翻译资格考试笔译高级技巧（合集11篇）由网友“andsixpence”投稿提供，以下是小编精心整理的翻译资格考试笔译高级技巧，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
篇1：翻译资格考试笔译高级技巧
翻译资格考试笔译高级技巧分享
重组法：指在进行英译汉时，为了使译文流畅和更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯，在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合。如：
Decision must be made very rapidly; physical endurance is tested as much as perception, because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.
必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均根据同一情报和目的行事，而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此，一旦考虑成熟，决策者就应迅速做出决策。
插入法：指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。如： 如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的“带来灾难性的影响”，那我们要勇敢地面对这个灾难，做出决策。
If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, “disastrous effects,” we will face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision.
包孕法：这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。如：
(1)You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close. 您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。
(2)What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences. 使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。
倒置法：在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如：
(1)At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.
此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。(部分倒置)
(2)I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.
我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。(部分倒置)
(3)改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置)
正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如：
(1) 在美国，人人都能买到枪。
In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)
In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译)
(2) 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。
You can obtain this information on the Internet. (正译)
This information is accessible/available on the Internet. (反译)
(3) 他突然想到了一个新主意。
Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译)
He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译)
A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. (反译)
(4) 他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。
He still could not understand me. (正译)
Still he failed to understand me. (反译)
(5) 无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译)
She is anything but a bright student. (反译)
(6) Please withhold the document for the time being.
增译发：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：
(1)What about calling him right away?
马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何? (增译主语和谓语)
(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.
要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)
(3) Indeed, the reverse is true
实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词)
(4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)
(5)只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词)
(6)这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)
(7)在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)
(8)三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语)
翻译资格备考经验：翻译学习的正确方法
一、语法
一提到语法，很多的英语初学者就一个头八个大。究其原因，本身汉语的思维和英语的思维有很大的差异，西方人的思维方式和东方人思维方式亦不同，我们中国人比较侧重综合思维、形象思维，其思维方式属螺旋形，比较注重事物发展的过程和方式，而西方人偏重分析思维和逻辑思维，他们的思维方式属线性思维，注重因果效应，多考虑事物发展的结局和后果，其语言模式偏重事件发生的先后顺序，并依此组织设计段落情节，文章篇章结构层次感、独立性强。例如，英语文章中大量使用诸如and， but， or， so， if， when， while等连接词语使文路清晰明了;而中文句子之间不象英文篇章有那么多连词，是靠语义的自然衔接、前后连贯、上下呼应来表达一个完整的意思。
有时中国人做文章还常讲究“不言而喻”，叫西方人摸不着头脑。如果我们按照中文思维组织句子，又不会熟练地使用这些连接词，让英美人读起来势必会有信息梗塞感，觉得生搬硬套、模糊不清。其实我们学英语文法感到吃力，老外学我们的中文文法更难，不是说中文是世界上最难的语言吗?所以我们要相信我们中文那么难的文法都能运用自如，更何况英文呢，只需要掌握英文文法规则，并加强理解，灵活运用，一定能熟能生巧。
二、单词
对于单词的学习，许多人都一直处于“背了忘，忘了背，背了继续忘”这样的循环中。有些人放弃，有些人坚持。坚持下来的人无疑是最后成功的。按照记忆专家艾宾浩斯(下图是著名的艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线)的说法“多记多忘多留下，少记少忘少留下”，只要是背了就一定能记得一些，这样日积月累，一定能背完计划的单词，而且给自己定的每天计划单词量不能太少，如果每天记10个对你自己小菜一碟，那完全可以再加10个，如果还觉得有余力，还可以把计划定更高一些，虽然说要量力而行，但按艾宾浩斯的理论，如果是对于初高考学子来说，每天背诵100个单词是必须的，就算有难度也要尽力而为，坚持不懈。
德国有一位著名的心理学家名叫艾宾浩斯(Hermann Ebbinghaus，185-1909)，他在1885年发表了他的实验报告，首先，实验者记忆100个生单词。
然后，艾宾浩斯又根据了这些点描绘出了一条曲线，这就是非常有名的揭示遗忘规律的曲线：艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，图中竖轴表示学习中记住的知识数量，横轴表示时间(天数)，曲线表示记忆量变化的规律。
这条曲线告诉人们在学习中的遗忘是有规律的，遗忘的进程很快，并且先快后慢。观察曲线，你会发现，学得的知识在1天后，如不抓紧复习，就只剩下原来的25%。随着时间的推移，遗忘的速度减慢，遗忘的数量也就减少。
按记忆周期复习单词：
1.第一个记忆周期：5分钟
2.第二个记忆周期：30分钟
3.第三个记忆周期：12小时
4.第四个记忆周期：1天
5.第五个记忆周期：2天
6.第六个记忆周期：4天
7.第七个记忆周期：7天
8.第八个记忆周期：15天
如果高中生每天给自己定的计划是每天150词，每天3个小时背1个新的list。每天按照计划走。
Day 1：
第一步：每一页单词10个左右需5分钟，在背下页前先返回到第一个单词快速复习一遍刚才背过的10个单词，复习的标准是试着回忆该单词的意思，此时对单词的记忆程度在90%以上，所以第二遍的复习仅需几十秒。第二页同上。用此法背完六页单词后，大概过了30分钟，到达了第二个记忆周期，此时立即再从第一页开始复习。由于之前已经背过两遍，因此仅需3分钟复习。仿效此法继续背7—12页，背完整个list大概需要1小时左右。
第二步：中午饭前花30分钟再次复习，强求全部记住是不可行的，此时只是为了晚上的最终复习打基础。
第三步：晚饭前再复习。
第四步：睡前再复习。此时是第三个记忆周期，要充分利用复习今天背诵的单词。
尽量在饭前喝睡前复习，因为此时人的大脑在记忆力最好的状态，据科学研究表明，人脑在半饥饿和半清醒状态的记忆力是最棒的，所以要充分应用这一天中宝贵的记忆最佳黄金时期来背单词。
Day 2：
第二天早上起床先回忆复习第一天的单词。而后再如上法炮制。
这样复习加背诵新单词直到第五天。
Day 5：
第五天早上先把前四天的单词全部复习一遍。而后每隔四天复习前四天所背单词。
在背单词的过程中有些人会发现有些单词的意思，用法甚至读音都有很多。如果是第一遍学单词，可以分散注意力。比方说，第一次背单词的意思，第二次背发音，第三次学用法。这样最后综合起来复习的时候就会更加清晰，也避免了第一次背单词就会被众多的用法吓到不敢背下去。
三、听力口语
听力口语的积累询问了众多的英语狂热分子，他们的不二法则都是看英文电影，找老外聊天。如果对于没有太多时间看英文电影的人，或是没有机会和老外聊天，可以抽空听听VOAspecial(VOA慢速)，做做听写练习。如果是应试的初高中生，平时可以充分利用上学和回家路上的时间听历年听力测试真题，并跟读，熟练后背诵，听写，甚至默写。
