句子成分

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句子成分

篇1:句子成分

掌握句子成分,把握句子脉络,有助于理解句子意思. 见到英语句子应当首先抓住句子的主要成分,即:主语部分和谓语部分.先搞清句子所要陈述的对象(谁 或什么),干 ( 做) 什么,然后在去找修饰成分或说明成分. 句子所要陈述的对象(谁或什么) 是主语;干 ( 做) 是 谓语;谓语的承受者是宾语.修饰主语和宾语的成分是定语;修饰谓语、形容词或副词的成分是状语;系动词之后的成分是表语.例如:

The Chinese workers are building a tall building near the school .

定语 主语 谓语 定语 宾语 状语

These delicious food tastes good .

定语 定语 主语 谓语 表语

第一节 主语

主语是句子所要陈述的对象.它是一句话的“头”,它回答“谁 ” “什么”的问题.作主语的主要是名词和代词 ,其次还有数词, 动名词,不定式, 从句等.

例如: 1) You are wanted on the phone . ( 代词作主语)

2) Mary is the cleverest of the tree . ( 名词作主语)

3)----What makes you so upset. (疑问词作主语)

----- Losing the wallet.(动名词作主语)

4) It's no use crying over spilt milk . (动名词作主语)

5) To see is to believe . (不定式作主语)

6) Whether he comes or not doesn't matter.(从句作主语)

7) It's important for you to finish this task . (不定式作主语)

有几个值得注意的问题:

1)动名词与不定式作主语意义不同, 动名词作主语一般说来指的是一个概念或一个既成事实,如 3) 句和4)句.而动词不定式作主语则表示将要发生的事, 如 7) 句

2) 在主系表结构中,主语和表语使用不定式还是使用动名词应当一致,如 5) 句主语是to see , 表语也是不定式, 此句还可以改成,Seeing is believing .主语和表语都是动名词

3) 动词不定式作主语经常由it来作形式主语, 如7) 句中, it 为形式主语,真正的主语是 for you to finish the task .

4) 名词化的形容词也能充当主语成分, 如: the rich ( 富人) , the poor ( 穷人) , the wounded (伤员), the dying (临死的人), 例句 : The wounded are now out of danger . (那些伤员已经脱离危险)

5)主语一般情况下放在句首,只有在疑问句或倒装句中后移.

练习题

I. 找出下列句中的主语并说出是有什么来充当的

1.We wrote a letter of thanks to whoever had helped us .

2.Whether you don't like him is none of my business .

3.They live on a busy street . It must be very noisy .

4. There are some boys and girls on the playground .

5. To say it is easier than to do it .

6. It is possible to fly to the moon by spaceship .

7.My brother gave me two books . The first was a novel.

8. Skating is good exercise .

9. The wounded have already been sent to the hospital .

10. How to do it well is an important question .

1. we ( 代词) whoever (宾语从句中的主语,从属连词)

2.whether you don't like him ( 主语从句)

3.they ( 代词) ; it ( 代词)

4. some boys and girls (名词)

5.to say is ( 不定式短语) ;to do it (比较状语从句中的主语, 不定式短语)

6. it ( 形式主语, 真正的主语 to fly to the moon by spaceship )

7. my mother ( 名词) ; the first (数词)

8.skating ( 动名词)

9.the wounded ( 形容词)

10. how to do it well ( 带疑问词的不定式短语)

II.用正确的词性填空

1. _____ ( fight ) broke out between the South and the North .

2.______( complete ) the building in two months will be a great achievement .

3. _______ ( succeed ) or ______ ( fail ) depends on the support of the masses.

4.What has ________ ( happen ) proves that our policy is right .

5._____ ( its) happened that I wasn't there that day .

Key:1. Fighting 2. To complete 3.Success , failure 4. happened 5. It

第二节 谓 语

谓语是句子的躯干,说明主语的动作.谓语动词随着主语的不同而变化,随着时间的不同而变化,随着与主语的不同关系( 主动关系和被动关系)而变化,总之,时时在变.谓语有三种不同的形式: 1) 动词 They planted many trees on the hill .

2) 情态动词 + 动词 You must stay at home .

3) 系动词+ 表语 The report is very interesting .

掌握谓语应注意它的几种变化:

1) 人称和数的变化 如: I work in a foreign country .

He works in a foreign country .

2) 时态变化 如: I usually get up at six . ( 一般现在时)

I am getting up now . (现在进行时)

I got up at five yesterday .( 一般过去时)

I will get up at seven tomorrow . ( 一般将来时)

I have already got up . ( 现在完成时)

I was getting up when he came in . ( 过去进行时)

I had got up when he came to my house . (过去完成时)

I told my mother that I would get up . (过去将来时)

3) 语态变化 如: The children carried school bags . ( 主动语态 )

School bags were carried by the children . ( 被动语态)

4) 语气变化 如: I was very busy ,so I didn't go to see him . ( 真实语气)

I would have gone to see him if I had not been very busy . ( 虚拟语气)

练习题

I . 指出下列句中谓语并注意变化形式

1. The earth moves round the sun .

2. The factory has already gone into production .

3. We must get rid of bad habits.

4.Another kind of pollution is noise .

