子、方位、处所, 除了be, become这两个系动词外, 还有一些本身既是行为动词又是系动词的词。
2．
A．I am to go to town.
我要进城。
B．My work is to clean the classroom.
我的工作是打扫教室。
3．A．这消息听起来挺鼓舞人心的。是现在分词作表语, 表示本身具有影响别人的特征。
B．他的缺席令人失望。与上句一样表示主动。
C．我们对这故事感兴趣。过去分词作表语, 表示故事有趣, 使得我们对它感兴趣, 因此用过去分词。
D．走了一大段路, 我们都感到累了。过去分词作表语, 是走路使得我们累, 我们才感到累。
E．他结婚了。表示一状态, 过去分词作表语。 get married是个词组。
4．同样都是～ing 形式作表语, 遇到这样的句子, 怎样解释？
A．My job is running the machine.
B．The result is exciting.
5．如何理解下面这个句子？
Why he hasn't come is that he has something important to do at home.
四、精选题
1．The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult. [ ]
A．not makeB．not to make
C．not making D．do not make
2．Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour. [ ]
A．pay B．paying
C．paid D．to pay
3．Longjing tea, Jasmine tea and Wuyi tea are all famous, but which do you think ____ ? [ ]
A．tastes best B．smells most
C．drinks mostly D．sounds best
4．----Hello, Tom, where were you last night ?---- ____ . [ ]
A．To Brown's
B．To the Browns'
C．In Brown's
D．In the Browns'
5．Thank you very much indeed． That's ____ of you. [ ]
A．kindest B．most kind
C．the kinder D．the most kind
6．The meeting was put off, ____ was exactly ____ we wanted. [ ]
A．it；that B．as；that
C．which； what D．this ；what
7．His suit has become loose． He seems ____ weight. [ ]
A．to lose B．being lost
C．losing D．to have lost
8．----Did you enjoy yourself at the party？ [ ]
----Sorry to say I didn't． It was a meeting than a party.
A．more ofB．rather like
C．less of D．more or less
9．----Where is George？ He said he would meet me here at 3 O'clock. [ ]
----He seems ____ with Mr Brown in the office.
A．to talk
B．to be talking
C．to have talked
D．talking
10．They found there was ____ to weigh such an elephant. [ ]
A．big enough nothing
B．nothing enough big
C．enough nothing big
D．nothing big enough
答案：1～5 BCADB 6～10 CDABD
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篇6：倒装(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
倒 装
(一)疑问句多数是倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问词或被疑问词修饰的，整个句子是自然语序，本身就是个正装句
A. Who invented the machine?
B. What impressed you most?
C. What has happened to Tom?
D. How many people took part in the demonstration?
E. Which team won the game?
(二)there be结构是倒装句，除be以外，live, happen, exist, lie, remain也都可以充当该结构的谓语
A. About 2, 300 years ago, there lived in Greece a great thinker named Aristotle.
B. There happened to be nobody in the bedroom.
C. For there lay the Combs-the set of combs that Della had worshipped for many months in a shop window.
(三)only放在句首修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句时要倒装，其他情况就不构成倒装式了。如果谓语动词是单个实意动词，倒装时加do的相应形式(即do, does, 或did)
A. Only in this way can you succeed.
B. Only yesterday did I hear of the accident.
C. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work.
D. Only my parents know the secret. (不倒装)
(四)表示否定意义的词放在句首时要倒装
hardly, scarcely, never, not, not until, not only, seldom, little等。
A. Never shall I forget it.
B. Not a single mistake did he make.
C. Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.
D. Not only was everything he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.
E. Not until quite recently did I have any idea what a guided missile was like. 请注意下列这组句子。
A. She didn't change her mind until yesterday. (正装句)
B. Not until yesterday did she change her mind. (倒装句)
C. It was not until yesterday that she changed her mind. (强调句不倒装)
(五)把副词so放在句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(或物)，只用于肯定句
A. He has been to Beijing, So have I.
B. They like English very much. So does John.
C. Society has changed and so have the people in it.
但如果后面的句子是对前面句子的内容加以确认的话，那么也把so放在句首，不过后面主谓不倒装。
A. There was clearly nothing left to do but drop herself onto the shabby couch and weep. So Della did.
B. I said I was going to visit him. So I did.
C. He studies hard. So he does.
(六)如果虚拟条件从句的谓语动词含有be动词，助动词或情态动词，可将if省略，而把be动词、情态动词或第一个助动词移到主语前，构成倒装句
If it had not been for their assistance, we couldn't have got over the difficulties. (正装句)
A.
Had it not been for their assistance, we couldn't have got over the difficulties. (倒装句)
If there should be a flood, what should we do?
B.
Should there be a flood, what should we do?(倒装句)
(七)在某些让步状语从句中用倒装结构
A. Proud as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me.
B. Small as it was, the army had great fighting capacity.
C. Child as he is, he knows a lot.
(八)某些表示祝愿的句子也用倒装结构
A. Long live the solidarity of the people of the world!
B. May you both be happy!
(九)为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时常常把表语或状语部分放在谓语动词前
A. On the ground lay an old sick goat.
B. There, on the shore, were nine savages, sitting round a fire.
C. From a speaker on the wall comes the doctor's voice: “Good morning. ”
D. Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms.
(十)宾语在多数情况下都紧跟在谓语后面，但当我们特别想强调宾语时，亦可放到主语前面，但句中的主谓不倒装
This they kept for themselves.
All this he fixed together with glue, string, wax and many wires.
(十一)so…that结构中的so置于句首时，需要倒装
A. So excited was he that he couldn't say a word.
B. So loudly did he speak that even people in the next house could hear him.
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇7：高三英语教学初探 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
高三英语教学初探
周至四中 张荣利
众所周知，高三这一学年里，英语教师既要完成高中英语第三册的教学，又要带领学生进行会考、高考的复习备考，再加上我们农村地区的学生英语基础差，要让学生在一年内成绩有较大的提高，可谓任务紧、压力大。那麽，如何更加有效的进行教学呢？
分析历年考题后，我们会发现，高考、会考在重视英语基础知识的同时，都突出以测试语言运用能力为主的原则，形成了以篇章阅读为主的试题布局。说到底，高三复习最终目的是提高英语语言运用的能力。因此我的做法是这样的：
