1.1 名词复数的规则变化 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

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篇1：1.1 名词复数的规则变化 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

1.1 名词复数的规则变化

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情况 构成方法 读音 例词

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一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps

2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags

读 /z/; car-cars

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以s,sh,ch,

x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses

watch-watches

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以ce,se,ze,

(d)ge等结尾

的词加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses

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以辅音字母+y 变y 为i

结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies

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1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化

1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：

如： two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays

比较： 层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories

2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：

a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos

radio---radios zoo---zoos；

b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：

a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes gulf---gulfs；

b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c. 均可,如： handkerchief:

handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

1.3 名词复数的不规则变化

1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth

mouse---mice man---men woman---women

注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。

如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。

2）单复同形 如：

deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese

li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin

但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:

a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters

3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。

如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说

a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。

如： The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：

a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。

b. news 是不可数名词。

c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。

The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。

d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。

“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book.

<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。

5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes

若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼

1.4 不可数名词量的表示

1）物质名词

a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。

比较： Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)

These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)

b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。

This factory produces steel. (不可数)

We need various steels. (可数)

c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。

Our country is famous for tea.

我国因茶叶而闻名。

Two teas, please.

请来两杯茶。

2） 抽象名词有时也可数。

four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四个现代化

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。

如：

a glass of water 一杯水

a piece of advice 一条建议

1.5 定语名词的复数

名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。

1) 用复数作定语。

如：sports meeting 运动会

students reading-room 学生阅览室

talks table 谈判桌

the foreign languages department 外语系

2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。

如：men workers women teachers

gentlemen officials

3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。

如：goods train (货车)

arms produce 武器生产

customs papers 海关文件

clothes brush衣刷

4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。

如：two-dozen eggs 两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)

a ten-mile walk 十里路

two-hundred trees 两百棵树

a five-year plan. 一个五年计划

个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child

1.6 不同国家的人的单复数

名称 总称(谓语用复数） 一个人 两个人

中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese

瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss

澳大利亚人the an two

Australians Australian Australians

俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians

意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians

希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks

法国人 the French a Frenchman two

Frenchmen

日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese

美国人 the Americans an American two Americans

印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians

加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians

德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans

英国人 the English an Englishman two

Englishmen

瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes

1.7 名词的格

在英语中有些名词可以加“'s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：

1） 单数名词词尾加“'s”，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。

2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。

3） 凡不能加“'s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。

4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。

5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示“分别有”；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。

如：John's and Mary's room（两间） John and Mary's room（一间）

6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。

如：a month or two's absence

2.1 不定冠词的用法

冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。

不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是“一个”的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。

1) 表示“一个”，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。

A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

2) 代表一类人或物。

A knife is a tool for cutting with.

Mr. Smith is an engineer.

3) 词组或成语。

a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden

2.2 定冠词的用法

定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

1）特指双方都明白的人或物：

Take the medicine. 把药吃了。

2）上文提到过的人或事：

He bought a house. I've been to the house.

他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

3）指世上独一物二的事物：

the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth

4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元;

the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。

5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面：

Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。

That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。

6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：

They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)

They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)

7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：

She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。

8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：

the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国

the United States 美国

9）用在表示乐器的名词之前： She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。

10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：

the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)

11) 用在惯用语中：

in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow

the day before yesterday, the next morning,

in the sky (water，field，country)

in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,

in the middle (of), in the end,

on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre

2.3 零冠词的用法

1) 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary；

2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；

They are teachers. 他们是教师。

3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；

Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。

4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；

Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。

5）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；

We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。

6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；

The guards took the American to General Lee.

士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：have breakfast，play chess

8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词；

I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。

9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；by bus，by train；

10）有些个体名词不用冠词；如：

school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义；

go to hospital 去医院看病

go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)

11)不用冠词的序数词；

a. 序数词前有物主代词

b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race.

c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,first of all, from first to last

2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构

1) 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。

He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。

The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。

2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。

He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。

2.5 冠词位置

1) 不定冠词位置

不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：

a. 位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half，

I have never seen such an animal.

Many a man is fit for the job.

b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：

It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.

So short a time.

Too long a distance.

c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。

但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：quite a lot

d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后：

Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。

当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。

2) 定冠词位置

定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。

All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。

2.6 数词

表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。

一、基数词

1）基数词写法和读法： 345 three hundred and forty-five；

2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：

a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连 用，如scores of people 指许多人；

b. 在一些表示“一排”或“一组”的词组里；

如：They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到达了。

c. 表示“几十岁”；

d. 表示“年代”，用 in +the +数词复数；

e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.

二、序数词

序数词的缩写形式： first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st

三、数词的用法

1）倍数表示法

a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as

I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。

b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of…

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。

c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…

The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.

今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。

d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍

The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.

今年粮食产量增加了4倍。

2）分数表示法

构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：

1/3 one-third ； 3/37 three and three-sevenths.

3.1 人称代词的用法

1）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语，例如：

John waited a while but eventually he went home.

约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。

John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.

约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。

说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：

When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.

约翰一到就直接去银行了。

2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：

I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.

我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语）

a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶？

b. -- Me. --我。（me做主语补语= It's me.）

说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。

3.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换

1) 宾格代替主格

a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。

---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。

---- Me too. --我也喜欢。

---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?

---- Not me. --我可不要了。

b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。

He is taller than I/me.

He is taller than I am.

2) 主格代替宾格

a. 在介词but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。

b. 在电话用语中常用主格。

---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。

---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。

注意：在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。

I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格)

I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格)

I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)

They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)

3.3 代词的指代问题

1）不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he, his, him代替。

Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来，是吗?

2）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。

Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。

3）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。

3.4 并列人称代词的排列顺序

1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：

第二人称 －>第三人称 －>第一人称

you －>he/she; it ->I

You, he and I should return on time.

2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：

第一人称 －>第二人称 －>第三人称

we －>you －>They

注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。

a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，

It was I and John that made her angry.

是我和约翰惹她生气了。

b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称， 如：I and you try to finish it.

c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，

d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。

3.5 物主代词

1）物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用，例如：

John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.

约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。

物主代词有形容词性（my, your等）和名词性（mine, yours等）两种，形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。

名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --'s属格结构，例如：

Jack's cap 意为 The cap is Jack's.

His cap 意为 The cap is his.

2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能

a. 作主语，例如：

May I use your pen? Yours works better.

我可以用一用你的钢笔吗？ 你的比我的好用。

b. 作宾语，例如：

I love my motherland as much as you love yours.

我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。

c. 作介词宾语，例如：

Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.

你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。

d. 作主语补语，例如：

The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。

3.6 双重所有格

物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。

公式为：

a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如：

a friend of mine.

each brother of his

3.7 反身代词

1） 列表

I you you she he

myself yourself yourselves herself himself

we they it one

ourselves themselves itself oneself

2）做宾语

a. 有些动词需有反身代词

absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave

We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。

Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。

b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词

take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.

I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。

注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。

Please sit down. 请坐。

3） 作表语； 同位语

be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。

The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。

4） 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：

No one but myself (me) is hurt.

注意：

a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。

(错) Myself drove the car.

(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。

b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。

Charles and myself saw it.

5）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。

You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。

3.8 相互代词

1）相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的，例如：

It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.

显而易见，不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。

2） 相互代词的句法功能：

a. 作动词宾语；

People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。

b. 可作介词宾语；

Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。

说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other， 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多，例如：

He put all the books beside each other.

他把所有书并列摆放起来。

He put all the books beside one another.

他把所有书并列摆放起来。

Usually these small groups were independent of each other.

这些小团体通常是相互独立的。

c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格，例如：

The students borrowed each other's notes.

学生们互借笔记。

3.9 指示代词

1） 指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词，例如：

单数 复数

限定词：This girl is Mary. Those men are my

teachers.

代词： This is Mary. Those are my

teachers.

2) 指示代词的句法功能；

a. 作主语

This is the way to do it.

这事儿就该这样做。

b. 作宾语

I like this better than that.

我喜欢这个甚至那个。

c. 作主语补语

My point is this.

我的观点就是如此。

d. 作介词宾语

I don't say no to that.

我并未拒绝那个。

There is no fear of that.

那并不可怕。

说明1：

指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人，例如：

(对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。（ that作主语，指人）

(对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）

(错)He is going to marry this. （this作宾语时不能指人）

(对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物，可作宾语)

说明2：

That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：

(对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。

(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）

(错) He admired that who danced well. （that作宾语时不能指人）

(对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those指人）

(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。（those指物）

3.10 疑问代词

1） 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个：

指 人： who, whom, whose

指 物： what

既可指人又可指物： which

2） 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有性和数的变化，除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较：

疑问代词：Whose are these books on the desk?

桌上的书是谁的？

What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?

美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的？

限定词： Whose books are these on the desk?

桌上的书是谁的？

What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国？

说明1：

无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内，例如：

Which girls do you like best?

你喜欢哪几个姑娘？

What girls do you like best?

你喜欢什么样的姑娘？

说明2：

Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如：

Who(m) did you meet on the street?

你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）

Who(m) are you taking the book to?

你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）

To whom did you speak on the campus?

你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语，置介词 后，不能用who取代。）

说明3：

疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时，过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首，现代英语中，疑问代词在句首，介词在句未，例如：

For what do most people live and work?

大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么？（旧文体）

What are you looking for?

你在找什么？（现代英语）

说明4：

疑问代词还可引导名词性从句，例如：

I can't make out what he is driving at.

我不知道他用意何在。

Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?

你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗？

Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.

你说的我大部分同意，但并不完全赞同。

3.11 关系代词

1） 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分，例如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。（该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。）

2） 关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that 可指人也可指物，见表：

限定性 非限定性 限定性

指 人 指 物 指人或指物

主 格 who which that

宾 格 whom that that

属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose

例如：

This is the pencil whose point is broken.

这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。

(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语)

He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。

（which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）

3） 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子，例如：

He said he saw me there, which was a lie.

他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。

说明： 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略， 例如：

I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.

我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。

He's changed. He's not the man he was.

他变化很大，已不是过去的他了。

3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor

1）不定代词有

all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。

2） 不定代词的功能与用法

a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。

I have no idea about it.

b. all 都，指三者以上。

all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。

All goes well. 一切进展得很好。

all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。

但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但习惯上不说 all hour，all century。

all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China， all the city， all my life， all the way

3) both 都，指两者。

a. both 与复数动词连用，但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。

b. both, all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前， be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。

Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can.

4) neither 两者都不

a. neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

b. 作定语与单数名词连用，但neither… nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。

c. 可用于下列句型，避免重复。

She can't sing，neither (can) he.

neither 与nor

d. 如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。

If you don't do it，neither should I. 如果你不干，我也不干。

e. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。

He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate.

3.13 none, few, some, any, one, ones

一、none 无

1) none作主语，多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中，none可单独使用。

Are there any pictures on the wall? None.

2) none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。

It is none of your business.

二、few 一些，少数

few 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句。

三、some 一些

1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。

2) 当做“某一”解时，也可与单数名词连用。（= a certain）

You will be sorry for this some day.

总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。

A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.

某些人不同意你的看法。

注意：

(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。

(2)some用于其他句式中:

a. 肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。

Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：

Would you like some coffee?

b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：

If you need some help，let me know.

c. some位于主语部分,

Some students haven't been there before.

d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：

I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.

这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。

四、any 一些

1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。

当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。

Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说，你可任读一本。

五、one, ones 为复数形式

ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any，而不

用ones。

Have you bought any rulers? Yes，I 've bought some.

3.14 代词比较辩异 one，that 和it

one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。

I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)

我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。

The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同类但不同个)

你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。

I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物)

我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。

3.15 one/another/the other

one… the other 只有两个

some… the others 有三个以上

one… another，another…

some… others，others…

others = other people/things

the others = the rest 剩余的全部

1) 泛指另一个用another。

2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。

3) 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。

4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。

5) 泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。

3.16 “the”的妙用

He is one of the students who help me.

He is the one of the students who helps me.

他是帮我的学生之一。

第一句定语从句与the students 一致。

第二句定语从句与the one 一致。

3.17 anyone/any one；no one/none；every/each

1．anyone 和 any one

anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。

2．no one 和none

a) none 后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。

b) none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。

None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。

---- Did any one call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?

---- No one.--没有。

3．every 和each

1) every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。

Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。

Each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。

2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。

3) every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。

Every student has to take one.

Each boy has to take one.

Each of the boys has to take one.

4) every不可以作状语，each可作状语。

5) every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等； each没有。

6) every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。

Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。

Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。

3.18 both, either, neither, all, any, none

这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后，行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。

1) both (两者都)，either(两者中任何一个)， neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。

Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。

2) both，either

both与复数连用，either与单数连用。

Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。

Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。

There are flowers on both sides of the street.

(两岸)

There are flowers on either side of the street.

(岸的两边)

路边长满了野花。

3) all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)， none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。

All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。

I don't like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。

I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。

注意：all与none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。

All of the students are there.

所有的学生都在那。

All (of) the milk is there.

所有的牛奶都在那。

3.19 many, much

Many，much都意为“许多”， many + 可数名词，much + 不可数名词。

How many people are there at the meeting?

How much time has we left?

Many of the workers were at the meeting.

Much of the time was spent on learning.

3.20 few, little, a few, a little

(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词

a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点

few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。

He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。

He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。

We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。

There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。

典型例题:

Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.

A. little B. few C. a little D. a few

答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。

固定搭配:

only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)

many a (=many)

Many books were sold.

Many a book was sold.

卖出了许多书。

形容词和副词

4.1 形容词及其用法

形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。

2) 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。

（错） He is an ill man.

（对） The man is ill.

（错） She is an afraid girl.

（对） The girl is afraid.

这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。

3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：

something nice

4.2 以-ly结尾的形容词

1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively， ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。

改错：(错） She sang lovely.

（错） He spoke to me very friendly.

（对） Her singing was lovely.

（对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.

2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。

daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early

The Times is a daily paper.

The Times is published daily.

4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体

1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry

The poor are losing hope.

2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。

the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.

The English have wonderful sense of humor.

4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序

多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：

限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词

a small round table

a tall gray building

a dirty old brown shirt

a famous German medical school

an expensive Japanese sports car

典型例题:

1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys.

A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two

答案：C。由“限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --性质--名词”的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有C符合答案。

2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.

A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old

答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。

3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.

A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last

答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：

限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+

those + three + beautiful + large + square

新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词

old + brown + wood + table

4.5 副词及其基本用法

副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。

一、副词的位置：

1） 在动词之前。

2） 在be动词、助动词之后。

3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。

注意：

a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。

We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.

b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。

He speaks English well.

二、副词的排列顺序：

1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。

2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。

Please write slowly and carefully.

3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。

注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。

改错：(错) I very like English.

(对) I like English very much.

注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。

I don't know him well enough.

There is enough food for everyone to eat.

There is food enough for everyone to eat.

4.6 兼有两种形式的副词

1) close与closely

close意思是“近”； closely 意思是“仔细地”

He is sitting close to me.

Watch him closely.

2) late 与lately

late意思是“晚”； lately 意思是“最近”

You have come too late.

What have you been doing lately?

3) deep与deeply

deep意思是“深”，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，“深深地”

He pushed the stick deep into the mud.

Even father was deeply moved by the film.

4) high与highly

high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much

The plane was flying high.

I think highly of your opinion.

5) wide与widely

wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”

He opened the door wide.

English is widely used in the world.

6) free与freely

free的意思是“免费”；freely 的意思是“无限制地”

You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.

You may speak freely; say what you like.

4.7 形容词与副词的比较级

大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。

1) 规则变化

单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。

构成法 原级 比较级 最高级

一般单音节词 tall(高的) taller tallest

未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest

以不发音的e结尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest

的单音词和少数 large(大的) larger largest

以- le结尾的双 able（有能力的) abler ablest

音节词只加-r,-st

以一个辅音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest

结尾的闭音节单 hot热的) hotter hottest

音节词，双写结

尾的辅音字母，

再加-er，-est

“以辅音字母+y” easy(容易的) easier easiest

结尾的双音节词，busy(忙的) busier busiest

改y为i，再加

-er，-est

少数以-er，-ow clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest

结尾的双音节词 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest

未尾加-er，-est

其他双音节词和 important(重要的)

多音节词，在前more important

面加more，mostmost important

来构成比较级和 easily(容易地)

最高级。 more easily

most easily

2) 不规则变化

原级 比较级 最高级

good(好的)/ better best

well(健康的)

bad (坏的)/ worse worst

ill(有病的)

old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest

much/many(多的) moremost

little(少的) less least

far (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest

4.8 as + 形容词或副词原级 + as

1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。

He cannot run so/as fast as you.

2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。

as +形容词+ a +单数名词

as + many/much +名词

This is as good an example as the other is.

I can carry as much paper as you can..

3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。

This room is twice as big as that one.

Your room is the same size as mine.

4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as <=>倍数+ then + of

This bridge is three times as long as that one.

This bridge is three times the length of that one.

Your room is twice as large as mine.

Your room is twice the size of mine.

4.9 比较级形容词或副词 + than

You are taller than I.

They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.

注意：

1）要避免重复使用比较级。

(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.

(对) He is more clever than his brother.

(对) He is clever than his brother.

2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。

(错) China is larger that any country in Asia.

(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.

3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。

The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.

It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.

4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。

比较：Which is large, Canada or Australia?

Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?

She is taller than her two sisters.

She is the taller of the two sisters.

4.10 可修饰比较级的词

1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等

2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。

3）以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。

典型例题:

1） ---- Are you feeling ____?

---- Yes，I'm fine now.

A. any well B. any better C. quite good

D. quite better

答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.

2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.

A. more B. much more C. much

D. more much

答案：C. much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。

3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.

A. the happiest time B. a more happier time

C. much happiest time D. a much happier time

答案：D。

4.11 many,old 和 far

1) 如果后接名词时， much more +不可数名词

many more +可数名词复数

2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。

My elder brother is an engineer.

Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.

3) far 有两种比较级，farther，further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。

在美语中，father 表示距离，further表示进一步。

I have nothing further to say.

4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围

1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.

形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。

形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”。

It is a most important problem.

=It is a very important problem.

注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。

(错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.

(对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.

2) 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost

This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.

注意：

a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。

This is the very best.

This is much the best.

b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。

Africa is the second largest continent.

3) 句型转换：

Mike is the most intelligent in his class.

Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.

4) “否定词语+比较级”，“否定词语+ so… as”结构表示最高级含义。

Nothing is so easy as this.

=Nothing is easier than this.

=This is the easiest thing.

4.13 和more有关的词组

1) the more… the more… 越……就越……

The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.

2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B

less A than B

He is more lazy than slow at his work.

= He is less slow than lazy at his work.

3) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多

The officials could see no more than the Emperor.

no less… than… 与……一样……

He is no less diligent than you.

4) more than 不只是，非常

She is more than kind to us all.

典型例题

1）The weather in China is different from____.

A. in America B. one in America C. America

D. that in America

答案：D. 本题意为“中国的天气比美国热。”比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。

2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.

A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as

答案C. 此句意为“这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍”。 表示倍数用“倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象”的句型。所以此句答案为C。

This ruler is three times as long as that one.

动词

5.1 系动词

系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

说明：

有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：

He fell ill yesterday.

他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）

He fell off the ladder.

他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。

1）状态系动词

用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：

He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）

2）持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：

He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。

This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。

3）表像系动词

用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：

He looks tired. 他看起来很累。

He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。

4）感官系动词

感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：

This kind of cloth feels very soft.

这种布手感很软。

This flower smells very sweet.