做到以上几点，并坚定不移的坚持下去。相信一定会达到目标的。
翻译技巧:英语形容词翻译的小窍门
英语和汉语语言结构和表达习惯有很多差异之处，翻译时往往能死扣原文逐词逐句译出。本文拟谈谈形容词的翻译问题。译好形容词是使译文通顺、流畅的一个环节。
一、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配，有时可译成否定句。
1. These goods are in short supply.
这些货物供应不足。
2. This equation is far from being complicated.
这个方程一定也不复杂。
二、为了使译文自然流畅，读起来顺口，在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词“很”、“最”等字。
1. It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
这是我度过最愉快的一天。
2. It is easy to compress a gas.
气体很容易压缩。
三、有时可将英语的“形容词+名词短语”译成汉语的主谓结构1到100的英语单词。
1. She spoke in a high voice.
她讲话声音很尖。
2. This engine develops a high torque.
这台发动机产生的转矩很大。
四、如果一个名词前有几个形容词修饰，英译时应根据汉语习惯决定其顺序。
1. a large brick conference hall
一个用砖砌的大会议厅
2. a plastic garden chair
一把在花园里用的塑料椅子
五、英语中一些表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词，同连系动词构成复合谓语时，翻译时可将形容词译成动词。
1. You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.
你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的责任。
2. Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America.
类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。
3. He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.
他诚恳地忏悔过去，并保证永远不再玩汽车。
六、由于语言习惯不同，英语里的形容词有时译成汉语副词。
1. I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body.
我要对每一个人都亲切、温柔、甜蜜。
2. He asked me for a full account of myself and family.
他详尽地问起我自己和我家里的情况。
3. Another war will be the absolute end of our country.
再来一次战争将彻底毁灭我们这个国家
篇2：高级笔译考前必看翻译技巧
二、英语短语(成语)翻译的多样性
例：to be on tenterhooks(心情烦乱、焦急、紧张)
1)She was on tenterhooks when she heard of her mother's illness.
她得知母亲病了，坐立不安。
2)He was on tenterhooks of expectation during our conversation.
在我们谈话时，他因有所期待而如坐针毡。
3)I found him on tenterhooks when he was waiting for his girlfriend.
我发现他在等女朋友时显得局促不安。
4)The President，being told of the strong earthquake in his country, was on tenterhooksevery minute.
得知本国发生了强烈地震，总统一直心乱如麻。
5)His parents were on tenterhooks all the time until they got his letter.
他的父母在收到他的信前，一直是那样的心烦意乱。
6)The students were on tenterhooks before the examination began.
考试开始前，学生们的心里七上八下。
7)The poor boy was on tenterhooks when his father was searching for a stick.
那个可怜的男孩见父亲到处找棍子，感到六神无主。
8)The hen-pecked man was on tenterhooks when his wife scolded her way into the room.
当妻子骂骂咧咧闯到房间来时，这个得了“气管炎”的男人便有些手足无措。
权威的英语词典Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English对英语成语to be on tenterhooks的释义有两个：(1)to be in a worried，anxious，or nervous state of mind(心情烦乱、焦急、紧张);(2) tobe in a state of anxious expectation(急切等待)。上面除了第二和第三个例句，里面的成语to be ontenterhooks都属于第一个释义。尽管第二、第三个例句中的成语有“等待”之意，但其侧重点还是在于“等待造成的心情烦乱”。如果把上面例句中的英语成语全都简单地译成“心情烦乱”或“心情紧张”，译文就会显得苍白无力、枯燥无味。上面8个例句对句中同一个成语却采用了多样性译法，译文全部都采用了四字格：“坐立不安”、“如坐针毡”、“局促不安”、“心乱如麻”、“心烦意乱”、“七上八下”、“六神无主”、“手足无措”。这8条汉语成语都是“心情烦乱、焦急、紧张”的写照。但是，我们也须仔细体会不同译文之间在词义的轻重程度上所存在的细微差距。它们中的大多数并不能相互替换。
篇3：高级笔译考前必看翻译技巧
三、英语句子翻译的多样性
例：A short girl in a flat black straw hat appeared in the open doorway.(HermanWouk：The Winds of War)
1)一位头戴扁平的黑草帽的矮个儿姑娘，出现在门口。
2)一个头戴黑色扁平草帽的小个儿姑娘，出现在门口。
3)一位姑娘出现在门口，只见她个头不高，头戴一顶浅浅的黑草帽。
4)门口闪出了一位个头不高的女孩子，头上戴着一顶平平的黑草帽。
5)门口出现一矮妞，头戴扁平黑草帽。
上面例句中的5个措辞不一的译文都是对同一个英文句子的翻译。这5个译句所表达的内容是一样的，但所采用的形式是多样化的。第一和第二个译句在形式上基本相同，并与原句形式相似，只是把修饰词“黑色的”前提到第一个位置。“扁平的黑草帽”比“黑色扁平草帽”通顺一些。 short译成“矮个儿”比“小个儿”更能反映出short的原意，而“小个儿”在英语里的对应词应该是little。一个较长的主语往往在其后面用逗号与谓语隔开。第三至第五个译句把原句中的主体部分前提到第一个分句来表述，原句中的所有定语都后移到第二个分句来表述。这是长句短译的最好方法。第五个译句前后两个分句各占7个字，语言非常精简，译者是费了许多心思的，只是很像两句打油诗，读来让人感到可笑。
篇4：高级笔译考前必看翻译技巧
四、汉语词汇翻译的多样性
与英语一样，汉语不同表达方式的差别往往在于语气和情感，而语气和情感的选择又取决于具体的环境，所以标识语的翻译一定要考虑具体的场合与对象。一定要根据不同的语境做不同的处理。如
小心地滑Caution：Wet Floor
Mind your step
小心碰头 Mind your head
小心夹手Mind the gap
(be careful the clipping hands)
小心轻放Handle With Care
小心开水烫手Caution：Boiling Water
小心有狗Beware of Dog
禁止通车Closed to all vehicles
严禁靠近Keep off
禁止通行Street Closed
禁止入内Off Limits
禁止穿鞋Shoes Off
禁止喧哗 Keep silent
(Don’t make noise)
等等，就不一定非要用“Don’t”表示“禁止”不可。而且，这种词语往往给人一种居高临下的感觉，语气显得十分生硬。
又如，“一次(性/用 )”因搭配对象不同至少有以下各表达法：
一次处理：single/primary treatment;
一次污染：primary pollution;
一次冻透：straight- freezing;
一次空气：fresh/primary air;
一次爆破：one pull;
一次付清：pay in full;
一次消费：one- time consumption;
一次误差：first-order error;
一次成像照片：a Polaroid picture;
一次偿还信贷：non-installment;
一次性杯子：sanitary cup;
一次性筷子：disposable chopsticks;
一次性雨伞：throwaway umbrella;
一次性收入： lump-sum payment;
一次性保险： lump-sum payment insurance
一次用包装：non-returnable container;
一次用相机：single-use camera......
