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托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解

时间：2023-08-14 07:55:23 其他范文收藏本文下载本文

托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解（精选19篇）由网友“诶嘿呀”投稿提供，以下是小编精心整理的托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。

篇1：托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解

1、时间对比推理

在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

2、集合概念推理

一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。

3、一般对比推理

在文章中介绍事物1的特征，并给出了事物1、2的特征对比，然后问事物2的特征，解答题目时只要将事物1的特征否定掉就可以。

篇2：托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解

遇到这类题型，考生先不要盲目看选项，而要有个大致的解题思路。题干中一般给出关键词A，学生根据题目出现位置对应到段落，找到关键词所在句子;然后根据内容依据以上说明判断题目属于三种推理类型的哪一种;最后根据类型对应的解题方法答题。

实例解析

The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

A. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.

B. They were able to sell their produce at high prices

C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.

D. They did not operate in a national market economy.

思路分析

根据题干关键词western farmers prior to 1815定位(重点关注年代)，可以看到关于“After 1815”的信息，这里就可以猜测解题用到时间对比。只要把18之后的内容看懂了，并且在这个内容前面加not即可。文中说到，改善的交通使得越来越多的西部农民摆脱了自给自足的生活，并且进入了国家性的市场经济，那个时候货物的价格很多，所以向西迁移的速率也大幅增长。所以选项D是正确的。

托福阅读背景材料之性格决定魅力

If you exhibit positive traits such as honesty and helpfulness， the chances are that you will be perceived as a good looking person， for a new study has found that the perception of physical attractiveness is influenced by a person's personality.

The study， led by Gary W. Lewandowski， Jr， found that people who exhibit negative traits， such as unfairness and rudeness， appear to be less physically attractive to observers.

In the study， the participants viewed photographs of opposite-sex individuals and rated them for attractiveness before and after being provided with information on personality traits.

After personality information was received， participants also rated the desirability of each individual as a friend and as a dating partner.

Information on personality was found to significantly alter perceived desirability， showing that cognitive processes modify judgments of attractiveness.

“Perceiving a person as having a desirable personality makes the person more suitable in general as a close relationship partner of any kind，” said Lewandowski.

The findings show that a positive personality leads to greater desirability as a friend， which leads to greater desirability as a romantic partner and， ultimately， to being viewed as more physically attractive.

The findings remained consistent regardless of how “attractive” the individual was initially perceived to be， or of the participants' current relationship status or commitment level with a partner.

What would you think of this lady's physical attractiveness if she exhibited bad personal traits?

“This research provides a more positive alternative by reminding people that personality goes a long way toward determining your attractiveness; it can even change people's impressions of how good looking you are，” said Lewandowski.

如果你表现出诚实和乐于助人等美好品质，那么别人会觉得你的外表也很迷人。一项最新研究发现，一个人的性格会影响别人对他或她的外表吸引力的看法。

该项由盖里?W?勒万多维斯基负责的研究发现，人们认为，表现出不诚实和粗鲁等恶劣品质的人外表也不够吸引人。

研究对象首先观看了一组异性的照片，随后分别在得知照片中人物的性格特点之前和之后给他们的外表评分。

研究对象在得知照片中人物的性格特点后，还对与其中每个人交朋友或做恋人的期望值进行了评分。

研究人员发现，有关人物性格特点的信息大大改变了之前的喜好度评分，研究对象的认知过程改变了他们对照片中人物外表的评价。

勒万多维斯基说：“总的来说，如果人们认为一个人的性格较好，那么他们会觉得无论与这个人做朋友还是做恋人都更合适。”

研究结果表明，人们更期望与性格较好的人交朋友、成为恋人，从而会认为他们的外表更迷人。

无论照片中人物给人的“第一印象”怎样、或者研究对象目前的情感关系状况以及与伴侣的亲密程度如何，研究结果都是一致的。

勒万多维斯基说：“该研究提出了一个更为积极的观点，它提醒人们，性格在很大程度上能决定你的吸引力;性格甚至能够改变人们对于你外表的印象。”

大量的托福阅读背景知识积累对于托福阅读非常有帮助，不管是英文原版还是中文翻译版，同学们都可以大量去阅读，熟悉内容即可。

托福阅读背景知识之水烟的危害

World health experts warned Thursday that smoking water pipes, long popular in the Middle East and North Africa and with a growing fan base elsewhere, can be more harmful than cigarettes.

世界卫生专家近期警告称，在中东和北非盛行的水烟危害程度可能比香烟更大，全球其他地区也有越来越多的水烟爱好者。

“A single puff from a water pipe is nearly equal to the volume of smoke inhaled from an entire cigarette,” said The Tobacco Atlas launched at the World Conference on Tobacco OR Health in Abu Dhabi.

在阿布扎比的世界烟草或健康大会上推出的世界烟草图册显示;“从水烟管吸入一口的烟量几乎等于吸入一整只香烟的量。”

And World Health Organization tobacco expert Edouard Tursan d'Espaignet said ”one session of shisha (water pipe) can be equal to smoking 20 to 30 cigarettes in one go, which can be very dangerous.“

世界卫生组织烟草专家爱德华·图尔桑·艾斯帕内特说“吸食一次什莎(水烟)的量可能等于一口气吸食20到30只香烟的量，这是很危险的。”

The water pipe, variously known as a hubbly-bubbly, hookah, shisha or nargileh, has become a major worry for anti-tobacco campaigners as its is popularised across university campuses, overlooked by regulators.

水烟的叫法五花八门，如 hubbly-bubbly，hookah，shisha或者nargileh，而因为其在大学校园颇为流行并被管理者忽视，所以水烟已成为反烟运动者主要的担忧。

In recent years, its use has spread to the United States, Europe and, to a lesser extent,South America.

近年来，水烟已流入美国、欧洲和南美的部分地区。

Gemma Vestal of the WHO's Tobacco Free Initiative told AFP that while shishas were previously the domain of older males, ”younger people between 18- and 24-years old living in cities and educated“ are increasingly smoking them.

世界卫生组织无烟倡议行动的杰玛·维斯塔说，虽然先前吸食水烟的群体是老年男性，但是越来越多年龄在18岁到24岁之间、住在城市且受过教育的年轻人都开始吸食水烟。

The chairman of pathology and laboratory medicine at the American University of Beirut, Ghazi Zaatari, says aromatic flavourings known as maasal added to the tobacco offer younger smokers a ”smoother and more tolerated“ alternative to the taste of traditional tobacco.

贝鲁特美国大学的病理学和实验室医学主席加齐·扎泰里说，水烟中添加的一种叫做maasal的芳香味道给年轻烟民提供了比传统烟草“更顺畅，更易接受”的味道。

And the ”water pipe has an interesting design because it somewhat engages your five senses. You're holding the hose, there’s something you're looking at, there is the aroma, there is the sound of the bubbling and there is this kind of sensational thing with the social gathering.“

而且水烟的设计很有趣，因为它从某种程度上同时调动吸烟者的五官感受。你拿着烟管，你看着它，它有香味，它有冒泡的声音，此外，在社交聚会中吸水烟是一件多么美妙的事。

In social gatherings that last for an average of an hour, the smoker can quickly get ”hooked on it because of the nicotine.“

在持续平均一小时的社交聚会中，水烟吸食者会迅速对它上瘾，因为它含有尼古丁。

Moreover, the smoke from charcoal used to heat the tobacco contains toxins.

此外，用于加热烟草木炭释放的烟雾也含有毒素。

The WHO said harmful effects include impact on the ”respiratory system, cardiovascular system, oral activity and teeth.“

世界卫生组织称，它会对人的健康造成危害，包括损坏呼吸系统，心血管系统，口腔活动和牙齿等。

In addition to the dangers of lung cancer, data also suggest probable associations with oral, oesophageal, gastric, and urinary bladder cancer, as well as chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, stroke as well as other illnesses.

除了肺癌的危险，数据还表明吸食水烟的危害可能与口腔癌、食管癌、胃癌和膀胱癌，以及慢性支气管炎、心血管疾病、中风，以及其他疾病相关联。

Global tobacco companies are increasingly investing in the water pipe business, experts say, while little has been done to curb their use, despite a crackdown on cigarettes.

专家表示，全球的烟草公司正越来越多地投资于水烟行业，但是除了打击烟草行业以外，对于水烟的消费没有任何限制措施。

According to The Tobacco Atlas, ”water pipes fall into a less heavily or un-regulated group of tobacco products“ in most countries.

根据烟草图册介绍，水烟在大多数国家是不受严重监管或不监管的烟草产品。 ”There has been a gap for a while and now hopefully, with this global effort, they (tobacco regulators) are coming back to emphasise the importance of including the water pipe in all these policies and regulations on tobacco,“ Zaatari said.

“这个缺口已经存在一段时间了，希望通过全球的努力，他们(烟草监管者)能够强调将水烟纳入所有烟草政策和法规监管的重要性，”扎泰里说。

Brazil has taken measures to ban flavourings, while Turkey has extended warning labelling from cigarette packets to include the water pipe.

巴西已经采取措施禁止在水烟中加入香料，同时土耳其已将之前有关香烟烟盒上必须有警告标志的规定执行范围扩展至水烟领域。

And the ruler of the UAE emirate of Sharjah has banned the use of water pipes altogether, earning him an award this week from the WHO.

阿拉伯联合酋长国的沙迦酋长国国王已下令彻底禁止吸食水烟，世界卫生组织因此给他颁了一个奖。

Vocabulary

pathology：病理学

hose：软管

aroma：香味

oesophageal cancer：食道癌

urinary bladder cancer：膀胱癌

托福趣味阅读之麦兜的鱼丸粗面

McDull: Fish ball noodle, please.

麦兜：麻烦你，鱼丸粗面!

School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.

老板：没有粗面了。

McDull: Fish ball rice noodle then.

麦兜：这样啊……来一碗鱼丸河粉吧。

School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.

老板：没有鱼丸。

McDull: Chicken wing noodle then.

麦兜：这样啊……金钱肚粗面好了。

School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.

老板：没有粗面。

McDull: How about fish ball congee?

麦兜：那么要鱼丸油面吧。

School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.

老板：没有鱼丸。

McDull: Nothing left today? How about beef noodle?

麦兜：怎么样样都没了?那要个墨鱼丸粗面吧。

School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.

老板：没有粗面。

McDull: Again? Fried chicken wing with fish ball...

麦兜：又没啊?那麻烦来碗鱼丸金钱肚吧。

School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.

老板：没有鱼丸。

Darby: Hey, fish ball and noodle are both gone... You can't combine them with other things.

得巴：麦兜啊，鱼丸和粗面都卖光了，也就是所有的鱼丸或者粗面的搭配都没有了。

McDull: Can't combine them? A bowl of fish ball then.

麦兜：哦~没有那些搭配啊?那麻烦要净鱼丸吧。

School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.

老板：没有鱼丸。

McDull: A bowl of noodle?

麦兜：那么净粗面呢?

School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.