5. Your sentence doesn't sound right .

6. The leaves have turned yellow.

7. The weather continued fine for several days .

Key:1.moves 一般现在是第三人称单数2.has already gone 现在完成时3.must get 情态动词加动词4.is noise 系表结构5. doesn't sound right 系表结构否定式6.have turned yellow 系表结构完成时

7.continued fine 系表结构过去时

II. 填入动词的适当形式

1.Fifty miles _______ ( be ) not a great distance .

2. He _______ ( marry ) for three years .

3. So fast _____ light ______ ( travel ) that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed .

4. A lot of trees ______ ( must , plant ) on the hills .

5. What _____ the boy _____ ( do ) in the room ?

6. The woman did ______ ( stay ) at home last Sunday .

Key:1. is 2. has been married 3. does , travel 4. must be planted 5.is , doing 6. stay

第三节 宾 语

宾语表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者,只有及物动词才会有宾语.宾语一般放在谓语动词之后.放在动词后的宾语叫做动词宾语,而放在介词之后的宾语叫做介词宾语.

作主语成分的词也可做宾语成分,如: 名词,代词, 数词, 动名词,不定式等.

有一部分动词能跟双宾语 (直接宾语和间接宾语)人称代词做间接宾语;表示物的名词做直接宾语.能跟双宾语的动词有: give , pass , choose , teach , buy ,show , send , bring , cook 一般情况是间接宾语在前直接宾语在后, 有时,需要直接宾语提前,这时需要在间接宾语之前加上“to ” 或“ for ” ;加“to” 加“ for ” 由动词决定,动词有“方向”含义的用“to”, 其余的 用 “ for ”如 : give the book to me 把书给我

pass the knife to her 把刀递给她

buy a nice book for me 给我买本书

同源宾语是指一部分动词后跟上一个与它意义相同的宾语,如: live , die , sleep , smile dream , fight, laugh例句: We are now living a happy life .

复合宾语是指动词后的宾语带上自己的一个补足语 .宾语与补足语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系.能跟复合宾语的动词有: call , make , let , ask , tell ,see , hear 例句:

We call him Tom . 我们管他叫汤姆. ... ( him ) is Tom

I saw him go into the classroom . 我看到他进了教室. .... him go into the classroom

练习题

I.指出下列句中宾语并注意它们的形式

1.Crusoe made another fence round his cave .

2. He gave up teaching only two years ago .

3. She has learned to play the piano .

4. It is time for supper .

5. Did you write down what he said ?

6. He's going to teach us English next term .

7.Could you spare me a few minutes ?

8.She smiled her thanks as she turned away .

Key:1. fence 名词 2.teaching 动名词 3.to play the piano 动词不定式4. supper 名词作介词宾语 5.what he said 名词性从句 6.us 代词作间接宾语 ; English 名词作直接宾语 7. me 代词作间接宾语 a few minutes 名词作直接宾语 8.her thanks 名词作宾语

II. 完成下列各句

1. I remember __________ ( 去过那里)

2.Please remember ________ ( 锁上门)when you leave the room .

3.I like _________( 唱流行歌曲)

4. I like ______ ( 唱一首英文歌曲) this time .

5. The computer can't helps us ________(解决所有 的问题)

6. The girl couldn't help _______ ( 哭) when she heard the news .

Key:1. going there before 2. to lock the door 3. singing pop songs 4. to sing an English song 5. (to) solve every problem 6. crying

III. 把下列句中的直接宾语提前

1.I'll buy you a new shirt .

2. Show me your passport .

3.Do bring me your textbook.

4. Pour me a cup of tea.

5. He paid the workers the money .

Key:1. I'll buy a new shirt for you .

2. Show you passport to me .

3. Do bring your textbook to me .

4. Pour a cup of tea for me .

5. He paid the money to the workers .

第四节 表 语

表语是用来说明主语的身份,特征和状态的,只有系动词之后才有表语. 常见得系动词有: be , become , appear , look , sound , seem , taste ,smell ,feel, get , grow , go , come

作表语的有: 名词,代词,形容词和分词,数词, 副词,从句,不定式和动名词. 如:

1) My idea is that we water the vegetables first . ( 从句)

2) I must be off now. ( 副词)

3) Their job is collecting stamps. ( 动名词)

4)Three times five is fifteen . ( 数词)

5) The match became very exciting . ( 现在分词)

6) the child feels much better today . ( 形容词)

学习掌握表语应该注意以下三个区别:

1)名词作表语与形容词作表语的区别:

名词作表语回答“What问题”;而形容词作表语回答“How问题”. 例如:

His father is a worker . ( What is his father ?)

His father is tall . (How is his father ? )

2)动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别:

动名词作表语回答“What问题”;而现在分词作表语回答“How问题” 例如:

My job is collecting stamps . ( What is your job ? )

The book is interesting . ( How is the book ? )

3)现在分词作表语与现在进行时的区别:

现在分词作表语表示某物(人)是怎么样的;而现在进行时则表示某人正在做某事.

例如: The film is moving . ( 这部电影很动人.)

The children are moving the big table . (孩子们正挪动那长大桌子.)

练习题

I .找出下列各句中的表语并注意它们的形式

1.Beijing is the capital of China .

2. The street used to be very dirty .

3. His wish was to become an engineer .

4 .Her job is raising pigs.