谨防“False Friends”
“False Friends”(假朋友)一词源自法语“Faux Amis”，指两种语言中字面意义相同而实际意义全然不同的词汇、成语或表达方式。在翻译汉语新词新义时，某些表面上与英语貌合、实则神离的“False Friends”无疑是一大陷阱。例如，时见报端的新词“假唱”，就不可简单地译作“sing in falsetto”。“sing in falsetto”表示戏曲演员等用假嗓子演唱，与“假唱”有本质区别。所谓“假唱”指歌唱演员演出时没有放声唱而是跟着预先录制的歌曲及伴奏音乐对口型，蒙骗观众。其英语对应词为“lip-synch”(陆谷孙，1989：1910)。又如，“假钞”、“假钞辨别仪”、“假酒”、“假新闻”等含有“假”字的新词并非都可用“false”来译，而应按照英语习惯分别译成“fake/counterfeit money”、“currency detector”、“adulterated wine”和“pseudo-event”。
可见，“假”字虽不起眼，却颇有名堂，并非都可译作“false”，一不小心就会闹出笑话，甚至惹出麻烦。有的“False Friends”字面意思与某些新词的实际意义相去甚远，有的截然相反。译者绝不可不求其真伪就把它们当做“True Friends”拿来就译。美国著名翻译理论家奈达先生曾把“未能把源语的实质译出”看作是一个“不可饶恕的罪过”(mortal sin)，这就要求译者必须多读、多查、多记。
中国人的“意思”[Chinese “Yisi” (Meanings)]
“听说小张与小李有点意思了?”张科长问王秘书道。
“哪有什么意思!只是小张找小李补夜大的课。”
“那正有意思。我以前读书的时候，也是找我现在的爱人补课的。”张科长调侃地笑起来了。
“情况不同了，现在的年轻人意思多，不比你们那年代单纯。”王秘书看了他一眼。
“还能有几个意思?”张科长感到大为惊讶。
“几个意思!几个意思!说不定你夫人也有几个意思起来喽!”王秘书忍不住笑起来了。
“嘻嘻，”张科长干笑两声，连连说：“不谈了，真没意思。”
你读完了这段对话，是否感到有点意思呢?
(And moreover， can you teach Chinese “yisi” to your American friends or students?)
中国的“东西”(Chinese “Dongxi”)
众所周知，中文是世界上最古老的语言之一，不仅外国人感到中文难学，中国人也不例外。不仅是音节、字调和语调外国人不熟悉，而且象形、形音会意的汉字和组词手段，也叫人头疼。教外国人学汉语真是个难事。有一次，中国老师上课时讲道：
“语言这东西不好学，得下苦功夫才行。”Upon hearing this，one of his students stood up andasked：“先生，刚才您讲到语言这东西，我们不懂，您能不能讲一讲它的用法。”
Then, the teacher explained：“A desk是件东西，a blackboard是件东西。an animal是件东西。清楚了吗?” The student seemed to understand it and repeated loudly：“这是一件东西，那是一件东西，他也是一件东西。”
“Tom不是件东西!”the teacher corrected。“Oh，I see.”The student continued to make hissentences：“我懂了，汤姆不是个东西，你也不是个东西，我们大家都不是东西。”The whole class almostlaughed to death and the teacher got very angry：“你真是个糊涂的东西!”
The student was very surprised this time：“我又是个东西了吗，先生?”“是啊，”the teacherscolded，“你就是一个典型的，死心眼的，不开窍的东西!”“啊!我真的又是个东西了，多么美妙的汉语啊!”thestudent sighed.
更多的例子：
这儿的东西很贵。(goods/products/items for sale)
真不是个东西!(a bad guy;son of bitch)
不要脸的东西!(disgusting person)
他还算是个东西。(a nice guy)
不管他是什么东西，我们都不怕。(any kind of person)
不管东西南北中，都要拥护中央。(east and west)
上街买东西。(things for sale)
下面几句话，全都是选自《红楼梦》，不过，只要求大家翻译一个字：“笑”!
1. 凤姐 笑道(1)：“老太太别高兴，且算一算帐再揽事……”
2. 贾母 笑道(2)：“依你怎么样呢?”
3. 凤姐又 笑道(3)：“我还有一句话呢……”
4. 凤姐 笑道(4)：“老祖宗只把他哥儿交给两位太太，一位占一个罢，派每位替出一分就是了。”
5. 贾母因问平儿：“你难道不替你主人做生日?还入在这里头?”平儿笑道(5)：“我那个私自另外的有了，这是公中的，也该出一分。”贾母 笑道(6)：“这才是好孩子。”
6. 凤姐又 笑道(7)：“上下都全了;还有二位姨奶奶，他出不出，也问一声……”
7. 凤姐也悄悄地 笑道(8)：“你少胡说!一会子离了这里，我才和你算帐!……”
8. 尤氏 笑道(9)：“你这么个阿物儿，也忒行了大运了……你怎么谢我?”凤姐笑道(10)：“别扯臊!我又没叫你进来，谢你什么?”
参考译文：
(1) warn with a chuckle (给“老祖宗”提醒，当然要笑着说了)
(2) ask (是“征求人家的意见”了)
(3) continue (“笑面虎”接着说……)
(4) urge (“只用……就行了”，这是催促的了。)
(5) reply (丫头回主母的话，当然要“笑嘻嘻地”了)
(6) approve (这个丫头很懂事，主子满意，就“赞许的”笑了)
(7) remark (大观园实际的“一把手”发话，总要作出和气的样子的，“笑着说……”)
(8) counter (“笑面虎”，果然是一等一的高手，心里不悦，脸上还笑着，“回去在算帐!”)
(9) tease (是尤氏与“姐姐”开玩笑了)
(10) chuckle (咯咯的笑声，大概是凤姐最知名的特点了罢)
参考答案看完了。
10个“笑”，竟然没有用到一个 smile，或者 laugh。翻译用词的多样性可见一斑。
《红楼梦》问世不久，就获得了广大读者的注意和喜爱。当时很快从北京传到南方。《红楼梦》故事成为当时人们谈话的中心，大量地被改编成说唱和戏剧在民间演出。中国出现了许多研究《红楼梦》的“红学家”。《红楼梦》在世界上也影响深远，不断地被翻译成英、法、日、俄、德等多种文字，介绍到国外去，深受各国人民的喜爱。英、美、日等国也出现了许多《红楼梦》研究专家。《红楼梦》的确是世界文学宝库中的一部辉煌巨著。
①A Dream of the Red Mansions won the attention and love of a wide reading public soonafter it was brought into the world, first in northern China and then in the south. ②For a time, the novel was on the lips of everyone and many adaptations, either in the form of a talking andsinging opera of other dramatic forms, were put on the stage. ③Furthermore, many expertshave emerged in China who make a career of studying this novel and are dubbed “Red Mansionexperts”. ④The book has also gained influence worldwide. ⑤Having been translated into manyforeign languages such as English, French, Japanese, Russian and German, it has beenintroduced to and accepted by people in various parts of the world. In countries like the UnitedKingdom, the United States and Japan there have also emerged “Red Mansion experts”. Indeed, there is every reason to say that A Dream of the Red Mansions is a masterpiece in the treasurehouse of world literature.