一、新课教学与单元复习同步进行.--------以新带旧,复习总结
边进行高三的课文教学，边对高中的内容如语音、词汇、语法和惯用法等语言知识进行查缺补漏和系统化训练。每单元除精选课本上的词汇、语法、填空或阅读理解习题进行即时训练外，还结合高考第一轮复习资料《创新设计》上高三部分套题对学生进行反馈训练。这些套题为每2单元一套，包括短语翻译15个，单词拼写10个，句形转换5个，单项选择15题（基本包括本单元主要语言点）、完型填空1篇。同时适当穿插语法专项、句型翻译、阅读理解和完型填空强化习题，印发一些范文让学生背。并告诉学生：词汇、短语的学习不能脱离语篇。要求同学通过诵读课文、范文，试着造句加深对词语与重点句型的印象。
二、加强词汇教学,积累语言信息．---------稳固根基,加强交际应用
在平时教学中对所学英语知识进行归纳总结，将零散的、孤单的知识有机地结合起来，使已学知识网络化，形成一个完整的知识体系，从而摸索出、总结出带规律性的东西，提高复习效率。比如：
（1）“点”： 归纳常用、常考重点词汇的基本用法、语法特点、适用条件以及相关知识点，特别是一些使用频率教高的动词，如 need, consider, suggest, expect, prefer 等。例如 suggest, 可表示“建议”，也表示“暗示”“表明” 等意义；还有suggest doing的结构, 以及做宾语从句时要用虚拟句型suggest that sb.（should）do 的结构，而作“暗示”、“表明”时则要用陈述语气；据此还可以联想到所带宾语从句中用虚拟语气的相关动词insist, demand, order, advice等。
（2） “线”：对有共同用法特点的词汇进行归纳、串联，形成知识链。如，既可作实义动词又可作系动词的词有：sound，smell，taste，get，become，turn，grow，come，fall，go，remain，look，appear，seem等。又如常用动名词（不能用不定式）作宾语的动词有：mind, enjoy, finish, imagine, suggest, avoid, practise, delay, appreciate, risk，等。
(3） “面”：由点及线，由线及面，培养发散思维和知识迁移的能力。对搭配能力强的词汇在复习时让学生先进行归纳复习。如复习Put用法时，马上想到Put away,put aside,put sth.in order,put on,put up with,put through等 。再区别记忆。
(4) “分”： 英语近义、同义词的学习和归纳可以扩大知识面，增强语言的使用能力。如在复besides 用法时，可以联系except, but, except for, except that, but for, apart from, other than 等词汇的词义区别和用法。再如: dress, be in ..., put on, have on, wear等词汇都可以表示“穿戴”，但他们的意义和用法的区别在哪？
（5）“合”：正确处理语法教学和阅读教学的关系：
要摆脱语法束缚，就得学好语法，逐步养成用英语思维的习惯。现行教材强调交际和运用，可是交际并不排斥语法，我们不能孤立地谈交际、阅读，更不能片面地教语法。这是两个极端。语言的基本功能就是交际，就是用来交流思想和看法的，很难想象一个满口病句错句的人能把他自己的思想准确无误地表达出来。形式是为内容服务的，适当的语言形式(即语法)应在运用中、在篇章阅读中让学生不断体会，进行自我总结，再由老师简要归纳，最后为学生所掌握。
三、检测：
实施单元训练和月考制度。单元训练每单元学完进行一次，重点是对阅读理解、完形填空和写作的考查，测试时量不超过45分钟，题量为一张8开试卷纸（双面）。
四、专项突破
单项选择
1、这种题型知识面考查范围较宽,要通过上下文中的暗示,附加信息掌握语境,正确推测对话双方的关系,选择符合西方文化习俗的正确答语;
2、在题中加入插入语成分、或故意打破句子的结构和平衡、或故意前置增加迷惑性;
3、句子结构题:考查强调句型、倒装句型、省略句型;
4、习语搭配型:提高区别相近习语混淆的能力;
5、逻辑题型:考查上下文的逻辑关系,选择恰当的连词;
6、将基础的语法、时态融入特设的愈境中,这时附加信息对答案有直接的影响;
完型填空
完形填空实际上是从词汇、语法、篇章、语境和用英语思维等方面对学生进行综合考查。所以，应从以下三个方面入手训练学生做完形填空的思维能力和解题技巧：
1．充分利用首句信息，掌握文章大意；
2．利用同位结构、破折号、上下文对词汇、词组进行推测;
3．掌握全文基本时态;
4、利用语篇标志解题;
语篇标志即:表明语篇内在联系的词语。如表示结构层次的firstly ,secondly ,finally等;表示逻辑关系的thus, therefore, so ;表示改变话题的by the way ,on the contrary,;表示递进的besides, what’s more ,further等;表示时间的before, after, so far, meanwhile ,later等;
5．利用语法知识分析句子结构；
6．利用词性和词语辨析法来解题；
7．利用文化背景和生活常识解题。
高考完形填空所选文章都堪称精品，其逻辑必是上下贯通，其脉络也必是井然有序，令人信服。因此，做完完形填空以后，应从文章的内在逻辑入手，看所选答案是否经得起推敲，是否能自然融入整个语篇，如果有游离于文章主旨之外或与整篇文章的逻辑相矛盾的答案，就需要重新理解、修正。
阅读理解
阅读能力一直是高考英语测试的主题，完型填空题也是以阅读能力为基础的。因此，在平时的教学中，我们尽量采用整体教学法，注意培养学生的下列能力：
1．理解文章主旨大义的能力；
2．获取课文中重点细节的能力；
3．根据上下文、词缀推测生词词义的能力；
4．根据文章的内容和提供的线索做出简单判断和推理的能力；
5．理解文章基本结构和逻辑关系的能力；
6．理解作者基本意图和基本态度的能力；
7．分清文章中的事实和观点的能力；
8．理解指代关系的能力；
9．理解图表信息的能力；
10．预测下文的能力。
在进行专项复习中，让学生限时阅读，培养他们快速阅读的技巧。对于学生无法读懂的文章，采用泛读和精读相结合的办法，通过对语义的解析，使同学理解语篇。阅读训练的重点是主旨大意和推理能力的培养。同时，课外给学生一定的阅读量，使他们熟悉各种体裁的文章，提高阅读能力。同时注意文章的时效性，题材的多样化。特别关注人与人、人与自然的和谐，健康与饮食，环保与节能内容的文章。
短文改错
1、检查是否“三一致，”即：主谓一致，指代一致，时态一致；
2、平行结构的一致：由and,but 连接或是比较状语结构是否前后一致；是否该省略“to”;是否是并列谓语；
3、用词的准确性，是否夹杂了文化差异；
4、并列与转折：根据上下文，选择恰当的连词；
5、逻辑推理与语意呼应：上下文的语意是否一致；
6、介词、动词是否搭配一致；
7、冠词是否恰当，是不是零冠词；
8、形容词是否正确，是原级、比较级还是最高级；
9、名词的数与格；
10、注意隔行句（每行只有一个错）；
书面表达
写作的过程与达标是一个渐进的过程。在高中的整个课文教学中，要求学生背诵每篇课文中的典型句式和表达好的句式。在高三的作文讲解中，也要重视对学生组句成文、文法知识、各种文体的行文方法的指导和对学生进行范文引导和习文点评。同时通过汉译英、词语造句的练习来强化学生对句法和文章结构的理解与认识。这样，学生在训练过程中逐步积累题型训练经验、获得答题技巧，提高语言交际运用能力。以下是注意事项：
1. 加强遣词造句的训练。把握五种基本句型结构，避免中式英语，力使句子语言生动、精练；
2. 练习篇章写作。循序渐进，仿写、改写、缩写、扩写，正确使用过渡词语；
3. 规范使用大小写和标点符号，避免非文字信息的丢分；
4. 注意人称、时态的一致和文章格式；
5. 学会审题，思路清晰，拟好提纲，避免要点错漏；
6. 字数适中，书写规范，卷面整洁。
五、考前训练
专项训练结束后，再进行NMET的适应性训练。训练学生审查试卷和填涂答题卡的习惯，养成良好的适应考试的能力，使学生在考试中能够发挥正常水平。时间分配上，建议单项选择用12分钟，完型填空用18分钟，阅读理解用40到45分钟，单词拼写和改错题用10分钟，写作（包括阅读填空）用25到30分钟，填涂答题卡用5分钟（建议每做完一个大题填涂一次，避免出错和没时间填涂）。
总之，高三的教学重点就在于通过第一轮对基础知识的系统复习、归纳、整理、深化，第二轮的专项训练和第三轮的模拟训练，完成由知识向应用能力的成功转化，使学生具备参加高考的能力和取胜的信心。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇8：补语 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
补语
一、目标
通过本章学习, 使学生了解主动语态句子中宾语补足语的概念、使用方法及被动语态中主语补足语的使用。
二、重点和难点
不定式、分词、形容词、名词及with sb./sth.+补语结构
三、方法
1．We mean that part of the sentence which stands in the same relation to the object as the predicate stands to the subject.
2．A．At the meeting we elected him monitor.
把him与monitor扩展成一个句子则成为：He is a monitor.
B．What you said made Xiao Wang angry.
把Xiao Wang与angry扩展成一个句子则成为：Xiao Wang is angry.
3．名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。
4．Nouns used as objective complements.
Please do the following translations:
A．他们让他当会议主席。
B．我认为你弟弟是个聪明的孩子。
C．年轻的父亲给他的宝宝起名叫“强强”。
D．我认为这是撒谎。
E．你们选玲玲当经理了吗？
5．How many verbs can be followed the nouns used as by objective complements? And what are they?
6．形容词是否可以作宾补？请翻译下列句子：
A．我发现教室空无一人。
B．他们把丝绸染成红色。
C．别把布料裁得太短。
D．一切都准备好了吗？
E．这消息几乎令他发疯。
7．Generally speaking, the following can be followed by adjectives used as the objective complements: find, make, keep, cut, paint, push, drive, leave…
8．副词
A．Please call the students back at once.
B．He was seen to take his cap off.
C．It was John who took the baby upstairs.
D．I joined the two pieces of wood together.
E．Please keep yourselves off the grass.
F．We wished the talk at an end.
9．副词作宾语补足语比较难于掌握, 对高中学生来说, 多用于理解, 而不强求会用。
10．不定式
在高中阶段我们只学过如下九个及物动词后边的不定式作宾补省略to：
let, make, have, feel, see, watch, hear, observe, notice, 从日常应用的角度看, 记住上边的九个动词基本就够用了。
11．Without“to”:
A．I can't have you say so.
B．You should try your best to make him understand that.
C．I noticed the thief steal into the room.
D．We observed the students do the physics experiment.
E．I felt my hands tremble.