老板：没有粗面

篇3：托福阅读推理题3大解题思路实例讲解

1、一般对比推理

根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、时间对比推理

3、集合概念推理

一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。

解答托福阅读推理题需要注意的信息点

1.日期和数字。

2.关键词：表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

托福阅读考试练习题目解析:欧洲饮食演变

A卷

Passage 2

托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析

偏难

托福阅读考试大致内容

欧洲某时期diet的演变。讲穷人吃不起肉，只能吃beans等一些当季蔬菜，因为这些蔬菜在某些季节没有所以nutrients跟不上，因此得病，后来美国的营养价值高的potato来了，他们有了生存的食物，并且还替代了Grains.

托福阅读考试练习题目解析:恐龙灭绝原因

A卷

Passage 1

托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析

适中

托福阅读考试练习题目大致内容

生物：关于恐龙灭绝的原因。与TPO一篇有重叠内容，所以讲的知识点是比较熟悉的，就是因为Irodium的存在确定恐龙灭绝和陨石撞地球有关系。但文章内容主要讲的是其灭绝的主要原因以及论据。

托福阅读考试练习题目难点解析

托福阅读考试练习题目难点解析一：题型——注重解题方法

托福阅读10种题型，除最后的小结题外大都属于考查文章细节的题目。根据题干中的关键词定位是至关重要的一步，然后就是理解。此时如果托福词汇不足怎么办?事实上做阅读我们永远要牢记的就是找句子主干，考查的信息基本都在主干中体现了。

比如：

The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832]，hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.

这个句子较长，其中有which引导的定语从句，还有hunted… 这个状语，而解题时我们只需要句子的主干The deer were gone。多数同学在做题时有个习惯就是看到一句话后就开始逐词阅读，甚至试图把它翻译成中文，这可谓“兵家大忌”。

遇到一句话先抓主干，遇到整段记得扫描段落有无显眼的连词，举例信号词等，浏览每段的主题句。

再说一下小结题，大多数考生的切肤之痛。一是做到最后一题时时间已所剩无几，二是最后一题是对全文的主要内容的总结，相对复杂。

在课堂中，我一再向学生强调把握全文结构及大意的重要性，而如何去把握?

一是做题之前可大概浏览文章的标题及每段首句。作为学术性的阅读文章，首句基本都是主题句。尤其是总分结构的文章，虽然文章较难理解，但是文中明确提出了三种观点first，second，third… 那么此类文章小结题的选项太显而易见了。再者，文章的每段会对应出2-3道题，那么题目中对应的部分基本都是段落的核心所在。从这两点就可以很快了解文章的主要内容。所以在进行练习时，做题虽不可或缺，但还要注意多加练习快速阅读文章的能力。

托福阅读考试练习题目难点解析二：主题——增加背景知识

有部分学生反映做阅读时很难投入进去，有一点原因就是对于文章所述内容太过陌生，如果你对其略知一二，相信定会有所不同。比如有篇文章讲到化学元素周期表，对于高中生来说再熟悉不过了，阅读的时候半读半猜，估计也可以理解的八九不离十了。

若考试准备时间充足，可以多加涉猎，扩充自己的知识背景;若时间紧张，则需搞定TPO套题。根据文章记忆单词，并不是文章中出现的每一个“陌生的面孔”都要去熟悉，比如一些繁琐的专有名词跳过即可。主要记忆的当然是一些动词、名词及形容词，尤其是出现在句子主干中，与解题有关的词汇。

除了词汇，应学会分析题干及题目，比如题干中出现了effect，conclusion之类的词，其实已经界定了我们寻找的范围——段落靠后的部分，还有就是观点性和总结性的句子永远会是考察的重点所在。做题的时候学会分析原文和选项，进行对比，比如句子简化题，做一题需要看五个长句，似乎很花费时间，但并不需要每个句子都要细看，而是先明确原句的逻辑及主干，抓住选项中的关键点与原句进行比较。

篇4：托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例讲解

托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例讲解推断题正确解答案例分析

托福阅读因果关系词介绍

托福阅读中的因果关系词其实有两类，一个是表示原因的：as、since、thanks to、as result of、because of、owing to、result from、due to、on account of、by virtue of、in that、attribute to;另一个是表示结果的：as a consequence、thus、hence、so、as a result、result in、contribute to、lead to、cause、breed、trigger.

托福阅读推断题如何用因果关系来解题?

Paragraph 4: So, in another set of experiments, Kramer putidentical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. Theboxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same pointof the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could bechanged by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outerwalls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun,no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to thecorrect food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or theleft wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, thebirds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 aboutKramer’s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty?

A He believed the birds would eat food from only one box.

B He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds'ability to navigate toward the box with food.

C He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this woulddistract the birds from following their migratory route.

D He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food atany particular point of the compass.

首先，我们来明确一下推断的定义(infer, imply, indicate)，纵使它是推断题，也不是意味着这题是主观臆断，臆想或是联想得出的。这道题也是要通过提取题干中的关键词到文章中的明确位置，然后文中没有平铺直叙地告诉你答案，需要我们根据一些线索找到答案。

接下来我们来看一下这道题，题干中出现Kramer, filling one food box andleaving the rest empty定位在第四段第一句：with food in only one of the boxes，而解开这道题的重点就在于：reason。我们看到第一句话一开始说到，so, in another set of experiments，很明显，答案并不在这一段，而是上一段的最后。所以答案是B。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：A fertile plowed field...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds, whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.

词汇讲解：

fertile /'f??ta?l/ adj. (指土地)肥沃的, 富饶的;(指动植物)能结果实的, 能生育的;(指人的头脑)主意多的, 有创造力的

plow /plau/ v. 犁<地>，用犁耕<地>

compact /k?m'p?kt/ v. 将(某物)紧压在一起

coarse /k??s/ adj. 粗糙的;(指食物﹑ 酒等)低劣的, 粗劣的;不高雅的，粗俗的;

结构划分：

A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded (by a large variety of weeds), whereas a neighboring construction site (from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material) may remain virtually free of vegetation (for many months or even years) (despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.)

深度分析：

这个句子的主干部分是：

A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded whereas a neighboring construction site may remain virtually free of vegetation

whereas然而，表示对比，对比两种情况

修饰一：(by a large variety of weeds) ，介词短语

中文：被各种各样的杂草

修饰二：(from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material) ，从句，修饰a neighboring construction site

这个句子理解的难点应该就在这里了，这个从句把a neighboringconstruction site和may remain virtually free ofvegetation分开了，注意断句不要出问题。

中文：这里的土壤被紧压或移除过以至于露出母质层(不要去理解啥是parent material，学术名词)

修饰三：(for many months or even years) ，介词短语

中文：几个月偶然甚至是几年

修饰四：(despite receiving the same inputof seeds as the plowed field.) ，介词短语

中文：尽管得到了和这块翻耕地同样多的种子

参考翻译：

一块肥沃且被翻耕过的土地会被各种各样的杂草迅速入侵，然而一个邻近的建筑工地(这里的土壤被紧压或移除过以至于露出母质层)可能几个月甚至几年都几乎没有植被覆盖，尽管得到了和这块翻耕地同样多的种子。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species' death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems for a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.

The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time — a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, when approximately 95 percent of all species died, mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction.

One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth's orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species' survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.

1. The word it in line 3 refers to

(A) environment

(B) species

(D) 99 percent

2. The word ultimately in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) exceptionally

(B) dramatically

(D) unfortunately

3. What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earth's history

(A) They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms.

(B) They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.

(D) They are no longer in existence.

4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecological

change?

(A) Temperature changes

(B) Availability of food resources

(D) Competition among species

5. The word demise in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) change

(B) recovery

(D) death

6. Why is plankton mentioned in line 17?

(A) To demonstrate the interdependence of different species.

(B) To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction.

ocean.

(D) To point out that certain species could never become extinct.

7. According to paragraph 2, evidence from fossils suggests that

(A) Extinction of species has occurred from time to time throughout Earth's history.

(B) Extinctions on Earth have generally been massive

(D) Dinosaurs became extinct much earlier than scientists originally believed.

8. The word finding in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) published information

(B) research method

(D) scientific discovery

9. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory mentioned in Line 21-23?

(A) Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it.

(B) Evidence to support the theory has recently been found.

(D) Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate.

10. In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species' survival?

(A) It reflects the interrelationship of many species.

(B) It may depend on chance events.

(D) It is associated with astronomical conditions.

11. According to the passage , it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred

(A) 26 million years ago

(B) 65 million years ago

(D) 250 million years ago

PASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceability of British copyright law in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itself to subjects of high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors impatient for payment.

In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts, catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy. Chapbooks were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, cost-effective editions and sold cheaply.

By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of a given year, provided the perfect steady seller because their information pertained to the locale in which they would be used.

1. Which aspect of colonial printing does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Laws governing the printing industry.

(B) Competition among printers

(D) Advances in printing technology

2. According to the passage , why did colonial printers avoid major publishing projects?

(A) Few colonial printers owned printing machinery that was large enough to handle major

projects.

(B) There was inadequate shipping available in the colonies.

(D) Colonial printers did not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects.

3. Broadsides could be published with little risk to colonial printers because they

(A) required a small financial investment and sold quickly

(B) were in great demand in European markets

(D) generally dealt with topics of long-term interest to many colonists

4. The word they in line 17 refers to

(A) chapbooks

(B) tales

(D) pages

5. The word antecedent in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) predecessor

(B) format

(D) component

6. Chapbooks produced in colonial America were characterized by

(A) fine paper

(B) cardboard covers

(D) a large number of pages

7. The word appealing in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) dependable

(B) respectable

(D) attractive

8. What were steady sellers (line 23)?

(A) Printers whose incomes were quite large

(B) People who traveled from town to town selling Books and pamphlets

(D) Publications whose sales were usually consistent from year to year

9. The word locale in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(A) topic

(B) season

(D) place

10. All of the following are defined in the passage EXCEPT

(A) Broadsides (line 6)

(B) catechisms (line 15)

(D) Almanacs (line 25)

PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB

篇5：托福阅读推理题解题思路实战讲解

Paragraph 3: The ephemeral plants evade drought. Given a year of favorable precipitation, such plants will develop vigorously and produce large numbers of flowers and fruit. This replenishes the seed content of the desert soil. The seeds then lie dormant until the next wet year, when the desert blooms again. (TPO 26 Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions)

Paragraph 3 suggests that during a dry year ephemerals _____

A. produce even more seeds than in a wet year

B. do not sprout from their seeds

C. bloom much later than in a wet year

D. are more plentiful than perennials

解析：

答案：B

“suggest”表示是一道推理题，要推的是“干旱年的短生植物怎么样”，回到原段落，只能找到关于湿润年的信息，即最后一句：The seeds then lie dormant until the next wet year, when the desert blooms again. (直线表示主句的谓语动词，斜体或浪线表示从句的引导词，具体符号可以自己定)dormant表示休眠的，bloom表示开花。

句子翻译：短生植物种子的休眠状态会一直保持到下一个湿润年，那时沙漠再次开花。根据此句的意思作反向推理，就是“在干旱年时，短生植物种子是不发芽的”，正好对应到选项B(sprout表示发芽)。

错误答案：C

原因：当时的确也是看了最后一句，主要还是单词问题，不认识dormant和bloom，导致对句子理解有误。选项C的意思是“短生植物在干旱年开花的时间要比在湿润年时晚很多”，根据最后一句，这点是推不出来的。

其他生词：precipitation 表示降水量 vigorously表示强有力地;茁壮地 replenish表示补充。

托福阅读长难句100句：舞蹈动作

今天我们来看这样一个句子：

Fuller devised a type of dance that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore, which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms, sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes. (44, OG)

voluminous/v?'l?m?n?s/adj.(指衣物)用料多的, 宽松的, 肥大的;

drapery/'drep?ri/n.布料

wand/wɑnd/ n. 棍; 棒; 杖; (尤指小仙子或魔术师用的)魔杖

costume/'kɑstum/ n. 服装, 服装式样

Fuller devised a type of dance (that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore), (which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms), (sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes).