这朵花闻起来很香。

5）变化系动词

这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.

例如：

He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。

She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。

6）终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意，例如：

The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。

The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。

His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）

5.2 什么是助动词

1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。

助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：

He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。

（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)

2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：

a. 表示时态，例如：

He is singing. 他在唱歌。

He has got married. 他已结婚。

b. 表示语态，例如：

He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。

c. 构成疑问句，例如：

Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？

Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？

d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：

I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。

e. 加强语气，例如：

Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。

He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。

3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

5.3 助动词be的用法

1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：

They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。

English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。

2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：

The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。

English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。

3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：

a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：

He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。

We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。

说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。

b. 表示命令，例如：

You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。

He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。

c. 征求意见，例如：

How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？

Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？

d. 表示相约、商定，例如：

We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。

5.4 助动词have的用法

1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：

He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。

By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.

上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。

2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如：

I have been studying English for ten years.

我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。

3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如：

English has been taught in China for many years.

中国教英语已经多年。

5.5 助动词do 的用法

1） 构成一般疑问句，例如：

Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？

Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？

2） do + not 构成否定句，例如：

I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。

He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。

In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。

3) 构成否定祈使句，例如：

Don't go there. 不要去那里。

Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。

说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。

4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：

Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。

I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。

I do miss you. 我确实想你。

5） 用于倒装句，例如：

Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。

Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.

只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。

说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。

6） 用作代动词，例如：

---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？

---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）

He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?

他知道如何开车，对吧？

5.6 助动词shall和will的用法

shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：

I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。

He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。

说明：

在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:

He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）

He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）

5.7 助动词should,would的用法

1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：

I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.

我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。

比较：

“What shall I do next week?” I asked.

“我下周干什么？”我问道。（可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。）

2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：

He said he would come. 他说他要来。

比较：

“I will go,” he said. 他说：“我要去那儿。”

变成间接引语，就成了：

He said he would come.

原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。

5.8 短语动词

动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词（Phrasal Verb）。例如：

Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）

短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：

1） 动词+副词，如：black out；

2） 动词+介词，如：look into；

3） 动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词（Particle）。

5.9 非谓语动词

在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。

1）不定式

时态\语态 主动被动

一般式 to doto be done

完成式 to have done to have been done

2）动名词

时态\语态 主动被动

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

3）分词

时态\语态 主动被动

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词

动名词

6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语

1）作主语

Fighting broke out between the South and the North.

南方与北方开战了。

2）作宾语

a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sth

admit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免

complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱prevent阻止

fancy 想象 finish 完成imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续risk 冒险

suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续

举例：

(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?

(2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.

b. 词组后接doing

admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to be busy look forward to to为介词）

no good, no use, It's worth…, as well as,

can't help, It's no use /good be tired of

be fond of be capable of be afraid of

be proud of think of / about hold off

put off keep on insist on count on / upon

set about be successful in good at take up

give up burst out prevent … from…

3）作表语

Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.

6.2 worth 的用法

worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj. 意为“值得”。

1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示“…… 值得……”

be worth doing sth. “……某事值得被做”

The question is not worth discussing again and again.

2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示“……值得……”

be worthy to be done “某事值得被做”

The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.

3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth “值得做某事”

worth while： It is worth while doing sth

It is worth while sb to do sth.

典型例题

It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.

A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while

答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组be worth-while to do sth.。因此选C。

动词不定式

7.1 不定式作宾语

1) 动词+ 不定式

afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake

举例：

The driver failed to see the other car in time.

司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

I happen to know the answer to your question.

我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2）动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…

I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。

I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。

I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。

I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。

3） 动词+疑问词+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。

The question is how to put it into practice.

问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

7.2 不定式作补语

1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn

例句：

a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.

父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。

b. We believe him to be guilty.

我们相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法：

Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。

I found him lying on the ground.

I found it important to learn.

I found that to learn English is important.

典型例题:

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.

A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying

答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。

2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。

Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。

典型例题

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.

A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented

答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。

3) to be +形容词

Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…

The book is believed to be uninteresting.

人们认为这本书没什么意思。

4) there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。

注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.

We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。

Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

7.3 不定式主语

1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;

the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.

听到你的声音真高兴。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。

2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。

Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

例句:

It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。

注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型

2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。

3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型

(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。

(错)It is to believe to see.

7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。

for 与of 的辨别方法：

用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：

You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。

He is hard. (人是困难的，不通

篇2：名词` (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

名词

分类说明

名词是英语中的一种实词，用来表示人或事物名称。根据名词的意义和使用范围，可将名词分为普通名词和专有名词。

普通名词就是用来表示一般事物的名称的词，如：desk，dog，milk，bread。根据普通名词是否可数，又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词可细分为个体名词(如：man，woman)和集合名词(如：class，family，audience)；不可数名词也可细分为物质名词(如：water，air)和抽象名词(如：pronunciation，revolution)。

可数名词有单、复数的变化，可用不定冠词和数词修饰，在学习中必须掌握名词单、复数规则及不规则的变化形式；集合名词既可作为整体，用作单数，也可作为个体而用复数形式，因此在集合名词充当句子的主语时，需特别注意后面谓语动词的形式。

不可数名词没有单、复数形式的变化，一般也不能用不定冠词或数词修饰。但有些不可数名词可转化为可数名词，意义却不同，如：paper(纸)一papers(试卷、报纸、文件)，water(水)一waters(江、河、湖泊中的水或水域)，work(工作)一works(著作、工厂)，air(空气)一airs(神气、架子、姿态)，tea(茶)一teas(茶叶种类)，wind(风)一winds(一阵阵的风)；有些抽象名词也可具体化，其前面必须用不定冠词修饰．如：cold(冷)一have a cold(感冒)，look(swim，rest…)一have a look(swim，rest…)。

专有名词是指人、地点、单位、团体、书报、杂志、产品等特有的名称。它们一般没有人称和数的变化，也不用冠词修饰。但含有普通名词的专有名词、特指某个历史时期的专有名词或具有某方面特征的专有名词可用冠词修饰，如：Lei Feng-a Lei Feng in our class，America-the United States of America，China-the China you see today。

名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、补足语、定语和状语。作主语、宾语、表语及补足语时，都用普通格。而当用作定语时，表示中心词的材料、性质、用途、类别等时用普通格；表示名词间的所属关系时，用所有格。

普通格作定语又分三种情况：

1．名词一般用单数形式；

2．clothes，goods，parents，sports等名词一般要用复数形式；

3．man，woman修饰单数名词时，用单数形式，修饰复数名词时要用复数形式。

所有格作定语时，也有三种情况：

1．名词+ -S，一般表示有生命的名词，但现代英语中的时间、地点名词也可有这种用法；

2．of+名词，一般表示没有生命的名词；

3．of+名词+ -’S一般表示有生命的名词。

目前高考对名词的考查，纯语法方面的问题已经减少了，而主要考查名词的意义辨析以及名词跟其它词的搭配关系。如：“I don’t think it’s my _______that the TV blew up．I just turned it off，that’s a11．”said the boy．的选项A．error B．mistake C．fault D．duty就是考查词汇辨析；如：Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make ________ for our new students．中的选项A．place B．area C．space D．room就要根据与动词的搭配关系来确定。

因此，考生在了解词汇方面知识的同时，特别要注意名词的意义辨析、名词跟其它词的搭配关系这两方面的问题。

回放真题

真题1(甘肃、青海卷28)

The face of four famous American presidents on Mout Rushmore can be seen from a ________of 60 miles．

A，length B．distance C．way D．space

【答案及解析】B 选项A意思是：长度；B是：距离；C是：道路，方法；D是：空间，太空。根据句子的意思，答案选B，指离那儿60英里远的地方。

真题2(2004湖北卷21)

Don’t leave matches or cigarettes on the table within ______of little children．

A．hand B．reach C．space D．distance

【答案及解析】B 选项A是：支配，掌管；B意思是：够得着的地方；C是：空间；D是：距离。根据句意，答案选B。

真题3(2004浙江卷28)

-Brad was Jane’s brother!

一________ he reminded me so much of Jane!

A．No doubt B．Above all C．No wonder D．Of course

【答案及解析】c选项A的意思是：毫无疑问，表示肯定；B的意思是：首先，最重要的是，表示重要性；C的意思是：难怪，表示恍然大悟；D的意思是：当然，当然可以，表示同意。根据上下旬的意思，答案选C，表示对原来某现象突然弄明白了。

真题4(2004上海卷45)

The environmentalists said wild goats’ ________on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment．

A．escape B．absence C．attendance D．appearance

【答案及解析】D escape：逃跑，absence：缺席，根据句子后面的good indication of the better environment可将A、B排除；attendance：出勤，一般指接受邀请或要求而主动参加，与题意不符，故只有appearance：出现，符合题意。句子意思为：环境学家说野山羊存大草原的出现说明环境变好了。因此，答案选D。

真题5(2004上海卷52)

In dealing with public relations，we should make every effort to prevent the ________in personality．

A．contact B．contrast C．connection D．conflict

【答案及解析】 D本题考查词义的区别。contact：接触，contrast：对比，connection：联系，conflict：冲突。句子的意思为：在处理公共关系时，我们应努力防止人格冲突。

真题6(2004上海卷53)

Chinese arts have won the ________ of a lot of people outside China．

A．enjoyment B．appreciation C．entertainment D．reputation

【答案及解析】 B enjoyment：满意，快乐；appreciation：欣赏、赏识；entertainment：娱乐；reputation：名声。根据句子的意思，答案应该选B，意思为：中国艺术享誉海外。

真题7(2004天津卷26)

I keep medicines on the top shelf，out of the children’s ________．

A．reach B．hand C．hold D．place

【答案及解析】 A选项A意思是：够得着的地方；B是：指示，掌管；C是：控制，照管；D是：地方。根据句意，目的是不让孩子们拿着，所以答案选A。

真题8(2004上海春季卷27)

The village is far away from her indeed：It’s ________walk．

A．a four hour B．a four hour’s C．a four．hours D．a four hours’

【答案及解析】D冠词、数词、量词和名词连用有两种形式：一种是a+数词+量词的名词所有格+名词，如果数词大于…1’，量词要用复数形式，如：a four miles’ journey；另一种是：a+数词．量词+名词，这时量词用单数形式。如：a four-mile walk。

真题9(北京卷29)

-I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke．1 was very tired．

-There is no ________for this while you are on duty．

A．reason B．excuse C．cause D．explanation

【答案及解析】B考查名词意义辨析。excuse理由、借口。说话人意为：你在值班的时候是没有任何理由出去的。reason原因；cause事情起因；explanation解释，与句意不符。

真题10(2003上海卷28)

The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took ________ pictures of them．

A．many of B．masses of C．the number of D．a large amount of

【答案及解析】 B many直接修饰可数名词，表很多；接介词of时，表部分，此时名词前需用定冠词the修饰。many修饰可数名词复数时不用of，故A不可选。number用来表示大量、很多时，应为a number of，故C不可选。a large amount of用来修饰不可数名词，而picture是可数名词，故D也不可选。B项masses of是非正式的表达方式，后跟可数名词。

真题1l(2003上海卷46)

“I don’t think it’s my ________that the TV blew up．I just turned it on，that’s all，”said the boy．

A．error B．mistake C．fault D．duty

【答案及解析】C error、mistake侧重于“错误”这一客观事实；而fault侧重于造成差错的主观责任；duty则是指责任、义务、该做的事。题中说电视坏了，这不是“我”的责任，也就是说“不是‘我’造成的”。

真题12(2003上海卷50)

One of the consequences of our planet’s being warming up is a(n) ________in the number of natural disasters．

A．result B．account C．reason D．increase

【答案及解析】D account作名词时意思为“原因；账户”；result意为“结果”；reason意为“理由，原因”；increase意为“增加”。原句是说地球升温造成的后果之一是“增加”了自然灾害的数量，故用increase。

真题13(2003上海卷52)

Life is tough in the city．In order to lose their _____，some people drink alcoho1．

A．temper B．mood C．consciousness D．pressures

【答案及解析】D lose one’s temper意为“发脾气”；mood意为“心境，情绪”；consciousness意为“清醒，意识”。第一句说“在城市生活很困难”，所以应是“为了缓解压力”。

真题14(2003北京春季卷28)

The manager has got a good business ________ so the company is doing well．

A．idea B．sense C．thought D．thinking

【答案及解析】 B idea指对某件具体事物的看法或想法；thought指某人处理问题的一整套思想体系；thinking指某人在某种特定情况下的思维或考虑，它们均不符题意。sense辨别力；鉴赏力。译文：这位经理有良好的商业意识，因此公司经营良好。

真题15(2003安徽春季卷25)

If you’re driving to the airport．Can you give me a ________?

A．hand B．seat C．drive D．1ift

【答案及解析】D give sb a lift是“免费搭私人车，坐他人顺路车”的意思.

真题16(2003安徽春季卷35)

Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _______for our new students．

A．place B．area C．space D．room

【答案及解析】D place和area为可数名词，在句中不能单独使用，排除A、B；space和room可通用，指不确定的范围，可容下某物或达到某目的，但make通常跟room搭配。

真题17(上海春季卷21)

The ________ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it．

A．bicycle’s shop B．bicycle shop

C．bicycles shop D．bicycles’ shop

【答案及解析】 B名词作定语可分两种情况，其一是表所属关系，常用’s或of+名词来表示；其二是表示中心词的性质、材料、类别或性别等时，一般直接用名次的单数形式，只有clothes，parents．goods．sports, sales等少数几个名词必须用复数形式，man和woman修饰单数名词时用单数形式，修饰复数名词时要用复数形式。此处指商店的性质，用单数形式。译文：自行车商店就在拐就处，你不会错过它。

真题18(2001上海春季卷22)

His daughter is always shy in ________ and she never dares to make a speech to ________.

A. the pubic; the public B. pubic; the public

C. the pubic; public D. pubic; public

【答案及解析】B in pubic 的意思是“在公众场合”； the public 意为“公众”

真题19(上海春季卷33)

What he has done is far from _______.

A. satisfactory B. satisfied C. satisfaction D. satisfy

【答案及解析】A 一般说来，介词后要接名词或相当于名词的词或短语做宾语。然而有些介词后接being + adj, being 可省略，这就出现了介词+ adj的情况。本句结构为：far from (being) satisfactory.

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇3：第一章 名词 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

第一章 名词

表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词，叫做名词。

高考重点要求：

1、分清名词同义词、近义词在语境中语义的差别

2、物质名词和抽象名词数的转化

3、掌握名词的’s 属格，of属格,双重属格

4、名词复数的构成

第一节 知识点概述

名词分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：

1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。

2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。

3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。

4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。

一、普通名词

普通名词指一类人或事物的名称。英语中普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词一般有单、复数两种形式。如a/one child，ten children。而不可数名词一般只有一种形式。如cash（现金）。不可数名词之前不可直接用泛指限定词和数词。不可数名词可与some一起用。如：some money，some water。也可与the一起用：the information（这信息）。

（一）可数名词及其复数形式

（1）可数名词的复数形式一般由词尾加-s或-es构成

（2）可数名词复数形式的不规则构成法

1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：

如： two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays

比较： 层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories

2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：

a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos

radio---radios zoo---zoos；

b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：

a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes gulf---gulfs；

b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c. 均可,如： handkerchief:

handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

（二）可数名词和不可数名词

英语中的绝大多数名词既可以用作可数名词也可以用作不可数名词。

1．可数名词

可数名词一般可以分成以下二类：

第一类：如bike，desk， factory等，这类名词占可数名词的多数。以bike为例：

There are fifty bikes at this shop．这家商店有50辆自行车。

第二类：如clothes等，本身表示复数形式。以clothes为例：

She cares for nice clothes．她爱好穿着。

2．不可数名词

不可数名词的用法特征主要有以下几种：

（1）不带冠词的单数形式需用动词单数作谓语。例如：

Knowledge is power．知识就是力量。

（2）由much，little等词修饰。例如：

They have saved much money for future use．他们存了很多钱以备未来使用。

（3）与表示单位的量词如a piece of等连用。例如：

Go and fetch me a piece of chalk．给我去拿一支粉笔。

要十分注意的是：不可数名词不能与不定冠词或数词直接用在一起。如不能说a good news, an advice, a hard work等。

不可数名词可以与量词使用构成不同的词组：

如： a piec e of paper 一张纸 a drop of water 一滴水

a 1oaf of bread 一条面包 a bag of money 一袋钱

a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶 a pair of shoes 一双鞋

二、专有名词

专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物体的专有名称。其特点是：第一个字母大写，通常不与冠词连用，无复数形式。

（一）人名

英美人的姓名与中国人的恰恰相反，姓在后面，名在前面，姓名前通常不用冠词。例如：

Mary Smith , George Washington。

（1）一般熟人间通常用名称呼。例如：

How’s John getting on? 约翰近来好吗？

（2）在不熟悉人之间或表示礼貌时，常把姓和称谓连用。例如：

Would you please tell Dr. Smith to come to the office? 请你告诉史密斯博士到办公室来一次好吗?

（3）姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人。例如：

The Turners have gone to America．特纳一家人去美国了。

（二）地名

（1）大部分单数形式的地名不用定冠词。例如：

Asia, America , China , London , Shanghai

（2）大部分单数形式的湖、岛、山名前不加定冠词。例如：．

Silver Lake；Mount Tai

（3）山脉、群岛、海洋、河流、运河、海湾、海峡、半岛、沙漠名前一般加定冠词。例如：

the Pacific , the English Channel , the Sahara

（三）日期名

（1）节日名前通常不用冠词。例如：

Christmas , National Day

（2）星期名前通常不用冠词。例如：

Sunday , Tuesday

（3）月份名前通常不用冠词。例如：

April , December

三、名词所有格

名词所有格是指一个名词与另一个名词之间存在所有关系时所用的形式。其构成有两种：一种是由名词末尾加’s构成；另一种由介词of加名词构成。前者多用来表示有生命的东西；后者多用来表示无生命的东西。例如：

Children’s Palace 少年宫

Tom’s bike 汤姆的自行车

the title of the book 书名

the legs of the table 桌子的腿

（一）所有格形式的构成

（1）单数名词后加’s，其读音与名词复数结尾的读音相同。例如：

the girl’s father 女孩的父亲

（2）以s结尾的复数名词后加’。例如：

two hours’ walk 两个小时的步行

（3）不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s。例如：

the children’s holiday 孩子们的节日

（4）以s结尾的名词或人名，可以加’s，也可加’号。例如：

Thomas’s brother 托马斯的兄弟

the boss’s handwriting 老板的书写

（5）表示各自的所有关系，不是共有的，要分别在各个名词末尾加’s，如：

John’s and Mary’s rooms 约翰和玛丽各人的房间

若表示共有的，则在最后一个名词的末尾加’s，如：

John and Mary’s room 约翰和玛丽合住的房间

（二）“’s”所有格的用法

’s所有格常表示有生命的东西，但也可表示无生命的东西。例如：

（1）表示时间：

today’s newspaper 今天的报纸

（2）表示自然现象：

the moon’s rays 月光

（3）表示国家、城市、机构：

……..Shanghai’s industry 上海的工业

（4）表示度量衡及价值：

..twenty dollars’ value 20美元的价值

..five miles’ distance 5英里的距离

（三）“’s”和of所有格所表示的关系

1．表示所有关系

可分为可分割的所有关系和不可分割的所有关系。可分割的所有关系通常指身外之物，一般不可用of表示。例如：

John’s pen（John has a pen）约翰的钢笔

不可说：a pen of John

但不可分割的所有关系，指自身拥有的不可分割的东西可用’s也可用of表示。例如：

Mary’s hands（Mary has two hands）玛丽的手

也可以说：the hands of Mary

2．表示主谓关系

the doctor’s advice（The doctor advised）医生的建议

his mother’s request（His mother requested）他母亲的请求

3．表示动宾关系

the war prisoner’s release 释放战俘

children’s education 年轻一代的教育

4．表示同位语关系（通常用of表示）

the city of Rome罗马城

the city of Pairs巴黎城

第二节 实战演

篇4：第二章 代词 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

第二章 代词

用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。代词可分为：人称代词、指示代词、疑问代词、反身代词和不定代词等。

高考重点要求：

1、物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词和指示代词的基本用法

2、定代词的指代含义以及数的情况

3、it的基本用法

第一节 知识点概述

一、人称代词

1． 人称代词不仅仅指人，也可以指事或物。

2． 第三人称的人称代词分阳性he（him），阴性she（her）和中性it（it），复数和宾语形式都只有一个形式they和them，不分性别。

3． 选用什么人称代词，取决于所要代替的名词。在数和性上要与所代替的名词保持一致。

二、物主代词

物主代词是用来表示所有关系的，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语，相当于形容词；名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，相当于名词，可以作主语、表语或宾语。

物主代词的用法：

（1）形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语。例如：

His pencil box is on the desk.