能够跟不定式作宾补的词很多, 我们应当在使用中注意积累。
12．现在分词作宾补
have, see, watch, feel, hear, notice, observe, keep, find, 注意make后边不能跟现在分词作补语。
13．过去分词作宾补
在 have, make, see, watch, feel, hear, notice, observe, keep, find, get后
如： get one's hair cut
have one's hair cut
make oneself understood
keep one's mouth shut
find the work done
14．上述凡能跟宾语补足语的动词, 当它们出现在被动语态的句子中时, 原来被称为宾语补足语的部分则被称为主语补足语。需要指出的一点是, 原来不定式作宾补省略to的动词变成被动语态时, to不能省。
A．We call him Lao Wang.
主 谓 宾补
He is called Lao wang.
主 谓 主 补
B．We made him copy the sentence.
主 谓 宾 补
He is made to copy the sentence.
主 谓 主补
C．We asked him to sing us a song.
主 谓 宾 补
He is asked to sing us a song.
主 谓 补
需要说明的地方是have sb. do sth.一般不用于被动语态。 let sb. do sth.一般情况下也不用被动语态。
Students
1．What do you mean by the objective complement?
2．在一个句子中谓语动词是及物动词时, 后边必须跟宾语, 如果宾语后边仍有一个能与它构成逻辑上主谓关系的部分, 我们则称其为宾语补足语。
C．We hear him singing in the hall.
把him与singing扩展成一个句子则成为：He is singing.
3．什么可以在句子中作宾补？
4．
A．They made him chairman of the meeting.
B．I think（consider） your brother a clever boy.
C．The young father named his baby “Qiang-qiang.”
D．We call this lying.
E．Have you elected Ling-ling manager?
5．They are: elect, make, name, call, think, consider…
6．形容词也可以作宾补：
A．I found the classroom empty.
B．They dyed the silk red.
C．Don't cut the cloth too short.
D．Have you got everything ready?
E．The news almost drove him mad.
7．间或我们还能见到这样的句子：
Don't swallow it whole.
I bought it cheap.
也即是说swallow与buy后边也可跟形容词作宾补, 只是不常用罢了。
8．We use adverbs as well as prepositional phrases to be the objective complements less frequently than we use adjectives.
A．请叫这些学生们立即回来。
B．只见他脱下了帽子。
C．是John把孩子带上楼的。
D．我把两块木头接到了一起。
E．请你们不要践踏草地。
F．我们希望谈话快点结束。
9．We think it a bit difficult for us students to use adverbs to be the objective complements.
10．不定式作宾补分带to与不带to两种。因为在做练习时我们常见到这样的句子：
We saw him enter the hall.
I forced him to tell me the truth.
另外help后边的不定式不论是作宾语还是作宾语补足语, to省与不省没有关系。
11．With“to”:
A．I believe him to be honest.
B．He allowed me to use his car.
C．All parents forbid their children to play with fire.
D．Can you get some students to help me with the work?
E．What caused the Second World War to break out?
12．
A．It's too cold inside, please keep the fire burning.
B．When I pushed the door open,
I found him lying in bed, sleeping.
13．
A．He saw his face reflected in the water.
B．I heard it spoken of in the next room.
C．I'll get it done in one day or two.
D．How much will it cost to have it repaired ?
E．We observed the door unlocked.
14．
A．He is seen to stand up and go out.
只见他站起来并走了出去。
B．He was observed to open the window.
有人见到他把窗子打开。
C．The students were watched to play basketball.
人们观看学生们打篮球。
D．Air can be felt to be exist if you blow to your hand.
如果你对着手吹气, 就能感觉到空气的存在。
E．They were encouraged to practise speaking English.
人们鼓励他们练习讲英语。
四、精选题
1．Robert is said ____ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in. [ ]
A．to have studied
B．to study
C．to be studying
D．to have been studying
2．I saw the man ____ down and the driver ____ away. [ ]
A．knocking； driven
B．knock；driving
C．knocked；driving
D．knocked； drive
3．----Is there anything I can do for you ? [ ]
----I'd like to have these materials ____ by ten o'clock.
A．printed
B．print
C．printing
D．to print
4．who did the teacher ____ an article for the wall newspaper? [ ]
A．has write
B．has written
C．have write
D．have written
答案：1～4 ADAC
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇9：从句(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
从 句
(一)定语从句
(1)as可引起定语从句，常和such, same连用，有时可代表主句所表达的内容，译作“这一点”、“这件事”。
A. My hometown is no longer the same as it was.
B. Such people as you describe are very common now.
C. This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.
D. As is announced in the papers, our country has launched another man-made earth satellite.
(2)表示地点的名词、表示时间的名词和表示原因的名词作先行词时，关系词不一定是where, when和why。如果它们在定语从句中充当主语或宾语时，则应用which。
I'll never forget the day when you said good-bye to me.
A.
October 1st, 1949 is a day which the Chinese people will never forget.
This is the room where he was born.
B.
This is the room which he bought four weeks ago.
This is the reason why she was absent yesterday.
C.
This is the reason which she gave for her absence yesterday.
(3)在定语从句中关系代词who, that, which等作主语时，谓语应与主句中先行词保持一致。
A. The man who is standing there looks worried.
B. Those who have seen the picture enjoy it very much.
He is one of those boys who are fond of music.
C.
He is the only one of those boys who is fond of music.
(4)定语从句通常和所修饰的先行词紧紧相连，但是如果主句的谓语部分很短，那么定语从句可放在谓语部分后面以保持句子的平衡。
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
但要注意“我把昨天买的书放在桌上”这个句子。
正：I put the books which I bought yesterday on the desk.
误：I put the books on the desk which I bought yesterday.
(5)当有二个或二个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，用that而不用who, whom, which。
The letter and the little boy that we had discovered disappeared again.
(二)状语从句
(1)注意连词as的一词多义：
A. He had to make a living by selling newspapers as he was only a little boy. (“当……的时候”，引导时间状语从句)
B. As he was not well, I decided to go without him. (“由于、鉴于”，引导原因状语从句)
C. He is not the same man as he used to be. (“正如”，定语从句)
D. Things are not always as they seem. (表语从句)
E. Young as he is, he knows a lot. (“虽然，尽管”，让步状语从句)
F. Please state the facts as they are. (“按照，如同”，方式状语从句)
G. The work is not so easy as you imagine. (“像……一样”，比较状语从句)
(2)表示条件的状语从句除由if和whether引导外，还可由unless, suppose, in case, so(as)long as, on condition(that), provided(that)引导，并注意在条件状语从句中不能用将来式。
A. We shall go outing unless it snows.
B. You'll get there in time so long as the bus doesn't break down.
C. You can borrow the book on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else.
D. Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I forget.
E. Suppose he is absent, what shall we do?
F. I will go provided that my expenses are paid.
(3)whatever相当于no matter what, whenever相当于no matter when，以此类推，可引导让步状语从句。
Whatever happens, we're determined to fulfill the task.
A.
No matter what happens, we're determined to fulfill the task.
Whatever dictionary you have, lend it to me.
B.
No matter what dictionary you have, lend it to me.
注意：当whatever作名词性从句的连词时，就不能和no matter交换使用了。
正：Whatever she did is perfect.
误：No matter what she did is perfect.
正：Take whatever you want.
误：Take no matter what you want.
(4)where, when引导的从句，无先行词是状语从句，有先行词则是定语从句。
A. We'll go where the Party needs us. (地点状语从句)
We'll go to the place where the Party needs us. (定语从句)
B. He came when we needed help. (时间状语从句)
He came at a time when we needed help. (定语从句)
(5)while和when的区别
while和when都可作“当……的时候”解，都可引导时间状语从句。while后的从句中谓语动词只能用延续性动词，而when则瞬间动词和延续性动词都可用。
A. My mother entered the room while I was doing some sewing.
B. 正：When I had finished the work, I took a rest.
误：While I had finished the work, I took a rest.
While还可作“而，然而”解，when则没有这个意思。
A. Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.
B. I am a late riser while my sister is an early bird.
when有时可作and then解，而while却不能。
A. I was wandering through the streets when I caught sight of a tailor's shop.
B. I went out for a walk, when I met John.
(6)though, when, while, if, till, until等引导的状语从句中的省略
当某些表示让步、方式、时间、条件的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同，且谓语动词又包含be动词，那么这种状语从句中的主谓都可省略。
A. The article is very important though(it is)short.
B. When still a boy of ten(When he was still a boy of ten), he started working to support himself.
C. Do not leave the machine till told to do so(till you are told to do so).
D. If (he is) too old to work much, the retired worker is very enthusiastic about neighborhood affairs.
E. While (he was) in school, Kim worked hard to study his chosen subject, computer science.
F. He acted as if (he was) certain of success.
固定词组if(when, where)necessary(possible)是if(when, where) it is necessary (possible)的省略形式。
A. Fill in the blanks with proper articles where(it is) necessary.
B. Whenever possible (Whenever it was possible), one of them would stop him, make him stand at attention and ask him the three questions.