分析：

修饰一：(that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore)，从句，修饰dance，大家注意skirts or draperies (she wore)这里还有一个从句哦。

中文：专注于灯光的变换和她所穿宽松的裙子或布料颜色

修饰二：(which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms)，从句，修饰前面skirts or draperies，其实是keep skirts or draperies inconstant motion…

中文：她主要通过手臂的移动使裙子或布料保持连续的移动

修饰三：(sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes)，非谓语动词，修饰arms。主要这里with wands (concealed under her costumes)中concealed under her costumes修饰wands

中文：有时候手臂由于隐藏在衣服下面的手杖而变长

主干：括号外面的，Fullerdevised a type of dance

参考翻译：

Fuller设计了一种(专注于灯光的变换和她所穿宽松的裙子或布料颜色)的舞蹈，在舞蹈中，她主要通过手臂的移动使裙子或布料保持连续的移动，有时候手臂由于隐藏在衣服下面的手杖而变长。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句和非谓语动词，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

看明白之后，别只看一遍，给我看几十遍!!没事就拿出来欣赏欣赏，直到你想吐为止

读书百遍，其义自现，阅读最强技巧的就是阅读。

托福阅读长难句100句是不断积累而来的。每个人英语水平不一样，你觉得这个句子有点难，你就记录下来，然后反复阅读，当你平时看得都是这样长句子的时候，再回去看TPO中正常的句子，你就会发现怎么一个句子两行就结束了，因为你平时看得都是五六行的句子，豁然开朗。)

托福阅读长难句100句：舞蹈艺术

Her dancing also attracted the attention of French poets and painters of the period, for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake, a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit, and their efforts to synthesize form and content. (57, OG)

词汇：

appeal v.恳求，呼吁;(对某人)有吸引力~to sb; (使某人)感兴趣;上诉

for one’s sake为了…的缘故

synthesize/?s?nθ??sa?z/v. 合成，综合

内容：

Her dancing also attracted the attention (of French poets and painters) (of the period), (for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake, (a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit),and their efforts to synthesize form and content.)

分析：

修饰一：(of French poets and painters)，介词短语，修饰the attention。大家注意英文喜欢把修饰成分放在后面，这个很重要。

中文：法国诗人和花季。

修饰二：(of the period) ，介词短语，修饰French poets and painters，也是放在后面哦。

修饰三：(a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit)，同位语，用来解释说明前面的belief，这个同位语语放在这里分割了原句，大家断句的时候要注意。

中文：一个19世纪的思想：艺术本身比它所带来的道德或教育利益更有价值。

修饰四：(for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake , and their efforts to synthesize formand content.)，从句，表示原因，大家注意我把同位语去掉了(因为不重要)，这样更能看清重要内容。这里有一个并列结构，是一个A, B, and C结构，不知道大家在看的时候有没有看出来，A= their liking for mystery，B= their belief in art for art’ssake，C= their efforts to synthesize form and content，插入语解释B。

中文：因为它吸引了他们对于神秘的喜好、他们为艺术而艺术的信仰以及他们把形式和内容融合到一起所作的努力

主干：括号外面的，Her dancing also attracted the attention

参考翻译：

她的舞蹈还吸引了当时法国一些诗人和画家的注意，因为它吸引了他们对于神秘的喜好、他们为艺术而艺术的信仰(这是一个19世纪的思想：艺术本身比它所带来的道德或教育利益更有价值)以及他们把形式和内容融合到一起所作的努力。

托福阅读长难句100句：消失的化石

At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups. (52, TPO5)

词汇：

paleontologist /?pe?l??n?t?l?d ??st/ n. 古生物学家

descendant /d?'send(?)nt/ n. 子孙，后代

分析：

修饰一：(present in these fossil beds)，形容词短语，修饰animals，注意是放在后面哦

中文：存在于这些化石床中

修饰二：(that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period)，从句，修饰body forms

中文：出现在Cambrian时期早期，并在这个时期末期前消失

修饰三：(leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.)，非谓语动词修饰前面的主干

中文：在现代动物群组中没有留下后代

主干：most paleontologists now agree that，that后面整个宾语从句，从all到groups

参考翻译：

曾经，存在于这些化石床中的动物被分配到各种现代动物群组中，但现在大多数古生物学家都同意：所有Tommotian的化石代表了出现在Cambrian时期早期并在这个时期末期前消失独特的化石形式，在现代动物群组中没有留下后代。

篇6：托福阅读推理题解题思路

托福阅读之推理题备考方法

一、推理题的标志

推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。

二、推理题的做法

对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。

对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，建议考生可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。推理题主要有下列思路：

1. 一般对比推理

ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。

例如：

It should be obvious that cetaceans, whales, porpoises, and dolphins are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

B. There were great numbers of them.

C. They lived in the sea only.

D. They did not leave many fossil remains.

2. 时间对比推理

这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

例：

Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….

…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.

It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution

(A) families were larger.

(B) population statistics were unreliable.

(D) economic conditions were bad.

3.集合概念推理

集合概念推理也可以称之为百分比推断，它指的是在一个集合中，包含两个相对的方面，共同构成一个大的集合。一方所占的比例减少意味着另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味着另一方所占比例的减少。根据这一思路，可以由集合中一方的数量变化推断另一方的消减。

例：

A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….

By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.

What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?

(A) They value folk cultures.

(B) They have no social classes.

(D) They do not value individualism.

以上就是托福阅读推理题的做法，大家可以根据题干标志圈定托福阅读推理题的范围，然后运用本文中的技巧，一举搞定推理题!

托福阅读：浅谈推理题中的类比逻辑关系

很多同学最近一直和我抱怨，托福阅读中的推理题好难啊，很多题目的正确选项在文中都找不到，说好的忠于原文，说好的不用多想，不用为作者分忧解难呢?这时候我会偷笑，因为你们碰到的是细节题的升级版本—─推理题!我们平时在阅读教学中一直和同学强调，阅读要忠于原文，不要大开脑洞，所有答案均出现在原文中。唯独有一种题目即推理题，需要学生不仅在文中找到相关依据，还要根据这个依据走一步推理的过程，才能得出答案。

今天就想和大家分享一下阅读推理题中涉及到的一种逻辑推理关系 — 类比关系，此类逻辑关系一般出现在对比类的文段中。即文章中出现A,B两个比较对象， A与B有相同特征，于是我们可以根据A的特证来推断B也有相同的特征。举个例子：像小明一样，小红爱吃西瓜，于是乎我们可以从这句话里推断出不仅小红爱吃西瓜，小明也爱吃。接下去，我们就来看看这种逻辑关系在推理题中的应用。

Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.

What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?

A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.

B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.

C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.

D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.

这道题目，题干问我们根据第二段的内容我们可以对鲸鱼作出何种推断，于是乎我们根据解题技巧快速回到文中搜索定位词whales, 找到以下这句话 ”the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle.” 这句话告诉我们leatherback turtle更像爬行的whales, 虽然此句没有直接提到whales的特征，但我们可以根据刚刚提到的类比关系做一步逻辑推断啊。既然leatherback turtle很像whales, 那么leatherback turtle的特征也应该就是whales的特征，因此我们只要找到leatherback turtle的描述信息即可发现whales的特征。原文最后一句话提到， leatherback turtle会游到寒冷的南北海洋并且有特殊的处理冰水的能力。于是乎我们可以得出whales也有相同特征。答案对应B选项。

再来看一道稍难的题目吧

Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.

What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?

A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.

B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.

C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.

D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.

此题问我们，根据第四段我们可以对trumpeting of bull elk做出怎样的推断。根据关键词trumpeting of bull elk我们快速找到原文最后一个单词。既然是出现在文章的最后位置，那我们只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一个我们非常熟悉的逻辑关系—─类比关系。来看这句话 The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.这句话告诉我们buck rub发出的olfactory signal和trumpeting of bull elk发出的auditory signal有相同的社会作用。根据前文我们知道buck rub可以反映年长雄鹿在鹿群里的社会地位。于是乎我们便可以做进一步推理，即trumpeting of bull elk也应该有相似地功能。

我想，只要我们的同学能够熟练掌握这种逻辑推理方法，将来一定可以避免在做这类推理题时常常出现的无从下手的困境。

托福阅读：推断题的解题方法

你还在害怕做推断题吗?

调查：你认为哪种题目最难

托福阅读中的推断题一直是考生心理的阴影和恐惧，尤其是“推断”两个字，瞬间会让大家联想到柯南, 福尔摩斯之类带有悬疑色彩的东西。据对所带的学生进行的调查，提到哪种阅读题型最难做，将近50%的学生把票投给了推断题。

毋庸置疑，推断题一定有一定的难度所在，这点我们从托福考试官方指南(og)的改变上就可发现一些端倪。第三版og上，推断题的考查数量为0-2题，第四版og已经增加到1-3题，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可见一斑。

那么，我们改如何应对推断题呢?推断题真的像我们想象的这么难么?

今天我们一起来从考查形式上来解刨一下推断题。

题干特征：推断题的题干经常会出现infer,suggest,imply, indicate这类单词

考查形式主要分为两大类：对比推断和细节推断，而后者出现的几率更大。

考查形式一：对比推断

A时间对比：一般有两个形成对比的时间点，它们所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文会出现before1990的信息，而题目会问after 1990的信息?

解决方案：收集问题对应的时间点的信息，然后取反。

注意原文中出现的表示时间节点的词 before, after, not…until…

例题

The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817, during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830’s, whereas in 1810 only a seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.

○They were able to sell their produce at high prices.

○They had not been successful in raising cattle.

○They did not operate in a national market economy.

答案D

对应关键句：After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

B直接对比：两个或多个事物的特征——如原文会出现A的特点，然后会有B和A相比较的信息，然后题目问B的特点?

解决方案：收集题干所问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的全部信息(一般为上述的B)，然后在原文所描述的与之相关的信息(一般为上述的A)的基础之上取反。

注意原文中出现的表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas,on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等词。

例题

Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

○There were great numbers of them.

○They lived in the sea only.

○They did not leave many fossil remains.

答案A

对应关键句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

考查形式二：细节推断

考查细节判断，事物的特点，属性等。

解决方案：收集题干所提问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的所有信息。如果推断对象所涉及的信息比较多，难以抓到重点，则逐个选项进行定位筛选。

例题

Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?

○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.

○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

答案C

AThere it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.

BBy far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.