This is our school.

（2）名词性物主代词作名词用，本身就相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，因此，后面不可再加名词。

作主语：

Richard’s school bag is blue and mine is black. 理查德的书包是蓝色的，我的书包是黑色的。（mine=my school bag）

作表语：

It’s his. 这是他的（东西）。

作宾语：

He borrows your dictionary and you may borrow mine. 他借你的字典，你可以借我的。（作及物动词的宾语）

“of+名词性物主代词”可以放在名词后作定语，表示强调：

He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。

注意：

试比较下面两句句子：

This is a photo of mine. 这是我的一张照片。（照片是我拥有的，但不一定照的是我本人）

This is a photo of me. 这是一张我本人的照片。（照片上是我本人）

三、反身代词

反身代词用于所强调的动作与动作执行者的关系。通常在句中作表语、宾语和同位语。

四、指示代词

（一）指示代词是具有指示概念的代词

this 这； that 那； these 这些； those 那些； such 如此的； same 同样的

（二）指示代词的用法

（1）this、that、these、those 在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。

（2）such 一般在句子中作定语或主语。such “这样的”，such a 这样一个，such as 像…这样的。

（3）same 可作定语、表语、主语和宾语。

例如：

1） That is our English teacher. （主语）

2） This storybook is thicker than that one. (定语)

3） I prefer this (these) to that (those). （宾语）

4） What he likes best is this/that. (表语)

5） I have never read such an exciting book. （定语）

6） I like such sports as basketball and swimming. (定语)

7） Such is our trip plan. (主语) （指上文提到过或刚说过的内容）。

8） She wants the book and I want the same. (宾语)

9） We were born on the same day. (定语)

注意：

1） this、these 指空间上离说话人较近的人或物，可以与 here 连用；that、those 指空间上离说话人较远的人或物，可以与 there 连用。

2） 打电话或其他场合，本人这一方用 this 或 these. 反之用 that 或 those。

3） such 作定语时，如名词前有不定冠词，应把such置于不定冠词之前 。

4） 在 same 之前必须加冠词 the 。

五、疑问代词

1．Who 用于询问别人姓名，身份或关系。What 用于询问别人职业。

2．Which 指的物有范围限制，侧重于哪一个；What 指的物无范围限制，侧重于种类。

3．Whose 用于明确所有者。whom 在口语中，多为 who 代替。

六、不定代词

不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫不定代词。常见的不定代词有all, both, each, every, some, any, many, much, (a)few, (a)little, one, ones, either, neither, other, another, no, none以及含有some-, any-, no-等的合成代词（如：anybody, something, no one）。这些不定代词大多可以代替名词，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。但none和由some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词（如somebody等）只能作主语、宾语和表语。而every和no只能作定语。

七、it的用法

（一）作无人称代词

1. 指代天气、时间、距离、季节和自然现象等。例如：

It rains continually in the south in June.

It is a half hour’s walk to the factory.

2. 指代上文中提到的无生命的东西。例如：

Where is my notebook? It was here just now.

There is air all around us, but we cannot see it.

3. 代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。例如：

The baby cried because it was hungry.

Someone is knocking at the door, who can it be?

（二）用作强调句，构成强调结构

句型结构：It is(was)+强调部分+that。例如：

It was last night that they left for H.K.

It was I that(who) his sister in the park yesterday.

（三）it作形式主语和形式宾语

it作形式主语和形式宾语是为了使句子平衡，而把真正的主语或宾语置于句子后面。例如：

I found it interesting to study English.

It is of great help to master a foreign language.

第二节 实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1.不定代词可作主语，当作主语时，要明确这一不定代词究竟是单数还是复数，以确定它和谓语动词在人和数的一致。

2.不定代词还可作定语。当作定语时，应该注意其所修饰的名词是可数还是不可数，以确定这个名词用单数还是复数。

例:Much has been done to fight pollution；each of them has got a present.

3.many, few和both用于可数名词，表示复数概念。

4.All, both和each和含有every的复合代词用在否定句中只表示部分否定。

例：Not all the students have been to the Austrlia.

She can’t work out both of the difficult problems.

Everybody cannot work out the problem.

5.Neither,none和含有no的复合代词表示全部否定。

例:None of us can answer the question.

Neither of the questions is right.

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of ____.

A. others B. the other C. either D. another

答案：B

【解析】 根据上文neither的提示可以看出所指的应该是两者中的另外一个，所以用the other。这句的意思是：贸易谈判没有取得进展，因为双方都不愿意接受对方的条件。

例2、Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we've decided to stay for_________ two weeks.

A. another B. other C. the other D. other's

答案为A。

【解析】 another意为“又一，再一”，后面如接two, three等数词或few等时，可与复数形式连用，我们可以把two weeks看作一个整体，在原来的基础上再待两星期。而 other，the other用于两者之间的另一个，other's是other的所有格形式，故B、C、D都不可选。

例3、The Parkers bought a new house but_________ will need a lot of work before they can move in.

A. they B. it C. one D. which

答案为B。

【解析】 it指代前面提到的单数名词。指同一个事物，此句中指a new house；而one指“同名异物”；which引导定语从句，但题干中有连词but，并非主从句，which不妥；A为复数，更易排除。

例4、In fact ________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.

A. this B. that C. there D. it

答案为D。

【解析】 it在句子中作形式主语。真正的主语是to keep order in an important football match。由于空格出现在fact的后面，所以一些考生把它当成了同位语从句，而选了that。而实际上，in fact是介词短语作状语，后不能接同位语从句。译文：实际上，在一次重大的足球赛中，对警察来说，维持秩序是一项很难的工作。

例5、Some of the wheat is from Canada. What about ________?

A. another B. the other C. others D. the rest

答案为D。

【解析】 wheat是不可数名词，不能用others代替。the rest既可代可数名词，也可代不可数名词，此处指the rest of the wheat。

例6、If this dictionary is not yours, _______ can it be?

A. what else B. who else C. which elses D. who else’s

答案为D。

【解析】 考查关系代词所有格的用法。who else“其他什么人”，用于主格，宾格。who else's“其他什么人”，用于所有格。

例7、One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ________.

A. the other is white B. another white

C. the other white D. another is white

答案为C。

【解析】 木板一般只有两面，把一面染成黄色的；另一面染成白色的，考查one…the other结构，由此排除B、D；原句结构为“…the other(should be painted)white，为避免重复可省略。

例8、-He was nearly drowned once.

-When was _______ ?

- _______was in when he was in middle school.

A. that; It B. this; This C. this; It D. that; This

答案为A。

【解析】 用that指代上文提到的事，避免了重复；it指代时间。

例9、-Your coffee smells great!

-It's from Mexico. Would you like_________?

A. it B. some C. this D. little

答案为B。

【解析】 some相当于some of this coffee.

例10、Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.

A. some B. any C. that D. those

答案为C。

【解析】 这句话的意思是“在炎热的夏天几乎没有任何乐趣能和饮一杯冷饮的乐趣相比。”that在句子中代表the pleasure。一些考生只注意到Few pleasures是复数，而没有注意到这里指的是饮一杯冷饮的乐趣，误填了those。注意：使用代词时一定要弄清楚指代关系。

第三节 巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A、B、C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.

A. this B. that C. it D. one

2. I will never know what was on his mind at the time, nor will ____.

A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else

3. Playing tricks on others is ____ we should never do.

A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing

4. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ____ from some wood we had.

A. it B. one C. himself D. another

5. I got the story from Tom and ____ people who had worked with him.

A. every other B. many others C. some other D. other than

6. You can eat food free in my restaurant ____ you like.

A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however

7. I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunately ____ couldn’t spare me even one minute.

A. they B. one C. who D. it

8. -One week’s time has been wasted.

-I can’t believe we did all that work for ____.

A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything

9. If you run after two hares, you will catch ______.

A. none B. neither C. nothing D. no one

10. She doesn’t know anyone here. She has got ___ to talk to.

A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. on one

11. I have done much of the work . Could you please finish in two days ?

A．the rest B．the other C．another D．the others

12. -Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?

-________ way as you please.

A．Each B．Every C．Any D．Either

13. You must never think that you are good at ______while others are good at ______

A. everything …something else B. everything…nothing

C. all…none D. nothing …all

14. -Do you like _____ here?

-Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.

A. this B. these C. that D. it

15. That' s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ______ he' s done for you.

A. something B. anything C. all D. that

16. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but _____ of them came.

A. neither B. either C. none D. both

17. The Foreign Minister said, “_______ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ”

A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is

18. ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.

A. It B. As C. That D. What

19. Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are ______ .

A. him and her B. his and hers C. his and her D. him and hers

20. My mother opened ______of the drawers in turn , trying to decide what he was going to put in ______of them .

A. every…each B. everyone …every

C. every one …everyone D. each …each

21. -He was nearly drowned once.

-When was _______ ?

-_______was in 1998 when he was in middle school.

A. that…It B. this…This C. this…It D. that….This

22. -You're always working. Come on. Let's go shopping.

-_______ you ever want to do is going shopping.

A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That

23. -Do you want tea or coffee?

-________. I really don't mind.

A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither

24. Some students will remember these terms as the most successful ______in the history of our school.

A. ones B. ones’ C. one D. one’s

25. This new rule may please some, but we don’t expect it to please _____.

A. more B. other C. all D. any

26. No agreement was reached during the peace talk as neither side would give way to _____

A. another B. other C. the other D. any other

27. _____ who laughs last laughs best.

A. He B. One C. That D. Those

28. Children should be taught how to get along with _____

A. another B. other C. others D. an other

29. These plants are watered _____.

A. each other day B. every other day C. each of two days D. every of two days

30. -Would you like some wine?

-Yes, just _____.

A. little B. very little C. a little D. little bit

31. Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _____ didn’t help

A. he B. which C. she D. it

32. -Is your camera like Bill’s and Ann’s ?

-No, but it’s almost the same as _____.

A. her B. yours C. them D. their

33. -Have you finished your report yet?

-No, I’ll finish in _____ ten minutes.

A. another B. other C. more D. less

34. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _____.

A. it B. those C. them D. one

35. I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with _____.

A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing

36. Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would like to read _____ stories by writers from _____ countries.

A. some…any B. other…some C. some…other D. other…other

37. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants.

A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever

38. -Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?

-I’m afraid _____ day is possible.

A. either B. neither C. some D. any

39. If you want to change for a double room you ‘ll have to pay _____$15.

A. another B. other C. more D. each

40. I read about it in some book or other, does it matter _____ it was?

A. where B. what C. how D. which

41. My brother’s handwriting is better than ______in his class.

A. anyone else B. anyone else’s C. anyone’s else D. anyone’s else’s

42. Some people would rather ride bicycles as bicycle riding has _____ of the trouble of taking buses.

A. nothing B. none C. some D. neither

43. Both teams were in hard training, ______ was willing to lose the game.

A. either B. neither C. another D. the other

44. His camera is more expensive than _____.

A. hers B. her C. it D. its

45. _____ of my classmates could work out the maths problem because it was too difficult.

A. Each B. Any C. No one D. None

46. _____ have worked together for 10 years.

A. I, you and he B. I, he and you C. He, your and I D. You, he and I

47. The machines made in China are as good as _____ imported from abroad.

A. they B. those C. these D. ones

48. Listen to _____. There should be no error, no delay, and no waste.

A. that B. this C. those D. these

49. _____ of them promised to help me.

A. Every one B. Everyone C. Every D. Everybody

50. She thought _____ a great honour to be invited to speak to us.

A. that B. this C. it D. it is

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇5：第十五章 词汇 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

第十五章 词汇

词汇的意义是由一个词汇所处的特定的上下文所决定的。

高考重点要求：

1、熟记《高考英语词汇手册》中列出的单词短语和习惯用法。

2、掌握相当数量的内涵不易搞清或者容易混淆的词汇。

3、注意从逻辑角度辨析词义，注意一词多义掌握常见构词法。

第一节 知识点概述

词汇辨析题可以分为几类：

一、近义词和同义词

英语中有大量的近义词和同义词，但它们与其他词的搭配关系不完全一致，有时甚至是大相径庭。在某种场合下它们有时可以换用，但在另外一些场合下它们又不能互换。掌握大量的此类近义词同义词是考试制胜的关键之一。

二、形似词和音似词

英语中有许多词汇外形相似、发音相近或相同，但意义不同，我们应该注意观察，仔细辨清其不同的拼法、读音及含义。

三、短语动词

短语动词是英语中一种使用广泛的重要语言现象，它是由动词和介词或副词连用、表示特定语意的固定结构。正确使用这类短语动词是英语学习的一大难点。

四、具有特定搭配关系的词汇

英语词语的特定搭配是英语学习中的一个重要项目，也是词汇测试的一个重点。为克服受母语影响而产生的错误，我们必须重视学习符合英美人习惯的词语搭配。

五、习语、成语及固定词组

英语中有大量约定俗成的习语、成语及固定词组，它们中有相当一部分往往从字面上猜不出其正确含义。要掌握它们，广泛运用以及记忆背诵是必不可少的。

六、固定结构中的词汇

英语中有些词汇仅用于一些固定结构中，而其他一些同义或近义的词汇则不能替换。学生应熟悉这些固定结构，以提高应试能力。

七、涉及语法现象的词汇

有许多词汇辨析题并不局限于纯粹的词汇意义及搭配的区分，而往往与英语语法有一定的联系。掌握基本的英语语法对正确解答词汇辨析题也起到了至关重要的作用。

第二节 实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1、要注意近义动词在词义上的区别，例如：borrow与lend，send、bring、carry与fetch等。

2、有些近义动词虽然在汉语意思上看不出区别，但要注意它们在含义和使用场合的区别，例如：start与begin，try与manage等。

在记忆词汇时我们不应该孤立地去背单词的中文意思，而要花气力记住单词在句子中的用法，即要记住“be+动词的过去分词+不同介词”的用法

3、平时学习中要多读文章，提高在语境中领悟词语的能力。

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、There was such a long queue for coffee at the interval that we ____ gave up.

A. eventually B. unfortunately C. generously D. purposefully

答案为A.

【解析】 eventually 最终；unfortunately不幸地；generously慷慨地；purposefully故意地。

例2、The company is starting a new advertising campaign to ____ new customers to its stores.

A. join B. attract C. stick D. transfer

答案为B。

【解析】 attract sb. to…把某人吸引到………地方来。

例3、What he has done is far from ________.

A. satisfying B. satisfied C. satisfaction D. satisfy

答案为C。

【解析】句中from是介词，后接名词。译文：他所做的事离满意还差得远。satisfactory是形容词，意思是“令人满意的”；satisfied是过去分词，可作为形容词使用，意思是“感到满意的”；satisfy是动词，意思是“使……满意”。

例4、As we joined the big crowd I got_________ from my friends.

A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed

答案为A。

【解析】get separated from sb.“与某人分开”；get lost“迷路”；get spared和get missed搭配不合理。译文：由于拥入了一大堆人群中，我和我的朋友被分开了。

例5、We didn't plan our art exhibition like that but it_________ very well.

A. worked out B. tried out C. went on D. carried on

答案为A。

【解析】先排除B和D，因为try out(实验)，carry on(实行)与exhibition之间是被动关系；而go on虽有“进行，进展”之意，但这里强调的是计划和结果的关系，work out=turn out“(最后)显得”。译文：我们没有那样计划我们的艺术展览，但结果却很好。此题应为一表结果的短语。

例6、-Do you think the Stars will beat the Bulls?

-Yes. They have better players, so I ________them to win.

A. hope B. prefer C. expect D. want

答案为C。

【解析】expect“期望”，此处意思是“我希望他们赢”。hope虽然有“希望”的意思，但后面不接动词不定式作宾补。want的意思是“想”，表示个人的欲望；prefer的意思是“宁愿；更喜欢”，常构成prefer to do sth.; prefer doing sth. to doing sth.; prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.等短语。I prefer them to win.的意思是“我宁愿他们赢。”

例7、Nick is looking for another job because he feels that nothing he does ________ his boss.

A. serves B. satisfies C. promises D. supports

答案为B。

【解析】satisfy sb.的意思是“使某人满意”。根据句意可知，Nick所做的一切都不能使他的老板满意。

例8、-When shall we start?

-Let's ________ it at 8∶30.Is that all right?

A. set B. meet C. make D. take

答案为C。

【解析】 “make it+时间”的意思是“就定为什么时间吧”。此题译为“把出发的时间定在八点半。set意为“对时间，调时间”。

例9、His mother had thought it would be good for his character to ________ from home and earn some money on his own.

A. run away B. take away C. keep away D. get away

答案为D。

【解析】on one's own“独立地”；run away from“逃跑”；take way“拿走”。get away from home的意思是“离开家”。译文：他母亲原本认为他离开家自己赚钱对锻炼他的性格有好处。

例10、-Mummy, can I put the peaches in the cupboard?

-No,dear. They don't ________ well. Put them in the fridge instead.

A. keep B. fit C. get D. last

答案为A。

【解析】根据句子中两个表示地点的名词cupboard 和fridge 可以看出，是要把peaches保存好，所以要选keep“保存”。fit的意思是“安装”；get的意思是“得到；获得”；last的意思是“持续”，后常接表示时间的词，如：last two hours持续了两小时等。

第三节 巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. I work in a business _____ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.

A. how B. which C. where D. that

2. _____ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.

A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless

3. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _____ I disagree.

A. why B. where C. what D. how

4. Everyone was on time for the meeting _____ Chris, who’s usually ten minutes late for everything.

A. but B. only C. even D. yet

5. They’ve _____ us 150,000 dollars for the house. Shall we take it?

A. provided B. Supplied C. shown D. offered

6. To enjoy the scenery, Irene would rather spend long hours on the train _____ travel by air.

A. as B. to C. than D. while

7. When we plan our vacation, mother often offers _____ suggestions.

A. careful B. practical C. effective D. acceptable

8. I do every single bit of housework _____ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.

A. since B. while C. when D. as

9. Happy birthday, Alice! So you have _____ twenty-one already!

A. become B. turned C. grown D. passed

10. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children’s _____.

A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place

11. -How about eight o’clock outside the cinema?

-That _____ me fine.