(7)if作“如果”解，引导状语从句，此时应注意从句中谓语动词不能用将来式；if作“是否”解，引导宾语从句，从句中该用什么时态就用什么时态。
A. I don't know if he will come tomorrow. (“是否”，宾语从句)
B. If he comes tomorrow, I'll tell him about it. (“如果”，状语从句)
(三)主语从句
(1)当主语从句在意义上和语法上都完整的情况下，连词必不可少。
A. That she was chosen made us very happy.
B. That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.
当主语从句放在句首使句子显得笨重时，一般把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词it作形式主语。
A. It is strange that he didn't come yesterday.
B. It's not your fault that this has happened.
(2)表示“是否”的主语从句用whether引导，一般不用if引导。
A. Whether or not she will go is up to her to decide.
B. It is not yet known whether they will send a delegation to the conference.
(3)由连接代词(what除外)或连接副词引起的主语从句，可以直接放在句首作主语，也可放到句子后面，前面用it作形式主语。
When we shall have our discussion is still a question.
It is still a question when we shall have our discussion.
但如果句子是疑问形式，就只能用带it的结构了：
Has it been announced who will take part in this important job?
(4)无论主语从句有多长，一般作单数处理。
A. Whether we do it this or that way doesn't matter too much.
B. That you have achieved so much in such a short time is really something unthinkable.
(四)表语从句
(1)系动词后面的从句是表语从句。除be动词以外，常用的系动词还有：
A. 单纯表示一个特征或状态：feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear;
B. 表示由一种状态变为另一种状态：become, turn, get, grow, fall, go, come, run;
C. 保持某种状态：remain, continue, stay, keep, prove
(2)引导表语从句的连词是that, whether和as if
A. The fact remains that we are still behind the other classes.
B. The question is whether it is worth doing.
C. It looked as if it was going to snow.
(3)请注意“他没来学校的原因是因为他病了”这个句子。
误：The reason why he doesn't come to school is because he is ill.
正：The reason why he doesn't come to school is that he is ill.
(五)宾语从句
(1)宾语从句在双宾语中充当直接宾语。
A. Please advise me which book I should read first.
B. Mr. Smith explained to them that John had told him all about his past when he asked for a job in his factory.
C. You may ask the policeman how you can get to the Shanghai Indoor Stadium.
(2)在介词后面的宾语从句。
A. The Emperor was pleased by what the Prime Minister told him about the cloth.
B. The Swede stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly.
C. The study also showed that, contrary to what many people believe, if you skip breakfast, you will not lose weight.
(3)带复合宾语的从句中，that引导的从句常常移到后部去，前面用it作形式宾语。
A. I took it for granted that they were not coming.
B. We all thought it a pity that our team should have lost the game.
C. They want to make it clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.
(4)陈述部分带that从句作宾语时，作反意问句的疑问尾句应与主句的主谓保持一致。
A. I have told him many times that he should observe traffic regulations, haven't I?
B. You never told us why you were late for the last meeting, did you?
当陈述部分的主句是I think(suppose, believe, expect, imagine)时，反意问句的疑问尾句往往与that从句中的主谓保持一致。
A. I don't suppose he cares, does he?
B. I think you two have met before, haven't you?
(六)同位语从句
(1)同位语从句一般跟在某些名词(如idea, news, fact, promise, rumour, hope, belief,
thought, doubt, answer, message)后面，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容，用连词that或连接副词how, when, where等引导。
A. During the first hundred years of my stay in the sea, I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.
B. You have no idea how worried I was!
C. One of the men held the view that what the book said was right.
D. Braille had to face the fact that he would go to a special school for the blind in Paris.
(2)如果主句的谓语很短，为了保持句子平衡，可将谓语放在前面，而将同位语从句放在后面。
A. Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.
B. News reached England that they were receiving little care.
(3)在on condition that, in spite of the fact that后的从句也是同位语从句。
A. I'll lend you this money on condition that you give it back in two months. B. He came to the meeting, in spite of the fact that he was very ill.
(4)定语从句和同位语从句的先行词都是名词，如果该引导词既在从句中充当成分，又能代替所修饰的先行词，则是定语从句；
如果该引导词在从句中不充当成分，或虽充当成分却不能代替所修饰的先行词，那么这个句子就是同位语从句。
He didn't tell us the date when he would start. (定语从句)
A.
I have no idea when he will start. (同位语从句)
Often, we read to discover facts that we didn't find in our first reading. (定语从句)
B.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. (同位语从句)
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇10：并列句(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
并列句
(一)何谓并列结构
一个英语句子有时候具有两个或两个以上相互连接而又属于同一层次即具有相同句法功能的语言结构，这种结构称为并列结构。并列结构通常用并列连词来连接两个或两个以上平行的词、词组或分词：
Are we to have the speech contest today or tomorrow?(并列连词or连接两个平行的单词)
You can go to Beijing either by train or by plane. (并列连词either…or连接两个平行的词组)
Hurry up, or we shall be late for the lecture. (or连接两句分句)
并列成分有时候不用逗号而用连词加以连接；一般讲，逗号用来连接平行的单词居多：
Fuel, rice, oil, salt--these are chief daily necessities of life. (柴米油盐--这些是主要的生活日用品。)
在现代英语里，逗号常被用来连接两个短的独立分句，如He is absent, he is ill. 实际上，这两个简短的独立分句含有因果关系，这个逗号等于从属连词because，用逗号来取代使引文更为简炼。
(二)并列连词和连接性副词的区别
引导并列结构的并列连词有and, or, but, so, for, nor等，并列连词包括关联连词both…and, either…or，neither…nor，not only…but also, as well as, as much as等。并列连词也包括连接性副词，如however, hence, therefore, besides, moreover, yet, anyway,
consequently, still, nevertheless, all the same等。但并列连词和连接性副词存在着如下的区别：
1. 位置上的区别
连接两个独立的分句时，并列连词的位置只能放在它所引导的分句句首，前面通常有逗号：
Lopez left For Woodside(美新译西州一城市)the day before yesterday, and he won't be back till the end of the month.
I must work harder, for I still have a long way to go.
Pay him back, or he will bring a suit against you. (快还他钱，不然他要向你起诉。)They all went, but I didn't(go).
连接性副词的位置较灵活，既可放在句首，也可位于句中或句末、但以置于句首居多：
Father is ill; therefore ，he doesn't go to work today.
置于句首
Father is ill; he, therefore， doesn't go to work today.
置于句首
Father is ill; he doesn't go work today, therefore.
置于句末
2. 用法的区别
两个并列连词不可以连用：
Oscar and I go to the club every Saturday evening, and but we play bridge there. (根据句意，应把but划掉。)
但并列连词却可以和连接性副词连用：
He is not in favor of the plan, and yet he raised no objection.
(三)一些常见并列连词的用法
1. and
(1)表示动作或事物的先后
I heard a crash and went out to see what had happened.
The pictures and the sound are relayed by the communication satellites. And they are received in all parts of the world.
注意，and也可置于独立分开的分句句首。
(2)表示意义上的增补
The relations between the two countries are improving: a trade agree--ment has been signed and a cultural exchange(has been)arranged.
and连接的分句a cultural exchange(has been)arranged在意义上增补前面的分句a trade agreement has been signed。
(3)表示意义上的转折或让步
He tried hard, and(=and yet)he failed to get the job.
掌握and的这一用法，便能正确理解下面一句在西方极为流行的谚语：
You can't eat your cake and have it.
显然，这里的and=and yet, 表示意义上的转折，指你可不能又要把蛋糕吃下肚同时又要把它保持下来，即“不能两全其美”之意。
(4)表示对照
Jack is clever and(=but) Jane is dull.
(5)表示对第一分句的评注
John failed to pass the entrance examination, and that's too bad.
(6)and连接两个或两个以上相同的名词可以表示数量众多的含意
In Holland, everywhere you go, you find water and water.
and在口语体中还经常被用来连接两个比较级的形容词或副词，表示“越来越……”这一逐步增强的含义：
The wind blew harder and harder.
and连接两个比较级副词，表示“风刮得越来越大”。
It's getting warmer and warmer.
and连接两个比较级形容词，表示“天气越来越热”。
在讲话中and也常用来连接两个或两个以上相同的动词，表示动作的不断重复或持续进行：
We talked and talked till it was midnight.
