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考研英语复习语法长难句精析

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考研英语复习语法长难句精析（精选8篇）由网友“Amaranta”投稿提供，下面是小编收集整理的考研英语复习语法长难句精析，供大家参考借鉴，欢迎大家分享。

考研英语复习语法长难句精析

篇1：考研英语复习语法长难句精析

考研英语长难句解析涉及到各个题型，考生如果能够精确的理解长难句，然后再结合各题型的技巧，考生在做题时就可以得心应手了，当然，最基本的词汇基础是要贯穿到复习的各个阶段，目前考生有了一定的词汇基础，并且对于基础语法也有一定的了解，但是遇到长难句时就难以下手，下面老师给考生分享下如何精析长难句。

1. The physicist rightly dreads preciseargument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses allits force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed whereasan argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under smallperturbations of its underlying assumptions。

解析：本句的定语从句较多，首先要分清主干，然后根据从句调整语序：since后的主干是：an argument loses all its force,argument 后的that引导的是定语从句修饰argument，if引导的是条件状语从句，if后的主干是：the assumptions are slightly changed. on which 修饰assumption, whereas后的主干是：an argument may well be stable. 其中that是引导argument的定语从句，under后面的是状语。

参考翻译：科学家有理由担心精确的讨论，如果基于这个讨论的假设发生变化，那么这个值得信赖的讨论就会失去它所有的威力，然而在潜在的假设下，这个虽不精确但还值得信赖的讨论可能仍然值得担忧。

2. He is referring to the upsurge ofinterest in mobile television, a nascent industry at the intersection oftelecoms and media which offers new opportunities to device-makers,content producers and mobile-network operators。

解析：本句的主干是：He is referring to the upsurgeof interest in mobile television. 逗号后是同位语从句修饰mobile television，在同位语从句中出现whichoffers new opportunities to device-makers, content producers and mobile-networkoperators. 引导的定语从句，补充说明nascent industry。

参考翻译：他谈到了众人对移动电视的巨大兴趣，这是一个在电信和媒体领域有交叉的新兴产业，它给设备制造商、电视内容制作者以及移动网络运营商提供了新的机遇。

3. Meanwhile, Apple Computer, whichlaunched a video-capable version of its iPod portable music-player in October,is striking deals with television networks to expand the range of shows thatcan be purchased for viewing on the device, including “Lost”，

“Desperate Housewives” and “Law &Order”。

解析：本句比较长，出现了非定语从句的分隔结构，本句的主干是：Apple Computer is striking deals with television networks to expandthe range of shows…，出现了which launched a video-capable version ofits iPod portable music-player in October,引导的定语从句修饰Apple Computer。That引导的定语从句修饰shows。句末的分词结构including“Lost”， “Desperate Housewives”and “Law &Order”作伴随状语，表明range ofshows的具体内容。

参考翻译：与此同时，苹果电脑公司在10月发售了一款可以观看电视的便携式音乐播放器iPod，该公司大大帮助了电视网络扩大其可以供用户购买的、用于在移动终端的节目范围，

包括《迷失》、《绝望的主妇》以及《法律与秩序》。

以上便是我们与考生分享的'语法长难句精析，希望考生们多做这方面的练习题，逐步掌握解析长难句的技巧。

篇2：考研英语复习语法长难句精析

考生在分析英语长难句时要注意语法在句子中的“混搭”，对于综合语法的运用，考生要有能识别的慧眼，下面老师给考生详细解析：

1. Some technologies do indeed improve at such a predictable pace that theyobey simple formulae such as Moore’s law, which acts as a battle plan for thesemiconductor industry。

解析：本句不是很长，结构比较清晰，主句为Some technologies do indeed improve at such a predictable pace thatthey obey simple formulae such as Moore’s law，这里考生要能识别出such…that…结构;后面的 which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词formulae such as Moore’s law，which在从句中作主语。

参考译文：的确，有些技术的进步是以一种可预测的节奏进行着，它们遵循摩尔定律般简单的公式，好比是半导体工业的行动计划。

2. Visit many online sites to research a car, and they will sell your nameimmediately to local dealerships which will then harass you in theold-fashioned way。