A. fits B. meets C. satisfies D. suits

12. I don’t mind picking up your things from the store. _____. the walk will do me good.

A. Sooner or later B. Still C. In time D. Besides

13. I will never know what was on his mind at the time, nor will _____.

A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else

14. A man is being questioned in relation to the _____ murder last night.

A. advised B. attended C. attempted D. admitted

15. -How long are you staying?

-I don’t know. _____.

A. That’s OK B. Never mind C. It depends D. It doesn’t matter

16. It is _____ any wonder that his friend doesn’t like watching television much.

A. no B. such C. nearly D. hardly

17. We were told that we should follow the main road _____ we reached the central railway station .

A．whenever B．until C．while D．wherever

18. John was late for the business meeting because his flight had been _______by a heavy storm .

A．kept B．stopped C．slowed D．delayed

19. -Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?

-_____ way as you please.

A．Each B．Every C．Any D．Either

20. -How do you ______we go to Beijing for our holidays?

-I think we’d better fly there. It’s much more comfortable.

A．insist B．want C．suppose D．suggest

21. If you are feeling so tired, perhaps a little sleep would _____.

A. act B. help C. serve D. last

22. _____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.

A. While B. Since C. As D. If

23. We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for _____.

A. none B. either C. any D. each

24. All the employees except the manager _____ to work online at home.

A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged

25. I feel that one of my main duties _____ a teacher is to help the students to become better learners.

A. for B. by C. as D. with

26. Mr. Smith used to smoke _____ but he has given it up.

A. seriously B. heavily C. badly D. hardly

27. It was evening_____ we reached the little town of Winchester.

A. that B. until C. since D. before

28. You can eat food free in my restaurant _____ you like.

A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however

29. They see you as something of a worrier, _____ problems which don’t exist and crossing bridges long before you come to them.

A. settling B. discovering C. considering D. designing

30. Many new _____ will be opened up in the future for those with a university degree.

A. opportunities B. possibilities C. probabilities D. realities

31. The evening news comes on at Seven o' clock and _____ only thirty minutes.

A. keeps B. continues C. finishes D. lasts

32. -Do you like _____ here?

-Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.

A. this B. these C. that D. it

33. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but _____ of them came.

A. neither B. either C. none D. both

34. In the _____ of the program being a failure, the producer stands to lose up to one million dollars.

A. face B. course C. time D. event

35. My advisor encouraged _____ a summer course to improve my writing skills.

A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take

36. The famous university is situated on the east ____ of USA.

A. seaside B. shore C. coast D. beach

37. _____ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.

A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of

38. _____ is reported in the newspapers that talks between the two countries are making progress.

A. It B. As C. That D. What

39. Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.

A. when B. while C. since D. once

40. The environmentalists and wild goats’ _____ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.

A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance

41. Hospital staff burst into cheers after doctors completed a 20-hour operation to have _______ one-year-old twins at the head.

A. isolated B. separated C. divided D. removed

42. After the trainer was sure that the whale could look after itself, he ______it into the sea.

A. transported B. unloaded C. released D. handled

43. In _____ Chinese culture, marriage decisions were often made by parents for their children.

A. traditional B. historic C. remote D. initial

44. Some people like dirking coffee, for it has _____ effects.

A. promoting B. stimulating C. enhancing D. encouraging

45. The teacher wrote an example on the blackboard to _____ the point.

A. illustrate B. suggest C. express D. recognize

46. Most people on this island are recreational fishers, and _____, fishing forms an actual part of their leisure time.

A. accidentally B. purposefully C. obviously D. formally

47. In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the _____ in personality.

A. contact B. contrast C. connection D. conflict

48. Chinese arts have won the _____ of a lot of people outside China.

A. enjoyment B. appreciation C. entertainment D. reputation

49 Although I can walk about, there is still a _____ pain in my leg.

A. weak B. slight C. tender D. soft

50. -How about eight o'clock outside the cinema?

-That _______ me fine.

A. fits B. meets C. satisfies D. suits

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇6：非谓语动词 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

非谓语动词专题

不定式的用法：

1．作主语；不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。

To see is to believe.

It’s right to give up smoking.

2．作表语；My job is to help the patient.

3． 作宾语；有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语，如：afford, agree, ask, decide, desire, expect, fail, hope, manage, promise, pretend, plan, intend, refuse, wish等。

4．作宾补；动词不定式作动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe等感官动词以及have, let, make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时，不定式to符号要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时，就必须带to符号。如：

I often hear him sing the song.

He is often heard to sing the song.

注意： 动词不定式在介词but后面时， 如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。另外，在can’t choose but和can’t help but等后面的不定式也省略to。如；

We could do nothing but wait.

We have no choice but to wait.

5．作定语；1）. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点，工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：

There is nothing to worry about.

The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.

Please give me a knife to cut with.

但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：

He had no and no place to live.

We found a way to solve this problem.

2）. 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：

Have you anything to send? / Have you anything to be sent?

3）. 不定式作定语的几种情况：

a.作后置定语可表将来：The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.

b.用来修饰被序数词，最高级等限定的中心词：

He was the best man to do the job.

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

c.用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, answer, reply, attempt等。如：

Do you have the ability to read and write English?

I have no chance to go sightseing.

6．作状语；表目的，原因，结果或条件。如：

I came here to see you.(目的)

He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(结果)

To look at him, you would like him.(条件)

在某些形容词作表语，表示喜，怒，哀，乐后跟不定式表原因。如：

We were very excited to hear the news.

在带有enough或too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。

He is old enough to go to school.

She is too tired to do the job.

注意：目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示但so as to不能置于句首。

7．作独立成分；如：

To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me.

To be honest, I know nothing about it.

不定式与疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语，表语，宾语等。如：

He didn’t know what to say.(宾语)

When and where to hold the meeting is not known yet.(主语)

My question was how to get so many books.(表语)

注意句型：Why not do sth.? Why do sth.?

不定式的主动(to do )和被动(to be done)

判断不定式是主动还是被动，关键看不定式中的动词与主句的主语之间的关系，主动即用“to do”，被动即用“to be done”; 如果与主句主语之间没有关系，则看其与逻辑主语之间的关系，如果是被动，则用“to be done”.试比较：

1) I have some clothes to wash, so I can’t go out now.(自己洗衣服)

2) Are you free now? I have some clothes to be washed.（叫别人洗衣服）

3) There are five pairs (for you) to choose from. (暗含主语you)

不定式的时态

to do/to be doing/ to have done

He pretended to be reading a book when she went in. (动作正在进行)

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.(不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前)

不定式符号to的保留问题

有时为了避免重复，可以用来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词后：expect, prefer, care, mean, forget, want, wish, hope, try以及be glad/happy;would like/love等后。

I have’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.

---- Are you on holiday?

---- No, but I’d like to be.

---- I didn’t tell him the news.

---- Oh, you ought to have.

动词-ing形式的用法(过去分词):

1. 动词-ing形式作主语

Seeing is believeing.

Tom’s coming is what we have expected.

-ing或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用-ing作主语

It’s no use/good+doing sth./ It’s of little use/good+doing sth.

It is no use crying over spilt milk.

It is of little good staying up too late every day.

2．动词-ing形式作表语

Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.

3．动词-ing形式作宾语

以下动词或动词词组后面只接动名词作宾语：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider(考虑), delay, enjoy, imagine, suggest, finish, mind, practise, resist, give up, feel like, keep on, insist on, look forward to, stick to, get down to等。

注意：1). 有些动词或动词词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。如：

forget to do/doing; remember; regret; try; mean; stop; go on; can’t help等。

2). 在动词等动词后直接跟动词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：

allow/advise/forbid/permit doing sth./ sb to do sth.

3). need, want, require其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。如：

Sth. need/requie/want doing=to be done

Sth. be worth doing

Sth. be worthy of being done=be worthy to be done

4．动词-ing形式作定语（过去分词作定语）

前置定语：He asked an embarrassing queation.

后置定语：A little child learning to walk often falls.

= A little child who learns to walk often falls.

注意：动词-ing和过去分词的区别---现在分词表示主动含义或动作正在进行，过去分词表示被动含义或动作已经完成。如：

falling leaves/fallen leaves

boiling water/boiled water

a puzzling look/a puzzled look

Those inviting me to attend the meeting are my friends.

=Those who invite me to attend the meeting are my friends.

Those invited to the meeting are all the top leaders from different countries.

=Those who are invited to the meeting are all the top leaders from different countries.

5．动词-ing形式作状语（过去分词作状语）

分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。

分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，行为方式，伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出。如：

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.

Followed by some officials, the leader inspected his army.

Following their teacher, the students went into the classroom.

Being sick, I stayed at home.

Having finished his homework, he went on to watch TV.

Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.

He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper.

Not hearing from him, I give him a phone call.

When leaving the airport, they waved to us constantly.

现在分词和过去分词的时态与语态

一般式doing/done

完成式having done/ having been done

进行式being done

否定式是not+分词短语

独立成分作状语

有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：

Generally speaking,

Frankly speaking,

Judging from/by,

Considering,

Given,

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇7：第四章 形容词和副词 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

第四章 形容词和副词

形容词用来修饰、说明名词或不定代词，表示人或物的性质、特征和状态。而副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子，有时也能修饰名词，表示时间、地点、方式、程度等。

高考重点要求：

1、形容词、副词比较级，最高级常用句型

2、形容词的倍数表达法和副词的位置

3、多个形容词修饰同一名词的前后顺序

4、分清常用同义、近义形容词、副词在表达中的语义差别

第一节 知识点概述

一、形容词

（一） 形容词在句子中的作用

1．大部分形容词能作定语、表语或宾语补足语, 如：

a beautiful park 一座美丽的公园

The play Tea-house（茶馆）is both moving and interesting.

Who left the window open?

2．“定冠词the + 形容词”表示一类人或物，作“主语或宾语”，意思为“……的一种人”，“……的一类东西或事情”。如：

The new will take the place of the old . （新事物将代替旧事物。）

The young are fond of sports .(年轻人喜欢体育运动。)

3．有些形容词只能作表语 如：

ill, glad, asleep, afraid, alive (活着的)，alone(单独的)

4．某些动词加-ed 和 –ing都可构成形容词，加-ed的形容词表示“人感到如何”，加-ing的形容词则用来描写事物， 如：

We were excited when we heard the exciting news.

5．有些名词加后缀可变成形容词， 如：lovely, friendly, windy, careful, careless, wooden等

（二） 形容词在句子中的位置

1．形容词一般放在被修饰的名词之前。两个或两个以上形容词修饰一个名词时，形容词排列的次序一般应考虑下面二种情况。

（1）与被修饰名词关系比较密切的形容词位置靠近名词， 如：an exciting American film

（2）音节少的形容词位置在前，音节多的形容位置在后。

2．在下列情况下，形容词应后置：

（1）修饰复合不定代词 something, anything, nothing等，如：anything important, nothing easy

（2）同表示数量的词组连用， 如：twenty feet long, five years old

3．几个形容词修饰一名词时，一般顺序为大小（little除外）、形状、色彩、由来、用途。如：

a fine round maple（枫木）writing table,

a famous old English country house

二、副词

（一） 副词在句子中的作用

副词在句子中主要用作状语，许多副词皆由形容词加-ly 构成，如：careful-carefully.

副词主要被分为以下几种：

1．时间副词，如：often，early，usually，now

2．地点副词，如：here，above，outside，below，there

3．方式副词，如：hard，fast，badly，well

4．程度副词，如：very，quite，much，still，even，almost

5．疑问副词，如：how，when，why

（二） 副词在句子中的位置

1． 时间副词和地点副词的位置

表示确定时间的副词和地点的副词，一般放在句尾，如句中同时有地点副词和时间副词，地点副词通常在前，时间副词在后。

2． 修饰形容词和副词的程度副词，除enough后置外，一般放在被修饰词的前面。副词在此作状语。 如：

be well enough, go fast enough

3． 修饰动词的方式副词有以下几种

（1） 修饰不及物动词时，该副词要后置，如：sing well

（2） 修饰及物动词时，可放在被修饰词之前或宾语之后；如宾语较长也可放在动词和宾语之间。如：study English hard，see clearly the words on the blackboard

（3） 及物动词和副词（如：down，on，off，in，out，up等）组成的动词词组，其宾语是名词，该名词可放在副词之前或之后：如是代词，该代词一定要放在副词前。

He cut down the tree. / He cut the tree down. / He cut it down.

4. 形容词原级、比较级和最高级的用法：

（1） 两者比较情况一样，常用“as+形容词原级+as”句型。

He is as tall as his monitor .

（2） 两者比较，表示一方在某方面不如另一方，常用“not so /as +形容词原级+as”句型。

A train doesn’t travel so fast as a plane .

（3） 三者或三者以上比较，表示某人某物“最……”时，用“the+形容词最高级+比较范围”句型。

Asia is by far the largest of the seven continents .

She writes (the) most carefully of the three .

（4） 比较级+and+比较级“越来越……”

It is getting cooler and cooler in autumn.

She is becoming more and more active in taking part in social activities.

（5） the +比较级，the +比较级“越……越……”

The harder he studies , the greater progress he will make .

第二节 实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1. 形容词一般按限定词，一般性描绘、大小、长短和高低、形状、年龄和新旧、颜色、国籍、地区和出处、物质和材料、用途和类别这一顺序来修饰名词的。

2. 在名词前出现几个形容词作定语时，常常涉及词的排列顺序问题。例如：a fat old lady不能说成an old fat lady，a small black leather handbag不能说成a leather black small handbag等。

3. 形容词的词序问题比较复杂，前置形容词的排列顺序由它们和被修饰名词之间的关系决定，关系密切的靠近被修饰词，关系较远的离之稍远。

4. 在as+形容词／副词+as的结构前可加上nearly , almost , just , quietly , half , exactly , 及倍数表示比较的程度。

例如：My income is half as high as my father .

5. 最高级前可用nearly , almost , about , next , by far , by no means 或序数词进行修饰。

例如：Of the three boys , Mike is by no means the most diligent.

6. 比较级的其他用法

1）比较级 + and + 比较级 “越来越……”。例如：

It is getting cooler and cooler in autumn.

2）the more…the more… “越……，越……”。例如：

The more fruit you eat, the healthier you will be.

3）no more than “只不过，仅仅”，后面接名词或数词，起形容词作用。 例如：

What he is saying is no more than a joke. 他所讲的只不过是个玩笑而已。

4）no more…than… “和……同样不……”。例如：

He can no more play the piano than I can play basketball. 他不会弹钢琴和我同样不 会打篮球一样

5）no less than “多达，竟有……之多，不下于”。例如：

There were no less than two thousand people at the match. 这场比赛不下于两千人到场观看。

6）no less…than “和……一样，不逊于”。例如：

Our monitor is no less diligent than he used to be. 我们的班长和以前一样勤奋。

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、At a rough estimate, Nigeria is ____ Great Britain.

A. three times the size as B. the size three times of

C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of

答案为D。

【解析】 检查考生对反意疑问句（附加疑问句）的掌握和运用能力。A是B的三倍通常可使用以下几种形式：

1) A is three times as adj.（原级） as B

2) A is twice adj.（比较级）than B

3) The n. of A is three times that of B

4) A is three times the +n. of B。

例2、Many students signed up for the_________ race in the sports meeting to be held next week.

A.800 metre long B.800 metres long

C.800 metre length D.800 metres length

答案为A。

【解析】 长、宽、高及年龄等作定语修饰名词时位置可在前也可在后，在前边时要注意加连字符“-”，其中单位名词用单数，其形式为：数字-单位名称单数-长、宽、高等。如放在后边，不用连字符，数词大于1要用复数。从题干看：800米远的比赛应为800 meter long。

例3、At times, worrying is a normal ____ response to a difficult event or situation----a loved one being injured in an accident, for example.

A. effective B. individual C. inevitable D. unfavorable

答案：C

【解析】 effective有效的；individual个人的；inevitable不可避免的；unfavorable不利的。

例4、You're standing too near the camera. Can you move ________?

A. a bit far B. a little farther C. a bit of farther D. a little far

答案为B。

【解析】 too near的意思是“太近了”，说话人的意图是让对方站在比这远一点，所以要用副词的比较级。这句话的意思是：你站得太靠近镜头了。你能离远一点吗?a bit of后接名词。

例5、In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, ________. A. our holiday will be better B. our holiday will be the better

C. the better our holiday will be D. the better will our holiday be

答案为C。

【解析】 “the more…the more…”的意思是“越……越……”。由于选项A、B和D的词序都不对，所以不能作为答案。这句话的意思是：近年来，旅游公司成功地向我们推销了这样一个观点：我们走得越远，我们的假期过得越好。

例6、It is generally believed that teaching is_________ it is a science.

A. an art much as B. much an art as

C. as an art much as D. as much an art as

答案为D。

【解析】 在as/so…as…结构中，第一个as/so是副词，后接形容词；第二个as是连接词，后接句子。其正确语序为as much an art as. 这句话的意思是：人们普遍相信，教学像科学一样是一门艺术。

例7、Americans eat _______vegetables per person today as they did in 1910.

A. more than twice B. as twice as many

C. twice as many as D. more than twice as many

答案为D。

【解析】 不论哪种形式的比较级其修饰词均应放在前面。more than twice表示数量，放在as…as结构前的意思是“是……的两倍多”。译文：美国人现在每人所吃的蔬菜是19的两倍多。

例8、-I was riding along the street and all of a sudden, a car cut in and knocked me down.

-You can never be ________ careful in the street.

A. much B. very C. so D. too

答案为D。

【解析】 否定词not/no/ never + too/enough结构表示“再怎么……也不过分”或“越……越好”。这句话的意思是：在街上(骑自行车)你越小心越好。

例9、Broadly speaking , I would agree with Shirley , though not ________

A. widely B. thoroughly C. entirely D. extensively

答案为C

【解析】 本题考察副词辨义，widely :广泛地，很大程度上；thoroughly彻底地，entirely完全地，extensively大量地、广阔地、巨大地。根据句意，说话人并非完全同意她的意见，not entirely（不完全地）恰如其分地表达了这一意思。

例10、-You don't look very ________. Are you ill?

-No, I'm just a bit tired.

A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy

答案为B。

【解析】 从题意看，look在这里是系词(看上去，看起来)后应加形容词，四个选项的词性均符合，但good是指人品好坏或东西好坏；strong则表示结实、强壮，与题意不符。healthy“健康的，健壮的”。well可作形容词和副词。作形容词时表示“健康的；气色好”，用于修饰人。

第三节 巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with _____ money and______ people.

A. less… less B. fewer...fewer C. less...fewer D. fewer...less

2. -Can I help you?

-Well, I’m afraid the box is ______ heavy for you, but thank you all the same.

A. so B. much C. very D. too

3. -Excuse me, is this Mr. Brown’s office?

-I’m sorry, but Mr. Brown ______ works here. He left about three weeks ago.

A. not now B. no more C. not still D. no longer

4. The piano in the other shop will be ______, but ______.

A. cheaper...not as better B. more cheap...not as better

C. cheaper...not as good D. more cheap...not as good

5. ______ I went to the railway station to see my friend off.

A. After eating quickly my dinner B. After my quickly eating dinner

C. After eating my dinner quickly D. After eating my quickly dinner

6. Mrs. smith warned her daughter ______ after drinking.

A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive

7. -How did you think of visit to the museum?

-I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was _____ than I expected.

A. far more interesting B. even much interesting

C. so more interesting D. a lot much interesting

8. Those oranges taste _____.

A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well

9. Canada is larger than ______ country in Asia.

A. any B. any other C. other D. another

10. The experiment was ______ easier than we had expected.

A. more B. much more C. much D. more much

11. Which is ______ country, Canada or Australia?

A. a large B. larger C. a larger D. the larger

12. -Will you give this message to Mr White, please?