连续不断的动作有时也可由and连接两个或两个以上相同的名词或具有“继续”含义的相同小品词来表示：
“Sail on and on and on, ”said Columbus to the sailors.
That night, we talked for hours and hours till the day broke.
for hours and hours意义上=for a very long time.
We walked for miles and miles till it was dark, and then we went home.
for miles and miles相等于for a very long distance.
(7)当and连接两个形容词，而前面的形容词是nice, good, fine或rare时，and加上它前面的形容词实质上变成副词，对后面的形容词表示修饰的从属关系：
The room is nice and cozy.
nice and cozy=very cozy
It's good and cool outside.
good and cool=quite cool
The children are fine and joyful in the nursery.
fine and joyful=finely joyful, 即very joyful。
The girl is rare and beautiful.
rare and beautiful=rarely beautiful, 即uncommonly beautiful(美得出奇)。
and的这种用法在口语中很普通。
(8)and连接祈使句和陈述句以表示条件，即祈使句+ and=if：
Press the button and the machine runs by itself.
祈使句 陈述句
(=If you press the button, the machine will run by itself. )
Make another effort and you will succeed.
祈使句 陈述句
(=If you make another effort, you will succeed. )
注意两点：
a. 在口语中，有时可省去and以逗号代之：
Take the offer, you will never regret it.
b. 祈使句中的动词有时也可省去：
Another effort, and you will succeed. another前的动词make省略。One more word and I'll knock you flat(摆平你)。one前面的动词say也被省略。
(9)and连接某些动词(包括某些词组)和另一动词以表示目的，结构为：动词(必须原形式)+ and+ 动词(也是原形式)。
一般有以下这些动词：
go/come/run/mind/learn/send/try/stay/stop/write/remember/take care/be sure
在上列结构中and=不定式符号to, 故表示目的。如：
Try and get(=Try to get)the work done today.
The meeting is very important. You must mind and arrive(=mind to arrive)punctually.
I'll write and thank him(=write to thank him).
You look ill. You'd better go and see(=go to see) a doctor.
在现代口语里，go(或come)and see中的and往往都被省略，如“I'll go ask her. ”和“I'll go see my brother. ”
(10)and的一些常见习惯用法
a. and that+ 副词
and that用来代表前面分句中的整个谓语以避免重复。这是一种强势句法。试比较下列三组例句：
Something must be done about it without delay.
*Something must be done about it, and that without delay.
and that代表must be done about it, 是强势式。
He speaks Spanish very well.
*He speaks Spanish, and that very well.
and that代表speaks Spanish, 是强势式
He will come soon
*He will come, and that soon.
and that代表will come, 是强势
b. and all用于俗语，作“等等”，“以及其他一切”解：
To save the little boy from drowning, the man jumped into the river, clothes and all (衣服等一概未脱)。
The fire burnt the books, clothes, furniture and all. (那场火把书籍“衣服”家俱以及其他所有东西统统烧光了。)
c. and all that用于口语，意思是“等等”；“诸如此类的东西”。(=and other things of that kind)
You can get paper, ink, chalk and all that in the little store at the street corner. (在街上拐角的那家小商店里可以买到纸张、墨水、粉笔之类的东西。)
You have really been very kind to me, my hearty thanks and all that. (你对我确实是深情厚谊，我衷心地感谢你，不一一地讲了。)
d. and so on; and so forth; and so on and so forth
以上三式意义相同，都作“等等”；“如此等等”解：
The marchers carried banners, balloons, models, charts, bouquets and so on. (游行的人们拿着旗帜、汽球、模型、图表、花束等等东西。)
e. and the like作“之类”；“等等”解：
In the Kindergarten, the children learn singing, dancing, drawing, and the like.
f. and then some
这一句习惯用语在美国口语里常用；意思是“此外还有许多”；“还有好多好多”：
My uncle gave me two pencils, a pencil sharpener, a rubber, and then some. (我的叔叔给了我两支铅笔，一只卷笔刀，一块橡皮，还有好多好多东西。)
I'm afraid the expensive new car would cost all your money and then some. (恐怕把你们所有的钱都花掉买这部昂贵的新汽车还不够哩。)
g. and the rise
系美国口语常用语，作“还多些”；“不止于此”；“…以上”解：
There are eight hundred thousand volumes in our library and the rise. (我们图书馆有八十万册以上的书。)
h. and what not口语常用语，和and so on(或forth)同义，作“以及其他”；“等等”解：
He sent me some books, magazines, newspapers, pictorials and what not.
Children love to have toys, pictures and what not.
i. enough and to spare作“很多”；“绰绰有余”解，可用作定语短语和名词短语：
You two could have come with us; there was food enough and to spare for three more people. (你们两位本来可以和我们一起来，饭菜再有三个人也够吃。)用作定语
We have heard enough and to spare of his selfishness. (他的自私自利我们听得多了。)用作名词
2. both…and…
both…and…是对and意义的强化，但在用法上和and有如下的区别：
(1)and可以连接两个以上的并列成分，而both…and…只能连接两个属同一层次，即语法结构相同的并列成分：
Both Martha and her sister paid a visit to China not long ago. (连接两个并列的主语)
I teach myself both physics and mathematics. (连接两个并列的宾语)
Kenneth is both clever and diligent. (连接两个并列的用作表语的形容词)
Judith is a versatile girl. She can both sing and dance. (连接两个并列的动词)
(2)and可连接分句，both…and…则不能连接分句。
both Eric cleaned the windows and Ernest swept the floor.
在上句中，both…and…各连接一个分句，故不能成立，应改为：
Eric cleaned the windows and Ernest swept the floor. (and连接分句)
或：While Eric cleaned the windows, Ernest swept the floor. (and连接分句)
或：Eric(或Ernest)both cleaned the windows and swept the floor. (both…and…各连接一个谓语)
或：both Eric and Ernest cleaned the windows and swept the floor.
在这最后一句中，both…and…各连接一个主语，故在语法上能成立；但注意，句意是“Eric和Ernest俩人都揩了窗，又拖了地板”。
both…and…的用法中还要注意两个问题：
a. both…and…可以和at once…and…互换使用，意义上无区别：
I am at once (=both)a teacher and a student. (我既当老师又当学生。)
The writer's satirical essays were at once(=both)incisive and forceful, exposing the evils of society like a surgeon's scalpel. (作者的讽刺文章既锋利又泼辣，好像外科医生的手术刀揭露了社会的弊病。)
注意，只有在at once…and…这一词组中，at once才=both。
b. 在both…and…这一结构中，不能用as well as来代替both, …as well as…不能成立。
3. nor; neither nor和neither都是表示“也不”这一否定意义的并列连词，它们用法相同a. nor/neither单独用来连接并列成分时，前面部分通常都用否定式，nor/neither后面部分则不能用否定式，因nor/neither已含有否定意义：
Peter is a decent fellow. He won't do it, nor/neither Considers it.
否定式 肯定式
Anthony is not clever, nor/neitherヾiligent.
否定式 肯定式
b. nor/neither连接的后面并列成分是分句时，则其主谓须倒装：
Peter is a decent fellow. He won't do it, nor/neither will he consider it.
Anthony is not clever, nor /neither is he diligent.
Martha can't speak Spanish, nor/neither can her sister.
Yance does not drug (吸毒)，nor/neither does his brother.
Cannis has never been abroad, nor/neither have I.
注意，由于neither和nor都带有副词性质，故它们前面可以加上and或but:
You cannot lift it, and nor/and neither can I.
I didn't clean the room, but nor/but neither did you.
c. nor通常后面连接一个并列成分，但有时也可连好几个并列成分：
Futter does not ride, nor shoot, nor fish, nor swim.
4. neither…nor…
neither…nor…一起用时，作为关联性的并列连词，连接语法功能相同的平行结构：
Neither you nor he konws it. (连接用作主语的代词)
The old man can neither read nor write. (连接动词)
I drink neither coffee nor tea. (连接宾语)
The story is neither interesting nor instructive. (连接用作表语的形容词)
Gas is a substance with neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. (连接介词宾语)
I believe neither what you said before nor what you are saying now. (连接宾语从句)
注意：
(1)Neither置于句首时，neither…nor…所连接的分句均须主谓倒装：
I don't like that girl. Neither have I dated her for a dance(约她跳舞) nor will I do so.
Neither does he play the cello nor does his brother.