C At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

DOrdinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

综上所述，推断题并没有我们想象的那么晦涩。它仍然是关注细节层面的题目，主要考查考生收集和题目相关的信息和梳理这些信息的能力。我们需要做到：

1把题干提问的推断对象的信息收集完全，并理解到位。

2记住所看即所得，不要过分推断，不要脑补。

3任何文章中出现的信息都有可能考查推断，所以不要忽略任何一个细节。

篇7：托福阅读四大题型解题思路讲解

托福阅读四大题型解题思路讲解

新托福阅读题目和旧托福考试相比，有一定改变。并从ETS公布的样题来看，新托福考试阅读中有两类题目不再出现：(1)主旨题。因为新托福阅读文章都带有标题，所以原来几乎每篇文章都会出现的全文主旨题不再出现。(2)行数对应题。新托福阅读文章不再像旧托福文章一样标注行号，所以行数对应题目自然就消失了。另外，旧托福考试中对应文章某处词汇并举的简单排除题在样题中没有出现，但是我们不能确定在正式的考题中是否会出现这一类题型。

按照ETS对样题的解释，阅读部分的题目类型包括fact, inference, insert text, not/except, pronoun reference, rhetorical purpose, vocabulary, sentence simplification, prose summary, schematic table十类。其中，文本插入(insert text)、句子简化(sentence simplification)、文章小结(prose summary)和示意表格(schematic table)这四类题是旧托福中没有的。

A、文本插入：在原文某段落中标记四个位置，要求考生选择最为合适的位置插入题目所给出的一个句子。这类题目实际上在旧托福的机考中已经存在，其主要目的是考察考生对段落结构的掌握和语言连贯性的知识，对于考生来说难度不大。

B、句子简化：在原文中高亮标记一个句子，要求考生从四个选项中选择能够简要表达此句子核心信息的描述。这类题型考察考生对句子的分析和理解能力，以及多样化表达的能力，要求考生能准确理解句子的含义，并能区分核心信息、边缘信息及无关信息。

C、文章小结：题目根据文章内容给出一个概述性的句子，要求考生从6个选项中选择3个表达文章重要观点的概述性句子，从而完成对文章整体内容的概括和小结。这类题目要求考生对文章结构和框架性内容把握准确，并能有效区分文章核心信息和非核心的细节信息。

D、示意表格：题目要求考生对选项内容按照文章的表述进行分类，根据文章的内容把选项填入对应的分类表格中。从样题来看，考生需要从7个选项中选择5个选项进行分类。这类题目主要考察考生对细节内容的掌握，需要考生准确理解文章所涉及到的重要细节。

在这几类题目中，文章小结和示意表格都是多项选择题目，按照ETS的解释，这两类题目的原始分值为2分或3分，而其他类型的题目分值为1分

四种新题考查目的清晰，考查的是考生对文章内涵的理解能力和整体结构的把握能力及对细节的敏锐程度。”ETS在本次网上测试中公布的新托福全真试题的确变化较大，出现了一些新题型，听力和语法部分的考查形式改动也较多。但是，这些新题型只是相对现行托福而言，其实题目早见过，不过是借鉴了美国其他一些考试而已。“

另外，阅读由五篇文章改成三篇文章，时间由55分钟变为60分钟，也是新托福的显着变化之一。考生先前传闻阅读部分难度增加了，每篇文章的长度增加了近50%，出现了几种新题型，考生的认识也不无道理。

重要观点题为多项选择题,答案不定项，而句子入位题实际上在美国的CAT(计算机适应性考试)中早就出现了,要求考生快速了解文章的结构，提炼中心思想。句子解释题就细节而言，是让考生解释文章中某句话的内涵，有些考生误把它当作是翻译就大错特错了。这种题在美国SAT考试(相当于国内的高考) 中很普遍，只要多练习，难度也不大。

托福技巧：托福阅读长难句如何巧妙攻破?

很多考生在准备托福考试的时候，总会发现部分托福考试中的句子远远超出了自己的能力范围。这就是我们所说的托福阅读长难句，托福长难句在考试中最直接的运用就是考察插入句子题和解释句子题，下面，新东方网托福频道就为大家介绍攻克托福阅读长难句的四种逻辑关系。

1.因果关系

因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with

果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly

因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。

隐性因果：

A 导致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

如：The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.

在这段话中，有lead to，表示了导致的意思，即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。

B 由…而来(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to

如：“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.”

在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。

C 反映，体现(果-因)：reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show This result demonstrates that…

D 考虑到：given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.

E 依赖于：rely on, depend on, resort to, He resorted to books when he had problems.

F 条件关系：when, once, as soon as, as long as As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.

G 分词短语，不定式做状语：Failing in the final exam, she cried.

2.对比转折关系

A 对比：while, whereas, on the other hand

在解释句子题、插入句子题中，一旦出现对比关系，学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构，on the other hand前必定有on one hand，可以用来把握句间关系。

B 转折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

转折是托福阅读的一个经典考点之一，掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。

3.比较关系

A 同级比较 as…as

B 比较级：more…than, -er than, less…than

C 变化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D 差异：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to E 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over F 最高级 1)本身有最高级含义：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top 2) 本身程度比较深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high 3) 否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him.

从这句话中可以看出，否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。

4.否定关系

显性否定：no, not, never, nor, none neither 隐形否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of 否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un- 否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点，把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词，依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。

双重否定：not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable 双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式，由于在平时中文对话中用的很少，随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。

托福技巧：如何提高托福阅读速度?

我们对一个句子的理解，有很多种解释。通常人们看到一个句子，会首先确定单词。这个时间很快，快到我们反映不过来，不过语言学家们已经证实有这个过程。确定单词后，大脑会反应单词的意思。最先反应的是经常用到的意思。比如The old manthe boat. 这里，眼睛定位单词后，大脑迅速把old man认为是一个名词组。当我们接着看，感觉不对，才会回头去分析这个句子。

这个理论告诉我们，你大脑中的高频词，直接影响你对句子的理解。应用到托福阅读考试中，各位需要把各个学科的高频词多看一下，比如生物的光合作用、新陈代谢，地理的地壳、_X岩石之类的。对各种名词片语、动词片语进行修饰的形容词，副词。说起来很多，其实各位有坚持做老托真题和新托的黄金23篇，可以发现这些词语重复率很高。

另外，人对句子的理解是线性的。语言能力越差的(比如小孩子)，只能理解句子的越前面，造成理解错误。(此理论仅限英语。中文不行，其他各种语言本人水平有限，不知道)从小孩子的实验来看，3到5岁的小孩理解句子只能记住前面部分。比如：Put the frog on the red paper in the box.小孩子会把青蛙放到红纸上。这里可以看到，他们阅读的时候把句子意思理解错了，没有看完。但是，非常有趣的现象是，这句话我们说给小孩子听的时候，100%的小孩子都做出了正确的选择 - 即把红纸上的青蛙装到了盒子里。

语言学给出了我们解释，影响人们认知句子的，还有语音。根据这个实验，再结合平时我自己的情况，我推出了一个有理论依据的猜测：阅读时候习惯读出声来的，会让你对句子的理解偏靠语音!从而让你对直接托福阅读句子的能力下降!很多人肯定喜欢边阅读边读，感觉这样可以加深理解。我同意，但是，如果你花了30分钟在阅和读上，那至少再花30分钟在阅上!不能让读的时间超过你看的时间。

就像我以前一样，喜欢边看边读，结果习惯了，看文章的时候，眼睛已经定位一个比较长的词语，很熟悉很熟悉，但是语音还没读到那个单词上，我的思维就卡住了，直到我读出了那个单词，我才知道这个单词的意思。这里可以看到，我已经对语音很依赖了!这个现象非常危险。

朗读的速度太慢了，浪费时间。而且ETS给出的文章中有大量故意制造的难句，就像刚才的例子：The old man the boat，肯定要导致你回头重读。你的时间是不够的。

其实我们提高托福阅读速度的前提是在理解了文章的整体含义的基础上的，所以天道小编提醒考生，如果能够在阅读的时候从更多的角度切入准备，就会不知不觉中提高阅读速度和理解的质量了。

篇8：托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：推理题和预测题

托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：推理题和预测题

推理题

托福听力推理题是让考生根据所听内容进行推理从而选出答案的题型。常见的提问方式包括：

What does the woman imply about the new medical research?

What can we infer from the professor’s comment on the New England system?

在做题时，考生首先需要仔细读清楚选项。因为推理题的答案一般不会在录音材料中给出，而是需要考生对材料内容进行进一步引申，得出更深层次的内容。所以，考生往往只有在读完选项之后才能知道答案对应的内容。同时，推理题虽然考查的是录音材料的细节之处，但是其考查内容还是围绕着全文主题展开的。因此在做题时，考生如果实在不知道选哪一个，那么就可以去选和全文主题最接近的选项，这样的选项大多数都是正确的。

预测题

预测题是对长对话或讲座结束后将会发生何种事情的猜测的考查。这种目有一个鲜明特征，就是在题干中经常会出现will这个表示将来时态的助动词。预测题常见的提问方式有以下几种：

What will the man do after the conversation?

What will the student include in his assignment?

What kind of assignment will the professor give?

考生在解答预测题时首先要注意，预测题有一个十分常见的情况，就是它的答案一般都出现在一篇录音材料的结尾。同时，预测题的答案在出现时一般都是由讲话人使用一个提出建议的句子来给出。因此，考生只要在文章结尾听到提出建议的句子，一定要将其中所提出的建议记下来，这往往就是预测题的答案。表示建议的常见句型：How about…/What about…/Why not…/Why don’t you…/Would you mind…/Would you please…/I have a suggestion for you./You need to…/You should…/You’d better…

托福听力练习：膝关节响声或为患者康复提供帮助

The sound of a cracking knee isn't particularly pleasant.

But it gets worse when you listen up close.

”It does for most people. But for me, it just makes me excited.“

Omer Inan, an electrical engineer at Georgia Tech.

”I actually feel like there's some real information in them that can be exploited for the purposes of helping people with rehab.“

Inan's experience with cracking knees goes back to his days as an undergrad at Stanford, where he threw discus.

”If I had a really hard workout, then the next day of course I'd be sore, but I'd also sometimes feel this catching or popping or creaking every now and then in my knee.“

A few years later, he found himself building tiny microphones at a high-end audio company.

So when he got to Georgia Tech and heard the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, wanted better tech for knee injuries, he thought:

Why not strap tiny microphones to people's knees, to eavesdrop as their legs bend? ”

What we think it is, is the cartilage and bone rubbing against each other, the surfaces inside the knee rubbing against each other, during the movements.“

He and a team of physiologists and engineers built a prototype with stretchy athletic tape and a few tiny Mics and skin sensors.

And preliminary tests on athletes suggest the squishy sounds the device picks up are more erratic, and more irregular, in an injured knee than in a healthy one.

Which Inan says might allow patients and doctors to track healing after surgery.

Details appear in the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

”The primary application we're targeting at first is to give people a decision aid during rehabilitation, following an acute knee injury, to help them understand when they can perform particular activities, and when they can move to different intensities of particular activities.“

A useful thing to take a crack at.