本段介绍《红楼梦》在国内外的传播与影响。为使段意集中、凝练，译文分别用A Dream of the RedMansions(句①)，the novel(句②)，The book(句④)，it(句⑤)所指相同、形式不同的词作主语，与原语中反复出现的主题词“红楼梦”相吻合。同样，译文述说的《红楼梦》的传播与影响，先国内后国外，最后采用that分句，即 A Dream of the Red Mansions is a masterpiece in the treasure house of worldliterature，几乎逐词译出，而其中主题词A Dream of the Red Mansions又与段首词遥相呼应。
篇5：高级笔译考前必看翻译技巧
五、汉语成语翻译的多样性
例：欢天喜地
1)宁荣两处上下内外人等，莫不欢天喜地。(曹雪芹：《红楼梦》，第十六回)
Then high and low alike in both mansions were filled with joy.
2)那小厮欢天喜地，答应去了。(曹雪芹：《红楼梦》，第三十九回)
The boy assented and made off in high spirits.
3)我才已经和他母亲说了，BANNED已经欢天喜地应了。(曹雪芹：《红楼梦》，第七十二回)
I've spoken to Chaixia's mother and she's consented gladly.
4)两个小头目听了这话，欢天喜地，说道：“好了!众人在此少待一时。”(施耐庵：《水浒传》，第十七回)
The junior officers were delighted.“Excellent,” they said. “Just wait here a little.”
5)不论归迟归早，那妇人顿羹顿饭，欢天喜地服侍武松，武松倒过意不去。(施耐庵：《水浒传》，第二十四回)
Whenever he returned home，whether early or late，Golden Lotus had food ready.Sheserved him with obvious pleasure.It rather embarrassed him.
6)得蒙差遣，欢天喜地，收拾枪刀。(施耐庵：《水浒传》，第六十三回)
Happy with their mission，they gathered their weapons.
7)石宝得胜，欢天喜地，回城中去了。(施耐庵：《水浒传》，第九十五回)
The victorious Shi Bao returned to Hangzhou in jubilation.
8)他们没有杀人的罪名，又偿了心愿，自然都欢天喜地的发出一种呜呜咽咽的笑声。(鲁迅：《呐喊》中的《狂人日记》)
Then they can enjoy their hearts’ desire without being blamed for murder.Naturally thatdelights them and sets them roaring with laughter.
汉语成语“欢天喜地”形容非常高兴，其中“欢”和“喜”表示高兴，“天”和“地”表示“非常”的意思，并非真正表示“天地”。这是汉语文学作品中常用的成语之一。像这样的成语并不能根据其字面意思来翻译，“天”和“地”不能译成，heaven和earth。这条成语可根据原文的实际含义来翻译：to be highly elated。我们也可用对等的英语成语来翻译：to go into raptures;to be in high glee。上面8个例句中的“欢天喜地”采用了8种不同的译法，充分显示了多样性译法的优越性：1)were filled with joy;2)in high spirits;3)gladly;4)weredelighted;5)with obvious pleasure;6)happy;7)in jubilation;8)delights。
在采用多样性翻译方法时，可参考英语的和汉语的同义词词典，也可参考英汉和汉英词典。比如，在翻译汉语成语“大惊小怪”时，我们可以先参考英语同义词词典，查fussy这一基本词条，同时再参考汉英成语手册，查“大惊小怪”的各种英译。综合以上两类词典里的相应词语和词组，“大惊小怪”就会有大量的多样性译法：
(1)be surprised or alarmed at sth quite normal
(2)be surprised or alarmed at sth perfectly common
(3)make a fuss about nothing
(4)make unnecessary ado about trifles
(5)make a fuss about(sth)
(6)fuss about[over]sth[trifles]
(7)much ado about nothing
(8)much[great]cry and little wool
(9)a flurried[hurried]ado about trifles
(10)get alarmed for[about]nothing
(11)get nothing for nothing
(12)get all stirred up over nothing
(13)make a terrible to-do about sth
(14)a storm in a teacup
(15)a tempest in a teapot
(16)a teapot tempest
(17)a tempest in a barrel
(18)a tempest in a bucket
(19)create about(it)
(20)like a hen with one chick[chicken]
(21)alarmism
(22)fussy
(23)get jittery for nothing
(24)great alarm at a little bogey
篇6：高级笔译考前必看翻译技巧
六、汉语句子翻译的多样性
例：你的眼睛长哪儿去了?
1)Haven’t you got eyes?
2)Are you so blind?
3)Are you such a blind man?
4)You're really stone-blind !
5)How blind you are !
6)As blind as a bat !
7)What a blind man
8)A sightless guy !
9)Why are you so rash?
10)How can you be so reckless?
11)My goodness! Be careful!
12)Would you please be more careful?
这个例句实际上是汉语中很不礼貌的说法，指责对方没看清楚，不够小心。由于汉英两种语言有着不同的文化背景，各人对这个原文有不同的理解和体会，这个句子可能被用于不同的上下文，因此，这个句子自然会有多样性的译法。上面第一至第八个译文都是根据字面意思来进行翻译的。这样的翻译可以保留原文的形象和原文中粗野的口气，为了塑造说话人的人物形象，这个句子就必须直译。上面第九至第十二个译文是根据原文的含义来进行翻译的，这4种译文更符合地道的英语，在日常用语中，还是以这4种译法为好。
又如“你有笔吗?”可以译为：
Have you got a pen?
Have you got pens?
Have you got any pens?
Have you got some pens?
Have you got the pen?
Have you got the pens?
准确的译文只能视具体语境而定。
只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这个人争取过来。
(a)When he catches a glimpse of potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over withcharm and humor.
(b)As soon as he finds any possible opponent, he is, by instinct, to have as an inclinationfor winning him over with charm and humor.
(c)The sight of a potential antagonist arouses (evokes) his innate impulse for winninghim over with charm and humor.
一想到要出国深造，他就激动不已。
(a)The idea that he would go abroad for further study made him greatly excited.
(b)He felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study.
近年来，中、泰两国国民经济发展迅速，为两国的经济、贸易合作提供了良好的基础。
(a)In recent years the national economies of China and Thailand have quickly developed, providing a good foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.
(b)Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of the national economies in Chinaand Thailand, which has prepared for good economic and trade cooperation between the twocountries.
(c)China and Thailand，with the rapid development of their national economies in recentyears, have laid a good foundation for their economic and trade cooperation.
(d)The rapid development of the national economies of China and Thailand in recent yearshas laid a sound foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.
总之，翻译中的多样性或多样性译法一方面可以使我们从多种译文中选择最佳的译文，另一方面可使原文中反复出现的词句拥有多种译法，从而使整个译文既忠实于原文，又行文流畅，生动活泼。
篇7：高级笔译考前必看翻译技巧
一、英语词汇翻译的多样性
在William Thackeray的小说Vanity Fair(名利场)一书中，作者描绘女子学校校长巴巴拉·平克顿给其学生写的推荐书时是这样写的：
1.Although schoolmistresses’ letters are to be trusted no more nor less than churchyardepitaphs;yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life，who is really deserving ofall the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones;who is a good Christian，a goodparent，child，wife or husband;who actually does leave a disconsolate family to morn his loss;...
这一段杨必先生译为：
一般说来，校长的信和墓志铭一样靠不住。不过偶然也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话，真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母，孝顺的儿女，尽职的丈夫，贤良的妻子，他们家里的人也真的哀思绵绵地追悼他们。
一个“good”，译得何等文采风流!“虔诚的”、“慈爱的”、“孝顺的”、“贤良的”、“尽职的”不都是在具体语境中从“好的”一词升华出来的吗?