(2)Neither…nor…连接主语时，后面的动词在数上应与靠近的主语取得一致：
Neither Ike nor I am going to attend the meeting. (动词与I靠近，故用am。)
Neither Ike nor he is going to attend the meeting. (动词与he靠近，故用is。)
(3)neither…nor…作“既不…也不…”解，故谓语动词必须用肯定式，不能用否定式：
He is frightened by neither hardship nor danger. (谓语用肯定式，不能用否定式not frightened。)
Neither you nor your brother can do it. (同上，谓语动词不能用cannot do it。)
(4)neither…nor…也可连接两个以上的并列成分：
Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer
5. or
(1)表示选择：
Which do you prefer, this one or that one?
You can go with us or stay at home.
They parted for one reason or another.
(2)表示同位关系或一种改换的说法：
Seaweeds, or algae, do not have roots like higher land plants. (海菜即海澡同较高地势的植物一样，是无根的。)
The workers are satisfied now, or at least they do not make any more complaints. (工人们现在感到满意了，或者至少说他们已不再抱怨。)
(3)表示不确定或含混的说法：
The accident happened two or three weeks ago.
I put the novel in the bookcase or somewhere.
在表示“不确定”或“大约”这一概念时，or有两个常用短语：
a. or so(左右；前后)
We'll stay here for a month or so.
I'll be back in a week or so.
There will be sixty or so people at the New Year get-together(新年联欢会). (注意，也可说sixty people or so。)
(4)or something(表示不能十分肯定)或是什么；或是做点什么)
Don't idle away your time; do some reading or something. (别虚度光阴，还是读点书或是做点别的什么事儿。)
Haven't seen you for ages! Have you moved or something? (好久没见到你了，你是搬了地方还是什么的?)
He is engaged in carpentry or something. (他是做木匠或别的什么的。)
(5)表示否定的条件：
Put on your overcoat, or(不然)you will catch cold. (=if you do not put on your overcoat)
I must work doubly hard(加倍努力)，or I'll fail in the entrance examination. (=if I do not work doubly hard)
这样用时，or后面可以加上else来强化其意义：
Do what I tell you, or else you'll be sorry. (or else=if you do not do what I tell you)
(6)与not一起用时，表示全部否定：
He is just like an illiterate(文盲)。
He cannot read or write. (他不识字，也写不来。)
I can't sing or dance. (我唱歌、跳舞都不会。)
注意，not和and一起用时，则表示部分否定，而不是表示全部否定。试比较：
The story is not interesting or instructive. (部分否定，句意是“这篇故事既不吸引人又无教育意义。”)
He story is not interesting and instructive. (全部否定，意思是“这篇故事内容很有趣，但无教育意义。”)
He does not speak English clearly or correctly. (全部否定，指英语讲得既不清楚又不正确。)
He does not speak English clearly and correctly. (部分否定，意思是英语讲得口齿很清楚，但不正确。)
从上面例子中可以看出，not…and…一起用时，and的前面部分肯定，后面部分否定，试再看下面一例：
He is not rich and kind. (前面部分肯定 后面部分否定)
这是书面语言，在日常用语中往往改用He is rich, but he is not kind这种形式来表达以避免在意义上引起误解。
6. either…or…是关联连接词，表示比or更强的选择概念。它和neither…nor…一样，连接语法功能相同的平行结构，后面动词的数和最靠近的主语保持一致：
Either you or he is wrong. (靠近的主语是he，故动词用is。)
Either he or I am wrong. (靠近的主语是I, 动词用am。)
You can Either do it yourself or ask someone else to do it. (连接两个并列谓语)
There are only two possibilities: Either you succeed or you fail. (连接两个并列分句)
(1)上面列举的前二句例句系极正式的英语，颇不自然，在日常应用中往往避免这种结构而改为：
Either you are wrong, or he is.
Either he is wrong, or I am.
(2)either后面有时可以接一个以上的or：
He Either resigned, or opened up an office of his own, or went abroad.
(3)either后面接or，不能接nor或and, 但not…either…后面则要用nor，不能用or，因not…either=neither。
7. not only…but also…
应用这一关联连词时，要注意以下几点：
(1)后面须接平行结构：
Hangzhou is famous not only for its beautiful scenery but also for its longjing tea. (连接两个介词短语)
He is not only an architect but also a painter. (连接两个表语)
She speaks not only English but also French. (连接两个宾语)
Father not only said it but also did it. (连接两个谓语动词)
Not only they but also we are invited. (连接两个作主语的代词)
Students should develop not only intellectually, but also morally and physically. (连接副词)
(2)not only…but also…着重于but also后面的部分，故句中谓语动词的数应与but also后面的主语取得一致。试比较：
Not only you but also he is invited.
Not only he but also I am invited.
(3)not only…but also…在实际应用中出现以下几个变体：
a. not only…but…(省略also)：
He not only has read the novel but remembers what he has read.
b. not only…also…(省略but)：
Man has in fact not only domesticated wild animals, also domesticated wild plants, especially those which bear edible fruit. (also前省掉了but)
c. not only…(在现代英语中，有时but also都省略，代之以逗号“，”：
She was not only compelled to stay at home, (but) she was(also)forbidden to see her friends.
D. not only…but…as well(but also为but…as well所代替：
He is not only my teacher but my friend as well.
e. not only…but…also(not only不能分开，but also可以拆开)：
She was not only compelled to stay home, but she was also forbidden to see her friends. (注意，stay home是美国英语=英国英语stay at home。)
f. not only置于句首时，主谓须倒装，但but also后面如连接从句的话，其主谓则不能倒装：
not only was the girl complain to stay home, but she was not allowed to see all her friends.
not only did he complain about the food, but he also refused to pay for it.
8. but
并列连词but能表示：
(1)意义的转折
He is poor but honest. (连接两个形容词)
All men must die, but death can vary in its significance. (连接两个分句)
He said that he was free today but that he would be busy tomorrow. (连接两个宾语从句。注意：but后面有从属连词that, but连接分句，that引导宾语从句。)
从上面的例子看，but连接的并列成分，其意义应该是相反的。如果句意顺势发展下去，不带有相反的含义，就不能用but，而应该用and:
It is more than ten years since I left Ypsilanti, but I haven't gone back there once in that time. (句意是“我离开Ypsilanti［美密执安州一城市，Eastern Michigan University所在地］以来已经十多年了，但是这些年来我一次也没有回去过。”)
两个分句的意思基本一样，第二分句是第一分句意思上的延伸，故不应用but，应把but改为and。
(2)表示对比或对照的意义。
She doesn't know a word of Japanese, but she speaks English perfectly.
表示这一意义时，but还用于下列句型中：
a. not…but…，后面须接语法功能相同的平行结构：
The book is not mine, but hers. (连接两个物主代词)
I major not in law, but in American history. (连接两个介词短语)
not what you expect to receive but what you are ready to give counts in love. (连接两个主语从句，句中的谓语动词是counts。句意是“在谈情说爱中，重要的并不是你指望得到什么而是你准备给予什么。”)
请再比较下列两句：
A good policy is not a dogma, but a guide to action. (连接两个用作表语的名词，平行结构，句意是“一项好的政策不是教条而是行动的指南。”)
A good policy is not a dogma, but it is a guide to action. (这句错，因not…but…后面的结构不平行，但在日常口语中可以接受。)
注意，not…but…可以转换成主语+ 肯定式或谓语+ but not…。如：
The book is not mine, but hers.
可转换成：The book is hers, but not mine.
I major not in law, but in American history.
可转换成：I major in American history, but not in law
b. never…but…作“不…则已，一…就…”解。
在这一句型中，never后面接谓语动词，but后面接分句=never+ 谓语动词+ without+ 动名词：
I never see him but I think of my younger brother. (=I never see him without thinking of my younger brother. )(上面两例句意思相同，即“我一看他就想起我的弟弟”)
never…but…是一个意义非常正式的书面体，具有极为强调的效果，故也用于谚语：
It never rains but it pours. (［谚］不雨则已，一雨倾盆，含意是“坏事情不发生则已，一发生则接踵而来。”)
如John got sick, and then his brothers and sisters all got sick. It never rains but it pours.
在日常应用中，never…but…往往改用when…always…I never see him but I think of my younger brother.
改成：when I see him, I always think of my younger brother.