膝盖裂开的声音肯定不是令人特别愉悦。

但是你靠近听时，声音就会更刺耳。

“很多人都是这样的感觉，但对我而言，这种声音只会让我更为兴奋。”

佐治亚州理工学院的一名电气工程师奥默尔•伊恩楠说道。

“实际上我认为这些声音中包含的一些的信息可以为患者所用并且有助于他们康复。”

伊恩楠的膝盖创伤经历要追溯到他在斯坦福大学的学生时代，他就是在那里开始讨论这项实验。

“我要是刻苦进行训练，第二天膝盖就会非常痛，但有时我也会感觉膝盖发出咯吱咯吱的声响。

而几年后他在一家高端音频公司制造了微型麦克风。

因此当伊恩楠来到佐治亚州理工学院并听说到DARPA，即美国国防部高级研究计划局的这项工程后，他希望能研发更先进的技术来治疗膝伤，于是他想:

“为什么不把微型麦克风植入人体膝盖记录下膝盖弯曲发出的声音呢?”

我们认为发出声音是因为软骨和骨头相互摩擦所致，而运动的过程中，膝盖内部这两者的表面会相互摩擦。

他和他的生物学家及工程师小组用弹性透气胶带、一些微型麦克风及皮肤传感器建立了一个原型。

而对运动员的初步测试表明，同健康膝盖相比，受伤膝盖中所侦测到的声音更加不稳定，也更无规律可循。

伊恩楠表示这项技术可能会让病人及医生手在术后进行追踪治疗。

这项研究已在《IEEE生物医学工程》杂志上发表。

“我们进行这个项目的主要目标人群是患者的膝盖受到严重创伤后，首先要让他们知道，在康复期间何时可以进行特殊活动及何时可以增加强度。

这种追踪会非常有用。

1.listen up 听好了

例句:All right! I need everybody to listen up!

好了!大家都听好了!

2.each other 互相，彼此

例句:They support each other in their work.

他们在工作中互相支持。

3.move to 移动到

例句:It may also be a good move to suggest she talks things over.

建议她把事情谈开了也许是不错的做法。

4.appear in 出现在

例句:New programmes will appear in the fall on television.

秋季将有新节目在电视上出现。

2020托福听力练习：改善室内空气质量的绿色方案

Air pollution outside is easy to spot, hanging over the city, or sputtering from a tailpipe. But there's lot of indoor air pollution, too, even if it's not as obvious. It's caused by volatile organic compounds, or VOCs.

”They can come from building materials like paints, carpet, adhesives, vinyl floors, varnishes, solvents, etc.“ Vadoud Niri, an analytical chemist at the State University of New York, Oswego. ”And also they can come from home and personal care products, cleaning chemicals, air freshener, cosmetics.“

And that cosmetics part... is what caught Niri's attention. ”One day when I went to a nail salon with my wife, I noticed the smell of, specifically, acetone in there. And since I was doing air analysis at that time, I thought maybe we can do something about this.“ Acetone can irritate your eyes, skin, nose and throat and at high concentrations can cause nausea, headaches and other nervous system problems.

Niri figured one way to get rid of acetone might be with houseplants. So he reviewed decades of literature in the field of plants as environmental cleanup agents—which is called biofiltration or phytoremediation. He then ran his own experiment, using an airtight chamber, eight VOCs, in concentrations similar to those found in nail salons, and five common houseplants: a jade plant, a spider plant, a bromeliad, a Caribbean tree cactus, and what's known as a Dracaena plant.

Turns out, after a twelve-hour test, it was the bromeliad that scrubbed the most chemicals from the air. But as for his original quest, removing acetone from nail salons? The Dracaena beat out the others, sucking up 94 percent of the offensive compound. He presented the results at a meeting of the American Chemical Society, in Philadelphia.

Niri hasn't worked out all the details on the nail salon solution yet—that's next. But for a house or apartment, he says, ”use a variety of plants to make sure you take all types of VOCs from your indoor air.“ Plus, they're an energy-free alternative to other air cleaning devices. In other words, a truly green solution.

室外空气污染很容易看出来，污染物悬浮在城市上方，或者从排气管溅射出来。但是，虽然并不明显，但是室内也存在大量的空气污染。室内空气污染的源头是挥发性有机化合物(简称为VOCs)。

“它们可能来自油漆、地毯、粘合剂、地板革、清漆、溶剂等等建筑材料。”瓦杜德·尼里是纽约州立大学奥斯威戈分校的分析化学师。“它们也可能来自家居和个人保健产品、清洁剂、空气清新剂、化妆品。”

这其中，化妆品中的挥发物质吸引了尼里的注意力。“有一天，我和妻子一起去美甲沙龙，在那里我闻到了丙酮的味道。因为当时我正在进行空气分析，所以我想或许我们可以做这方面的研究。”丙酮可以刺激人的眼睛、皮肤、鼻子还有咽喉，高浓度的丙酮可以引发恶心、头痛以及其他神经系统问题。

尼里发现室内盆栽植物可以去除丙酮。所以，他浏览了数十年来有关植物净化空气的相关文献，这种方法被称为生物过滤或植物修复。然后，尼里自己进行了实验测试，他在一个密封的房间里放了8种挥发性有机化合物，其浓度与指甲沙龙内的浓度相似，另外他还放了5种常见的室内盆栽植物：一盆玉植物、一盆吊兰、一盆凤梨、一盆加勒比仙人掌和一盆龙血树属植物。

十二个小时的测试结果表明，凤梨最能吸收空气中的有毒气体。但是，至于最初的疑问，去除美甲沙龙里的丙酮?在这个问题上，龙血树是最厉害的，它吸收了94%的有害物质。尼里在费城举行的美国化学学会上发表了自己的研究结果。

尼里并没有完全解决美甲沙龙的问题。但是尼里表示，对于房屋或者公寓来说，“可以用多种植物来吸收室内空气中的各种挥发性有机化合物。”而且，这种方法是可以替代其他空气清洁设备的零能源方法。换言之，这是真正的绿色解决方案。

重点讲解：

1. get rid of 摆脱;甩掉;赶走;

例句：We have to get rid of the mud and dirt on the road.

我们必须把路上的烂泥和脏物除去。

2. beat out 打败;击败;战胜;

例句：Indianapolis beat out nearly 100 other cities as the site for a huge United Airlines maintenance center.

印第安纳波利斯从近百座城市中胜出，成为美国联合航空公司大型维护中心所在地。

3. work out 想出，得到(解决方法);解(谜);

例句：She finds it difficult to work out the problem.

她发现解决这问题有困难。

4. in other words 换言之;换句话说;也就是说;

例句：In other words, our forces, although small at present, will grow very rapidly.

这就是说，现在虽只有一点小小的力量，但是它的发展会是很快的。

篇9：托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分析

托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分析句子简化题做法介绍

托福阅读句子简化题怎么做?

托福阅读的句子简化题要求考生快速地把文章段落中打上阴影的一个长难句简化成一个意思不变的同义句。解答句子简化题其实有一个规律，那就是：原句的核心信息在正确选项中一定被同义改写了，但是句子中的重要的逻辑关系是不会变的。知道这个规律，解开这道题就变得简单了。

托福阅读句子简化题解题技巧实例讲解

下面，我们来看官方真题Official3Desertification这篇文章的句子简化题：

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from thegreat difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

A Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects largeareas of land and great numbers of people.

B Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread overlarge areas of land.

C The spread of deserts is considered a very seriousproblem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countriesare involved in the effort.

D Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless thepopulation is reduced in the vast areas affected.

很多托福考生在做句子简化题时，习惯性地把待简化的句子翻译成中文，那样做其实不仅慢，而且很容易乱。

正确的做法是：

1.找出句子的主谓宾，也就是谁做了什么，然后关注句子的逻辑关系。例题的主语是：seriousness of desertification，逻辑关系词是表示原因的：result from，所以我们可以优先看有表示原因的选项，他们中若有正确答案，那么剩下的选项就无需过问了。这样做不仅快，而且效率高。我们不难发现：A选项中有because;B选项中有because of;所以我们先看这两个选项。

2.我们还发现原因用as well as相连，说明是两个原因，一个是影响land和people，一个是reverse和slowthe process很难。A选项正确表达了句意，而B选项把原文中并列的两个原因变成了因果关系，很明显是错的。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Successin colonization...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Successin colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization ---- a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established.

结构划分：

Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization ---- (a safe site) (where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level) (at which the invading species can become established.)

深度分析：

这个句子的主干就是：

Success in colonization depends (to a great extent) on there being a site (available for colonization)

注意depend on被短语to a great extent(很大程度)隔开了，断句不要出现问题，后面还有一个放在后面的形容词短语(available for colonization)修饰a site

修饰一：(a safe site) ，同位语，解说说明前面的a site

中文：一个安全的地点

修饰二：(where disturbance by fire or bycutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level) ，从句

这个从句有点复杂：

where disturbance (by fire or by cutting down of trees) has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level

(by fire or by cutting down oftrees)，介词修饰放在后面disturbance

注意这里有一个并列结构，either or

either removed competing species

or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level

中文：在那里由于焚烧或伐木要么移除了竞争物种，要么减低了竞争水平和其它负面的物种间相互影响的水平

修饰三：(at which the invading species can become established.) ，从句

中文：入侵物种能够定居下来。

参考翻译：

成功的移居很大程度上依赖于有一个可用的移居的地点，即一个安全的地点，在那里由于焚烧或伐木要么移除了竞争物种，要么把物种间的竞争和其他负面的物种间相互影响减少到让入侵物种能够定居下来。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Many prehistorians believe...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival.

结构划分：

Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged dependently (in several different areas of the world) (when small communities, (driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources), began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival).

深度分析：

这个句子的主干是：

Many prehistorians believe that从句

从句中的主干是：

farming may have emerged dependently

修饰一：(in several different areas of the world)，介词短语

中文：在世界几个不同地区

修饰二：(driven by increasing population and a decline inavailable food resources)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词修饰small communities

中文：迫于人口不断增长和可用食物资源减

修饰三：(when small communities began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival)，从句

请大家注意此处的断句问题。

从句的主谓被非谓语给隔开了。就是它：

(driven by increasing population and a decline inavailable food resources)

中文：当一些小的群落开始在地里种植种子去努力保证他们生存时

参考翻译：

许多史前学家认为：当一些小的群落迫于人口不断增长和可用食物资源减少压力，开始在地里种植种子去努力保证他们生存时，农业可能在世界几个不同地区就独立出现了。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Chinese papermakers...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chineseand the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking - in which cellulosepulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets - slowly spread westward.

词汇讲解：

cellulose /'selj?l??z/ n. 纤维素

pulp /p?lp/ n. 果肉;纸浆

extract /?k'str?kt/ vt. 取出，拔出;压出, 榨出(汁液等);选录，摘录

suspend /s?'spend/ vt. 悬挂或吊起某物;使(某物)悬浮;使(某事物)暂停

screen n. (筛煤﹑ 砾石等的)筛子

flexible /'fl?ks?bl/ adj. 易弯曲的，柔韧的，有弹性的

结构划分：

It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners (capturedin a battle)(fought near Samarqand)(between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751), and the technique of papermaking - (in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets) - slowly spread westward.