5. The situation is encouraging .

6. The door remained locked .

7. We must be off now .

8. That is against the interests of the people .

9. My idea is that we should stick to our plan .

10. The question is how to run the machine .

Key:1. the capital (名词) 2.dirty ( 形容词) 3. to become an engineer (动词不定式)

4.raising pigs (动名词短语) 5. encouraging ( 现在分词) 6.locked (过去分词) 7 .off (副词)8.against the interests of the people (介词短语) 9.that we should stick to our plan (从句)10. how to run the machine ( 带疑问词的不定式)

II. 用所给词的正确形式填空

1.The news sounds __________ ( inspire )

2.We are __________ ( interest ) in the story .

3. My work is ______ ( clean ) the classroom tomorrow morning

4.The people in the city are very __________ . ( happiness)

5.That is his book . The one on the desk is _________ ( my ) .

Key:1. inspiring 2. interested 3. to clean 4. happy 5. mine

第五节 定 语

定语是修饰成分,它用来修饰名词. 用作定语的有形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,名词所有格,分词,动名词,不定式,介词短语和定语从句。形容词,代词,数词,名词所有格,单个分词或动名词和名词作定语时放在被修饰词之前;副词,各种短语和从句作定语时放在被修饰词之后.

例如:a tall building( tall 为形容词 ) , some bananas (some 为代词), three scientists ( three 为数词),Betty's father ( Betty's 为名词所有格 ), a tea cup (tea 为名词), the people there ( there 为副词),teaching plan ( teaching 为动名词),the running horse ( running 为现在分词),something to say ( to say 为动词不定式), the books on the desk ( on the desk 为介词短语), the people interested in the film ( interested in the film 为分词短语 ), the room where I live (where I live 为定语从句)

掌握定语有两个值得注意的问题:一、动名词与现在分词的区别 ,动名词作定语可以理解为... for v-ing , 如: a swimming pool = a pool for swimming ;而现在分词作定语可以理解为:... that is v-ing 如:an interesting story = a story that is interesting 二、复合形容词作定语,如: a three-storey-high building ( 一幢三层高的楼房) 复合形容词中的名词为单数,一定要加连字符。又如:a one-mile-wide river (一条一英里宽的河流)

练习题

I.找出下列各句中的定语并注意它们的形式

1. Our country is a great country .

2. His words moved everyone present .

3. This has to be permitted by the leading comrades .

4. He is a man loved by all .

5. We must work for the interests of the people .

6. Do you know the comrade who spoke just now ?

7. The train which has just left is for Shanghai .

8. I have something important to tell you .

9.Do you want anything else ?

10. I have a meeting to attend .

Key:1.our (代词) great ( 形容词) 2. present (形容词) 3.leading (动名词)4 . loved by all (过去分词短语) 5.of the people ( 介词短语)6.who spoke just now (从句) 7.which has just left (从句)8.important (形容词) 9.else (副词)10.to attend (动词不定式)

II. 翻译下列词组

1. a much discussed topic 6.a three-year-old boy 11.党员

2. a man -made satelite7.a one-mile-wide river 12.服务中心

3. a chosen topic 8.一本很难读懂的书 13.游泳池

4. running water 9. 没有做的工作 14.昨天来的那个人

5. a sleeping boy 10.将要举行的会议 15.年底

Key:1.热点题目;2.人造卫星;3.选题;4.流动的水;5.正睡觉的孩子;6.三岁的孩子;7.一英里宽的河;8.a book difficult to understand ;9. undone work 10.a meeting to be held 11. a Party member; 12.a service centre ;13.a swimming pool ; 14.a man who came yesterday ;15. the end of a year

第六节 状 语

状语也是修饰成分,它是用来修饰动词,形容词或副词的。它说明动作的时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、条件、程度、伴随情况 等等。因此,状语分为:时间状语、地点状语,方式状语、原因状语、结果状语 ,条件状语 、程度状语、伴随状语等。

用作状语的有 : 副词、介词短语、分词或分词短语、动词不定式、名词和从句,例句如下: 1. Suddenly it began to rain . 天突然下起雨来。suddenly 为副词.

2. According to the plan we must finish the work tomorrow. (按照计划我们必须明天完成这项工作。according to the plan 为介词短语 ;tomorrow 为副词。

3. He sat there smoking . 他坐在那里抽烟。smoking 现在分词。

4. Not knowing what to do , he decided to ask the teacher for advice 。

不知道怎么做,他决定向老师求得建议。not knowing what to do 为分词短语

5. The other day I went to see a friend of mine in town .前几天我去看我城里的一位朋友。the other day 为名词短语,to see a friend of mine in town 为不定式短语。

6. Wait a moment . 等一会。 moment 为名词

7.If it is fine tomorrow , we'll go to plant trees .如果明天好,我们去植树。if it is tomorrow 为从句。

状语的位置比较灵活,一般有三个位置:

一,放在句尾。如:We went to the park yesterday . 我们昨天去了公园。

二 ,放在句首。如:Usually I read the newspaper in the morning , but yesterday I read them in the evening .我通常在早上读报, 但是昨天我是晚上读的。

三,放在动词之前,在 to be 或主动词或情态动词之后,这类的状语往往是单个副词。如: often , still , never , also , always , already , usually ,even , ever , quite , almost , certainly .