-Sorry, I can’t. He ______.

A. doesn’t any more work here B. doesn’t any longer here work

C. doesn’t work any more here D. doesn’t work here any longer

13. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes ______.

A. open B. to be opened C. to open D. opening

14. My elder brother is ______ a singer ______ I am.

A. no other…than B. no more…than C. not other…than D. not more…than

15. Sunlight is ______ necessary ______ fresh air to a healthy body.

A. not less…than B. no less…than C. no more…than D. not more…than

16. She doesn’t speak _____ her friend, but her written work is excellent.

A. as well as B. so often as C. so much as D. as good as

17. It takes a long time to go there by train, it’s _____ by road.

A. quick B. the quickest C. much quick D. quicker

18. -Mum, I think I’m _____ to get back to school.

-Not really, My dear. You’d better stay at home for another day or two.

A. so well B. so good C. well enough D. good enough

19. -If you don’t like the red coat, take the blue one.

-OK, but do you have ______size in blue ? This one’s a bit tight for me .

A. a big B. a bigger C. the big D. the bigger

20. John plays football ______, if not better than David.

A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as

21. If there were no examinations , we should have ______ at school .

A. the happiest time B. a more happier time

C. much happiest time D. a much happier time

22. We all write ______, even when there’s not much to say.

A. now and then B. by and by C. step by step D. more or less

23. -Do you remember _____ he came?

-Yes I do, he came by car.

A. how B. when C. then D. if

24. Can you believe that in _____ a rich country there should be _____ many poor

people?

A. such...such B. such...so C. so...so D. so...such

25. -How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

-It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the ______ days at the seaside.

A. few fast sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last

26. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _____ great it is.

A. what B. how C. however D. whatever

27. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _____.

A the better voice B. a good voice

C. the best voice D. a better voice

28. We decided not to climb the mountains because it was raining ______.

A. badly B. hardly C. strongly D. heavily

29. Wait till you are more ______. It’s better to be sure than sorry.

A. inspired B. satisfied C. clam D. certain

30. If I had _____, I’d visit Europe, stopping at all the small interesting stories.

A. a long enough holiday B. an enough long holiday

C. a holiday enough long D. a long holiday enough

31. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is_____ known for his plays.

A. the best B. more C. better D. the most

32. _____ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.

A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students

C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave

33. It’s always difficult being in a foreign country, _____ if you don’t speak the language.

A. extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially

34. Many people have helped with canned food, however, the food bank needs ______ for the poor.

A. more B. much C. many D. most

35. I am surprised that you should have been fooled by such a(an) ______ trick.

A. ordinary B. easy C. smart D. simple

36. As we joined the big crowd I got _____ from my friends.

A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed

37. It wasn’t ______his appearance I liked ______his personality.

A. so much …as B. no less…than C. so much …as D. no more …than

38. It’s believed that ______ you work, ______ result you’ll get.

A. the harder...the better B. the more hard...the more better

C. the harder...a better D. more hard...more better

39. Of the two shirts, I’d like to choose _______ one.

A. the less expensive B. the most expensive

C. less expensive D. more expensive

40. We don’t care if a hunting dog smells ______, but we really don’t want him to smell _____.

A. well...well B. bad...bad C. well...badly D. badly...bad

41. It was ______ late to catch a bus after the party, so we called a taxi.

A. too very B. much too C. too much D. far

42. If the manager had to choose between the two, he would say John was _____ choice.

A. good B. the best C. better D. the better

43. We waited _____ for the bus.

A. long time B. a long time C. the long time D. some long time

44. She is _____ to leave as soon as possible.

A. hurried B. anxious C. worried D. nervous

45. We are all going to the games. Why don’t you come ______?

A. up B. across C. along D. to

46. Mary kept weighing herself to see how much ___ she was getting.

A. heavier B. heavy C. the heavier D. the heaviest

47. -Are you satisfied with her answer?

-Not at all. It couldn’t have been _____.

A. worse B. so bad C. better D. the worst

48. Last night I had a terrible cold and ached all _____.

A. the way B. over C. at once D. the worst

49. Their cheerful voices showed that they were having a ______ discussion.

A. noisy B. serious C. complete D. friendly

50. ______book of this writer is East and West.

A. Known to be the best B. It was the best known

C. Known as the best D. The best known

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇8：改错专项训练 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

改错专项训练(7)

Dear John ， I haven 't heard a letter from you for a long time． 1．

Why not to come to Spain ？It is a country with 2．

beautiful city．The food here is delicious．Hotels aren't 3．

expensive at all，and they are even cheaper than any places 4．

in the world．There are all kinds of shops fill of 5．

many different products．You can also go to some 6．

very old markets，which sell everything from fresh（新鲜的）7．

fruits to nice clothes．So you can go shopping there and 8．

buy that you want．Besides（此外），you can go to one 9．

of the finest beaches to swim in the blue，warm water or 10．

to take rest．If you come here，I believe you 11．

have a very exciting holiday and 12．

make your dream to come true．Please write to me 13．

soon and tell me about your decision for you 14．

first trip to Spain ． 参考答案：（13）1．heard→got ／received ／had或去掉a letter。2．com e前的to去掉。 3．city→cities。4．any后加other。5．fill→full。6．√7．√8．√ 9．that→ what。10．√11．rest前加a。12．have前加will。13．come前的to去掉。 14．you→your。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇9：语法系列讲座28 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

语法系列讲座28

So careful is she in doing her job that she never makes mistakes. 她工作如此认真，从来不犯错误。 Involved in the problem are some teaching methods. 牵涉在这个问题中的是某些教学方法。

Written on the label is the model of the machine. 写在标签上的是机器的型号。 Very important in our lives is reading. 在我们生命中非常重要的是读书。 Still greater contributions should we make to promoting the friendship. 为促进友谊我们应当做出更大的贡献。 注意：如主语是代词，且无较长的修饰语时，即便表语提前也不倒装。 如： Terribly hot it certainly was. 天确实是太热了。 A very reliable person he is. 他是一个可靠的人。

（2）某些表示祝愿的句子倒装。 如： Long live the friendship among the Asian people and sportsmen! 亚洲各族人民和运动员之间的友谊万岁！ May you return safe and sound. 祝你平安归来！ May you succeed. 祝你成功。 May your country become rich and strong. 祝你的祖国繁荣强大。

（3）在以often, always, once, many a time, now and then, every other day, every two hours, thus (方式状语)，so (程度状语)，in the distance, in front of (地点状语)等开头的句子中，如果强调这些状语，就倒装；如果不想强调这些状语，就不倒装。 如： Often did we warn them not to do it. 我们经常警告他们别做这事。 Often had I intended to speak of it. 我曾经多次想谈及那件事情。 Many a time has he helped me with my experiment. 他不止一次帮我做实验。 Thus was the Emperor deceived. 皇帝就这样受骗了。 So busy is he that he has no time to spare. 他忙得抽不出一点儿时间。 So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. 光的传播太快了，我们很难想象它的速度。 In the distance was a tall tree. 远处有一棵大树。 翻译练习（地点状语放在句首，倒装）： 1)在那棵大树底下坐着一个老农民。 Under the big tree was sitting an old farmer. 2)教室的外面站着一个男孩。 Outside the classroom stood a boy.

3)农舍后面是一片稻田。 Behind the farmhouse was a rice field. 4)小山脚下有一个美丽的小湖。 At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.

（4）在直接引语后注明引语是什么人所说的句子里，主语是名词时，常用倒装结构；主语是代词时，往往不用倒装结构。 例如： “You all did well in the exam,” said the teacher. “你们大家考的都很好。”老师说。 “How is your mother?” asked her friend. “你母亲近况如何？”她的朋友问道。

“Let’s go,” suggested Mary. “我们走吧。”玛丽建议说。 “Nonsense!” shouted the man. “胡说！”那个人喊道。 “Whom are you looking for?” she asked. “你找谁？”她问道。 “Yes, I’m a new student,” he answered. “对，我是新生。”他回答说。

倒装句综合练习

1．把下列句子改写成倒装句，把括号里的词放在句首： Models: The lesson had hardly begun when the lights went out. (hardly) →Hardly had the lesson begun when the lights went out. It can’t be done in any other way. (in no other way) →In no other way can it be done. 1)They had never seen such a sight before. (never before) →Never before had they seen such a sight. 2)They had no sooner entered the theatre than the performance began. (no sooner) →No sooner had they entered the theatre than the performance began. 3)She will not do such a thing under any circumstances. (under no circumstances) →Under no circumstances will she do such a thing. 4)The lesson will not begin until everyone is seated. (not until) →Not until everyone is seated will the lesson begin. 5)I will on no account sign this document. (on no account) →On no account will I sign this document. 6)He wrote the letter so badly that I couldn’t read it. (so badly) →So badly did he write the letter that I couldn’t read it. 7)You will succeed only by working hard. (only) →Only by working hard will you succeed. 8)He seldom takes a holiday. (seldom) →Seldom does he take a holiday. 9)He not only advised me what to do; he also lent me the money. (not only) →Not only did he advise me what to do, he also lent me the money. 10)He hardly realizes how ill he is. (hardly) →Hardly does he realize how ill he is. 11)The old man didn’t say a word. (not a word) →Not a word did the old man say. 12)The soldiers didn’t utter a sound while the general was speaking. (not a sound) →Not a sound did the soldiers utter while the general was speaking. 13)I have hardly ever seen anyone so unhappy. (hardly ever) →Hardly ever have I seen anyone so unhappy. 14)I have rarely seen such a beautiful sunset. (rarely) →Rarely have I seen such a beautiful sunset. 15)He didn’t speak to us even once. (not even once) →Not even once did he speak to us.

2．用倒装结构翻译下列句子： 1)枪砰的一声响，鸟儿都飞了。 Crack went the gun and away flew the birds. 2)一群士兵突然冲进宅内。 Suddenly into the house rushed a group of soldiers. 3)他简直没有时间玩。 Scarcely could he find time for playing. 4)我们学校附近有一座高大的建筑。 Near our school there stands a high building. 5)我晚上很少一个人出去散步。 Seldom do I go for a walk in the evening by myself. 6)她几乎无法用言语来表达她的感激之情。 Hardly could she express her gratitude in words. 7)要是你早来一会儿，就赶上火车了。 Had you arrived a little earlier, you could have caught the train. 8)过了一个星期她才知道父亲去世了。 Only after a week did she know about her father’s death. 9)他不但勤奋，而且富有想象力。 Not only is he industrious, but he is also imaginative. 10)如果你听了他的劝告，你早就成功了。 Had you followed his advice, you would have succeeded.

it 用法小结

it 在英语中的意思较多，用法较广，现总结如下。

一、it作句子的真正主语

1．it 指前面已经提到过的人或事物，有时指心目中的或成为问题的人或事物，作真正主语。 例如： What’s this? －It is a sheep? 这是什么？？这是一只绵羊。 Who is it? －It’s me (I). 谁？？是我。 It’s the wind shaking the window. 是风刮得窗户响。

2．it指时间、季节。一般用在无人称动词的主语。 例如： What time is it? －It’s nine. 几点了？？九点了。 It’s time for the meeting. Let’s go. 开会的时间到了，我们走吧。 What day is today? －It’s Saturday. 今天星期几？？今天星期六。 What’s the date today? －It is October 1st. 今天是几号？ ？今天是十月一日。 What season is it? －It is summer. 现在是什么季节？？是夏季。

3．it 指气候。一般作无人称动词的主语。 例如： Is it cold in this room? －No, it isn’t. 屋里冷吗？？不冷。 What’s the weather like today? －It is fine. 今天天气怎么样？？是晴天。 It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city. 这个城市夏天经常下雨，冬天经常下雪。

4．it指距离、情况等。一般用作无人称动词的主语。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇10：改错专项训练 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

改错专项训练(6)

Mrs Smith loved flower and had a small 1． 。

but nice garden．On summer，her roses（玫瑰花） 2． 。

were always the best on her street．One summer 3． 。

afternoon her bell rang，and w hen she went 4． 。

to the front door，she saw a small boy out． 5． 。

He was about seven year old，and was 6． 。

holding a lot of nice roses on his hand． 7． 。

“I am selling out roses，”he said．“Do you 8． 。

want any ？They are quite cheaper．They 9． 。

are fresh（新鲜）．I pick it this afternoon ．” 10． 。

参考答案：1．flower→flowers，名词复数表类别。2．On→In，用于季节前。3．√4．√5．out→outside，意为“在外面”。6．year→years。7．on→in。8．去掉out， sell out意为“售完”，此句不表此义。9眂heaper→cheap，quite后接形容词或副词的原级。10．it→them。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇11：语法系列讲座26 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

语法系列讲座26

It was in the library that I met Jack yesterday. 是在图书馆我昨天碰到了Jack. 原句：I met Jack in the library yesterday. It might have been on the bus that I lost my purse. 可能是在公共汽车上我丢失了钱包。 原句是：I might have lost my purse on the bus. 强调地点状语，也可改为：It was on the bus that I might have lost my purse. It was under the tree that I was sitting then. 当时我正坐在那棵树下。

3．强调宾语。 例如： It was Tom’s bike that she borrowed, not mine. 她借的是Tom的自行车，不是我的。 It is his dog that he’s sold, not his car. 他已卖掉的是他的狗，不是车。 It was a cat that your dog was running after. 你的狗追的是只猫。

4．强调宾语补足语： 例如： It was wonderful that we considered his plan. 我们认为他的计划是绝妙的。 It is Lincoln that they named the aircraft carrier. 他们把那艘航母命名为林肯号。 It was captain that the team chose him. 那个队选他当的是队长。 It was white that Tom was painting the fence. 汤姆当时正在把篱笆涂成白色的。 这句话的原句是： Tom was painting the fence white. 类似的结构有：color the sun red, color the tree green, paint the wall pink 等，这里，颜色作宾语补足语。 It is a fine player that we believe Jane. 我们相信Jane是一个出色的选手。 It is the Buckingham Palace that the British Queen’s office building is called. 英国女王的办公大楼被称作白金汉宫。 It is Cadillac that this car is named. 这辆车被命名为卡迪拉克。

二、强调谓语动词

用“助动词do ＋ 动词原形”来强调谓语动词。 注意：谓语动词只有两种时态能强调，即一般现在时和一般过去时。在一般现在时中，do有人称的变化，第三人称单数用does，一般过去时do 变成did。其他时态的强调通过重读谓语动词来体现。 例如： You’re quite wrong？she does like you. 你错了，她真的喜欢你。 Do come in. 快进来。

用“助动词do ＋ 动词原形”来强调谓语动词。

1．强调一般现在时动词谓语： 例如： I work hard. → I do work hard. She loves you. → She does love you. My father smokes a lot. → My father does smoke a lot.

2．强调一般过去时动词谓语： 例如： I called you in the morning. → I did call you in the morning. I attended the meeting yesterday. → I did attend the meeting yesterday. I handed in the paper yesterday. → I did hand in the paper yesterday. He wrote a letter to me yesterday. → He did write a letter to me. He came to see you yesterday. → He did come to see you yesterday.

三、其他表示强调的方式

1．把要强调的部分放在句首： 例如: That film？what do you think of it? Asleep, then, were you?

2．用某些特殊的词来表示强调，如really, certainly, definitely, very等。在口语中，such 和so 都常用于强调句。 如： Thank you so much. It was such a lovely party. I really enjoyed it. This is the very book that I am looking for. 我要找的就是这本书。

练习

把下列句子改成强调句，强调黑体词部分；然后把第1－8句和第10句改为强调动词谓语的句子。 1)Mary gave me the news. →It was Mary who gave me the news. 2)We went to the Great Wall the day before yesterday. →It was the day before yesterday that we went to the Great Wall.

3)I want you to repair the bike for me. →It is the bike that I want you to repair for me. 4)The days begin to get longer in February. →It is in February that the days begin to get longer. 5)We held a meeting in the room yesterday. →It was a meeting that we held in the room yesterday. 6)I met Mr. Li in the bookshop. →It was Mr. Li that I met in the bookshop. 7)My parents began to learn to read and write after liberation. →It was after liberation that my parents began to learn to read and writed. 8)I joined the party in 1985. →It was in 1985 that I joined the party. 9)She will be waiting for me at the gate. →It is at the gate that she will be waiting for me. 10)Li Hong and Zhang Ming cleaned the classroom this morning. →It was Li Hong and Zhang Ming who cleaned the classroom this morning.

把下列句子改为强调动词谓语的句子。 1)Mary gave me the news. →Mary did give me the news. 2)We went to the Great Wall the day before yesterday. →We did go to the Great Wall the day before yesterday. 3)I want you to repair the bike for me. →I do want you to repair the bike for me. 4)The days begin to get longer in February. →The days do begin to get longer in February. 5)We held a meeting in the room yesterday. →We did hold a meeting in the room yesterday. 6)I met Mr. Li in the bookshop. →I did meet Mr. Li in the bookshop. 7)My parents began to learn to read and write after liberation. →My parents did begin to learn to read and write after liberation. 8)I joined the party in 1985. →I did join the party in 1985. 9)She will be waiting for me at the gate. →将来时,通过重读谓语进行强调.

倒装

英语句子的语序一般是固定的：主语在前，谓语在后，这叫陈述语序。谓语的全部或一部分（助动词或情态动词）放在主语之前的现象称为倒装。倒装有两种情况：语法倒装和修辞倒装。因为语法结构而必须倒装的，叫语法倒装；为达到某种修辞目的而倒装的，叫修辞倒装。我们学习倒装的主要目的是增加对英语句式多样性的认识，以便在写作和口语中使用，这也是我们学习英语语法的主要目的。

一、语法倒装 1．一般疑问句和特殊疑问句要倒装 例如： Shall I open the door? 要我开门吗？ Are you cold? 你冷吗？ Can you read this poem in German? 你能用德语朗诵这首诗吗？ Which of the pictures do you like best? 你最喜欢哪张画？ How are you getting along? 你目前怎么样？ When will there be lasting peace in the world? 什么时候世界上才能有持久的和平？ 2．There be 句型当中。There be 句型表达的意思是：“某处有….”。这个句型的主语在谓语动词后面，因此这是倒装语序。 例如： There are not many people who want to read this book. 想看这本书的人不多。 There once lived a pack of wolves in this cave. 在这个洞里曾经住过一群狼。 There happened to be a taxi parked at the gate. 碰巧门口停着一辆出租车。 There is going to be a change in our arrangement. 我们的安排将有一个变化。

3．当连词as 表示“虽然、尽管”引导让步状语从句时，句子要倒装，as 相当于though,可以替换。 如： Small as/though the atom is, we can smash it.