深度分析：

这个句子的主干是：

It has been said that + 从句

从句的主干是：

Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners and the technique of papermaking slowly spread westward

修饰一：(captured in a battle)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词，修饰the prisoners

中文：在战争中被俘

修饰二：(fought near Samarqand)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词，修饰battle

中文：在撒马尔罕附近

修饰三：(between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751)，介词短语

中文：在751年，在中国和穆斯林之间

修饰四：(in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of severalplants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets)，从句，修饰the technique of papermaking

注意：从句里面还有一个非谓语动词修饰cellulosepulp

cellulose pulp (extracted from any ofseveral plants) is first suspended in water

中文：首先从几颗植物中提取纤维素纸浆悬浮在水中，在精致的筛子上过滤，然后烘干成有韧性的纸张

参考翻译：

据说在751年，在中国和穆斯林之间，在撒马尔罕附近的一场战役中，中国的造纸匠被虏成为囚犯，这样造纸术(首先从几颗植物中提取纤维素纸浆悬浮在水中，在精致的筛子上过滤，然后烘干成有韧性的纸张)才缓慢向西方传播。

篇10：托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解之推理题和预测题

托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：推理题和预测题

推理题

托福听力推理题是让考生根据所听内容进行推理从而选出答案的题型。常见的提问方式包括：

What does the woman imply about the new medical research?

What can we infer from the professor’s comment on the New England system?

预测题

What will the man do after the conversation?

What will the student include in his assignment?

What kind of assignment will the professor give?

托福听力：文化背景之荷马史诗

“荷马史诗”包括《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》两部长诗，被认为是古希腊最伟大的作品，也是欧洲文学中最古老、最杰出的叙事诗。相传史诗的作者是古希腊盲诗人荷马。他生于爱奥尼亚(今土耳其西海岸)，生存年代约是公元前8世纪的后半叶。

《伊利亚特》共24卷，15693行，记载了希腊联军攻陷特洛伊城的战争，而主要描述战争最后一年的一个事件，着重描绘了希腊英雄阿基里斯的的伟大形象。

相传在古希腊的弗提亚地方，有个叫珀琉斯的国王举行婚礼。他邀请了奥林匹斯山上的众神出席，却把专管争吵的女神厄里斯给忘记了。厄里斯便挑起是非，偷偷把一个写着“送给最美丽的女神”的金苹果放在了婚礼宴席上。参加喜宴的天后赫拉、智慧女神雅典娜、爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂(即罗马神话中的维纳斯)都认为自己是美丽的，应该得到这个金苹果，于是争吵起来。天神宙斯无法，只得让她们去特洛伊，让特洛伊王子帕里斯判定金苹果该给谁。当3位女神见到帕里斯后，都争着向他许愿：赫拉愿给他权力和财宝;雅典娜愿给他胜利和智慧;阿芙罗狄蒂愿让他挑选世界上最美丽的女子为妻。结果，帕里斯把金苹果判给了阿芙罗狄蒂。阿芙罗狄蒂便与帕里斯约定帮他得到世界第一美女。

大约在公元前12世纪，希腊半岛上建立了许多小王国，斯巴达是其中的一个。一天，斯巴达王宫来了两位尊贵的客人，他就是特洛伊国王普里阿摩斯和他的二儿子帕里斯。特洛伊是小亚细亚半岛(今土耳其)上的一个小王国。斯巴达国王米雷劳斯以隆重的礼节欢迎两位贵宾，连年轻的王后海伦也亲自出来接待。海伦是当时全希腊最美丽的女人。帕里斯禁不住看了她两眼，顿时动心。海伦见了这位英俊的王子，也感到满心欢喜。

当晚，趁斯巴达国王外出的时候，帕里斯在阿芙罗狄蒂的帮助下，拐走了海伦，乘船逃回特洛伊。

蒙受奇耻大辱的斯巴达国王，立刻找到他的哥哥、另一个小国迈锡尼的国王阿加米农商量，决定向全希腊各王国求助。于是，以阿加米农为统帅，组织了10万希腊联系，乘坐1013艘战船，越过爱琴海攻打特洛伊城。战争进行了10年之久，希腊世界的英雄们纷纷登场出战。其中主将阿基里斯骁勇善战，伊萨卡岛的国王奥德修斯留下美丽的妻子皮娜洛普和刚出生的儿子特勒马卡斯，也加入了希腊联军。

《伊利亚特》正是从战争的第10年初开始描写的。这个时候，战争已僵持不下，而希腊联军内部也发生了矛盾。当时，希腊联军的统帅阿加米农夺走了主将阿基里斯心爱的女俘虏布里塞斯，屡建奇功的阿基里斯恼怒万分而拒绝出战，使希腊联军陷入困境，阿加米农、奥德修斯等将领都受了伤。而特洛伊王国主将、太子赫克托在宙斯和阿波罗的鼓动下，反倒向希腊联军营寨发起了进攻，企图烧毁希腊人的战船，情况万分危急。这时，阿基里斯把自己的盔甲和盾牌送给好友帕特洛克拉穿上，让他出阵应战。特洛伊人以为是希腊英雄阿基里斯本人出战了，纷纷不战而退。精明的赫克托仔细观察发现，穿阿基里斯盔甲的那个希腊将领，并不是阿基里斯本人，便出其不意地冲上前，把帕特洛克拉杀死。

悲痛欲绝的阿基里斯，再也按捺不住了，决定与阿加米农和好，重新参战，要与赫克托决战。阿基里斯身先士卒，冲锋陷阵，把特洛伊军队打得大败，并亲手杀死了赫克托。双方分别为帕特洛克拉和赫克托举行了隆重的葬礼，并约定双方休战12天。《伊利亚特》写到此就结束了。

根据其他一些文献记载，战争继续进行。据说，特洛伊军队发誓要报仇，但要杀死阿基里斯是很困难的。传说在阿基里斯出生后，被母亲提着脚跟浸在冥河水中，所以他全身刀枪不入，只有脚跟因被母亲握着没有被冥河水浸过，所以留下一个致命弱点。帕里斯知道了阿基里斯的这个弱点，从远处用暗箭射中他的脚跟，杀死了英雄阿基里斯。因此，直到现在，欧洲人还把“致命伤”叫做“阿基里斯的脚跟”。之后，帕里斯也被希腊弓箭手射死。

最后，足智多谋的奥德修斯献出了“木马计”，米阿加米农所采纳。希腊军队佯败，弃一匹巨大的木马而逃。特洛伊人被骗，把“战利品”——木马拖进城里。当晚，藏在木马腹内的20名希腊士兵杀出，打开城门，里应外合，特洛伊立刻被攻陷，遭到大肆杀掠和大火，全城被毁。老国王和大多数男人被杀死，妇女和儿童被出卖为奴，海伦又被带回希腊，持续10年之久的战争终于结束。

3000多年过去了，“木马计”的故事却一直在全世界流传着。

《奥德赛》(意指奥德修斯之歌)、共24卷、12110行。叙述特洛伊战争后，希腊英雄、伊萨卡岛国王奥德修斯在海上漂流10年，经历种.种艰险，最后回到家乡与家人团聚的故事。

希腊联军在特洛伊城内大肆屠杀和掠夺后，回国途中触怒了天神。天神掀起了一阵大风暴，大多数战船沉没了，剩下的少数人，由奥德修斯带领，在大海上漂泊。他和同伴最初是往北航行，结果遇到土人袭击，接着转向西航行，不幸又遭遇大风暴，被吹到北非岸边的食莲人的国度。在那里，有几个奥德修斯的属下吃了食莲人吃的一种甜果，沉醉在甜味中而不愿再回家乡。奥德修斯便带领其余的人回船后继续向北航行，不久来到了独眼巨人族的领地。独眼巨人波吕斐摩斯(海神波塞冬的儿子)非常残忍，把奥德修斯和他带上岸的12名属下关进岩洞里，每天吃掉2个人。奥德修斯用酒灌醉巨人，削尖一根巨大的木杆，用火烤热后，和4名同伴一起捅瞎了巨人的独眼，得以逃生。

南下的奥德修斯一行人漂到了风神所在的岛。风神送给他们一只风袋，西风送他们一行往东平安地通过西西里岛和意大利半岛之间的墨西拿海峡驶入爱奥尼亚海。当他们举目可见家乡的海岸时，一直认为风袋里装有财宝的几个同伴，趁奥德修斯睡觉时，打开了风袋，结果吹起逆风，又把他们吹回风神岛。风神认为奥德修斯违逆众神的意志，把他们一行赶出岛外。

他们又漂流海上，来到据说可能位于撒丁岛和科西嘉岛之间的一个小岛，却遭到了食人族的攻击，几个同伴被吃掉。奥德修斯率其余同伴登上唯一未遭破坏的船逃回海上，漂到女巫塞西居住的艾艾伊岛。由副将欧吕洛卡斯率22人先登岛侦察。一座石造的宫殿吸引了他们。其实这就是塞西的宫殿。除欧吕卡洛斯外，大家都进入宫殿，并痛快地大吃乳酪、糖蜜、大麦和葡萄酒掺杂魔法药草的饮料，结果大伙都变成了猪。欧吕卡洛斯飞身返回船上向奥德修斯报告。奥德修斯立刻前往塞西的宫殿。他在途中遇到传令神赫美斯化身的英俊青年，获得一株可战胜魔法的魔力草，使自己免遭变猪，并用刀逼塞西恢复了同伴的原形。之后，奥德修斯在岛上停留了一年，还与塞西生下一子特勒格诺斯。

在同伴的一致要求下，奥德修斯告别塞西继续航行，在经过海妖塞壬的岛时，奥德修斯用塞西教的方法用蜡将同伴们的耳朵都封起来，再把自己绑在船桅上，这样他们才没被塞壬的甜蜜歌声引诱而断送性命。

他们在经过一个海峡时，又被女魔西拉抓走6个同伴。大家拼命划桨才脱离了险境，随后来到太阳神赫利俄斯居住的特里那基耶岛。由于粮食耗尽，几个同伴趁奥德修斯睡着之际偷杀了太阳神养的神牛。愤怒的太阳神请求天神宙斯惩罚。宙斯放出雷电击碎了他们的船，所有人都沉入海底，只剩下奥德修斯一人漂流到了仙女克吕普索的岛上，被她强留住了7年。

因女神雅典娜的请求，天神宙斯赦免了奥德修斯。奥德修斯乘坐木筏，终于回到已阔别的家乡伊萨卡岛。

话又说回去，当特洛伊战争结束后，奥德修斯的妻子皮娜洛普一直不见丈夫回来，有传闻他已死在异域。奥德修斯不在家时，先后有100多人聚集他家，向他漂亮的妻子求婚，并终日设宴消耗他家的财产。皮娜洛普拒绝了所有求婚者，她坚信丈夫会回来的。

奥德修斯回到自己的国家后，雅典娜女神把他变成一个流浪汉，在一个养猪人家同儿子特勒马卡斯见面。一身流浪汉打扮的奥德修斯来到宫殿，只有他的爱犬阿果斯认出昔日的主人，但高声大叫后却断了气。奥德修斯在儿子和仆人的帮助下把前来求婚的贵族恶少全部杀死，终于和妻子拥抱团聚，重新做了国王。