He always helps others . 他总是帮助别人。

I shall never forget that day . 我永远不会忘记那一天。

在句中同时有时间状语和地点状语时, 地点状语一般放在时间状语之前。如:

The meeting will be held in the classroom tomorrow afternoon.会议明天将在教室举行。

修饰形容词和副词的状语一般放在被修饰词之前。如:

It is raining very hard . 雨下得非常大。

enough 修饰形容词或副词时,应放在形容词或副词之后。如:

Are you warm enough ? 你够暖和吗?

练习题

I.找出下列各句中的定语并 指出属于哪类状语

1.The visitors were warmly welcomed by the students .

2. He did his experiment carefully in the lab yesterday .

3. They did everything they could to save the worker's life .

4. Being blind , how could they see ?

5. Greatly inspired by the teacher's words , I have made up my mind to work at English even harder .

6.The book is very popular among young people .

7. He entered the dark room , gun in hand .

8. I do it because I like it .

9. We must do as the Party tells us .

10.This room is larger than that one .

11.Considering her age , we must say she is doing well .

12. In spite of that,I would like to go there myself .

13.The boy lay down , dead.

14.Happy and gay , the girl rushed into the room .

Key:1. warmly (方式) 2.carefully (方式) in the lab (地点 ) yesterday (时间) 3.to save the worker's life(目的) 4.being blind ( 原因) 5. Greatly (程度) inspired by the teacher's words(原因) 6.among young people ( 范围) 7.gun in hand (方式) 8. because I like it ( 原因) 9.as the Party tells us (方式) 11.Considering her age ( 条件) 12.In spite of that( 让步)13.dead(方式)14. happy and gay (方式)

II . 用所给词的正确形式填空

1.“We've won the game !” shouted the students ________. ( excited )

2.It is a ________ good place to visit . ( pretty )

3.We _______ come to see him . ( usual)

4.As we didn't know the way , we stopped _______ the way . ( ask )

5._______ in the country , I used to carry water for an old man . ( live )

6. ________ in a famous college , Tom is admired by his former classmates .( educate )

7. He returned home _______ and _____. ( proud , joy )

8.They crowded around , _______ to do something to help . ( eager )

Key:1. excitedly 2. pretty 3. usually 4. to ask 5. Living 6.Educated 7. proud,joyful 8.eager

第七节 补足语

补足语是用来对宾语进行补充说明的成分。补足语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语,当谓语动词变为被动语态时宾语补足语就成了主语补足语了。例如:

He asked me to open the book . ( 宾语补足语)

I was asked to open the book .( 主语补足语)

应当注意的是:宾语与补足语之间的关系是逻辑主谓关系, 这是判断补足语的重要方法。 They made him do the work . ( him 与 do 是主谓关系 , him 是do 执行者)。

作补足语的有:形容词、名词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等。

例如: 1. I found the classroom empty . ( 形容词)我发现教室空空。

2. We elected him monitor . ( 名词)我们选他当班长。

3. Please call the students back at once . ( 副词) 请叫学生们立刻回来。

4. We told him to come here early . (不定式)我们告诉他早点来这儿。

5. I found him lying in bed .( 现在分词)我发现他躺在床上。

6. I heard it spoken of in the next room . (过去分词我听到这事儿在隔壁讲过。

不定式作补足语有时可省不定式符号,这种情况取决于谓语动词,这样的谓语动词有:make , let , have , hear , see , watch , feel , observe , notice 例如:

He made me work all day . 他迫使我整天干活。

并不是所有的动词都能跟现在分词作补足语。能跟现在分词作补足语的动词有: have , see, watch , feel , hear , notice , observe , keep , find 例如:

The old woman had the lights burning all night long . 老妇人让灯点了一整夜。

练习题

I.指出下列句中补足语并注意变化形式

1.At the meeting we made him monitor .

2. What you said made Xiao Wang angry .

3. We heard him singing in the hall .

4.I found the classroom empty .

5. Please call the students back at once.

6. I can't have you say so .

7.He is asked to sing us a song .

8.Yesterday I had my hair .

Key:1.monitor ( 名词) 2. angry ( 形容词) 3.singing in the hall ( 现在分词短语) 4.empty ( 形容词)5. back ( 副词) 6.say so (不带to 的不定式) 7.to sing us a song (带to 的不定式) 8.cut ( 过去分词)

II.用所给词的适当形式填空

1. Robert is said _________ ( study ) abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in .

2. I saw the man _______ ( knock ) down and the driver _____ ( drive) away .

3.Who did the teacher have ______ (write ) an article for the wall newspaper.

4. Happiness lies in making others ________ ( happiness )

5. How can I stop him _______ ( ask ) such silly questions ?

Key:1.to be studying 2. knocked , drive 3. write 4. happy 5. asking

III. 完成下列各句

1. Have you got the supper ___________ ?

2.Let's paint the door _______ .

3. We must keep the room ________ .

4.I found it difficult to __________ .

5. I think it duty to __________ .

6.All this has made it possible for us __________ .

Key:1. ready 2. black 3. clean 4.to study maths 5. serve the people 6. to finish the work on time

综合练习题

I.指出下列句子划线部分的句子成分

1. A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.

2. Whether we'll go depends on the weather.

3. People's standards of living are going up steadily .

4. He is called Little Tiger .

5. The masses are the real heroes .

6. That was how they were defeated .

7. The nursery takes good care of our children .

8. I'll return the book to you tomorrow .

9. We always mean what we say .

10. We are sure that we shall succeed .

11. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother .

12 . There are many films that I'd like to see .

13. Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ?

14. I have a lot of work to do .

15. Speak politely.

16. Anyway I won't stop you from doing it .

17. I said it in fun .

18. We can send a car over to fetch you .

19. She had to work standing up .

20 Seeing this , some comrades became very worried .

21. Much interested , he agreed to give it a try .

22 . The bus arrived ten minutes late .

23. We should serve the people hear and soul .

24. Spring coming on , the trees turned green .

25. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door .

Key:1.主语2.主语3.谓语4.谓语5.表语6.表语7.介词宾语8.状语9.宾语10.形容词宾语11.定语12.定语13.定语14.定语15.状语16.状语17.状语18状语19.状语20.状语21.状语22.状语23.状语24.状语25.状语

II. 根据汉语提示完成下列句子

1.我们的英语老师是使人愉快的人.

Our English teacher is a _____________ .

2.他晚上几乎不工作.

He ________ works in the evening .

3.我说服他戒了烟.

I persuaded him not to ___________ .

4.你接受他的礼物了吗?

Did you ______________ his present ?

5.他们去看那个要死的人.

They went to see the _______ man .

6.我们船上没有这么多的空位子.

We have no_______ for so many people on the boat.

7.字典就在架子上.

The dictionary is _______ on the shelf .

Key:1. pleasant person 2. hardly 3. smoke 4. accept 5. dying 6. room 7. right

III.指出句子的主句部分

1. It doesn't matter so much whether you will come or not .

2.I don't believe they will win the game .

3.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody .

4. I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off onto the floor .

5. Tom studies hard and is ready to help others , which his parents expect .

6. It also shows you the caller's telephone number in order that you recognize who it is .

7. Whatever dictionary you have , please lend it to me .

8.What frightened us most was that two lights appeared suddenly in the darkness .

9.Is the toy that you bought in Shanghai for your little brother ?

10. It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants .

Key:1. It doesn't matter so much .... 2.I don't believe ... 3.The fact...surprised everybody

4.I watched all the glasses...fall off onto the floor 5.Tom studies hard and is ready to help others ....6.It also shows you the caller's telephone number...7....please lend it to me 8 What....was that ... 9.Is the toy...for your little brother 10.It is generally considered unwise to give a child...

篇2:句子成分

句子成分

句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。汉语: 现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。 英语:句子的组成部分,包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种

编辑本段一、现代汉语句子成分

主语 Subject

1、定义:主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。

2、特点:A、经常由名词、代词、名词性短语充当。B、一般表示谓语所说的是“谁”或 “什么”。

例如: ⑴中国人民志气高。

⑵提高整个中华民族的科学文化水平是亿万人民群众的切身事业。

3、符号:双行线 T。

谓语 Predicate

1、定义:用来说明陈述主语。

2、特点:A、经常由动词、形容词充当。

B、一般表示主语“怎么样”或“是什么”。

例如: ⑴满天乌云顿时消散了。

⑵树叶黄了。

⑶小王今年十六岁。

⑷鲁迅是中国现代文学的奠基人。

⑸明天星期日。

⑹什么书他都看。

3、符号:单行线 _____。

4、谓语(predicate),是句子中的必不可少的成分。谓语是由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成。谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语

宾语 Object

1、定义:表示谓语动词的涉及对象的语言单位。

2、特点:A、经常由名词、代词、名词性短语充当。B、一般表示谓语“怎么样”或

“是什么”。

3、符号:波浪线 nn。

4、凡能愿动词,如“希望、想、可以、说”等词后面的一般都作宾语处理。

定语 Attribute

1、定义:用在主语和宾语前面,起修饰和限制作用的语言单位。

2、特点:A、经常由名词、形容词、动词、代词充当。B、一般定语与中心词之间有“的”字

连接。

3、符号:小括号( )。

状语 Adverbial modifier

1、定义:用在动词、形容词谓语前,起修饰和限制作用的语言单位。

2、特点:A、经常由副词、形容词、动词、表示处所和时间的名词和方位词充当。B、一般状

语与中心词之间有“地”字连接。

3、符号:中括号 [ ]。

补语 Complement

1、定义:谓语后面的附加成分,对谓语起补充说明作用,回答“怎么样”、“多久”、“多

少”(时间、处所、结果)之类问题的语言单位。

2、特点:A、经常由动词、形容词副词充当。

B、一般补语与中心词之间有“得”字连接。

3、符号:单书名号〈 〉。

篇3:句子成分

谓语 -

宾语 ~

定语 ( )

状语 [ ]

补语 < >

顺口溜

主谓宾,定状补,主干枝叶分清楚。

主干成分主谓宾,枝叶成分定状补。

定语必居主宾前,谓前为状谓后补 。

状语有时位主前,逗号分开心有数。

基本成分主谓宾,连带成分定状补。定语必居主宾前,谓前为状谓后补。

六者关系难分辨,心中有数析正误。什么谁称主,做是怎样才充谓;

宾语动支配,回答谓语什么谁。前置状语目(的)时(间)地(点),

意义不变能复位。补语从后说前谓,定语才和后宾配。介宾短语多状补,

不能充当宾主谓。的定地状与得补,语言标志定是非。

名词:

人和事物各有名,万千名目可辨清。表示名称即名词,具体抽象有不同。

时间空间和地点,方向位置有专称。主宾定谓都可作,名词具有多功能。

动词:

世间万物皆运动,于是动词相应生。行为动作和发展,存在消失与变更。

心理活动及判断,一概可作谓语用。能愿趋向两动词,配合谓语意更明。

形容词:

人有特征物有形,修饰动名靠形容。事态动作有性状,描摹性状用形容。

形容词语极丰富,准确修饰需深功。形容词语功能多,主要充当状谓定。

数词:

数词即为表数目,确数概数和序数。确数包括整分倍,不定数目是概数。

整数前加老第初,排列顺序是序数。分数倍数表增加,减少只能用分数。

量词:

表示单位量词全,单位各异按习惯。事物行动作统计,物量动量分两款。

量词数词相结合,数量短语功能全。动量短语居动后,物量短语在名前。

代词:

代词代替人事物,按照作用分三族。人称代词我你他,咱们自己和大家。

疑问代词谁什么,进地性状数如何。提示代词这和那,每名某另别其它。

副词:

副词修饰动与形,范围程度与时间。肯否估计与情态,语气频率用法全。

稍微没有全都偏,简直仅仅只永远,已经曾经就竟然,将要立刻刚偶然,

渐渐终于决忽然,难道连续又再三,也许必须很非常,最太十分更马上,

越极总挺常常再,屡次一定也不还。时名副名看加在,名前可加副不来。

前很后名都不行,单独回答更不能。

介词:

自从以当为按照,由于对于为了到;和跟把比在关于,除了同对向往朝;

用在名词代词前,修饰动形要记牢。

助词:

结构助词的地得,时态助词着了过,语气助词啊吧呢,他词后边附加义。

连词:

成分连词难分辨,换位不变才是连。

编辑本段二、古代汉语句子成分

句式特点

古代汉语的判断句

1、判断句是根据谓语的性质进行句子分类得出的一种句型,所谓判断句一般是用名词或名词性词组作谓语的句子,对事物的属性作出判断,即某事物是什么,或不是什么。

2、古代汉语判断句和现代汉语不同,一般不用判断动词“是”,而在谓语后面加语气词“也”帮助判断。

3、古代汉语判断句的几种形式:

1)“主+谓+也”,如:此王业也。

2)“主+者+谓+也”,如:陈胜者,阳城人也。

3)“主+者+谓”,如:兵者,凶器。

4)“主+谓”,如:兵,凶器。

5)“主+副+谓+(也)”如:“身非木石”、“此乃歌夫‘长铗归来’者也”、“此诚危急存亡之秋也”。

6)“主+谓+宾”,如:“余为伯倏。”

4、有些判断句主谓语在逻辑上并不构成判断关系,而是:

1)表比喻。如:君者,舟也;庶人者,水也。

2)表因果关系。如:井蛙不可以语于海者,拘于虚也;夏虫不可以语于冰者,笃于时也。

被动意义的表达方式

1、主动句:主语是谓语动词所表达动作行为的发出者,即施事者,如我读书。

2、被动句:主事是谓语动词所表达动作行为的接受者,即受事者,如杯子打破了。

3、古代汉语被动句的类型:

(1)“于”(“乎”)字句……

及物动词+于+施事者 如:楚怀王内惑于郑袖,外欺于张仪。

省略“于”字,动+施事者。如:大树不夭斤斧,物无害者。

“于”字句经常用于主动与被动对比的复句里。如:劳心者治人,劳力者治于人。

(2)“为”字句。

为+施事者+及物动词。如:(吾子)今为赤帝子斩之。

“为+及物动词。如:父母宗族,皆为戮没。

(3)“见”字句。

见+及物动词。如:人皆以见侮为辱。

见+及物动词+于+施事者。如:昔者弥子瑕见爱于卫君。

南北朝后,“见+动词(主动句)”表示“对我怎样”,如“慈父见背”(慈父背弃我),不是被动句。

(4)“为……所……”句。

为+施事+所+及物动词。如:先即制人,后则为人所制。

为+所+及物动词。如:不者,若属皆且为所虏。

(5)“被字句”。

被+施事者+及物动词”。如:臣被尚书召问。

先秦“被”是及物动词,意为“覆盖、遭受、蒙受”,如:光被四表。

汉代后至今,“被+及物动词”表示被动意义。

(6)语义上表被动的句子:如“文王拘而演周易……屈原放逐,乃赋离骚”。

古代汉语句子成分的位置

1、宾语前置:古代汉语的宾语在某些特定的.语法条件下要置于动词之前,这种现象我们称之为宾语前置。2、宾语前置的种类:

(1)疑问句中疑问代词作宾语前置。作动词的宾语前置。如:吾谁欺,欺天乎?在介宾结构中,作介词的宾语前置。

如:谚曰:“谁为为之,孰令听之。”

需要注意的是:“何如”语义同“如何”,译为“怎么样”,是疑问代词作宾语前置结构。“奈何”“若何”情况同“如何”一样,何不是真正的宾语,不前置。

(2)否定句中,指示代词或人称代词作宾语前置,如“日月逝矣,岁不我与”、“臣未之闻也”。

(3)有两种不能前置的情况:宾语不是代词,而是名词性成分。

如“吾不能早用子”。两个否定词构成双重否定,其中的代词宾语一般不前置。

如“莫弗称之”。

另外,还有两种固定结构:“惟(唯)+宾语+是(之)+动词”,这种格式使宾语表达的事物得到进一步的强调,如“惟余马首是瞻。”意思是“惟瞻余马首”。

这类前置宾语也可以由代词充任,如“其斯之谓与”。“此(是)之谓……”,意思是“说这个是……”。

代词“是”作宾语有时直接置于动词之前。如“昭王南征而不复,寡人是问”。

3、谓语前置:古代汉语的一些句子,谓语在主语之前,称之为谓语前置。有两种句子里谓语前置的现象比较多见。

(1)表示疑问的句子。如:何哉,尔所谓达者?