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇12：第三章 冠词和数词 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

第三章 冠词和数词

冠词是一种辅助性的词，不可在句中独立担任一个成分。放在名词前，帮助说明名词的含义，使用极为频繁。冠词有不定冠词（a, an）和定冠词（the）两种。a和an的基本含义是“一，一个”，表示泛指，不强调数目，只表示名词不是特定的；the的基本含义是“这个，那个”，表示特指，在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用。冠词本身是虚词，没有意义，同时也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义

数词可分为基数词（Cardinal Numbers）和序数词（Ordinal Numbers）两种。前者表示数量，后者表示顺序。

高考重点要求：

一、冠词

1、不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的基本用法

2、不定冠词和定冠词的位置

3、冠词常见的习惯搭配用法

二、数词

1、掌握基数词、序数词构成

2、掌握基数词、序数词的基本用法

3、基数词、序数词在表示倍数、百分数、年、月、日等的基本用法

第一节 知识点概述

一、冠词

（一） 不定冠词

不定冠词用a还是an由后面一个词的首音决定。以元音开头的词前用an，以辅音（包括半元音，不是元音字母）开头的词前用a。例如：

辅音字母或半元音开头：a tree, a university, a house, a European country, a one-eyed man

元音或半元音开头：an apple, an umbrella, an hour, an elephant, an opera

值得注意的是：

1．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以辅音音素开头就用a。例如university, useless, useful, unit, uniform; 以元音音素开头用an .例如:an uncle , an apple 。

2．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以不发音的h开头，而h后面第一个音的音素是元音因素，就用an。例如hour, honest。

3．如果不定冠词和名词之间有其他词，不定冠词的形式仍取决于它后面第一个词的语音形式。例如a rich uncle , a beautiful actress。

不定冠词的用法如下：

1．用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物，如：

A dictionary is a useful book.

An underground train can start and stop quickly.

2．说明某人或某东西属于哪一类，如：

This is a book.

He used to be an engineer.

3．泛指某人或某物，但未具体说明何人、何物，如：

A boy is waiting for me.

Give me a pen, please.

4．表示数量，有“一”的意思，如：

Behind the house there is a garden.

once a week.

5．用于某些固定词组中，如：

a few, a little, a lot of, a number of, just a minute, in a hurry, for a while, for a long time, a cup of, a bottle of, have a rest, have a talk, have a fever, have a good time, have(take) a walk, have a toothache, take a bath, give a lesson

（二）定冠词

定冠词的用法如下：

1．指彼此都知道的人或事物，如：

Open the door, please.

Go and close the window.

2．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，如：

The girl in red is my sister.

The man over there is our English teacher.

The book on the desk is mine.

3．指前面提到过的人或事物，如：

Here is a picture of a modern car factory. My father works in the factory.

4．用在序数词和形容词最高级前,以及在方位词前。如：

The Nile is the longest river in the world.

He won the first prize.

The sun rises in the east.

5．用在某些名词化的形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物， 如：

the rich, the sick, the new , the false, the wounded

6．用在某些专用名词前， 如：

the Great Wall

the People’s Republic of China

the United Nations

the Netherlands

7．在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称的前面，如：

the North China Plain

the Rocky Mountains

the Yangtse River

8．在一些用语中，如：

in the morning(/afternoon/evening), in the day, by the way, on the whole, the next morning, all the year around, the other day, at the same time

（三）不用冠词的情况

1．在不含普通名词或某些专有名词如表示人名,地名，机构等

China, Beihai Park

2．名词前面已有用作定语的 this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词前，如：

The letter is from my father.

I have a book in my hand.

3．在复数名词表示一类人或事物时，如：

Horses are useful animals.

I like cakes.

4．在节日名称、星期、月份、季节前。如：

Today is Sunday.

Spring is the best season in the year.

Children’s Day

5．在某些固定搭配和习惯用语中，如：

go to school , be in hospital, be in prison

6．一天三餐，球类运动的名称前，如:

I like to play basketball.

We have lunch at school.

二、数词

（一） 数词的词形

（1）在1-12中，1-12为基数词中的数词；序数词1-3为特殊变化，序数词4-12在基数词词尾加-th。[注意 fifth (第五)；ninth (第九)和 twelfth (第十二)的特殊拼写]。

（2）在13-19中，13-19基数词在数词3-9后加-teen构成。其中13 和15 发生拼写变化 ：thirteen 和 fifteen ，相应序数词在基数词后加-th构成。13-19岁的少年用teens (in one’s teens在某人十多岁时)。

（3）在20-90整十位数，在基数词2-9之后加-ty构成。其中20、30、40、50拼法特殊。在构成相应的序数词时，将词尾y变i，再加-eth。表示二十多岁等用twenty 等的复数twenties (in one’s twenties 在某人二十多岁时)。

（4）两位数之间的数，由十位数加个位数构成，中间用连字符。构成序数词时，连字符前为基数词，后为序数词。如：二十五 twenty-five; 第九十九 ninety-ninth.

（5）100以上数词,整百位数由1-9加 hundred构成，序数词在词尾加-th；整千位数由1-9加thousand构成，序数词在词尾加-th。在百位和个位之间须加and,如：141 one hundred and forty-one；1201 one thousand two hundred and one ，构成序数词只将最后一个数变成序数词。

（二）使用基数词的情况

（1）念数 (o 念作 /o /或 zero)

（2）电话号码（62083338）

（3）事物表示编号顺序 (名词在前，如：Room 303; World War Two)

（4）货币 (100 dollars)

（5）度量 (50 kilos)

（6）小数 (2.5 meters)

（三）使用序数词的情况

（1）第几

（2）月份后的号 (August 5th)

（3）事物表示顺序 (名词在后，如：the fiftieth page; the Second World War)

（四）分数、小数、百分比、倍数、四则运算的表示方法

类别 说明 例词或例句

分数 分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母的序数词用复数。 1/2 读作 a (one) half

1/3 读作 a (one) third

1/4 读作a (one) quarter或a (one) fourth

4/5 读作four fifths

4 2/3 读作four and two thirds

Two thirds of the earth surface is covered by water.（地球表面的三分之二覆盖着水）

小数 小数点读作point。小数点后面各数都按个位基数词读；小数点前面仍按基数词读。零读作o或zero. 0.7 读作zero point seven

25.25 读作twenty-five point two five

百分比 百分比由基数词+percent组成 （ % ） 2% 读作two percent

44% 读作forty-four percent

100% 读作one hundred percent

More than 25 percent of the surface of the ground is covered with grass. 百分之二十五以上的地面被草覆盖着。

倍数 (1) 倍数+as+形(副)原级+as

(2) 倍数+形(副)比较级+than

(3) 倍数+ the size(length , height , width , etc .)+ of (表示大小或数量的名词) This room is three times as large as that one .

This room is two times larger than that one.

This room is three times the size of that one .

注意：上述三个结构的意义是相同的。

汉译表达：

这间房是那间房的三倍大 。

加、减、乘、除四则运算 用基数词表示

加号用plus / and

减号用minus

乘号用times

除号用divided by 9+8=17， 读作 Nine plus (and) eight is seventeen.

11-5=6 ， 读作 Eleven minus five is six.

6×5=30， 读作 Six times five is thirty.

35÷7=5， 读作 Thirty-five divided by seven is five.

第二节 实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1、如两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and a white dog. 我爷爷养了一只黑狗和一只白狗。

The black and the white dogs are his. 这只黑狗和白狗都是他的。

2、如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and white dog. 他养了一只黑白花狗。

3、several 或基数词修饰 hundred, thousand, million 表示计数时,一般不用复数形式.

例如:several hundred students watched the match.

4、dozens of, scores of, hundreds of, millions of, tens of thousands of, hundreds of thousands of, tens of millions of等结构可用来表示不确定的数量.

例如：Hundreds of thousands of people are going to watch the fireworks in the Central Park.

She bought dozens of eggs last week.

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、I earn 10 dollars_________ hour as _________ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.

A. a...an B. the...a C. an...a D. an...the

答案为C。

【解析】 hour以元音开头，前面加不定冠词an，an hour“每小时”；a表示“一个”，放在supermarket cashier前面表示类指，说明属哪类人。译文：星期六我作为超市出纳员每小时挣10美元。a/an的用法规则：以元音音素开头的单词前用an，以辅音音素开头的单词前用a。

例2、One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain________ good knowledge of basic word formation.

A. / B. the C. a D. one

答案为C。

【解析】 knowledge是不可数名词，当被某些修饰语修饰时，前面要加不定冠词，如：He has a very good knowledge of English.他在英语方面有丰富的知识。

例3、Alexander Graham Bell invented ________telephone in 1876.

A. / B. a C. the D. one

答案为C 。

【解析】 the+可数名词单数表示一类泛指。

例4、The cakes are delicious. He'd like to have ________ third one because _______ second one is rather too small.

A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. the…a

答案为C。

【解析】 注意序数词前面的冠词的用法：当序数词表示顺序时用定冠词the；表示再来一次使用不定冠词a (an)。从句子的意思可知，third one表示再吃一个，所以填a；second one表示所吃的第二个，所以填the。这句话的意思是：蛋糕很好吃。他想再吃一个，因为他吃的第二个太小了。

例5、A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ________leg.

A. a B. one C. the D. his

答案为C。

【解析】 伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位要用句式wound/bit/beat/pat/take+sb+介词+the+部分。译文：子弹击中了战士，他的腿受了伤。

例6、________people in the world are sending information by email every day.

A. Several million B. Many million C. Several millions D. Many million

答案为A。

【解析】 在million，hundred等前如果有具体数字或several等词时，要用单数形式。many一般不与million等词连用。在表示不确切数目时用复数，例如：表示“数百万”，英语为millions of。译文：每天，世界上有百十万人通过email传递信息。

例7、________ of the land in that district ________covered with trees and grass.

A. Two fifth...is B. Two fifth...are C. Two fifths...is D. Two fifths...are

答案为C。

【解析】 分数的分子用基数词，分母用序数词表示。如果分子大于1，序数词后加-s。分数和百分比作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分数后的名词。句子中的主语land是单数，所以谓语动词要用is covered。

例8、Paper produced every year is ________ the world's production of vehicles.

A. the three times weight of B. three times the weight of

C. as three times heavy as D. three times as heavier as

答案为B。

【解析】 表示倍数的词数放在the weight of前，意思是“……重量的几倍”。

例9、An accident happened at_________ crossroads a few metres away from_______ bank.

A. a…a B. /…a C. /…the D. the…/

答案为A。

【解析】 at a crossroads表示“在十字路口”，crossroads“十字路口”是复数形式单数用法；bank是可数名词，不能单独使用(要加冠词或复数)，又非特指，不能用the。此处是泛指，前面要用不定冠词a。

例10、Smith _____ me to buy several _____ eggs for the dinner

A、asked…dozen B、suggested…dozens of

C、had…dozen D、persuaded…dozens of

答案为A。

【解析】 “dozen +复数名词”前除了用具体数词修饰外，还可以用several, many 修饰，如several dozen people, many dozen students等，dozen 不加s。

第三节 巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. It takes us ________ hour or more to go to my hometown by ________ train.

A. an…a B. a…an C. an… / D. a…/

2. They had ___wonderful train ride to Chengdu before they went on to ___Mount Emei by bus.

A. a…the B. /… the C. a…/ D. the…a

3. For a long time they walked without saying _____ word. Jim was the first to break _____ silence.

A. the...a B. a...the C. a.../ D. the.../

4. -By the way, have you got ________ E-mail address?

-Oh, yes, it’s cthsc @ citiz.net.

A. the B. an C. a D. /

5. ______ book on the desk is _______ useful one.

A. The...an B.A...a C. The...a D. The.../

6 My good friend Liqing studies at ______ Middle School.

A. 18 B. the 18 C. 18th No. D. No.18

7. -What date is it?

-It’s _______.

A. the April thirteenth B. the thirteenth of April C. thirteenth April D. April thirteen

8. His uncle has lived at _______ for ten years.

A. No.103 Xinhua Street B. 103 Xinhua Street

C. Xinhua Street 103 D. Xinhua Street No.103

9. Please wait here. I’ll be back in _______ hours.

A. two and half a B. two and a half

C. half and two D. two a half.

10. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to _____ hotel. I can find you _____ bed in my flat.

A. the...a B. the.../ C. a...the D. a.../

11.China is _______ larger than the United States.

A. one six B. one sixth C. one sixes D. a sixths

12.Two ______ died of cold last winter.

A. hundreds old people B. hundreds old peoples

C. hundred old people D. hundred old peoples

13. 999 reads nine hundred ______.

A. and ninety ninth B. and ninety-nine C. ninety and nine D. and nine nine

14.Our teacher told us to write a _________ composition.

A. two-thousand-word B. two-thousand-words

C. two thousands words D. two-thousands-word

15.Henry is ______ tallest in their class.

A. three B. the three C. third D. the third

16. Would you like to try _______ time?

A. two B. second C. a two D. a second

17. When spring comes, _______ trees are planted in our city.

A. millions of B. a million of C. two millions D. million of

18. The number of the girls in our school ______ more than six ______.

A. are...hundreds B. is...hundred C. are...hundred D. is...hundred

19. _______ is a happy time for _______.

A. Chinese New Year…children B. The Chinese New Year…children

C. Chinese New Year…the children D. The Chinese New Year…the children

20. In _____ Marx began to learn Russian.

A. a 1870 B. the 1870 C. the 1870’s D. his 1870

21. Most English people have _____ names: _____ name, a middle name and the family name.

A. three...first B. three...a first C. the three...the first D. the third...one first

22. _____ of the world’s books and newspapers are written in English.

A. Three quarter B. Three of quarters C. Third fourths D. Three fourths

23.Today we’re going to learn the _____ lesson.

A. twenty B. 20 C. twentieth D. twentyth

24. -How deep is the hole?

-It is _____.

A. four metre deep B. four metres deep C. four-metre deep D. four-metres-deep

25. _____ books must be produced for the children.

A. Many thousands B. Many thousands of C. Many thousand of D. Many thousand

26.There are _____ days in June and _____ day is Children’s Day.

A. thirteen, first B. thirty...the second C. thirty...the first D. thirteen...the first

27. When you finish reading the book, you will have ____ _ better understanding of ____ _ life.

A. a...the B. the...a C. /...the D. a.../

28. -I heard that as many as 4,000 people were killed in 9.11 Horror Attack.

-Yes, ____ _ news came as ____ _ shock to us.

A. the...the B. the...a C. /.../ D. /...a

29. ____ _ on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is ____ _ major concern of the country.

A. The.../ B. The...a C. An...the D. An.../

30. I spoke to younger Mr. Hamilton, not Hamilton manager.

A. /…the B. the…/ C. the…the D. /…/

31. There's ________ dictionary on ________ desk by your side.

A. a...the B. a...a C. the...a D. the...the

32. -Where is my blue shirt?

-It's in the washing machine. You have to wear _________different one.

A. any B. the C. a D. other

33. I don't like talking on _______ telephone, I prefer writing _______letters.

A. a...the B. the.../ C. the...the D. a.../

34. Mr. Smith, there’s a man at _______ front door who says he has _______news for you of great importance.

A. the…/ B. the...the C./…/ D./…the

35. Summers in ________south of France are for ________most part dry and sunny.

A. /…a B. the…/ C. /…/ D. the...the

36. He got hurt in a traffic accident _____ other day. Now he has been in _______ hospital for a week.

A. the, / B. the, the C. /, / D. /, the

37. Mark wished for ______ rest after having ______ hard time at school.

A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. a…/

38. ______school usually begins in ______September , when the weather is still warm .

A. /…/ B. The …/ C. The…the D. A…/

39. We stood at the top of the mountain ______ east of the city, watching ______ burning sun rising.

A. /…a B. the…a C. the…the D. /…the

40. -Put ______ waste bag in the dustbin.

-It’s not ______ waste bag. It’s my shopping bag.

A. a… a B. the…the C. the…a D. a… the

41. His car suddenly got burnt in ______crossroads a few metres away from ______ grocery.

A. /…the B. a…a C. the …a D. a …one

42. -What do you think of the director of the film?

-Oh, he is ______ director who is pleasant to work with. It’s ______ pleasure to work with him.

A. the…the B. a…a C. a…the D. the…/

43. The family was in ______ difficult situation. When her father was in ______ poor health.

A. a…a B. a…/ C. the…/ D. /…/

44. -Where’s ______ nearest bookstore?

-There’s one of _______ end of the street.

A. the…an B. a…the C. the…the D. a…an

45. In China, ______ bicycle is _______ popular means of transportation.

A. the…a B. a…/ C. the…the D. a…the

46. He said he couldn’t see clearly ______ number of the car among ______ number of cars.

A. the…the B. a…a C. the…a D. a…the

47. I assure you that you can have ______ good time in ______ space. It must be your ______ best choice.

A./ …the…the B. a… /…/ C./…/…the D. a…the…/

48. The policeman stood in ______ front of _____ robber and hit him on ______ nose.

A. the…a…his B. /…/…his C. /…the…the D. the…the…the

49. ______ Christmas for westerners is like ______ Spring Festival for us Chinese.

A. The…the B. The…/ C. /…the D. /…/

50. Shanghai is ______ most beautiful city and all of us are sure the 2010 World Expo will be ______ great success.

A. the…a B. a…a C. a…the D. the…the

第三章 冠词和数词

冠词是一种辅助性的词，不可在句中独立担任一个成分。放在名词前，帮助说明名词的含义，使用极为频繁。冠词有不定冠词（a, an）和定冠词（the）两种。a和an的基本含义是“一，一个”，表示泛指，不强调数目，只表示名词不是特定的；the的基本含义是“这个，那个”，表示特指，在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用。冠词本身是虚词，没有意义，同时也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义

数词可分为基数词（Cardinal Numbers）和序数词（Ordinal Numbers）两种。前者表示数量，后者表示顺序。

高考重点要求：

一、冠词

1、不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的基本用法

2、不定冠词和定冠词的位置

3、冠词常见的习惯搭配用法

二、数词

1、掌握基数词、序数词构成

2、掌握基数词、序数词的基本用法

3、基数词、序数词在表示倍数、百分数、年、月、日等的基本用法

第一节 知识点概述

一、冠词

（一） 不定冠词

不定冠词用a还是an由后面一个词的首音决定。以元音开头的词前用an，以辅音（包括半元音，不是元音字母）开头的词前用a。例如：

辅音字母或半元音开头：a tree, a university, a house, a European country, a one-eyed man

元音或半元音开头：an apple, an umbrella, an hour, an elephant, an opera

值得注意的是：

1．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以辅音音素开头就用a。例如university, useless, useful, unit, uniform; 以元音音素开头用an .例如:an uncle , an apple 。

2．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以不发音的h开头，而h后面第一个音的音素是元音因素，就用an。例如hour, honest。

3．如果不定冠词和名词之间有其他词，不定冠词的形式仍取决于它后面第一个词的语音形式。例如a rich uncle , a beautiful actress。

不定冠词的用法如下：

1．用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物，如：

A dictionary is a useful book.

An underground train can start and stop quickly.

2．说明某人或某东西属于哪一类，如：

This is a book.

He used to be an engineer.

3．泛指某人或某物，但未具体说明何人、何物，如：

A boy is waiting for me.

Give me a pen, please.

4．表示数量，有“一”的意思，如：

Behind the house there is a garden.

once a week.

5．用于某些固定词组中，如：

a few, a little, a lot of, a number of, just a minute, in a hurry, for a while, for a long time, a cup of, a bottle of, have a rest, have a talk, have a fever, have a good time, have(take) a walk, have a toothache, take a bath, give a lesson

（二）定冠词

定冠词的用法如下：

1．指彼此都知道的人或事物，如：

Open the door, please.

Go and close the window.

2．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，如：

The girl in red is my sister.

The man over there is our English teacher.

The book on the desk is mine.

3．指前面提到过的人或事物，如：

Here is a picture of a modern car factory. My father works in the factory.

4．用在序数词和形容词最高级前,以及在方位词前。如：

The Nile is the longest river in the world.

He won the first prize.

The sun rises in the east.