《荷马史诗》内容曲折离奇，语言瑰丽多彩，是古希腊艺术史上的一颗明珠。

世人了解欧洲文明的起源，总是从了解古希腊文明开始的。因为希腊人开启了西方哲学、科学、艺术、文学和历史。古希腊曾经光耀世界。但是，在1870年以前，历史学家根据当时掌握的史料，只能将希腊的历史追溯到公元前7-8世纪。尽管家喻户晓的“荷马史诗”描述了希腊史前的故事，但学者们认为，盲诗人荷马的史诗，最初是许多民间行吟歌手的集体口头创作，因而不能当作历史，只能视为神话传说。

然而，3000多年之后，一个叫海因里希·施里曼的德国商人，就是凭着《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的指点，在小亚细亚西北端等地获得了惊人的发现——挖掘出湮没3000多年的特洛伊古城等大量历史遗迹，于是得出震惊世界的结论：“荷马史诗”就是一部希腊史前文明史，把古希腊文明史向前推进了8-10个世纪。《奥德赛》这部几乎完全与海洋有关的叙事长诗，可以说是以地中海为舞台，根据当时海上交通非常繁盛的历史事实写成，绝非凭空杜撰的产物。在它的背后，还反映出希腊人海上交易和腓尼基人活动的情景。《奥德赛》主要舞台的地中海中部和东部海域的海底今天仍然长眠着许多古代的商船和古物。

特洛伊的繁盛并非单单依赖贸易往来，从出土的许多纺缍车可以推知，纺织品的生产才是其繁荣的重要原因。这就使特洛伊成为了同样以生产纺织品为主的迈锡尼的一个强劲竞争对手。特洛伊战争或许就是为了争夺纺织品交易霸权而引起的。

施里曼创造性的发掘所取得的辉煌成就，使他成为了现代考古学的开拓者。

托福听力：重点词汇之各国银行

阿比国民银行 Abbey National 英国

巴克莱银行 Barclays Bank PLC. 英国

巴黎国民银行 Banque Nationale de Paris 法国

巴西银行 Banco Do Brasil 巴西

大和银行 Daiwa Bank 日本

大通曼哈顿银行 Chase Manhattan Bank 美国

德累斯顿银行 Dresdner Bank 德国

德意志银行 Deutsche Bank 德国

第一劝业银行 Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank 日本

第一洲际银行 First Interstate Bancorp 美国

东海银行 Tokai Bank 日本

东京银行 Bank of Tokyo 日本

都灵圣保罗银行 Istituto Bancario SanPaolo Di Torino 意大利

多伦多自治领银行 Toronto-Dominion Bank 加拿大

富士银行 Fuji Bank 日本

国民劳动银行 Banca Nazionale del Lavoro 意大利

国民西敏寺银行 National Westminster Bank PLC. 英国

荷兰农业合作社中央银行 Cooperatieve Centrale Raifferssen-Boerenleenbank 荷兰

荷兰通用银行 Algemene Bank Nederland 荷兰

花旗银行 Citibank 美国

汉华实业银行 Manufacturers Hanover Corp. 美国

汇丰银行 Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corp. 香港

加拿大帝国商业银行 Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce 加拿大

加拿大皇家银行 Royal Bank of Canada 加拿大

劳埃德银行 Lloyds Bank PLC. 英国

里昂信贷银行 Credit Lyonnais 法国

伦巴省储蓄银行 Cassa Di Risparmio Delle Provincie Lombarde 意大利

梅隆国民银行 Mellon National Corp. 美国

美洲银行(全称”美洲银行国民信托储蓄会“) Bank America Corp( ”Bank of America National Trust and Savings Associations“) 美国

米兰银行 Midland Bank 英国

摩根保证信托银行 Morgan Guaranty Trust Corp. of New York 美国纽约化学银行 Chemical New York Corp. 美国

纽约银行家信托公司 Bankers Trust New York Corp. 美国

农业信贷国民银行 de Caisse Nationale Credit Agricole 法国

日本兴业银行 Industrial Bank of Japan 日本

瑞士联合银行 Union Bank of Switzerland 瑞士

瑞士信贷银行 Credit Suisse 瑞士

瑞士银行公司 Swiss Bank Corp. 瑞士

三和银行 Sanwa Bank 日本

三井银行 Mitsui Bank 日本

三菱银行 Mitsubishi Bank 日本

太平洋安全银行 Security Pacific Corp 美国

西德意志地方银行 Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale 德国

西太平洋银行公司 Westpac Banking Corp. 澳大利亚

西亚那银行 Monte Dei Paschi Di Siena 意大利

意大利商业银行 Banca Commerciale Italiana 意大利

意大利信贷银行 Credito Italiano 意大利

芝加哥第一国民银行 First Chicago Corp. 美国

中国银行 Bank of China 中国

住友信托银行 Sumitomo Trust &Banking 日本

篇11：托福阅读paraphrase题型解题思路技巧实例分析

托福阅读paraphrase题型解题思路技巧实例分析

托福阅读中的paraphrase问题如何应对?

在托福阅读中，还有一类题型经常出现，那就是paraphrase。

这类问题需要大家在给出的选项选择与文章中的长难句意义相近的一句话。

这类问题还是有一定难度的，因为选项中存在一些干扰项。

那么这类问题有哪些解题技巧呢?

Strategies to answer this question：

1. 划分句子主谓宾，充分理解句子意思;

2. 将句子大意用自己的话复述一遍，简化句子成分;

3. 看问题选项中有没有跟刚复述的句子意义相似的句子;

4. 选出正确答案后，看一下其他错误选项。这些错误选项有的意思跟原文不同，有的漏掉了原文中的重要内容。找出这些错误，确保万无一失。

Example:

大家先来看一个例子：

Rather than sell the painting, which is most likely worth millions of dollars, the Jesuits decided to make it available to the nation of Ireland for viewing. Thus, the painting is on “indefinite loan” to the National Gallery of Ireland. Nevertheless, the painting continues its travels as it features in exhibitions around the world, from the United States to Amsterdam.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence?

a. The National Gallery of Ireland now owns the painting.

b. The National Gallery of Ireland bought the painting from the Jesuits.

c. The National Gallery of Ireland can display the painting, but the Jesuits still own it.

d. The National Gallery of Ireland can display the painting as long as they allow it to travel.

想要回答正确，就要准确理解文中indefinite loan的意思。”Loan”可以理解为an object is being lent，那么这句话的意思就很明白了。尽管爱尔兰国家画廊展出了这幅画，但他的所有者仍是Jesuits。

这样就可以排除A项跟B项。D项应改为：while the gallery can display the painting—this is not contingent upon it traveling.

托福考试阅读长难句解析指导

Scientists try to document as many past El Nino events as possible by piecing together bits of historical evidence, such as sea-surface temperature records, daily observations of atmospheric pressure and rainfall, fisheries’ records from South America, and the writings of Spanish colonists dating back to thefifteenth century. ( TPO43, 48)

piece v.拼凑，组装

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

Scientists try to document as many past El Nino events as possible (by piecing together bits of historical evidence),(such as sea-surface temperature records, daily observations of atmospheric pressure and rainfall, fisheries’ records from South America, and the writings of Spanish colonists) (dating back to the fifteenth century). (TPO43,48)

托福阅读长难句分析：

这个句子的主干是：

Scientists try to document as many past El Nino events as possible

修饰一：(by piecing together bits of historical evidence) ，介词短语

中文：通过拼凑很多小的历史证据

修饰二：(such as sea-surface temperature records, daily observations of atmospheric pressure and rainfall, fisheries’ records from South America, and the writings of Spanish colonists) ，介词短语

中文：例如海面温度记录、气压和降水的日常观察，南美洲渔业记录以及西班牙殖民者的作品。

修饰三：(dating back to the fifteenth century)，非谓语动词

中文：追溯到15世纪

托福阅读长难句参考翻译：

科学家们通过拼凑很多小的历史证据，来试图尽可能多地记录过去的厄尔尼诺现象，例如海面温度记录、气压和降水的日常观察，南美洲渔业记录，以及追溯到15世纪的西班牙殖民者的作品。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是非谓语动词和介词，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福考试阅读长难句解析指导

29. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. (TPO 6 William Smith)

托福阅读长难句句子分析

本句的主句是it became clear，而as引导的则是时间状语从句，表示“随着……”。主句中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面两个that引导的名词性从句，也就是主语从句，它们也是本句理解的重点所在。

托福阅读词汇精记

strata表示“地层”，它的单数形式是stratum。

sequences of rocks指的是“岩层顺序”。

catalog也可拼作catalogue(英式拼法)，作动词时，表示“把……编目分类”, 比如：He catalogued all the insects in his collection. 他把所收集到的昆虫编目分类。catalog也可以作名词，表示“商品目录或购物指南”。

differ from sth. to sth.，表示“从……到……不同”，可以借鉴到写作中，比如：The attitude toward shopping online differs from person to person. 对于网上购物，不同的人有着不同的态度。

托福阅读长难句参考译文

但是，随着越来越多的地方出现日益增多的地层分类，清晰的事实表明：有时岩层顺序是因地区不同而发生变化，全世界还没有一种岩层能成为可靠的地质年代的标志。

托福考试阅读长难句解析

Their competition and collaboration werecreating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with theintroduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s.

记忆单词：

competition n.比赛

competitor n.参赛者

competent adj.有能力的

competence n.能力

collaboration n.合作

collaborate v.合作

commercial adj.商业的

commodity n.商品

理解句子：

此句结构清晰，划线部分为分词作状语。

篇12：托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析和解题思路

托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析和解题思路

托福阅读烧脑推理题要这么做

托福阅读推理题解题思路分析

从题型构成上来看，托福阅读10大题型中的推理题其实很像是细节题，似乎都是需要考生返回原文来寻找具体信息并加以解题的。而这两种题型的不同之处在于细节题能够在原文中找到对应选项的细节，最多进行一些简单的表述形式变化，但含义却保持一致，可以说相对简单。

而推理题则需要大家在找到原文的基础上再做进一步的逻辑推理分析，正确选项代表的含义要靠大家自己思索出来，无法在原文中直接找到对应内容。换句话说，大家需要根据文中的相关依据再往前做简单推理才能得出答案。大家不要小看这一步推理的过程，很多同学偏偏就是不知道该怎么去进一步思考推理。

做好推理题需要类比逻辑思维

既然提到了逻辑思维分析推理，接下来小编就来为大家介绍一下托福推理题中比较常用的类比逻辑思维方式。这种思维模式很简单，也就是文章中提到两个事物，互为比较对象，而这两个事物具有一些相同的特点特征，因此可以根据A事物具有的特征来推理出B事物也具备相同的特征。

举个简单的例子，像小刘一样，小王也喜欢养猫。那么从这句话里，我们就可以通过类比思维来推断出，小刘喜欢养猫。大家是不是觉得这也太容易了，不要小看这种推理思维，下面给大家两道来自托福官方真题中的阅读逻辑题做参考分析。

推理类比思维解题技巧实例讲解

实例1

When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.

What can be inferred about whales from this paragraph?

A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.

B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.