(2)表示感叹的句子。如:贤哉,回也!

古代汉语句子成分的省略

1、主语的省略:

(1)承上省略:在复句中第一分句出现了主语,如果后几个分句的主语与第一分句相同,那么后几个分句的主语就可以省略。

如:邴夏曰:“射其御者,( )君子也。”

(2)蒙下省略:前几个分句的主语蒙最后一分句的主语而省。

如:七月( )在野,八月( )在宇,九月( )在户,十月蟋蟀入我床下。

2、宾语的省略:这在古代汉语里是常见的。

有:(1)宾语表达的事物在前文已经谈到,宾语就可以省略。

如:尉剑挺,广起,夺( )而杀尉。

(2)介词的宾语也可以省略。如:(项伯)欲呼张良与( )俱去。

词类的活用

词类的活用:有些词可以按照一定的表达习惯而灵活运用,在句子中临时改变它的词性和基本功能,这种现象就叫作词类活用。如“从左右,皆肘之”,句中的“肘”是名词,在此临时用作动词,意为“用肘撞”。

1、动词的活用:

(1)不及物动词的使动用法:不及物动词本来不带宾语,如果带上宾语时,一般是用作使动,表示主语使宾语发生该动词所表示的动作或行为,如:“庄公寤生,惊姜氏”,“惊”意为“使……惊”。

(2)及物动词的使动用法:这种情况较为少见。及物动词本来就可带宾语,在形式上和用作使动没有区别,区别只在意义上。如“沛公旦日从百余骑来见项王”中的“从”只能是“使……跟从”。

2、形容词的活用:

(1)形容词用作一般动词,如果形容词在叙述句里充当谓语,就是活用为动词。如:“益烈山泽而焚之”,“烈”形容火大,这里是“放大火烧”。

(2)形容词的使动用法:是指使它所带的宾语具有该形容词所表示的性质或状态。如“其达士,洁其居,美其服,饱其食”,“洁”“美”“饱”原是形容词,在句中都是使动用法,分别译为“使……清洁”“使……华美”“使……饱”。

(3)形容词的意动用法:是指谓语具有“认为宾语怎么样”或“把宾语看作什么”的意思。如:“甘其食,美其服,安其居,乐其俗”中的“甘”“美”“安”“乐”是形容词的意动用法,译为“认为……香甜”“认为……华美”“认为……安逸”“认为……快乐”。

3、名词的活用:

(1)名词用作一般动词:如:“范增数目项王”中“目”是“用目光示意”的意思。

(2)名词的使动用法:就是指名词用作动词时,使它的宾语成为该名词所表示的人或事物,或者发生与该名词有关的动作行为。如:“然得而腊之以为饵,可以已大风、挛l、瘘、疠”,“腊”原义为“干肉”,动词,在此句中用作使动用法“使(之)成为干肉”。

(3)名词的意动用法:就是把宾语所代表的人或事物看成这个名词所表示的人或事物。如“友风而子雨”意为“把风当作朋友,把雨当作儿子”。

(4)名词用作状语,在古代汉语中相当普遍,类型有:

表示处所。如“黎丘之鬼效其子之状,扶而道苦之”,“道”意为“在道路上”。

表示行为的工具或依据。如“失期,法皆斩”,“法”意为“依照法律”。

表示对人的态度。如“秦军降诸侯,诸侯多奴虏使之”,“奴虏”译为“象对奴虏一样”。

表示比喻。如“嫂蛇行匍伏,四拜自跪而谢”句中,“蛇”译为“象蛇一样”。

4、使动用法与意动用法的识别:

(1)名、形、动词都可以用作使动;而只有名、形可以有意动用法,动词无意动。

(2)使动是使宾语“做什么、怎么样”,是客观的结果。意动是认为宾语“怎么样”,把宾语“当作什么”,是主观的看法、意念。如:“其达士,洁其居,美其服,饱其食”和“甘其食,美其服,安其居,乐其俗”两句很相似,但从上下文意的分析中可知前句是客观行为,是使动,后句是主观看法,是意动。

编辑本段三、英语句子成分:

简介

句子的组成部分,包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、同位语七种

主语是句子叙述的主体,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。

谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。

宾语是动作的对象或承受者,常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。

主语和谓语是英语句子的两大成分,除少数句子(如祈使句和感叹句等)外,一句话必须同时具有主语和谓语所表达的意思才能完整。主语是针对谓语而言的,是一句话的主题,谓语用来说明主语的情况,为主语提供信息。例如:They are working.主语是they(他们),那么他们在做什么呢?看来没有谓语are working 是不行的。在正常情况下,英语的主语和谓语的位置与汉语一致,也就是说主语在前,谓语紧跟其后。那么,哪些词语可以做主语,谓语,何时主谓倒置,主语与谓语的一致情况如何,我将一一讲述。

主语

定义:主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。

哪些词可以充当主语

1,名词

例如: A mooncake is a delicious, round cake.