解析：本句是and引导的两个并列分句。注意前一分句省略了和后一分句相同的主语they(指代网络销售商)。同时也可以理解为是：祈使句+and+一般将来时，后一分句中，they will sell your nameimmediately to local dealerships是主句，关系代词which引导定语从句whichwill then harass you in the old fashioned way，which指代上文的一整句话。

参考译文：网络销售商通过访问大量的网站去寻找一部车，然后就会把你的名字提供给当地的经销商，这又会让你重回到以前那种购车模式所带来的困扰中。

3. Even China’s population will be declining bythe early 2030s, according to the UN, which projects that by 2050 populationswill be lower than they are today in 50 countries。

解析：本句的主句为China’s population will be declining by the early 2030s。其后的定语从句which projects that by 2050populations will be lower than they are today in 50 countries修UN，关系代词在从句中作主语，注意这里project作动词用，译为“指出”，且从句里使用了比较级。

参考译文：联合国有关报告指出，即便是中国，到2030年初期人口也将开始递减。这份报告同时还指出，到2050年，将有50个国家的人口低于今天的水平。

4. That is surely how history will judge moderncriticism of video games, which are accused of turning young people intoviolent criminals.

解析：本句的主句是主系表结构：That is surely how history will judge modern criticism of videogames，其中表语是how引导的名词性从句，定语从句which are accused ofturning young people into violent criminals修饰video games，关系代词which指代先行词videogames，which在从句中作主语，考生要注意这里使用了被动语态be accused of，在翻译时我们译成主动。

参考译文：对于当今时代那些控诉电视游戏使年轻人变成暴力罪犯的批评者们，历史最终也将对他们作出同样的批判。

以上便是老师与大家分享的语法在长难句中的应用，希望考生能够认真总结句子中的语法，多练习，熟练掌握。

篇3：考研英语语法长难句精析

考研英语语法长难句精析

“Desperate Housewives” and “Law &Order”。

解析：本句比较长，出现了非定语从句的分隔结构，本句的主干是：Apple Computer is striking deals with television networks to expandthe range of shows…，出现了which launched a video-capable version ofits iPod portable music-player in October,引导的定语从句修饰Apple Computer。That引导的定语从句修饰shows。句末的.分词结构including“Lost”， “Desperate Housewives”and “Law &Order”作伴随状语，表明range ofshows的具体内容。

包括《迷失》、《绝望的主妇》以及《法律与秩序》。

以上便是我们与考生分享的语法长难句精析，希望考生们多做这方面的练习题，逐步掌握解析长难句的技巧。

考生在分析英语长难句时要注意语法在句子中的“混搭”，对于综合语法的运用，考生要有能识别的慧眼，下面老师给考生详细解析：

1. Some technologies do indeed improve at such a predictable pace that theyobey simple formulae such as Moore’s law, which acts as a battle plan for thesemiconductor industry。

参考译文：的确，有些技术的进步是以一种可预测的节奏进行着，它们遵循摩尔定律般简单的公式，好比是半导体工业的行动计划。

2. Visit many online sites to research a car, and they will sell your nameimmediately to local dealerships which will then harass you in theold-fashioned way。

3. Even China’s population will be declining bythe early 2030s, according to the UN, which projects that by 2050 populationswill be lower than they are today in 50 countries。

参考译文：联合国有关报告指出，即便是中国，到2030年初期人口也将开始递减。这份报告同时还指出，到2050年，将有50个国家的人口低于今天的水平。

4. That is surely how history will judge moderncriticism of video games, which are accused of turning young people intoviolent criminals.

参考译文：对于当今时代那些控诉电视游戏使年轻人变成暴力罪犯的批评者们，历史最终也将对他们作出同样的批判。

以上便是老师与大家分享的语法在长难句中的应用，希望考生能够认真总结句子中的语法，多练习，熟练掌握。

篇4：考研英语长难句复习

攻克考研英语长难句有一定的难度，但是通过一定的方法技巧，要拿下也并非难事。

1、先框架，后细节：

考研语法的基本框架是词汇的分类，英语词汇按照词义、词形及其在句子中的功用可分为十大类，即：名词、动词、形容词、代词、介词、副词、冠词、连词、数词、感叹词。其次，需要掌握简单陈述句的结构、非谓语动词短语和从句。其中非谓语动词短语为重中之重，主要包括动名词短语、分词短语和动词不定式短语。从句内容稍复杂，但只要理清了脉络，也可以轻松掌握。根据所担任的成分，从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句统称名词性从句。定语从句又叫形容词性从句。状语从句又叫副词性从句。其它内容属于细节。