2.A thin man in a thin overcoat watched them out of thin, emotionless eyes.(JamesThurber：One Is A Wanderer)
一个骨瘦如柴、衣服单薄、双目失神的男子注视着他们。
I am busy today.
I have a busy day.(……)
3.Some fishing boats were becalmed lust in front of us.Their shadows slept，or almostslept, upon the water，a gentle quivering alone showing that it was not complete sleep，or ifsleep，that it was sleep with dreams.
眼前不远，渔舟三五，凝滞不前，樯影斜映水上，仿佛睡去，偶尔微见颤动，似又未曾熟睡，恍若惊梦。
这是一个充满诗情画意的段落。其中sleep(slept)一词出现五次，如果将它们逐个译成“睡”字，大煞风景。译者经过处理，只译出其中三个，分别为“斜映”、“睡去”、“熟睡”，无一简单重复，而另有两个隐去。译得如此丰富多彩，首先在于对原文意蕴的深入发掘和理解。同时也有赖于译者运用语言的娴熟手法。
4.A great company came to the exhibition.(a group of people)
许多人参加了展览会。
The company are now enjoying a feast.(a number of people combined with a commonpurpose)
那一行人正在进餐。
He kept me company.(He is my guest)
他是我的客人。
We have company today.(invited guest)
今天我们请客。
The ship’s company assembled on the deck for inspection. (a ship’s crew)
全体船员在甲板上等候检阅。
以上例句中都有一个“company”，在不同的语境中就有了不同的含义(见括号内解释)。又如：In marriedlife three is company and two none.此句中的 “company”中的意思又与上面的例子不一样，意思是“和谐”，所以全句的意思是“结婚以后，有了孩子才成其为家”。由此我们想到汉语的成语“两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水喝”可以译成“In social life，two is company and three is none.”正确理解多义词的关键是正确把握语境，也就是上下文，关于这一点我们还要进一步讨论。
篇8：翻译资格高级笔译汉译英精选
翻译资格高级笔译汉译英精选
雨后，院里来了个麻雀，刚长全了羽毛。它在院里跳，有时飞一下，不过是由地上飞到花盆沿上，或由花盆上飞下来。看它这么飞了两三次，我看出来： 它并不会飞得再高一些。，它的左翅的几根长翎拧在一处，有一根特别的长，似乎要脱落下来。我试着往前凑，它跳一跳，可是又停住，看着我，小黑豆眼带出点要 亲近我又不完全信任的神气。我想到了：这是个熟鸟，也许是自幼便养在笼中的。所以它不十分怕人。可是它的左翅也许是被养着它的或别个孩子给扯坏，所以它爱 人，又不完全信任。想到这个，我忽然的很难过。一个飞禽失去翅膀是多么可怜。这个小鸟离了人恐怕不会活，可是人又那么狠心，伤了它的翎羽。它被人毁坏了， 而还想依靠人，多么可怜!它的眼带出进退为难的神情，虽然只是那么个小而不美的小鸟，它的举动与表情可露出极大的委屈与为难。它是要保全它那点生命，而不 晓得如何是好。对它自己与人都没有信心，而又愿找到些倚靠。它跳一跳，停一停，看着我，又不敢过来。我想拿几个饭粒诱它前来，又不敢离开，我怕小猫来扑 它。可是小猫并没在院里，我很快地跑进厨房，抓来了几个饭粒。及至我回来，小鸟已不见了。我向外院跑去，小猫在影壁前的花盆旁蹲着呢。我忙去驱逐它，它只 一扑，把小鸟擒住!被人养惯的小麻雀，连挣扎都不会，尾与爪在猫嘴旁搭拉着，和死去差不多。
As soon as the rain stopped, a little sparrow, almost full-fledged, flew into the courtyard. It hopped, fluttered, darting up to the edge of flower pots and back to the ground again. Watching it move up and down a couple of times, I realized drat it could not fly any higher as the plumes on its left wing had got twisted with one sticking out as if about to come off. When I made an attempt to move closer, it jumped off a hit and stopped again, staring back at me with its small, black and bean-like eyes that had a mixed look of wanting to be friends with me and not being certain that I was trustworthy. It occurred to me that this must be a tame bird, having been caged since it was hatched perhaps. No wonder it was not much scared of my presence. Its left wing might have been impaired by some kid and that was why there was distrust in its look though it showed some intimacy with man. Suddenly I was seized with sadness. How miserable it was for a bird to lose its wings! Without someone taking care of it this small thing could not survive. But man had injured its wing. How cruel he was! Injured as it was, it still wanted to rely on man. How pitiable! The look in its eyes showed that She little creature was of two minds. It was small and by no means pretty, yet its gestures and expressions revealed that it had been wronged and landed in a difficult situation. It was anxious to keep its delicate life out of danger, but it did not know what to do. It had little confidence in itself and less trust in man, but it needed someone to rely on. It hopped and stopped, looking at me but too shy to come over. I thought of fetching some cooked rice to attract it, but I dared not leave it alone test it should be attacked by the kitten. As the kitten was not around at the moment, I hurried to the kitchen and cause back with a few grains only to find the bind missing. I ran to the outer yard and saw the kitten crouching by a flower pot in front of the screen wall. I hastened to drive her away but, with a quick jump, she caught hold of the bird. The tame sparrow, with its tail and claws dangling from the kitten’s mouth, did not even know how to struggle. It looked more dead than alive.
翻译技巧:英语谚语汉译方法知多少
两种语言和文化间的切换和译介，从来就不是容易的事情。然而，带有浓厚文化底蕴的谚语翻译就更加考验译者功底和素养了。那么，要如何来搞定这些翻译中的“硬骨头”呢?