The first truck is carrying a few baskets.

The temperature will stay above zero.

The doctor looked over Mrs. Brown very carefully.

China does not want to copy the USA’s example.

2,代词

例如: It’s a young forest.

I don’t know if it will grow.

That’s a bit expensive.

You’d better buy a new pair.

I’m afraid we haven’t got any black shoes.

3,数词

例如:One and two is three.

One is not enough for me. I want one more.

One of them is English.

Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck.

Two will be enough.

4,不定式 (常以 It’s adj. to do sth. 形式出现)

例如: To give is better than to receive =Its better to give.

I found it difficult to get to sleep.

It’s glad to see you again.

It was difficult to say.

But it’s good to swim in summer.

5,IT 作主语,有如下情况:

1)指代刚刚提到的事物:What’s this ? It’s a bus. (指代what)

2)指代一个你不知道或判断不清性别的人:Who’s knocking the door? It’s me. (指代 who)

Who’s the baby in the picture? It’s my sister. (指代 who)

3) 表示时间,天气,距离:

What’s the time? It’s eight o’clock. (时间)

What’s it going to be tomorrow? It’s going to be rainy.(天气)

How far is it? It’s about one kilometre away. (距离)

6. THERE 引起的There be 句型中,be 作谓语,主语位居其后。如:

There are many different kinds of mooncakes.

There will be a strong wind.

谓语

谓语由动词构成,依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态,语态,语气,凡由一个动词(或动词词组)构成的谓语都是简单谓语。例如:

I like walking.(一般现在时主动语态)

I made your birthday cake last night. (一般过去时主动语态)

It is used by travellers and business people all over the world. (一般现在时被动语态)

复合谓语也可分为两种情况:

第一种是由情态动词,助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语:

What does this word mean?

I won’t do it again.

I’ll go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao.

You’d better catch a bus.

第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。例如:

You look the same.

We are all here.

The weather gets wamer, and the days get longer.

Keep quite and listen to me.

He looked worried.

We have to be up early in the moming.

Is Bill in?

School Is over. Let’s go home.

My pen is in my bag.

I feel terrible.

I* fell tried all the time.

He seemed rather tired last night.

连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系,不宜分割;有关动词的种类这方面知识在课本中已有介绍,此处不多说了。

宾语

宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者,(www.fwsir.Com)宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任,宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。

I saw a cat in the tree.

我看见树上有一只猫。

I want to go shopping.

我想去买东西。

He said he could be here.

他说他会来的。

We think you are right.

我们认为你是对的。

有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语,可以带两个宾语的动词有 bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面, 但间接宾语前须加“to”。

My father bought me a book.

我父亲给我买了一本书。

Give the rubber to me.

把橡皮给我。

Please give the letter to XiaoLi.

请把这封信给小李。

有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外,还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整,它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系,这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。

We all call him LaoWang.

我们都叫他老王。

Please color it red.

请给它涂上红颜色。

We found the little girl in the hill.

我们在山上找到了小女孩。

定语

用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。

That is a beautiful flower.

那是一朵漂亮的花。

The TV set made in that factory is very good.

那个工厂生产的电视机很好。

This is my book,not your book.

这是我的书,不是你的书。

There are more than twenty trees in our

school.

我们学校里有二十多棵树。

I have a lot of things to do.

我有好多要做的事情。

Our country is a developing country.

我们的国家是一个发展中的国家。

状语

1、说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。

2、状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。

3、状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等

A、副词一般在句子中做状语。

He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好。

He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree是地点状语。

B、不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。

I come specially to see you.我专门来看你。

C、介词短语

Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.

The boy was praised for his bravery.

D、从句作状语

When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.

If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.

E、分词作状语

Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。

Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.

补语

英语中补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。

1、主语的补语

它用在系动词后,是句子的一个基本成分。常用主-系-表结构。

1.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.

我看到她和他们在一起,至少,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)

2 -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?

-- Me. --我。 (me做主语补语= It's me.)

3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. (she做主语补语)

约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。

2、宾语的补语

1.不定式(to do)

Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。

We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。

We made him copy the sentence.

He is made to copy the sentence.

I felt my hands tremble.

2.名词

At the meeting we elected him monitor.

I think your brother a clever boy.

3.形容词

What you said made Xiao Wang angry.

I found the classroom empty

4.副词

Please call the students back at once.

He was seen to take his cap off.

5.现在分词

We hear him singing in the hall.

I found him lying in bed, sleeping.

6.过去分词

He saw his face reflected in the water.

I heard it spoken of in the next room.

表语

表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。

These desks are yellow.

这些桌子是黄色的。

I am all right.

我没事。

We are happy now.

我们现在很幸福。

It's over.

时间到了。

She is ten.

她十岁了。

My work is teaching English,

我的工作是教英语。

The dictionary is in the bag.

词典在书包里边。

My question is how you knew him.

我的问题是你如何认识他的。

同位语

当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语(appositive)。这两个句子成分多由名词(代词)担任,同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。

This is Miss Chen, our English teacher.

这是陈小姐,我们的英语老师。

My parents both are teacher.

我父母俩都是老师。

We all like sports.

我们都喜欢运动。

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