2、先一般，后特殊：

词汇分类、句法结构、时态、语态等问题以及上一点中提到的内容，都是需要同学先掌握的一般内容，特殊语法规则用的较少。对于基础不太好的同学，应先掌握一般内容，在深入学习特殊规则。

3、先整体，后局部：

对于固定搭配、并列结构、非谓语动词短语以及从句，采用模块分割法，先整体搞清楚各个模块从哪里开始，到哪里结束，再分析该模块整体上做什么成分，最后再分析模块的内部结构。比如分析非谓语动词短语的基本方法是：先整体搞清楚从句从哪里开始，到哪里结束，再分析从句整体上做什么成分，做什么成分即什么语从句。后局部：分析从句的内部结构。从句本身是一个完整的句子，有自己的主语、谓语和其它成分或主语、连系动词和表语以及其它成分。

篇5：关于考研英语长难句复习技巧

除了单词外，长难句也是考研英语中的一大难题，严格意义上来讲，叫长难句并不准确，因为也有很多短确很难理解的句子，所以难句在考研英语中分为三类:约定俗成的表达(谚语)，虚假长难句，真正的长难句。

一约定俗成的表达

这类句子就是我们所说的谚语，在英语中有很多这样的句子，

例如：Faith will move mountains.(精诚所至金石为开)

No pains, no gains.(一份耕耘，一分收获)

Like father,like son.(虎父无犬女)

考试中有很多这样的表达，对于这一类难句，同学注意在平时的积累。

二虚假长难句

As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked anti-science in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.

第一眼看到这句话很长，但仔细看会发现里边有很多大写的专有名词，分别为书名，人名，地名，学校的名字等，这些在我们的英语试卷中常常出现，但并不重要，因为都是对于人物身份地位的介绍，我们只要弄清人物的观点态度就足够了。

三真正的长难句

这类句子才是我们考试中真正的敌人，例如考研英语(一)翻译:

His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional languages capabilities.

我们都知道一个句子里有且只能有一个谓语动词，如果有多个谓语动词，一定有与之相连的从属连词，我们看这个句子里边的动词有 should end may believe is do not need, 从属连词有 who that that, 从属连词与其后面最近的谓语动词构成从句结构，所以who 与may believe, that 与is, that 与do not need, 构成从句结构，而should end 前没有从属连词，所以是句子真正的谓语动词，among后是整个句子的介词结构，所以句子的主干为His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness。所以当遇到一个长而复杂的句子时，以动词和从属连词为突破口，层层剖析，复杂的句子也就简单了。

长难句是考研英语中的难题，也是基础，所以同学们在基础阶段一定要注重长难句的复习。

另外为了方便大家学习，提高复习的效率。小编为广大学子整理了考研技巧和考试大纲，更有历年真题提供测试等等。针对每一个科目进行深度的探讨和技巧挖掘。欢迎各位考研的同学进行了解和资讯。考研的痛苦是难免的,不要丧失信心,坚信苦尽甘来。预祝各位学子取得成功！

1.考研英语长难句怎么复习

2.考研英语长难句复习

3.考研英语长难句

4.考研英语如何复习――长难句翻译应试技巧和策略

5.考研复习：考研英语长难句学习要点

6.考研英语长难句复习资料

7.2018考研英语分析长难句结构的方法

8.考研英语长难句例子

9.考研英语长难句精选

10.考研英语长难句翻译答题技巧

篇6：考研复习英语长难句突破技巧

2015考研复习英语长难句突破技巧

考研英语中，长难句比比皆是。刘正锋老师提醒各位考生，对于长难句的分析来说，首先要找到主句的主体部分(即主语、谓语和宾语)，再确定从句的主体部分，如果从句中还有从句，再确定下面一层从句的主、谓、宾。阅读时一层一层进行，先把同一层次的内容看完，再看下一层次的内容。