英语谚语是英语文化宝库中绚丽多彩的瑰宝。由于英汉两种语言在词汇、句法、修辞等方面均存在着差异，因此在进行英语谚语汉译时必然会遇到一定的困难，需要有一定的翻译方法(或技巧)做指导。下面就简要介绍几种常用的英语谚语汉译方法：
直译法：直译法不仅能够传达英语谚语中所承载的文化信息，而且能产生较高的文化信息传递的有效度，同时还保留了英语谚语的民族色彩和文化特点，使中国读者能更好地感觉英语文化。这种译法是把忠实于原文内容放在第一位,把忠实于原文形式放在第二位,把通顺的译文形式放在第三位。例如：all roads lead to rome.(条条大路通罗马)
中国地名英文表达大汇总
1、恒山 Hengshan Mountain (山西)
2、淮河 the Huaihe River (河南、安徽、江苏)
3、巢湖 the Chaohu Lake (安徽)
4、渤海 the Bohai Sea (辽宁、山东)
5、韩江 the Hanjiang River (广东)
6、礼县 Lixian County (甘肃陇南地区)
二、通名专名化的英译法
通名专名化主要指单音节的通名，如山、河、江、湖、海、港、峡、关、岛等，按专名处理，与专名连写，构成专名整体。例如：
1、都江堰市 Dujiangyan City (比较：the Dujiang Weir)(四川)
2、绥芬河市 Suifenhe City (比较：the Suifen River)(黑龙江)
3、白水江自然保护区 Baishuijiang Nature Reserve(比较：the baishui river)(甘肃)
4、青铜峡水利枢纽 Qingtongxia Water Control Project(比较：the Qingtong Gorge)(宁厦)
5、武夷山自然保护区 Wryishan Nature Reserve(比较：Wuyi Mountain)(福建)
6、西湖区风景名胜区 Scenic Spots and Historic Sites of Xihu(比较：the West lake)(浙江杭州)
三、通名是同一个汉字的多种英译法
通名是单音节的同一个汉字，根据意义有多种不同英译法，在大多数情况下，这些英译词不能互相代换。例如：
1、山
1)mount：峨眉山 Mount Emei(四川峨眉)
2)mountain： 五台山Wutai Mountain(山西)
3)hill：象鼻山 the Elephant Hill(广西桂林)
4)island：大屿山 Lantau Island(中国香港)
5)range：念青唐古拉山 the Nyainqentanglha Range(西藏)
6)peak：拉旗山 Victoria Peak(中国香港)
7)rock：狮子山 Lion Rock(中国香港)
2、海
1)sea：东海 the East China Sea
2)lake：邛海 the Qionghai Lake(四川西昌)
3)harbour：大滩海 Long Harbour(中国香港)
4)port：牛尾海 Port Shelter(中国香港)
5)forest：蜀南竹海 the Bamboo Forest in Southern Sichuan(四川长岭)
在某些情况下，根据通名意义，不同的汉字可英译为同一个单词。例如：“江、河、川、水、溪”英译为river。
1、嘉陵江 the Jialing River(四川)
2、永定河 the Yongding River (河北、北京、天津)
3、螳螂川 the Tanglang River(云南)
4、汉水 the Hanshui River(陕西、湖北)
5、古田溪 the Gutian River(福建)
四、专名是同一个汉字的不同英译法
专名中同一个汉字有不同的读音和拼写，据笔者不完全统计，地名中这样的汉字有七八十个之多，每个字在地名中的读音和拼写是固定的，英译者不能一见汉字就按语言词典的读音和拼写翻译，而只能按中国地名词典的读音和拼写进行翻译。例如：
1、陕
陕西省 Shaanxi Province
陕县 Shanxian County(河南)
2、洞
洞庭湖 the Dong Lake(湖南)
洪洞县 Hongtong County(山西)
3、六
六合县 Luhe County(江苏)
六盘水市 Liupanshui City(贵州)
4、荥
荥阳市 Xingyang City(河南)
荥经县 Yingjing County(四川雅安地区)
5、林
林甸县 Lindian County(黑龙江大庆市)
林芝地区 Nyingchi Prefecture(西藏)
林周县 Lhunzhub County(西藏拉萨市)
米林县 Mainling County(西藏林芝地区)
6、扎
扎赉特旗 Jalaid Banner(内蒙古兴安盟)
扎兰屯市 Zalantun City(内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟)
扎囊县 Chanang County(西藏山南地区)
扎龙自然保护区 Zhalong Nature Reserve(黑龙江齐齐哈尔市)
扎达县 Zanda County(西藏阿里地区)
扎陵湖 the Gyaring Lake(青海)
翻译技巧之汉译英的“八戒”
一、戒“从一而终”
汉语言简意赅，句子灵活，往往是一个汉语词汇对应N个英语(论坛)词汇，具体到在本句中应该采用哪个意项，务必抓住精神实质，不可以不变应万变。至于怎么应变，这就是显示译者功力的地方了。比如：都是“问题”，下面的翻译各不相同。
共同关心的问题questions of common interest
解决问题solve a problem
问题的关键the heart of the matter
关键问题a key problem
原则问题a question/matter of principle
没有什么问题without any mishap
摩托车有点问题Something is wrong with the motorcycle.
问题不在这里That is not the point.
译者要掌握这种汉英翻译中的“游击战术”，翻译家应是不同“文化王国”边境线上的“游击战略家”。
沙博里将《水浒传》译为：Outlaws of the Marsh(沼泽地上的亡命之徒)，杨宪益译将屈原的《国殇》译为：For Those Fallen for Their Country，北外出版社将《儒林外史》译为：The Scholars。这些都是译者吃透了原文的原意而译出的佳作。
二、戒望文生义，机械直译
这多半是初学者犯的毛病，他们易于被表面现象所迷惑。
黄牛(yellow cow――ox前误后正，下同)
黄鹂(yellow bird ――oriole)
黄瓜( yellow melon――cucumber)
紫菜(purple vegetable ――laver)
红木(red wood――padauk)
红豆杉(red fir――Chinese yew)
黑社会(black society ――sinistergang)
三、戒“水土不符”，习惯搭配失当
这的确是难度系数较大的问题，它要求译者既有较高的中文修养，又要有较高的英文造诣，一知半解的人常常在此“翻车”。如：
写罢，掷笔在桌上。又歌了一回，再饮数杯酒，不觉沉醉，力不胜酒，便呼酒保计算了，取些银子算还，多的都赏了酒保。
And tossed the pen on the table. He intoned the verses to himself, then downed a few more cups of wine. He was very dunk. Song-Jiang asked for the bill, paid, and told the waiter to keep the change. (沙博里译《水浒传?浔阳楼宋江吟反诗》)
目前，《水浒传》最好的英译本要数沙博里先生的本子了。沙博里出生在美国，青年时来到中国，一住就是半个多世纪。为了译好《水浒传》，据说他潜心研究了山东的地方志和旧时方言，可谓精诚所致，译著既“达”又“雅”。然而历史告诉我们，中国古人没有用过钢笔，宋朝时用的还是毛笔，故the pen 应改为the writing-brush。
下面的译文就较好地照顾到了西方人的思维和理解习惯：
美国把贸易和扯在一起，只会损害两国的经济利益。
The US policy of linking trade with human rights can only bring harm to the economic interests of the two countries.
关起门来搞建设是不成的，中国的发展离不开世界。
China can't develop in isolation from the rest of the world.
四、戒主语暗淡
主语是句子的灵魂，定住译文的主语是关键的一步棋。主语定偏了，整个句子将显得松散乏力，甚至会误导读者。例如：
如果这个问题不解决，势必影响两国的利益。
Failure to settle this issue is bound to impair the relations between the two countries seriously.
If the problem is not solved, it is sure to affect the interests between the two countries.
在上面的两种译文中，显然第一种译文主语选得好，句子流畅。又如：中华考试网(www.Examw。com)
夏威夷的沙滩上，椰影婆娑，海风习习，一妙龄女郎正躺在白色的塑料椅上养神。
On the Hawaiian sandy beach, the coconut palms are whirling, the congenialsea breeze is blowing, and a young lady is lying in the white plastic chair resting to restore energy.
因为是轻松读本，又是描述性的文字，使用三个主语the coconut palms、the congenial sea breeze、a young lady仍是可取的。
五、戒结构单调，组合生硬“拉郎配”
由于汉英结构不同，表达方式迥异，硬性翻译不仅读起来别扭，而且会闹出笑话。这就要求译者在翻译时灵活使用整合的技巧，将句子整合，凸显汉语中所隐含的层次，补充所缺失的成分。有时要将简单句译成并列句，有时将并列句译成主从句。
在纪念大学毕业20周年聚会时，我忽然问起原来的班主任：“我个子又不矮，怎么把我安排在了第一排呢?”