我们也可反过来改：
when he speaks, she always contradicts(批驳)him. (口语体)(=He never speaks but she contradicts him. )(强调的书面体)
when I go past my old school, I always think of Mr. Wilkins, the headmaster. (口语体)(=I never go past my old school but I think of Mr. Wilkins, the headmaster. (强调的书面体)
c. not such或so…but…在这一句型中，but=that…not…: Octavius is not such a fool but he knows it. (=Octavius is not such a fool that he does not know it. )(奥克泰弗斯并没有傻到连这个都不知道。)
Octavius is not so big a fool but he knows it. (=Octavius is not so big a fool that he does not know it. )(意思同上。)
这一句型有一个变体，即否定主语+ be+ so…but(或but that)…
Nothing is so hard but(或but that) it becomes easy by practice. (=Nothing is so hard that it does not become easy by practice. )(再难的事情通过实践也会变得容易了。)
这一变体实际上用得比原来的句型要多，如“再难的任务我们也能完成”就可用这一变体的句型来表示：
No task is so difficult but we can accomplish it. (=No task is so difficult that we cannot accomplish it. )
(3)在特定的语言环境中，but或but that无实义，相等于连词that, 通常用于下列情况：
a. 用在“怀疑”、“否定”等表示否定意义的词后面：
I do not doubt but (=that) someone among us leaked the information.
There is no doubt/no question but (=that) he will recover.
I do not deny but/but that(=that) his statement is true.
b. 用在It is not impossible后面：
It is not impossible but (=that) such a day may come. (这样的日子的到来不是不可能。)
c. 用在It is ten to one等类似结构中：You are working so hard. It is ten to one but (=that) you will succeed. (你这么努力，十之八九你会成功的。)
d. 在口语中，but往往用在表示歉意或相反意见的词的后面，使语气缓和一些，but本身无实义，不作“但是”解，故翻译时不需译出：
Excuse me, but are you Mr. Brown from the ABC Company?
I'm sorry, but I disagree with you on that point.
(4)用于not that…but that…省略结构中
这一结构可以理解为前面省略了(I do) not(say) that…but that…或(The reason is) not that…but that…，故not that…but that…作“不是…而是…”解：
Not that I dislike the work, but that I am unequal to it. (不是因为我不喜欢这项工作，而是我不能胜任。)
(5)but then
but往往和then连用，表示委婉的相反含义，作“但是”，“不过”，“但另一方面却”解：
Your plan is a good one; but then it would take too much time and money. (你的计划好是好，不过费时太久，花钱太多。)
9. for表示因果关系的从属连词有as, since, because等好几个，但表示这一关系的并列连词只有一个，即for。
for与because的区别
(1)because是因果概念最强烈的从属连词，故直接回答由why引出的问句时，只能用because，不能用for：
A: Why are you leaving?
B：I'm leaving because I'm fed up with the life style here. (因我对这里的生活方式感到厌烦了。)
(2)because引导的原因状语从句可以置于句首或句末，置于句首时通常要用逗号分开，置于句末时则不需用逗号分开：
Girls are jealous of her because she is beautiful and successful. (because从句置于句末，不用逗号分开。)
Because she is beautiful and successful, girls is jealous of her. (从句置于句首，用逗号分开。)
但由for引导的原因分句不能置于句首，只能置于句末，并且必须用逗号分开：
Girls are jealous of her, for she is beautiful and successful.
(3)because只是直接表示因果关系，而for是并列连词，它所引导的分句对前一分句所表示的内容则起着补充说明其理由或推断其原因的作用：
I decided to stop and have lunch-for I was feeling hungry. (for引导的分句补充说明“我决定停下来吃饭”的理由。)
He must have gone to sleep, for the light is off. (从灯关掉这一for引导的分句推断出他肯定已入睡了。)
在以上两例中，不能用because来取代for。
10. as well as
as well as用作并列连词时，有两个意义：
(1)=not only…but also，但两者在用法上有如下不同：
a. not only…but also侧重后者，as well as则着重前者，也就是说A as well as B=not only B but also A:
Mr. Brown has experience as well as knowledge. (不仅有知识而且有经验)( 侧重前者，即experience。)(=Mr. Brown has not only knowledge but also experience. )(着重后者，即but also后面的部分。)
了解as well as的侧重点便能正确判断下面句子的正误：
I am a Chinese, but I have Chinese friends as well as foreign friends.
as well as强调它前面的成分，故这句的意思是：“我是中国人，但我不仅有外国朋友而
且还有中国朋友。”显然，这是讲不通的。应改为：
I am a Chinese, but I have foreign friends as well as Chinese Friends.
as well as连接的并列成分对调后，则变成“我是中国人，但我不仅有中国朋友而且还有外国朋友。”这样，句意便能成立。
b. 在带有as well as的句子中，动词须和as well as前面的主语在数上取得一致；not only…but also连接句中的并列成分时，动词的数则和but also后面的主语取得一致：试比较：
The pilot as well as two of the passengers has miraculously escaped death. (as well as前的主语pilot系单数，故动词用has。)
Not only two of the passengers but also the pilot has miraculously escaped death. (but also后面的主语pilot也系单数，动词用has。)
Two of the passengers as well as the pilot have miraculously escaped death. (as well as前的主语two of the passengers系复数，动词用have。)
Not only the pilot but also two of the passengers have miraculously escaped death. (but also后面的主语也系复数，动词也用have。)
(2)有时候，as well as所连接的成分并未有侧重的意义，这时它的意义相当于and，但和and又有以下三点不同：
a. as well as比and强调，含有“又”的涵义：
The plan is practical as well as far-sighted. (这方案切实可行，又具有远见性。)
b. and经常用于A, B, and C这一模式，但as well as则不能，A, B，as well as C是错的，应改为A and B as well as C
We study physics，chemistry as well as mathematics.
上列例句是一个常见的错误，宜改为以下两式：
We study physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
We study physics and chemistry as well as mathematics.
c. 鉴于as well as有时候意义相等于and, 而and可和both连用，故在现代英语里as well as也可与both连用：
This collection of stories includes both foreign as well as Chinese works.
11. as much as作“与……一样多；同样地；等于…”解：His remarks were directed at you as much as at me. (他的话是指你而说的，也是指向我而说的。)
That is as much as to say that you are rejecting our proposal. (这等于
说，你们拒绝我们的建议啦。)
as much as也可拆开来，即as much…as。如It is as much your responsibility as mine. (这是你的职责，同样也是我的职责。)
as much as的否定式通常是not so much…as，后面接平行结构：
I am impressed not so much by his excellent academic record as by his admirable independence of mind. (给我印象很深的与其说是他的优异的成绩倒不如说是他的令人钦佩的独立思考能力。)
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇11：被动语态(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
被动语态
(一)语态分类
英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动)
A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动)
汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+ 及物动词的过去分词构成。
(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化
主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give为例，列表如下：
［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。
(三)被动语态常用的八种时态
1. 一般现在时
People grow rice in the south of the states.
鯮ice is grown in the south of the states.
The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
鯳e are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
2. 一般过去时
They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.
鯰he building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
He had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
And the students didn't forget his lessons easily.
鯤e had a strange way of making his classes lively and his lessons were not easily forgotten.
3. 一般将来时
They will send cars abroad by sea.
鯟ars will be sent abroad by sea.
They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.
鯬lenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.
4. 过去将来时
The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.
鯰he manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.
The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.
鯰he workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.
5. 现在进行时
The radio is broadcasting English lessons.
鯡nglish lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.
--Have you moved into the new house?
--Not yet. We are painting the rooms.
鯰he rooms are being painted.
6. 过去进行时
--Why didn't they drive there on time?
--Because the workers were mending the road.
鯞ecause the road was being mended.
This time last year we were planting trees here.
鯰rees were being planted here this time last year.
7. 现在完成时
Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off.
鯥 have been told the sports meet might be put off.
We have brought down the price.
鯰he price has been brought down.
8. 过去完成时
When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.
鯳hen I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.
The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a great leader.
鯤e had been considered to be a great leader.
9. 含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。
The teacher said, “You must hand in your compositions after class. ”
鯰he teacher said, “Your compositions must be handed in after class. ”
He can write a great many letters with the computer.
鯝 great many letters can be written with the computer by him.
(四)被动语态的使用
1. 当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。
“Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。
2. 突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。
These records were made by John Denver.
The cup was broken by Paul.
3. 当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+ 名词作状语，而代替by短语。
These cars were made in China.
15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory.
(五)主动语态变被动语态的方法
1. 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2. 把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+ 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。
3. 把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+ 地点名词作状语。如：
My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
I was invited (by my aunt )to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
The school set up a special class to help poor readers.
A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.
(六)语态转换时所注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer.
鯝 new computer has been bought. (正确)
A new computer have been bought. (错误)
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：
bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell等。
The magazine was passed on to me.
The cup with mixture was showed to the class.
My bike was lent to her.