5．用在某些名词化的形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物， 如：

the rich, the sick, the new , the false, the wounded

6．用在某些专用名词前， 如：

the Great Wall

the People’s Republic of China

the United Nations

the Netherlands

7．在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称的前面，如：

the North China Plain

the Rocky Mountains

the Yangtse River

8．在一些用语中，如：

in the morning(/afternoon/evening), in the day, by the way, on the whole, the next morning, all the year around, the other day, at the same time

（三）不用冠词的情况

1．在不含普通名词或某些专有名词如表示人名,地名，机构等

China, Beihai Park

2．名词前面已有用作定语的 this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词前，如：

The letter is from my father.

I have a book in my hand.

3．在复数名词表示一类人或事物时，如：

Horses are useful animals.

I like cakes.

4．在节日名称、星期、月份、季节前。如：

Today is Sunday.

Spring is the best season in the year.

Children’s Day

5．在某些固定搭配和习惯用语中，如：

go to school , be in hospital, be in prison

6．一天三餐，球类运动的名称前，如:

I like to play basketball.

We have lunch at school.

二、数词

（一） 数词的词形

（1）在1-12中，1-12为基数词中的数词；序数词1-3为特殊变化，序数词4-12在基数词词尾加-th。[注意 fifth (第五)；ninth (第九)和 twelfth (第十二)的特殊拼写]。

（2）在13-19中，13-19基数词在数词3-9后加-teen构成。其中13 和15 发生拼写变化 ：thirteen 和 fifteen ，相应序数词在基数词后加-th构成。13-19岁的少年用teens (in one’s teens在某人十多岁时)。

（3）在20-90整十位数，在基数词2-9之后加-ty构成。其中20、30、40、50拼法特殊。在构成相应的序数词时，将词尾y变i，再加-eth。表示二十多岁等用twenty 等的复数twenties (in one’s twenties 在某人二十多岁时)。

（4）两位数之间的数，由十位数加个位数构成，中间用连字符。构成序数词时，连字符前为基数词，后为序数词。如：二十五 twenty-five; 第九十九 ninety-ninth.

（5）100以上数词,整百位数由1-9加 hundred构成，序数词在词尾加-th；整千位数由1-9加thousand构成，序数词在词尾加-th。在百位和个位之间须加and,如：141 one hundred and forty-one；1201 one thousand two hundred and one ，构成序数词只将最后一个数变成序数词。

（二）使用基数词的情况

（1）念数 (o 念作 /o /或 zero)

（2）电话号码（62083338）

（3）事物表示编号顺序 (名词在前，如：Room 303; World War Two)

（4）货币 (100 dollars)

（5）度量 (50 kilos)

（6）小数 (2.5 meters)

（三）使用序数词的情况

（1）第几

（2）月份后的号 (August 5th)

（3）事物表示顺序 (名词在后，如：the fiftieth page; the Second World War)

（四）分数、小数、百分比、倍数、四则运算的表示方法

类别 说明 例词或例句

分数 分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母的序数词用复数。 1/2 读作 a (one) half

1/3 读作 a (one) third

1/4 读作a (one) quarter或a (one) fourth

4/5 读作four fifths

4 2/3 读作four and two thirds

Two thirds of the earth surface is covered by water.（地球表面的三分之二覆盖着水）

小数 小数点读作point。小数点后面各数都按个位基数词读；小数点前面仍按基数词读。零读作o或zero. 0.7 读作zero point seven

25.25 读作twenty-five point two five

百分比 百分比由基数词+percent组成 （ % ） 2% 读作two percent

44% 读作forty-four percent

100% 读作one hundred percent

More than 25 percent of the surface of the ground is covered with grass. 百分之二十五以上的地面被草覆盖着。

倍数 (1) 倍数+as+形(副)原级+as

(2) 倍数+形(副)比较级+than

(3) 倍数+ the size(length , height , width , etc .)+ of (表示大小或数量的名词) This room is three times as large as that one .

This room is two times larger than that one.

This room is three times the size of that one .

注意：上述三个结构的意义是相同的。

汉译表达：

这间房是那间房的三倍大 。

加、减、乘、除四则运算 用基数词表示

加号用plus / and

减号用minus

乘号用times

除号用divided by 9+8=17， 读作 Nine plus (and) eight is seventeen.

11-5=6 ， 读作 Eleven minus five is six.

6×5=30， 读作 Six times five is thirty.

35÷7=5， 读作 Thirty-five divided by seven is five.

第二节 实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1、如两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and a white dog. 我爷爷养了一只黑狗和一只白狗。

The black and the white dogs are his. 这只黑狗和白狗都是他的。

2、如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and white dog. 他养了一只黑白花狗。

3、several 或基数词修饰 hundred, thousand, million 表示计数时,一般不用复数形式.

例如:several hundred students watched the match.

4、dozens of, scores of, hundreds of, millions of, tens of thousands of, hundreds of thousands of, tens of millions of等结构可用来表示不确定的数量.

例如：Hundreds of thousands of people are going to watch the fireworks in the Central Park.

She bought dozens of eggs last week.

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、I earn 10 dollars_________ hour as _________ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.

A. a...an B. the...a C. an...a D. an...the

答案为C。

【解析】 hour以元音开头，前面加不定冠词an，an hour“每小时”；a表示“一个”，放在supermarket cashier前面表示类指，说明属哪类人。译文：星期六我作为超市出纳员每小时挣10美元。a/an的用法规则：以元音音素开头的单词前用an，以辅音音素开头的单词前用a。

例2、One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain________ good knowledge of basic word formation.

A. / B. the C. a D. one

答案为C。

【解析】 knowledge是不可数名词，当被某些修饰语修饰时，前面要加不定冠词，如：He has a very good knowledge of English.他在英语方面有丰富的知识。

例3、Alexander Graham Bell invented ________telephone in 1876.

A. / B. a C. the D. one

答案为C 。

【解析】 the+可数名词单数表示一类泛指。

例4、The cakes are delicious. He'd like to have ________ third one because _______ second one is rather too small.

A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. the…a

答案为C。

【解析】 注意序数词前面的冠词的用法：当序数词表示顺序时用定冠词the；表示再来一次使用不定冠词a (an)。从句子的意思可知，third one表示再吃一个，所以填a；second one表示所吃的第二个，所以填the。这句话的意思是：蛋糕很好吃。他想再吃一个，因为他吃的第二个太小了。

例5、A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ________leg.

A. a B. one C. the D. his

答案为C。

【解析】 伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位要用句式wound/bit/beat/pat/take+sb+介词+the+部分。译文：子弹击中了战士，他的腿受了伤。

例6、________people in the world are sending information by email every day.

A. Several million B. Many million C. Several millions D. Many million

答案为A。

【解析】 在million，hundred等前如果有具体数字或several等词时，要用单数形式。many一般不与million等词连用。在表示不确切数目时用复数，例如：表示“数百万”，英语为millions of。译文：每天，世界上有百十万人通过email传递信息。

例7、________ of the land in that district ________covered with trees and grass.

A. Two fifth...is B. Two fifth...are C. Two fifths...is D. Two fifths...are

答案为C。

【解析】 分数的分子用基数词，分母用序数词表示。如果分子大于1，序数词后加-s。分数和百分比作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分数后的名词。句子中的主语land是单数，所以谓语动词要用is covered。

例8、Paper produced every year is ________ the world's production of vehicles.

A. the three times weight of B. three times the weight of

C. as three times heavy as D. three times as heavier as

答案为B。

【解析】 表示倍数的词数放在the weight of前，意思是“……重量的几倍”。

例9、An accident happened at_________ crossroads a few metres away from_______ bank.

A. a…a B. /…a C. /…the D. the…/

答案为A。

【解析】 at a crossroads表示“在十字路口”，crossroads“十字路口”是复数形式单数用法；bank是可数名词，不能单独使用(要加冠词或复数)，又非特指，不能用the。此处是泛指，前面要用不定冠词a。

例10、Smith _____ me to buy several _____ eggs for the dinner

A、asked…dozen B、suggested…dozens of

C、had…dozen D、persuaded…dozens of

答案为A。

【解析】 “dozen +复数名词”前除了用具体数词修饰外，还可以用several, many 修饰，如several dozen people, many dozen students等，dozen 不加s。

第三节 巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. It takes us ________ hour or more to go to my hometown by ________ train.

A. an…a B. a…an C. an… / D. a…/

2. They had ___wonderful train ride to Chengdu before they went on to ___Mount Emei by bus.

A. a…the B. /… the C. a…/ D. the…a

3. For a long time they walked without saying _____ word. Jim was the first to break _____ silence.

A. the...a B. a...the C. a.../ D. the.../

4. -By the way, have you got ________ E-mail address?

-Oh, yes, it’s cthsc @ citiz.net.

A. the B. an C. a D. /

5. ______ book on the desk is _______ useful one.

A. The...an B.A...a C. The...a D. The.../

6 My good friend Liqing studies at ______ Middle School.

A. 18 B. the 18 C. 18th No. D. No.18

7. -What date is it?

-It’s _______.

A. the April thirteenth B. the thirteenth of April C. thirteenth April D. April thirteen

8. His uncle has lived at _______ for ten years.

A. No.103 Xinhua Street B. 103 Xinhua Street

C. Xinhua Street 103 D. Xinhua Street No.103

9. Please wait here. I’ll be back in _______ hours.

A. two and half a B. two and a half

C. half and two D. two a half.

10. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to _____ hotel. I can find you _____ bed in my flat.

A. the...a B. the.../ C. a...the D. a.../

11.China is _______ larger than the United States.

A. one six B. one sixth C. one sixes D. a sixths

12.Two ______ died of cold last winter.

A. hundreds old people B. hundreds old peoples

C. hundred old people D. hundred old peoples

13. 999 reads nine hundred ______.

A. and ninety ninth B. and ninety-nine C. ninety and nine D. and nine nine

14.Our teacher told us to write a _________ composition.

A. two-thousand-word B. two-thousand-words

C. two thousands words D. two-thousands-word

15.Henry is ______ tallest in their class.

A. three B. the three C. third D. the third

16. Would you like to try _______ time?

A. two B. second C. a two D. a second

17. When spring comes, _______ trees are planted in our city.

A. millions of B. a million of C. two millions D. million of

18. The number of the girls in our school ______ more than six ______.

A. are...hundreds B. is...hundred C. are...hundred D. is...hundred

19. _______ is a happy time for _______.

A. Chinese New Year…children B. The Chinese New Year…children

C. Chinese New Year…the children D. The Chinese New Year…the children

20. In _____ Marx began to learn Russian.

A. a 1870 B. the 1870 C. the 1870’s D. his 1870

21. Most English people have _____ names: _____ name, a middle name and the family name.

A. three...first B. three...a first C. the three...the first D. the third...one first

22. _____ of the world’s books and newspapers are written in English.

A. Three quarter B. Three of quarters C. Third fourths D. Three fourths

23.Today we’re going to learn the _____ lesson.

A. twenty B. 20 C. twentieth D. twentyth

24. -How deep is the hole?

-It is _____.

A. four metre deep B. four metres deep C. four-metre deep D. four-metres-deep

25. _____ books must be produced for the children.

A. Many thousands B. Many thousands of C. Many thousand of D. Many thousand

26.There are _____ days in June and _____ day is Children’s Day.

A. thirteen, first B. thirty...the second C. thirty...the first D. thirteen...the first

27. When you finish reading the book, you will have ____ _ better understanding of ____ _ life.

A. a...the B. the...a C. /...the D. a.../

28. -I heard that as many as 4,000 people were killed in 9.11 Horror Attack.

-Yes, ____ _ news came as ____ _ shock to us.

A. the...the B. the...a C. /.../ D. /...a

29. ____ _ on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is ____ _ major concern of the country.

A. The.../ B. The...a C. An...the D. An.../

30. I spoke to younger Mr. Hamilton, not Hamilton manager.

A. /…the B. the…/ C. the…the D. /…/

31. There's ________ dictionary on ________ desk by your side.

A. a...the B. a...a C. the...a D. the...the

32. -Where is my blue shirt?

-It's in the washing machine. You have to wear _________different one.

A. any B. the C. a D. other

33. I don't like talking on _______ telephone, I prefer writing _______letters.

A. a...the B. the.../ C. the...the D. a.../

34. Mr. Smith, there’s a man at _______ front door who says he has _______news for you of great importance.

A. the…/ B. the...the C./…/ D./…the

35. Summers in ________south of France are for ________most part dry and sunny.

A. /…a B. the…/ C. /…/ D. the...the

36. He got hurt in a traffic accident _____ other day. Now he has been in _______ hospital for a week.

A. the, / B. the, the C. /, / D. /, the

37. Mark wished for ______ rest after having ______ hard time at school.

A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. a…/

38. ______school usually begins in ______September , when the weather is still warm .

A. /…/ B. The …/ C. The…the D. A…/

39. We stood at the top of the mountain ______ east of the city, watching ______ burning sun rising.

A. /…a B. the…a C. the…the D. /…the

40. -Put ______ waste bag in the dustbin.

-It’s not ______ waste bag. It’s my shopping bag.

A. a… a B. the…the C. the…a D. a… the

41. His car suddenly got burnt in ______crossroads a few metres away from ______ grocery.

A. /…the B. a…a C. the …a D. a …one

42. -What do you think of the director of the film?

-Oh, he is ______ director who is pleasant to work with. It’s ______ pleasure to work with him.

A. the…the B. a…a C. a…the D. the…/

43. The family was in ______ difficult situation. When her father was in ______ poor health.

A. a…a B. a…/ C. the…/ D. /…/

44. -Where’s ______ nearest bookstore?

-There’s one of _______ end of the street.

A. the…an B. a…the C. the…the D. a…an

45. In China, ______ bicycle is _______ popular means of transportation.

A. the…a B. a…/ C. the…the D. a…the

46. He said he couldn’t see clearly ______ number of the car among ______ number of cars.

A. the…the B. a…a C. the…a D. a…the

47. I assure you that you can have ______ good time in ______ space. It must be your ______ best choice.

A./ …the…the B. a… /…/ C./…/…the D. a…the…/

48. The policeman stood in ______ front of _____ robber and hit him on ______ nose.

A. the…a…his B. /…/…his C. /…the…the D. the…the…the

49. ______ Christmas for westerners is like ______ Spring Festival for us Chinese.

A. The…the B. The…/ C. /…the D. /…/

50. Shanghai is ______ most beautiful city and all of us are sure the 2010 World Expo will be ______ great success.

A. the…a B. a…a C. a…the D. the…the

第三章 冠词和数词

冠词是一种辅助性的词，不可在句中独立担任一个成分。放在名词前，帮助说明名词的含义，使用极为频繁。冠词有不定冠词（a, an）和定冠词（the）两种。a和an的基本含义是“一，一个”，表示泛指，不强调数目，只表示名词不是特定的；the的基本含义是“这个，那个”，表示特指，在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用。冠词本身是虚词，没有意义，同时也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义

数词可分为基数词（Cardinal Numbers）和序数词（Ordinal Numbers）两种。前者表示数量，后者表示顺序。

高考重点要求：

一、冠词

1、不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的基本用法

2、不定冠词和定冠词的位置

3、冠词常见的习惯搭配用法

二、数词

1、掌握基数词、序数词构成

2、掌握基数词、序数词的基本用法

3、基数词、序数词在表示倍数、百分数、年、月、日等的基本用法

第一节 知识点概述

一、冠词

（一） 不定冠词

不定冠词用a还是an由后面一个词的首音决定。以元音开头的词前用an，以辅音（包括半元音，不是元音字母）开头的词前用a。例如：

辅音字母或半元音开头：a tree, a university, a house, a European country, a one-eyed man

元音或半元音开头：an apple, an umbrella, an hour, an elephant, an opera

值得注意的是：

1．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以辅音音素开头就用a。例如university, useless, useful, unit, uniform; 以元音音素开头用an .例如:an uncle , an apple 。

2．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以不发音的h开头，而h后面第一个音的音素是元音因素，就用an。例如hour, honest。

3．如果不定冠词和名词之间有其他词，不定冠词的形式仍取决于它后面第一个词的语音形式。例如a rich uncle , a beautiful actress。

不定冠词的用法如下：

1．用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物，如：

A dictionary is a useful book.

An underground train can start and stop quickly.

2．说明某人或某东西属于哪一类，如：

This is a book.

He used to be an engineer.

3．泛指某人或某物，但未具体说明何人、何物，如：

A boy is waiting for me.

Give me a pen, please.

4．表示数量，有“一”的意思，如：

Behind the house there is a garden.

once a week.

5．用于某些固定词组中，如：

a few, a little, a lot of, a number of, just a minute, in a hurry, for a while, for a long time, a cup of, a bottle of, have a rest, have a talk, have a fever, have a good time, have(take) a walk, have a toothache, take a bath, give a lesson

（二）定冠词

定冠词的用法如下：

1．指彼此都知道的人或事物，如：

Open the door, please.

Go and close the window.

2．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，如：

The girl in red is my sister.

The man over there is our English teacher.

The book on the desk is mine.

3．指前面提到过的人或事物，如：

Here is a picture of a modern car factory. My father works in the factory.

4．用在序数词和形容词最高级前,以及在方位词前。如：

The Nile is the longest river in the world.

He won the first prize.

The sun rises in the east.

5．用在某些名词化的形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物， 如：

the rich, the sick, the new , the false, the wounded

6．用在某些专用名词前， 如：

the Great Wall

the People’s Republic of China

the United Nations

the Netherlands

7．在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称的前面，如：

the North China Plain

the Rocky Mountains

the Yangtse River

8．在一些用语中，如：

in the morning(/afternoon/evening), in the day, by the way, on the whole, the next morning, all the year around, the other day, at the same time

（三）不用冠词的情况

1．在不含普通名词或某些专有名词如表示人名,地名，机构等

China, Beihai Park

2．名词前面已有用作定语的 this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词前，如：

The letter is from my father.

I have a book in my hand.

3．在复数名词表示一类人或事物时，如：

Horses are useful animals.

I like cakes.

4．在节日名称、星期、月份、季节前。如：

Today is Sunday.

Spring is the best season in the year.

Children’s Day

5．在某些固定搭配和习惯用语中，如：

go to school , be in hospital, be in prison

6．一天三餐，球类运动的名称前，如:

I like to play basketball.

We have lunch at school.

二、数词

（一） 数词的词形

（1）在1-12中，1-12为基数词中的数词；序数词1-3为特殊变化，序数词4-12在基数词词尾加-th。[注意 fifth (第五)；ninth (第九)和 twelfth (第十二)的特殊拼写]。

（2）在13-19中，13-19基数词在数词3-9后加-teen构成。其中13 和15 发生拼写变化 ：thirteen 和 fifteen ，相应序数词在基数词后加-th构成。13-19岁的少年用teens (in one’s teens在某人十多岁时)。

（3）在20-90整十位数，在基数词2-9之后加-ty构成。其中20、30、40、50拼法特殊。在构成相应的序数词时，将词尾y变i，再加-eth。表示二十多岁等用twenty 等的复数twenties (in one’s twenties 在某人二十多岁时)。

（4）两位数之间的数，由十位数加个位数构成，中间用连字符。构成序数词时，连字符前为基数词，后为序数词。如：二十五 twenty-five; 第九十九 ninety-ninth.