At the reunion party for 20 anniversary of graduation from university, I suddenly asked my former teacher in charge of our class then:” Since I am not of short stature, how did you arrange me at the first row?”
一个高度近视的女博士去擦鞋店擦高统靴，秃头老板亲自蹲下来给她效劳。
When a woman doctor who suffers a severe myopicwent to shoes-polishing shop for her buskins，the bald boss squatted down to serve her personally.
篇9：翻译考试笔译高级翻译技巧：倒置法介绍
翻译考试笔译高级翻译技巧：倒置法介绍
倒置法：在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉,?即对英语长句按照汉语的.习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如：?
（1）At?this?moment,?through?the?wonder?of?telecommunications,?more?people?are?seeing?and?hearing?what?we?say?than?on?any?other?occasions?in?the?whole?history?of?the?world.?
此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置）?
（2）I?believe?strongly?that?it?is?in?the?interest?of?my?countrymen?that?Britain?should?remain?an?active?and?energetic?member?of?the?European?Community.?
我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。（部分倒置）?
（3）改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。?
Great?changes?have?taken?place?in?China?since?the?introduction?of?the?reform?and?opening?policy.(全部倒置)?
篇10：翻译资格考试一级笔译练习题
如何吸引更多中国游客?
程学源大使在斯里兰卡主流媒体发表专栏文章
7月23日
在来到斯里兰卡之前，我难以想象在这六万多平方公里的土地上，遍布着这么多的世界奇观。康提湖的湖光山色，加勒古城的烂漫古朴，科伦坡的绚丽多彩，狮子岩的惊险刺激，都让人赞叹不已。许多中国游客都像我一样被这些美景所吸引。
在中国驻斯里兰卡使馆的大力支持和推动下，中国赴斯里兰卡的旅游人数已达到每年近30万人次，在斯迎来的外国游客中数量稳居前列。但与同为中国近邻的泰国相比，斯里兰卡所吸引的中国游客数量却又不值得一提了，赴泰中国游客已突破千万。
究其原因，我想主要有几个方面。首先是语言障碍。很多中国游客不习惯英语运用，更不懂僧伽罗语等当地语言，中文导游陪同和讲解十分必要，而斯里兰卡当地懂中文的导游人数又极少，但又不允许中国的导游陪同游客前来。另一方面，中国人对中国美食情有独钟，出门在外仍然是“中国胃”，但由于工作签证很难申请，开办中餐厅很不容易，所以斯里兰卡的中餐厅数量有限，有时无法满足中国游客的需求。此外，中国游客习惯了中国烟酒，在斯旅游期间无法买到中国烟酒，甚至不允许携带本人自用的少量中国香烟，这种在很多其他国家所没有的限制让中国游客不习惯。
事实上，这些便利性、体验感和幸福感恰恰是中国游客最为关注的一点，也是他们决定旅游目的地的关键因素之一。我注意到前不久泰国国家旅游局答中国记者问时强调，20该局对中国市场的推广重点在增加便利性和幸福感上，希望到达泰国的中国朋友得到高品质的旅游体验。
中国是全球最大的游客来源地，中国出境旅游人数、境外旅游消费已连续多年位居世界第一。中国旅游市场的庞大是其他很多国家无法比拟和想象的，而旅游业带动的航空、酒店、交通和餐饮等其他行业的增长也是相当可观的。当前中斯关系发展已进入快车道，两国正如火如荼地共建“一带一路”，各领域交往日益频密，中斯旅游合作的前景亦十分广阔。
如果斯里兰卡能不断改善旅游环境，像泰国一样关注提升游客的舒适度，切实解决前面所说的那些对中国游客的障碍，我相信未来会有更多的中国游客慕名而来，为斯里兰卡带来更多的消费，也为当地经济增长注入更强劲的动力。
How to Attract More Chinese Tourists to Sri Lanka?
Published by Ambassador Cheng Xueyuan on Sri Lankan Newspaper
23 July
Before being nominated as the Chinese Ambassador to Sri Lanka and arriving at the country to assume my office, I could hardly imagine that there are so many world wonders on this tropical island of over 60,000 square kilometers. The graceful lake and mountains of Kandy, the quaint and ancient city of Galle, the gorgeous and colorful Colombo, and the breathtaking thrills of Lion Rock are all amazing and stunning. Many Chinese tourists have been attracted to these beautiful sceneries with pleasant surprise like me.
With the strong support and promotion of the Sri Lankan government as well as the Chinese Embassy in Sri Lanka, the number of Chinese tourists to Sri Lanka has reached nearly 300,000 annually and ranks the top among foreign tourists to Sri Lanka. However, this number is only a peanut while comparing with the number of Chinese tourists attracted by Thailand, which is also a neighbor of China. In , Chinese tourists to Thailand have exceeded 10 million.
The reasons mainly include following aspects. Firstly is language barrier. Many Chinese tourists are not accustomed to English language, much less the Sinhalese or Tamil language. Chinese-speaking tour guides’ accompany and interpretation is a must for them. But there are very few Chinese-speaking local guides here, and Chinese guides are prohibited from entering Sri Lanka and accompanying with tourists. Besides, Chinese people always have “Chinese stomach” when traveling. They show strong preference to Chinese food. However, it is difficult for a Chinese chef to obtain a working visa to work in or set up a Chinese restaurant. Therefore, the number of Chinese restaurants in Sri Lanka is limited and sometimes cannot meet needs of Chinese tourists. In addition, a large percentage of Chinese tourists are accustomed to Chinese tobacco and alcohol, which is a reality that the tourism industries in Sri Lanka has to consider seriously, although it is not healthy at all and should not be encouraged. The tourists cannot buy Chinese tobacco and alcohol during their stay, and even not allowed to bring a few Chinese cigarettes with them for their personal own use when entering this island. These restrictions make Chinese tourists unaccustomed, which don’t exist or at least have some level of exemption or tolerance in many other countries.
In fact, conveniences, experiences and happiness are precisely what Chinese tourists most care about, and one of the key factors in their decision-making of travel destinations. I noticed that the Tourism Authority of Thailand emphasized in an interview that the promotion of the Chinese market in 2019 will focus on increasing convenience and happiness, hoping all Chinese friends in Thailand would enjoy high-quality experience.
China is the world’s largest source of tourists with large scale of outbound tourists and ranks No.1 in overseas consumption in the world for many years. The size of China’s tourism market is too huge to imagine and compare by many other countries. The growth of related industries such as aviation, hotels, transportation and catering promoted by the tourism industry is also considerable. At present, the Sino-Sri Lanka relations has stepped into a fast development period. The implementation of Belt and Road Initiative between the two countries is in full swing, the exchanges in various fields are increasingly frequent, and the prospect for Sino-Sri Lanka tourism cooperation is also promising.
I’m fully confident that if Sri Lanka could continuously improve the tourism environment, focus on improving the comfort of foreign tourists as much as Thailand, adjust relevant regulations in accordance with Sri Lankan laws, ease the existing obstacles for foreign tourists effectively, more and more Chinese tourists will be attracted to Sri Lanka, which will stimulate tourism, consumption and stronger vitality to local economy growth.