在了解长难句，刘正锋先介绍下句子的语法结构。语法一直是中国学生最薄弱的环节。考研语法的学习目的是为了能够理解句子，识别句子结构。所以考研语法说白了就是理解句子，理解句子结构。句子分为简单句和非简单句。简单句主要考察五大基本句型和四大成分。五大基本句型即主谓，主谓宾，主谓宾宾，主谓宾补和主系表。四大成分也就是定语，状语，同位语和插入语。非简单句分为并列句和复合句。并列句又分为句中并列和句间并列。复合句包括三大从句和一些特殊结构。三大从句分别是名词性从句，形容词性从句和副词性从句。名词性从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句，。形容词性从句也就是常说的定语从句，分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。副词性从句也就是状语从句，包括九大类：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步、条件和比较。特殊结构是指强调，省略和倒装这三种常考的语法现象。以上这些就是考研的所有语法点，掌握了这些内容考研的句子对你来说就没有任何问题了。

想突破考研英语难句，可从下面几点着手。

1. 寻找谓语动词

如果找到了谓语动词，就说明有句子存在。那么，如何寻找谓语动词呢?记住：有时态的动词就一定是谓语，但是要弄清非谓语动词和谓语动词的区别。接着，顺着谓语动词往前找，如果有引导词存在的话，说明这个谓语动词所在的句子就是个从句，再根据引导词前的单词判定这是个什么从句：

1) 如果引导词前面是个名词，则要根据情况来判断是定语从句还是同位语从句;

2) 如果引导词前面是实义动词，说明这个从句是宾语从句;

3) 如果引导词前面是系动词，说明这个从句是表语从句;

4) 如果谓语动词前面是状语从句的引导词，说明这个从句是状语从句;

如果顺着谓语动词往前找，却没有引导词，说明这是主句的谓语动词，那么它的前面就是主语，后面就应该是宾语或表语了。

真题再现：This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in，a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a lossinl989.( 年英译汉)

2. 寻找并列连词

常见的并列连词有：and，but，yet，or，so，for，not only…but also…，neither…nor，to get her with 等等。有这些单词的句子里一般就有并列结构存在，并且很可能存在着省略现象，因此注意要推断出省略的成分。

真题再现：They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing) man of traditional theory，and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. ( 年英译汉)

3. 寻找引导词

从句就是”引导词+句子”，所以，找到引导词就找到了从句，再根据引导词前的单词确定其是什么从句。

名词性从句的连接词：that，what(ever)，who(ever)，where，when，why，how，whether. . . or not 等。

定语从句的`关系代词和关系副词：that，which，who，whom，whose，as，when，where，why 等。

状语从句的关系连接词：when，while，as，though，although，where，even if 等。

真题再现：Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest form，states that language imprisons the mind， and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. ( 年英译汉)

4. 寻找名词

一般的长句子中，名词一般作主语或宾语，其后一般都有修饰限定成分，即定语或同位语。

真题再现：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we call expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. ( 年英译汉)

5. 确认非谓语和独立主格结构

-个句子的主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结构，尤其是要有独立的谓语部分。do/does 和is/am/ are 的各种时态变化都可以作谓语，但是单纯的to do/doing/done 和to be/being 的形式是不可以作谓语的。一个看似句子的结构。如果没有独立的谓语部分，那它就不是一个句子，而是分词短语或者独立主格结构。

经典例句：With as many as 120 varieties in existence，discovering how cancer works is not easy。

6. 确认各种复杂结构

英语复合句中存在很多的复杂结构，如倒装、强调、省略、插人等等。首先要了解认识这些结构的特点，其次要会确认和应对。比如说插人结构，读句子时，先不要理会插入语，先把主句的意思看完。然后再看插入部分。

经典例句：Today，stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn，among other things，that you might-surprise! -fall off.

篇7：考研英语长难句1精选

61. Recently federal policy makers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting larger, growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies.

62. SCIENCE FICTION can provide students interested in the future with a basic introduction to the concept of thinking about possible futures in a serious way, a sense of the emotional forces in their own culture that are affecting the shape the future may take, and a multitude of extrapolations regarding the results of present trends.

63. There is one particular type of story that can be especially valuable as a stimulus to discussion of these issues both in courses on the future and in social science courses in general-the story which presents well-worked-out, detailed societies that differ significantly from the society of the reader.

64. In performing this “what if…” function, SCIENCE FICTION can act as a social laboratory as authors ruminate upon the forms social relationships could take if key variables in their own societies were different, and upon what new belief systems or mythologies could arise in the future to provide the basic rationalizations for human activities.