（5）100以上数词,整百位数由1-9加 hundred构成，序数词在词尾加-th；整千位数由1-9加thousand构成，序数词在词尾加-th。在百位和个位之间须加and,如：141 one hundred and forty-one；1201 one thousand two hundred and one ，构成序数词只将最后一个数变成序数词。

（二）使用基数词的情况

（1）念数 (o 念作 /o /或 zero)

（2）电话号码（62083338）

（3）事物表示编号顺序 (名词在前，如：Room 303; World War Two)

（4）货币 (100 dollars)

（5）度量 (50 kilos)

（6）小数 (2.5 meters)

（三）使用序数词的情况

（1）第几

（2）月份后的号 (August 5th)

（3）事物表示顺序 (名词在后，如：the fiftieth page; the Second World War)

（四）分数、小数、百分比、倍数、四则运算的表示方法

类别 说明 例词或例句

分数 分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母的序数词用复数。 1/2 读作 a (one) half

1/3 读作 a (one) third

1/4 读作a (one) quarter或a (one) fourth

4/5 读作four fifths

4 2/3 读作four and two thirds

Two thirds of the earth surface is covered by water.（地球表面的三分之二覆盖着水）

小数 小数点读作point。小数点后面各数都按个位基数词读；小数点前面仍按基数词读。零读作o或zero. 0.7 读作zero point seven

25.25 读作twenty-five point two five

百分比 百分比由基数词+percent组成 （ % ） 2% 读作two percent

44% 读作forty-four percent

100% 读作one hundred percent

More than 25 percent of the surface of the ground is covered with grass. 百分之二十五以上的地面被草覆盖着。

倍数 (1) 倍数+as+形(副)原级+as

(2) 倍数+形(副)比较级+than

(3) 倍数+ the size(length , height , width , etc .)+ of (表示大小或数量的名词) This room is three times as large as that one .

This room is two times larger than that one.

This room is three times the size of that one .

注意：上述三个结构的意义是相同的。

汉译表达：

这间房是那间房的三倍大 。

加、减、乘、除四则运算 用基数词表示

加号用plus / and

减号用minus

乘号用times

除号用divided by 9+8=17， 读作 Nine plus (and) eight is seventeen.

11-5=6 ， 读作 Eleven minus five is six.

6×5=30， 读作 Six times five is thirty.

35÷7=5， 读作 Thirty-five divided by seven is five.

第二节 实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1、如两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and a white dog. 我爷爷养了一只黑狗和一只白狗。

The black and the white dogs are his. 这只黑狗和白狗都是他的。

2、如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and white dog. 他养了一只黑白花狗。

3、several 或基数词修饰 hundred, thousand, million 表示计数时,一般不用复数形式.

例如:several hundred students watched the match.

4、dozens of, scores of, hundreds of, millions of, tens of thousands of, hundreds of thousands of, tens of millions of等结构可用来表示不确定的数量.

例如：Hundreds of thousands of people are going to watch the fireworks in the Central Park.

She bought dozens of eggs last week.

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、I earn 10 dollars_________ hour as _________ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.

A. a...an B. the...a C. an...a D. an...the

答案为C。

【解析】 hour以元音开头，前面加不定冠词an，an hour“每小时”；a表示“一个”，放在supermarket cashier前面表示类指，说明属哪类人。译文：星期六我作为超市出纳员每小时挣10美元。a/an的用法规则：以元音音素开头的单词前用an，以辅音音素开头的单词前用a。

例2、One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain________ good knowledge of basic word formation.

A. / B. the C. a D. one

答案为C。

【解析】 knowledge是不可数名词，当被某些修饰语修饰时，前面要加不定冠词，如：He has a very good knowledge of English.他在英语方面有丰富的知识。

例3、Alexander Graham Bell invented ________telephone in 1876.

A. / B. a C. the D. one

答案为C 。

【解析】 the+可数名词单数表示一类泛指。

例4、The cakes are delicious. He'd like to have ________ third one because _______ second one is rather too small.

A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. the…a

答案为C。

【解析】 注意序数词前面的冠词的用法：当序数词表示顺序时用定冠词the；表示再来一次使用不定冠词a (an)。从句子的意思可知，third one表示再吃一个，所以填a；second one表示所吃的第二个，所以填the。这句话的意思是：蛋糕很好吃。他想再吃一个，因为他吃的第二个太小了。

例5、A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ________leg.

A. a B. one C. the D. his

答案为C。

【解析】 伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位要用句式wound/bit/beat/pat/take+sb+介词+the+部分。译文：子弹击中了战士，他的腿受了伤。

例6、________people in the world are sending information by email every day.

A. Several million B. Many million C. Several millions D. Many million

答案为A。

【解析】 在million，hundred等前如果有具体数字或several等词时，要用单数形式。many一般不与million等词连用。在表示不确切数目时用复数，例如：表示“数百万”，英语为millions of。译文：每天，世界上有百十万人通过email传递信息。

例7、________ of the land in that district ________covered with trees and grass.

A. Two fifth...is B. Two fifth...are C. Two fifths...is D. Two fifths...are

答案为C。

【解析】 分数的分子用基数词，分母用序数词表示。如果分子大于1，序数词后加-s。分数和百分比作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分数后的名词。句子中的主语land是单数，所以谓语动词要用is covered。

例8、Paper produced every year is ________ the world's production of vehicles.

A. the three times weight of B. three times the weight of

C. as three times heavy as D. three times as heavier as

答案为B。

【解析】 表示倍数的词数放在the weight of前，意思是“……重量的几倍”。

例9、An accident happened at_________ crossroads a few metres away from_______ bank.

A. a…a B. /…a C. /…the D. the…/

答案为A。

【解析】 at a crossroads表示“在十字路口”，crossroads“十字路口”是复数形式单数用法；bank是可数名词，不能单独使用(要加冠词或复数)，又非特指，不能用the。此处是泛指，前面要用不定冠词a。

例10、Smith _____ me to buy several _____ eggs for the dinner

A、asked…dozen B、suggested…dozens of

C、had…dozen D、persuaded…dozens of

答案为A。

【解析】 “dozen +复数名词”前除了用具体数词修饰外，还可以用several, many 修饰，如several dozen people, many dozen students等，dozen 不加s。

第三节 巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. It takes us ________ hour or more to go to my hometown by ________ train.

A. an…a B. a…an C. an… / D. a…/

2. They had ___wonderful train ride to Chengdu before they went on to ___Mount Emei by bus.

A. a…the B. /… the C. a…/ D. the…a

3. For a long time they walked without saying _____ word. Jim was the first to break _____ silence.

A. the...a B. a...the C. a.../ D. the.../

4. -By the way, have you got ________ E-mail address?

-Oh, yes, it’s cthsc @ citiz.net.

A. the B. an C. a D. /

5. ______ book on the desk is _______ useful one.

A. The...an B.A...a C. The...a D. The.../

6 My good friend Liqing studies at ______ Middle School.

A. 18 B. the 18 C. 18th No. D. No.18

7. -What date is it?

-It’s _______.

A. the April thirteenth B. the thirteenth of April C. thirteenth April D. April thirteen

8. His uncle has lived at _______ for ten years.

A. No.103 Xinhua Street B. 103 Xinhua Street

C. Xinhua Street 103 D. Xinhua Street No.103

9. Please wait here. I’ll be back in _______ hours.

A. two and half a B. two and a half

C. half and two D. two a half.

10. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to _____ hotel. I can find you _____ bed in my flat.

A. the...a B. the.../ C. a...the D. a.../

11.China is _______ larger than the United States.

A. one six B. one sixth C. one sixes D. a sixths

12.Two ______ died of cold last winter.

A. hundreds old people B. hundreds old peoples

C. hundred old people D. hundred old peoples

13. 999 reads nine hundred ______.

A. and ninety ninth B. and ninety-nine C. ninety and nine D. and nine nine

14.Our teacher told us to write a _________ composition.

A. two-thousand-word B. two-thousand-words

C. two thousands words D. two-thousands-word

15.Henry is ______ tallest in their class.

A. three B. the three C. third D. the third

16. Would you like to try _______ time?

A. two B. second C. a two D. a second

17. When spring comes, _______ trees are planted in our city.

A. millions of B. a million of C. two millions D. million of

18. The number of the girls in our school ______ more than six ______.

A. are...hundreds B. is...hundred C. are...hundred D. is...hundred

19. _______ is a happy time for _______.

A. Chinese New Year…children B. The Chinese New Year…children

C. Chinese New Year…the children D. The Chinese New Year…the children

20. In _____ Marx began to learn Russian.

A. a 1870 B. the 1870 C. the 1870’s D. his 1870

21. Most English people have _____ names: _____ name, a middle name and the family name.

A. three...first B. three...a first C. the three...the first D. the third...one first

22. _____ of the world’s books and newspapers are written in English.

A. Three quarter B. Three of quarters C. Third fourths D. Three fourths

23.Today we’re going to learn the _____ lesson.

A. twenty B. 20 C. twentieth D. twentyth

24. -How deep is the hole?

-It is _____.

A. four metre deep B. four metres deep C. four-metre deep D. four-metres-deep

25. _____ books must be produced for the children.

A. Many thousands B. Many thousands of C. Many thousand of D. Many thousand

26.There are _____ days in June and _____ day is Children’s Day.

A. thirteen, first B. thirty...the second C. thirty...the first D. thirteen...the first

27. When you finish reading the book, you will have ____ _ better understanding of ____ _ life.

A. a...the B. the...a C. /...the D. a.../

28. -I heard that as many as 4,000 people were killed in 9.11 Horror Attack.

-Yes, ____ _ news came as ____ _ shock to us.

A. the...the B. the...a C. /.../ D. /...a

29. ____ _ on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is ____ _ major concern of the country.

A. The.../ B. The...a C. An...the D. An.../

30. I spoke to younger Mr. Hamilton, not Hamilton manager.

A. /…the B. the…/ C. the…the D. /…/

31. There's ________ dictionary on ________ desk by your side.

A. a...the B. a...a C. the...a D. the...the

32. -Where is my blue shirt?

-It's in the washing machine. You have to wear _________different one.

A. any B. the C. a D. other

33. I don't like talking on _______ telephone, I prefer writing _______letters.

A. a...the B. the.../ C. the...the D. a.../

34. Mr. Smith, there’s a man at _______ front door who says he has _______news for you of great importance.

A. the…/ B. the...the C./…/ D./…the

35. Summers in ________south of France are for ________most part dry and sunny.

A. /…a B. the…/ C. /…/ D. the...the

36. He got hurt in a traffic accident _____ other day. Now he has been in _______ hospital for a week.

A. the, / B. the, the C. /, / D. /, the

37. Mark wished for ______ rest after having ______ hard time at school.

A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. a…/

38. ______school usually begins in ______September , when the weather is still warm .

A. /…/ B. The …/ C. The…the D. A…/

39. We stood at the top of the mountain ______ east of the city, watching ______ burning sun rising.

A. /…a B. the…a C. the…the D. /…the

40. -Put ______ waste bag in the dustbin.

-It’s not ______ waste bag. It’s my shopping bag.

A. a… a B. the…the C. the…a D. a… the

41. His car suddenly got burnt in ______crossroads a few metres away from ______ grocery.

A. /…the B. a…a C. the …a D. a …one

42. -What do you think of the director of the film?

-Oh, he is ______ director who is pleasant to work with. It’s ______ pleasure to work with him.

A. the…the B. a…a C. a…the D. the…/

43. The family was in ______ difficult situation. When her father was in ______ poor health.

A. a…a B. a…/ C. the…/ D. /…/

44. -Where’s ______ nearest bookstore?

-There’s one of _______ end of the street.

A. the…an B. a…the C. the…the D. a…an

45. In China, ______ bicycle is _______ popular means of transportation.

A. the…a B. a…/ C. the…the D. a…the

46. He said he couldn’t see clearly ______ number of the car among ______ number of cars.

A. the…the B. a…a C. the…a D. a…the

47. I assure you that you can have ______ good time in ______ space. It must be your ______ best choice.

A./ …the…the B. a… /…/ C./…/…the D. a…the…/

48. The policeman stood in ______ front of _____ robber and hit him on ______ nose.

A. the…a…his B. /…/…his C. /…the…the D. the…the…the

49. ______ Christmas for westerners is like ______ Spring Festival for us Chinese.

A. The…the B. The…/ C. /…the D. /…/

50. Shanghai is ______ most beautiful city and all of us are sure the 2010 World Expo will be ______ great success.

A. the…a B. a…a C. a…the D. the…the

第三章 冠词和数词

冠词是一种辅助性的词，不可在句中独立担任一个成分。放在名词前，帮助说明名词的含义，使用极为频繁。冠词有不定冠词（a, an）和定冠词（the）两种。a和an的基本含义是“一，一个”，表示泛指，不强调数目，只表示名词不是特定的；the的基本含义是“这个，那个”，表示特指，在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用。冠词本身是虚词，没有意义，同时也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义

数词可分为基数词（Cardinal Numbers）和序数词（Ordinal Numbers）两种。前者表示数量，后者表示顺序。

高考重点要求：

一、冠词

1、不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的基本用法

2、不定冠词和定冠词的位置

3、冠词常见的习惯搭配用法

二、数词

1、掌握基数词、序数词构成

2、掌握基数词、序数词的基本用法

3、基数词、序数词在表示倍数、百分数、年、月、日等的基本用法

第一节 知识点概述

一、冠词

（一） 不定冠词

不定冠词用a还是an由后面一个词的首音决定。以元音开头的词前用an，以辅音（包括半元音，不是元音字母）开头的词前用a。例如：

辅音字母或半元音开头：a tree, a university, a house, a European country, a one-eyed man

元音或半元音开头：an apple, an umbrella, an hour, an elephant, an opera

值得注意的是：

1．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以辅音音素开头就用a。例如university, useless, useful, unit, uniform; 以元音音素开头用an .例如:an uncle , an apple 。

2．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以不发音的h开头，而h后面第一个音的音素是元音因素，就用an。例如hour, honest。

3．如果不定冠词和名词之间有其他词，不定冠词的形式仍取决于它后面第一个词的语音形式。例如a rich uncle , a beautiful actress。

不定冠词的用法如下：

1．用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物，如：

A dictionary is a useful book.

An underground train can start and stop quickly.

2．说明某人或某东西属于哪一类，如：

This is a book.

He used to be an engineer.

3．泛指某人或某物，但未具体说明何人、何物，如：

A boy is waiting for me.

Give me a pen, please.

4．表示数量，有“一”的意思，如：

Behind the house there is a garden.

once a week.

5．用于某些固定词组中，如：

a few, a little, a lot of, a number of, just a minute, in a hurry, for a while, for a long time, a cup of, a bottle of, have a rest, have a talk, have a fever, have a good time, have(take) a walk, have a toothache, take a bath, give a lesson

（二）定冠词

定冠词的用法如下：

1．指彼此都知道的人或事物，如：

Open the door, please.

Go and close the window.

2．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，如：

The girl in red is my sister.

The man over there is our English teacher.

The book on the desk is mine.

3．指前面提到过的人或事物，如：

Here is a picture of a modern car factory. My father works in the factory.

4．用在序数词和形容词最高级前,以及在方位词前。如：

The Nile is the longest river in the world.

He won the first prize.

The sun rises in the east.

5．用在某些名词化的形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物， 如：

the rich, the sick, the new , the false, the wounded

6．用在某些专用名词前， 如：

the Great Wall

the People’s Republic of China

the United Nations

the Netherlands

7．在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称的前面，如：

the North China Plain

the Rocky Mountains

the Yangtse River

8．在一些用语中，如：

in the morning(/afternoon/evening), in the day, by the way, on the whole, the next morning, all the year around, the other day, at the same time

（三）不用冠词的情况

1．在不含普通名词或某些专有名词如表示人名,地名，机构等

China, Beihai Park

2．名词前面已有用作定语的 this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词前，如：

The letter is from my father.

I have a book in my hand.

3．在复数名词表示一类人或事物时，如：

Horses are useful animals.

I like cakes.

4．在节日名称、星期、月份、季节前。如：

Today is Sunday.

Spring is the best season in the year.

Children’s Day

5．在某些固定搭配和习惯用语中，如：

go to school , be in hospital, be in prison

6．一天三餐，球类运动的名称前，如:

I like to play basketball.

We have lunch at school.

二、数词

（一） 数词的词形

（1）在1-12中，1-12为基数词中的数词；序数词1-3为特殊变化，序数词4-12在基数词词尾加-th。[注意 fifth (第五)；ninth (第九)和 twelfth (第十二)的特殊拼写]。

（2）在13-19中，13-19基数词在数词3-9后加-teen构成。其中13 和15 发生拼写变化 ：thirteen 和 fifteen ，相应序数词在基数词后加-th构成。13-19岁的少年用teens (in one’s teens在某人十多岁时)。

（3）在20-90整十位数，在基数词2-9之后加-ty构成。其中20、30、40、50拼法特殊。在构成相应的序数词时，将词尾y变i，再加-eth。表示二十多岁等用twenty 等的复数twenties (in one’s twenties 在某人二十多岁时)。

（4）两位数之间的数，由十位数加个位数构成，中间用连字符。构成序数词时，连字符前为基数词，后为序数词。如：二十五 twenty-five; 第九十九 ninety-ninth.

（5）100以上数词,整百位数由1-9加 hundred构成，序数词在词尾加-th；整千位数由1-9加thousand构成，序数词在词尾加-th。在百位和个位之间须加and,如：141 one hundred and forty-one；1201 one thousand two hundred and one ，构成序数词只将最后一个数变成序数词。

（二）使用基数词的情况

（1）念数 (o 念作 /o /或 zero)

（2）电话号码（62083338）

（3）事物表示编号顺序 (名词在前，如：Room 303; World War Two)

（4）货币 (100 dollars)

（5）度量 (50 kilos)

（6）小数 (2.5 meters)

（三）使用序数词的情况

（1）第几

（2）月份后的号 (August 5th)

（3）事物表示顺序 (名词在后，如：the fiftieth page; the Second World War)

（四）分数、小数、百分比、倍数、四则运算的表示方法

类别 说明 例词或例句

分数 分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母的序数词用复数。 1/2 读作 a (one) half

1/3 读作 a (one) third

1/4 读作a (one) quarter或a (one) fourth

4/5 读作four fifths

4 2/3 读作four and two thirds

Two thirds of the earth surface is covered by water.（地球表面的三分之二覆盖着水）

小数 小数点读作point。小数点后面各数都按个位基数词读；小数点前面仍按基数词读。零读作o或zero. 0.7 读作zero point seven

25.25 读作twenty-five point two five

百分比 百分比由基数词+percent组成 （ % ） 2% 读作two percent

44% 读作forty-four percent

100% 读作one hundred percent

More than 25 percent of the surface of the ground is covered with grass. 百分之二十五以上的地面被草覆盖着。

倍数 (1) 倍数+as+形(副)原级+as

(2) 倍数+形(副)比较级+than

(3) 倍数+ the size(length , height , width , etc .)+ of (表示大小或数量的名词) This room is three times as large as that one .

This room is two times larger than that one.

This room is three times the size of that one .

注意：上述三个结构的意义是相同的。

汉译表达：

这间房是那间房的三倍大 。

加、减、乘、除四则运算 用基数词表示

加号用plus / and

减号用minus

乘号用times

除号用divided by 9+8=17， 读作 Nine plus (and) eight is seventeen.

11-5=6 ， 读作 Eleven minus five is six.

6×5=30， 读作 Six times five is thirty.

35÷7=5， 读作 Thirty-five divided by seven is five.

第二节 实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1、如两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and a white dog. 我爷爷养了一只黑狗和一只白狗。

The black and the white dogs are his. 这只黑狗和白狗都是他的。

2、如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and white dog. 他养了一只黑白花狗。

3、several 或基数词修饰 hundred, thousand, million 表示计数时,一

★ 第一章 名词 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

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★ 人教版初一英语下册教学设计

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