篇11：翻译资格考试(catti)一级笔译材料
Conscious Decoupling
A new book explains how managers struggle with changing customer behavior
Think about the companies like Uber and Airbnb that have burst through into public consciousness in the past ten years. While many of them depend on the internet, their success is not down to any particular technological innovation of their own design. Instead, their secret lies in their business model.
Thales Teixeira of the Harvard Business School argues that the principle that underlies a lot of these models is called decoupling. In his book “Unlocking the Customer Value Chain”, he explains how this concept applies across a wide range of industries.
Buying a product will involve at least four stages. First, customers will evaluate the items available; then they will choose one or two; then they will buy them; finally they will consume them. In the traditional model, the first three took place inside a single retail store. Customers would look at the TVs or dishwashers on offer, pick one they liked with a price they could afford, pay at the till and then take the item home or arrange for the retailer to deliver it.
These steps are all part of what Mr Teixeira calls the “customer value chain”. Disrupters have muscled in on some parts of this chain. One example is the practice of “showrooming”. Shoppers enter an electrical store like Best Buy and examine what’s on offer. But instead of purchasing the item in the store, they buy it online. Amazon has even created an app allowing customers to scan a product’s bar code, or take its picture, and discover its online price. The selection of products has been decoupled from their purchase.
Other examples of the decoupling process cited by Mr Teixeira include Zipcar, where driving a car is separated from purchasing and maintaining it; TiVo, where watching TV is delinked from sitting through ads; and Birchbox, where customers are sent samples of beauty products, eliminating the need to visit a store to try them.
This is not, as the author points out, a particularly new idea. Budget airlines like Ryanair have long since decoupled flying from the services and amenities that usually accompanied it. Passengers have to pay separately for the extras, like seat selection and the carrying of baggage. Other airlines have followed suit.
Customer services have for some time been disrupted by a trend with the ugly name of disintermediation, the cutting out of middlemen. Most holidays are now purchased directly, rather than via travel agents; shares are bought via low-commission services, rather than through advisory stockbrokers. New entrants can gain market share if they can offer customers a lower cost or greater convenience. Decoupling doesn’t subtract middlemen but still results in lower costs to the consumer.
The beauty of the decoupling approach is that the only limit to innovation is imagination, rather than technical brilliance. For example, Mr Teixeira cites Trov, a company which allows customers to buy insurance solely for specific items for specific periods of time. If you want to insure your latest smart phone for a two-week holiday, you can do so; and then insure it again for a weekend trip later in the year. The need for insurance is decoupled from the hassle of buying an annual policy.
Suppose that you like a restaurant’s ambience, but not its food. In theory, you could book a table but order the food from elsewhere, paying separately for the service and the cooking. If 3D printers become ubiquitous, design and manufacture could be decoupled, with consumers paying for the digital blueprint.
Mr Teixeira argues that decoupling is a customer-driven phenomenon-bottom-up rather than top-down. Successful businesses will spot how consumer tastes are shifting, and that may involve looking at other industries as well as their own. For example, they can look at the success of Netflix’s subscription-based model; what works for TV programmes may also work for other goods and services. Already, there are companies that will deliver socks or perfume on a regular basis, decoupling this from a trip to the mall.
The challenge for existing managers is that they must worry about more than whether their overall costs are lower than those of their immediate rivals. If a part of their process is inefficient, or inconvenient for consumers, the decouplers may well grab hold of it.
自觉脱钩
一本新书分析管理者如何努力应对不断变化的客户行为
优步和爱彼迎等公司在过去十年里异军突起，闯入公众视野。虽然它们当中有许多都依赖互联网，但其成功却并非源自任何自己创造的特定的技术创新。相反，它们的秘诀是商业模式。
哈佛商学院的塔莱斯·特谢拉认为，这许多商业模式的背后是同一个原理——“脱钩”。在《解锁客户价值链》一书中，他解释了这一概念如何适用于众多行业。
购买一件产品至少涉及四个阶段。首先顾客会评估市面上的产品，从中选择一两件，然后掏钱购买，最后是使用。在传统模式中，前三阶段发生在同一家零售店内。顾客会查看在售的电视机或洗碗机，选出自己心仪的、价格又合适的产品，到收银台付款，然后将商品带回家或由零售商安排送货上门。
这些步骤都是特谢拉所说的“客户价值链”的一部分。现在，颠覆者已强势介入这一链条的某些环节。“展厅”现象的出现便是个例子。购物者走进百思买这样的电器商店，研究出售的货品。但他们不在店内购买，而是会网购。亚马逊甚至设计了一个应用，让客户扫描产品条形码或拍个照就能了解产品的网上售价。产品的挑选和购买环节脱钩了。
特谢拉举出的其他“脱钩”例子还有：美国汽车共享公司zipcar让开车和买车及养车脱钩，数字录像机Tivo让人们在看电视时不必再看插播的广告，还有提供美容产品在线订阅服务的Birchbox，顾客会收到其寄送的美容产品小样，无需去某家商店试用。
正如特谢拉所指出的，这不是什么特别新潮的概念。像瑞安航空这样的廉价航空公司早已让飞行和通常与之捆绑在一起的服务与便利设施脱钩。乘客必须为选座位和行李托运等额外服务另行付费。其他航空公司已纷纷效仿。
客户服务环节被去中介化(即去除中间商)这一趋势颠覆已有一段时日。如今人们大多直接购买度假产品，而不是通过旅行社;从低收费的服务商购入股票，而不是通过提供咨询服务的股票经纪商。新进入的商家如果能为客户提供更低的成本或更大的便利，就能获得市场份额。脱钩并不去除中间商，却仍为消费者降低了成本。
有了脱钩这种方式，想象力而非技术水平就成了创新的唯一限制。这就是脱钩的妙处。特谢拉举了保险公司Trov的例子，它允许客户仅在特定时间段为特定项目购买保险。想在度假时为新买的智能手机投保两周?完全可以。还想等到今年晚些时候某次周末旅行时再为手机投保?也没问题。保险需求与麻烦的按年投保脱钩了。
假设你喜欢某家餐厅的环境氛围，但不中意它的食物。理论上讲，你可以预订餐桌，再从别家餐厅点菜，为餐厅服务和菜品分别付费。假如3D打印机得到普及，设计和制造就可能脱钩，消费者可以单独为数字设计图付费。
特谢拉认为，脱钩是一种由客户驱动的现象，自下而上、而非自上而下地进行。成功的企业会察觉消费者的口味如何变化，为此，它们除了要审视自己所在的行业，还可能需要观察其他行业的发展。例如，它们可借鉴Netflix订阅模式的成功经验，因为适用于电视节目的模式也许同样适用于其他商品和服务。已经有公司定期给顾客递送袜子或香水，使购买这些商品的行为与逛商场脱钩。
在位管理者面临的挑战是，他们不能单单关心自己的整体成本是否低于直接竞争对手。只要他们的某个经营环节效率低下，或者令消费者感到不便，“脱钩分子”就可能乘虚而入，夺取市场份额。
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