一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for, 如：
build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。
Mother made me a new skirt.
A new skirt was made for me.
The meat was cooked for us.
Some country music was played for us.
有些既不用to也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。
He ask me a question.
A question was asked of me.
People all over the world know the Great Wall.
The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语)
3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：
不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about等。
The patient is being operated on.
The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.
及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out等。
His request was turned down.
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.
4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：
We always keep the classroom clean.
鯰he classroom is always kept clean.
She told us to follow her instructions.
鯳e were told to follow her instructions.
注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。
We often hear him play the guitar.
He is often heard to play the guitar.
The earthquake made the road fall onto another one below.
The road was made to fall onto another one below by the earthquake.
注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：
Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples.
误：Love apples were called them.
正：They were called love apples.
5. 还有一种短语动词由动词+ 名词+ 介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：
1)We take good care of the books.
鯰he books are taken good care of.
Good care is taken of the book.
2)You must pay attention to your pronunciation.
Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.
Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.
用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on等。
6. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：
Nobody can answer this question.
误：The question can be answered by nobody.
正：The question can not be answered by anybody.
7. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：
They haven't done anything to make the river clean.
鑫螅篈nything hasn't been done to make the river clean.
正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.
8. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：
Who wrote the story?
鑫螅篧ho was the story written?
正：By whom was the story written?
9. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook等。如：
The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。
The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。
The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。
The books sell well. (主动句)
对比：
The books were sold out. (被动句)
The meat didn't cook well. (主动句)
对比：
The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句)
10. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：
第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。
--Do you like the material?
--Yes, it feels very soft.
误：It is felt very soft.
The food tastes delicious.
误：The food is tasted delicious.
The pop music sounds beautiful.
误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.
第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：
He entered the room and got his book.
误：The room was entered and his book was got.
She had her hand burned.
误：Her hand was had burned.
第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：
The fire broke out in the capital building.
误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.
第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。
1)When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.
误：The sun had already been risen.
2)After the earthquake, few houses remained.
鑫螅篈fter the earthquake, few houses were remained.
第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：
I taught myself English.
鑫螅篗yself was taught English.
We love each other.
鑫螅篍ach other is loved.
11. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，如：
据说……It is said that…
据报导……It is reported that…
据推测……It is supposed that…
希望……It is hoped that…
众所周知……It is well known that…
普遍认为……It is generally considered that…
有人建议……It is suggested that…
1)It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.
2)It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.
在英语语言中，被动语态是极常见的语言现象，人们进行语言交际，离不开对被动语态的使用，熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学习打下良好的基础，在动词-ing形式，不定式等结构中，都有被动式，都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇12：作文(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
I’d like to introduce a program named Learning Chinese to in the international channel CCTV 9, which is convenient for to watch at home. You can watch this program at 09:15 or at 15:15 from Tuesday to Saturday every week. Da Shan, a Canadian, who hosts Learning Chinese and becomes popular with foreigners, has rich experience of learning Chinese. Since Beijing Olympics, the content of this program has been enlarged, which includes Communication Chinese, Travel Chinese and PE Chinese. Being easy to understand, easy to learn and interesting, it is suitable for you to get the hang of Chinese culture and spread it wherever you go.
14分 表达流畅、自然；只有个别用词错误。
Saving the Resources
The story tells us that Peter ignored the running water tap when he passed by it. After Mary came up to turn it off and scolded him, Peter still thought it was none of his business.
In my opinion, Peter is wrong because he lacks the sense of responsibility to save the resources. As the society develops, we are in short of many kinds of resources. Turning a running tap off is such an easy thing that everyone can do. Everyone can contribute to the environment by doing such little and easy things. Peter’s thought is quite harmful.
One day, when I walked along the street, I saw a young boy picking up waste paper on the ground to get it recycled. I was moved by his behaviour, so I went up to help him. It was a beneficial experience for me.
If the idea of saving resources can be spread in the society, our world may become more beautiful.
22分
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇13：数词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
数词
1. dozen , score
2. in the (early/ late)nineties / in the 1990s/ in the 90’s 在九十年代
in one’s (early/ late)nineties 在某人九十多岁
3. 分数的表达法:
1/2 a half/ one half 1/4 a/ one quarter
3/4 three fourths / three quarters 3 1/4 three and on quarter
4. nine ----ninth / ninety
four---- fourth/ forty (第九四十有变化)
5. 小数的读法
0.4 zero point four / point four 10.23 ten point two three
1.03 one point o three
1.03 meters/ 0.5 meter
6. 百分数的读法
50% fifty percent (percent 无复数形式)
7. 加减乘除法
① 加用 plus, and , add 等于用is , make, equal, 提问用how much,
② 减用minus , take from
③ 乘用 time , multiply
④ 除用 divide 的过去分词表示
注意: 加,乘的谓语单复皆可, 而减，除的谓语用单数.
Eg
Two and three is equal to five=Two and three make five.= Two added to three equals five.
Take 6 from ten and the remainder is four. = Six taken from ten is four.
Multiply three by four, we get twelve.= The multiplied by four makes 12.
Sixteen divided by four is / equals/ makes four.
主谓一致
1. 一些固定不变的名词的复数形式
如: crossroads(十字路口), barracks(兵营) , headquarters(总部), means(方法,手段) , species(种类,品种), series(系列), works(工厂)等. 动词的单复数取决于限定词或上下文内容中作者要表达的意思.
2. 以s 结尾的学科名词用单数谓语动词:
economics(经济学), electronics(电子学), mathematics(数学), politics(政治学) 等
3. 有些表示成双成对的词,常用复数形式,且谓语动词用复数.如:eyeglasses, pants(裤子), scissors(剪刀), shoes, shorts(短裤), socks(短袜), stockings(长统袜), trousers,等.
4. 集合名词: 强调整体时用单数,强调集体的成员时用复数:如:army , audience(观众), board(委员会), committee(委员会), crew(全体队员,船员,机组人员), crowd(人群), firm(公司), government(政府), group(组群), majority(多数人), minority(少数人), public(公众), staff(全体工作人员), union(联盟)等.
注意: the public 表示公共场所的人时谓语单数或复数都可以.
man(人类), police(警察)只能做复数名词使用,谓语只能用复数.
5. 表示人名,地名,国家名等专有名词或不可数名词的谓语一律用单数.
6. 注意一些名词的特殊复数形式: phenomenon-phenomena(现象), goose-geese(鹅肉), mouse-mice(老鼠), 等
7. 不定代词或every 加名词做主语: every, each, either, neither, one, no one, somebody, anybody, nobody, everyone, someone, anyone, everyone, something, anything, nothing, everything,等,在句中做主语,或做限定词限定一个名词或加of时, 谓语用单数.
8. 限定词加名词做主语: all, any, many, more, most, some的谓语取决于他们所修饰的名词.
注意: many a / more than one 是固定搭配, 谓语也用单数.
9. 含有of的短语和介词短语做主语时
① half of, all of, any of, a lot of, most of, --- percent of , some of, five sevenths of , the rest of 等短语的谓语取决于of后的名词.
②a number of 与the number of
10. 就前原则
当主语间由介词with, together with, along with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than, not to mention, including , like, but, except等连接时, 其谓语取决于此介词前一个主语.
11. 就近原则
not only---but also , either,--- or, neither---nor, or 等连接多个主语时, 谓语取决于离谓语最近的那个主语.
12. 比较: The singer and the dancer are going to attend our party.
The singer and dancer is going to attend our party.
13. 固定词组: a knife and fork, a cup and saucer(带茶托的茶杯), ice-cream and cake (冰淇淋蛋糕), iron and steel, 不管作复合名词还是形容词, 谓语都用单数.
14. 凡是计量时间,距离,金钱,体积,尺寸等的度量衡作主语时, 位于都用单数, 常见的有:
years, dollars, dozens, miles, length, width等.
15. 数学上的加减乘除的规律是: 加,乘的谓语单复皆可, 而减，除的谓语用单数.
16. 分类词做主语是: form, kind, part, piece, portion, quantity, section, sort, type 等加of形成的短语作主语时,谓语取决于这些词本身的单复数.
The newest types of computer are on show.
17. 动名词和不定式作主语时, 谓语一律用单数.
18. 从句作主语时, 主句的谓语用单数,担当what, all(that),或such引导的句子作主语时谓语要取决于后面的表语.
What they want are some books.
All that the ask for is money.
19. 定语从句的关系代词在从句中充当主语时, 从句的谓语应与先行词保持一致.
She is the only/very one of the students who has passed the examination.
She is one of--- who have ---
责任编辑：李芳芳
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