65. If it is true that more people find it difficult to conceive of the ways in which their society, or human nature itself, could undergo fundamental changes, then SCIENCE FICTION of this type may provoke one’s imagination to consider the diversity of paths potentially open to society.

66. That is, SCIENCE FICTION has always had a certain cybernetic effect on society, as its visions emotionally engage the future-consciousness of the mass public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities.

67. It is often pointed out that, however ingenious they may be about future technologies, many SCIENCE FICTION writers exhibit an implicit conservative bias in their stories, insofar as social projections are either ignored or based on variations of the present status quo or of historical social systems reshuffled whole-cloth into the future.

68. Most SCIENCE FICTION authors have found it as hard as most other mortals to extrapolate social mores different from those operating within their own milieu, so that, it has been charged, far from preparing the reader for future shock, SCIENCE FICTION is a literature that comfortably and smugly reassures him that the future will not be radically different from the present.

69. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.

70. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family.

71. But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this: can we gather a way, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way, perhaps striking a better balance between creativity and basic skills?

72. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting, and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.

73. The question of whether the decrease in plant fecundity caused by the spraying of pesticides actually causes a decline in the overall population of flowering plant species still remains unanswered.

74. This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study of the kinds of works discussed in this section.

75. The explosion of a bomb in the streets of a city whose name no one had ever heard before may set in motion forces which end up by ruining one’s carefully planned education in law school, half a world away.

76. These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested(公正的，没有私利的) inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars Conly now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers―are at stake, and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a contribution that might serve as an important influence against increasing sexism in our society of fundamental, unparalleled change.

77. But the plight of the world compels his unwilling attention, and when he sees that human stupidity and greed are about to plunge Europe into chaos and destroy the most glorious civilization the world has ever known, he feels that it is high time for men of good sense and good will to intervene and to take politics out of the hands of the plutocrats of the Right and the woolly-minded idealists of the Left.

78. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to arouse enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.

79. Where there is an unspoken convention that principles are not to be disputed or where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable.

80. Interest in historical methods has risen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

81. While historians once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.

82. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.

83. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of historical evidence in the historical study.

84. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

85. The fallacy applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activities with specific techniques.

86. I shall define an intellectual as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.

87. Whether to use tests，other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

88. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Tests do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

89. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline----after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late '80s---and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down-shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.

90. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.

91. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction C indeed, contradiction C which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.

92. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.

93. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.

94. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.

95. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs.

96. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

97. It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”, the social sciences as “soft”, and the biological sciences as somewhere in between.

98. New forms of thoughts as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

99. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.

100. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution.

101. I shall define an intellectual as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.

102. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.

103. His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

104. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals----the average scientist for one. I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

105. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties--- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports.

106. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.

107. Never when prolonged arguments avoided the subjects which are huge and important enough to rouse enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of thinking beings.

108. Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.

109. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.

110. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May,members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.

111. NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells-routine in molecular biology.

112. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.

113. NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’ s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.

114. For example, ALH84001 has been on earth for 13,000 years, suggesting to some scientists that its PAH’s might have resulted form terrestrial contamination.

115. Two years later, the McKay team announced that ALH84001, which scientists generally agree originated on Mars, contained compelling evidence that life once existed on Mars.

116. Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in 1871 when―following a dispute between the House and the Senate over which chamber should enjoy primacy in Indian affairs―Congress abolished the making of treaties with Native American tribes.

117. But in reality the federal government continued to negotiate formal tribal agreements past the turn of the century, treating these documents not as treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simply as legislation to be passed by both houses of Congress.

118. This historian assumes that Alessandra had goals and interests different from those of her sons, yet much of the historian’s own research reveals that Alessandra acted primarily as a champion of her sons’ interests, taking their goals as her own.

119. Most pre-1990 literature on businesses’ use of information technology (IT)―defined as any form of computer-based information system―focused on spectacular IT successes and reflected a general optimism concerning IT’s potential as a resource for creating competitive advantage.

120. The findings support the notion, founded in resource-based theory, that competitive advantages do not arise from easily replicated resources, no matter how impressive or economically valuable they may be, but from complex, intangible resources.