C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.

D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.

思路分析

先来看一道简单一点的逻辑题，这段文字讲了某种海龟的特点，其中提到了鲸鱼，问题就是能够从这段文字中推理出什么和鲸鱼有关的信息。根据infer这个关键词，可以看出这是一道较为明显的逻辑推理题。

这段文字一共就两句话，第一句话就类似上面举的简单例子里的“像小刘一样”的这个部分，直接把类比双方海龟和鲸鱼提了出来。然后第二句话则说明了海龟具体具有的特点。那么根据类比逻辑，鲸鱼应该具有的也是第二句话中的这个特点，接下来大家只要从选项里找到和第二句话内容相近的部分就可以了，也就是海龟具有的应对寒冷的独特能力鲸鱼也有，所以选B。

实例2

What can be inferred from this paragraph about the trumpeting of bull elk?

A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.

B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.

C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.

D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.

思路分析

接下来再来看这道更有难度的推理题，这道题目的类比逻辑结构和上面正好相反，先说了A事物的一个特点，然后再说B事物也有类似特点。对应到原文中应该就是文章的最后一句给出的提示，也就是buck rub散发出的olfactory signal和bull elk trumpeting发出的auditory signal有相同的作用。那么接下来大家就要去找出buck rub的olfactory signal有什么功效然后和选项对照一下就能得出正确答案了。

具体到文章里，buck rub的作用就是sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species和indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity，而trumpeting by bull elk应该也具备类似功效，也就是选项A了。

总结以上两个例子可以看出，托福阅读中的逻辑题虽然需要考生进行自主思考，但这种推理思考的难度其实也并不算高，大家不用想得太多太复杂，只需要稍稍进行简单的逻辑推理自然就能找到正确答案了。小编希望大家能够通过上面的例子了解应对托福阅读逻辑题的正确和实用思路，更好地解答阅读逻辑题拿到考试高分。

托福阅读考试中的推理题——教你一招搞定推理题

官方对推理题的定义

首先，大家要正视官方OG(Official Guide)对推理题的定义：“对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述信息的识别和理解”。这里面我们要重点看两个细节，一是“强烈暗示”，二是“未明确表述”。

第一，“强烈暗示”，即原文中给定的信息与正确答案的信息紧密相连，而并不会出现需要太多太大脑洞的地方。首先就是我们要认真阅读题目中限定的段落(基本上会以某一段为主，而且题目明显给出“According to Paragraph 1”这样的字样)，并在脑海里迅速生成段落的结构逻辑，即哪句是主旨(Topic Sentence)，哪句是细节(Details)，哪句是证据(Evidence)，有没有分论点(Minor Ideas)等。并在此基础上，将文章内容与各个选项中的信息匹配。而“匹配”也很重要，如果文章内没涉及相关信息的，得推个五重六重才能得出的答案必然不会是我们的正确答案。而且这是ETS常常挖的一个坑，就看你愿不愿意一往无前地跳进去了。所以划重点：托福中的推理题最多只要往前推一步就足够了，要时刻牢记得托福只是一个语言类考试。

第二，“未明确表述”，即正确选项应该是文章中没有明确给出我们完全一样的表述，但理论上应该是正确的内容。这就有一个迷思了。很多刷题不够多的同学会想当然地以为推理题必然要往前推那么一大步，类似细节题正确选项的内容(即同义改写)就常常放弃了。而如果你做过超过十套TPO并认真分析你遇到的所有推理题，你就会发现，当出题者想降低出题难度的时候，把推理题的正确答案设置为paraphrase原文某个内容的选项就是一个很普遍的选择。因而，推理题并不会因为“没有推理”而排除任何选项。相反，恭喜你，你只是遇到了一道难度略低的推理题。

一种推理题的解题思路:Contrast

Contrast(或是Comparison)的地方是ETS钟爱的出推理题的地方。其实，某种程度上而言，这就是让我们去学习一种很好的思考方式，或者是逻辑论证方式。笔者相信，你的写作老师一定会跟你讲过，有的写作题目的个别论点的处理是可以通过对比来实现的。

如果你之前是在国内读高中，而且不是国际学校，那么你的确有可能对这种逻辑思维方式觉得似乎没有那么熟悉。非也，非也。现在让我们来回顾一个场景。

场景回顾：如果你是一个理科生(或者有化学、生物课的文科生)，回想一下你的化学和生物课上做的实验，老师有没有做过这样的对比试验：

实验1：现在我们开始实验演示。溶液A和溶液B放入相同的溶液，两个溶液都是透明无色的，没有气泡。现在我们将一块白色无味放入溶液A中，观察实验现象。我们发现，与B溶液对照，A溶液中开始慢慢出现的气泡。

实验2：现在我们开始实验演示。溶液A和溶液B放入相同的溶液，两个溶液都是透明无色的，没有气泡。现在我们将一块白色无味放入溶液A中，观察实验现象。我们发现，与B溶液对照，A溶液中开始慢慢变成红色。

我们再画个表格看一下。

溶液A

溶液B

实验前

无色无味

实验1

出现气泡

实验2

变成红色

如果这是在化学课，且AB溶液是对比实验，我们会在上面表格的空白处填出什么内容?实验1：没有出现气泡;实验2：没有变成红色。对吗。

好了，如果你能填出上面的正确内容，说明你已经掌握了一种行之有效的托福阅读推理题的解题思路!

什么，你不相信?请看题目(来源：TPO)：

Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

There were great numbers of them.

They lived in the sea only.

They did not leave many fossil remains.

猜一下正确答案是什么?没有错，答案就是A。

为什么呢?请注意原文中说“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds(seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and atsea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.”重点信息是“unlike thecases of sea otters…., it is not easy to envision….whale...”，“不像sea otter的情况，对于鲸鱼而言，是很难想象最初的鲸鱼是什么样子的。

不够清晰?我们再来画一个表格。

cases

sea otter

whale

envision

not easy

有没有发觉很熟悉!是不是跟刚刚的化学实验一模一样!所以请告诉我，空白处应该填什么?“easy”，对吗?好的，这时候我们再来看一下选项A说了什么?“It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.”

“not difficult”是不是就等同于我们填入的“easy”!所以这么一道绕来绕去的题目我们就搞定啦。正确答案就是A选项。

有没有发觉get到了一个很高大上的技能!快来新东方的托福阅读课堂，收获更多推理题神技哦～

3个方面全方位解读托福阅读推论题，你懂了吗?

托福阅读推论题的类型和解法

托福阅读推论题都是按照托福阅读文章信息来把隐含意的题目推出，可划分成共性推理题和无共性推理题。有共性推理题是题干里包含了与原文内容相同的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位推理;无共性的推理题就是题干中无线索。

托福阅读推论题的解题难点

推论题目有难度，但并不如同词汇题或者事实信息题，考生在解题时一般只是需要定位到原文基本上就看到了正确选项。但是推论题就算是能够定位到原文，考生们同样是不能找到任何可以直接选择的证据。因此题目难在思维处理过程，考生在思维处理时一定要把握好“度”，不可以出现思维局限，在文章中挖掘深层含义的力度不够或是出现过分的“思维扩展”，推测出超出原文内涵的选项。在思维局限时，考生可能会倾向于选择直接来源于原文的信息，这种信息是常见的解题障碍;思维扩展太多则会加入自己的常识，并不利于解题，往往会答错。

托福阅读推论题的选项特征

通过专业考试分析表示此类题型的正确选项是利用定位句综合提取出的的信息，该类信息一般是不会被原文直接用字面意思表达出来，通常是很含蓄、概括的;错误选项通常包含有3种情况：第一种是没有直接原文依据的内容;第二种是原文中明显提到的内容;第三种则是无关选项，可能是其他位置出现的信息。

上面通过三个不同方面对托福阅读推论题进行详细的解读，希望通过上文能够对各位考生有一定的帮助

篇13：托福阅读修辞目的题解题思路实例讲解

托福阅读修辞目的题介绍

修辞目的题是常见于托福阅读部分的一种题型，这里的“修辞”并不是考查修辞方法，而是涉及相应段落在文章中的作用，如：总结，回答问题，反驳，解释说明等。而“目的”则是考查对文章展开形式的把握，是否了解到文章的结构为：观点+细节。

一般来说，题干长这样：“why does author mention ”注意这里的why不是定位文中的because来找答案，而是应采取这样一种思维即：题干作为一个细节，其存在的价值是为了支撑前面出现的观点，所以答案在题干细节出现的位置前面去找，也就是找到观点 (注意避开其他同样支撑观点的细节)

篇14：托福阅读修辞目的题解题思路实例讲解

实例1：

The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.

1. Why does the author mention that Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight?

A.To show that air resistance and water resistance work differently from each other.

B.To argue that some fishes are better designed than airplanes are.

C.To provide evidence that airplane engine have studied the design of fish bodies.

D.To demonstrate a similarity in design between certain fishes and airplanes.

本题中的利用题干中的landing gear很好定位，答案在此信息之前，文章作者用airplane来举例说明landing gear的功能，它受到这个的启发来自于fin are tucked into the grooves ordepressions(鱼鳍藏于侧身凹槽而不会破坏其本身的流线型题型)。而CD选项都提到了design, 但是C提到了airplane engine，这一概念文中并未提及，所以是错误的，正确答案是D项。

实例2：

Paragraph 6: But neither the human imitativeinstinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems tobe a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of thiscondition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficientdetachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather thanas serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition thatcontributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of theaesthetic sense.

2. Why does the author mention “comedy”?

A. To give an example of early types of theater.

B. To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfare.

C. To help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theater.

D. To show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society.

本题中的comedy虽为一个小词，看似不起眼，但是它所存在的句子，句首为for example，这就构成了明显的举例关系，所以答案还是在前面找这个例子所证明的观点。第一句中的neither直接否定了两个观点，后面出现的therefore带起的句子是个过渡，第三句中才给出了detached view这一观点，因此看A项中没有detached相关的内容，排除，B项提到了welfare，无关信息，排除。C和D提到了detach但是D项中的other members没有提到。故，选C。

托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练：Estimates indicate that...

托福阅读长难句实例

Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

句子分析

本句逗号比较多，容易使人看不清主要意思。本句中的but unfortunately引起前后两句的转折关系，在前半句中，indicate that引导的宾语从句，表达观点。在后半句中，核心意思是rates of addition of the aquifer are minimal，而其前面under the semiarid climatic conditions这个介词短语后有that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的conditions，最后amounting to(相当于)是现在分词作状语，对核心意思进行补充说明。

单词回顾

本句有一些地质学的词汇，比如：aquifer 蓄水层，semiarid 半干旱的，rates of addition 补水的速率。另外，请注意rate除了有“比率”的意思，还可以作动词，表示“评估，评价”，比如：This is rated as a five-star hotel. 这家酒店被评为五星级。She doesn’t rate herself very highly. 她自视不高。最后，amount to表示“相当于”，比如：a cargo amounting to 2,000 tons 共计2,000吨货物。

句子翻译

我们可以这样翻译：“据估计，奥加拉拉蓄水层含有足够的水来填满休伦湖。但不幸的是，在目前处于该地区的半干旱气候的影响下，该蓄水层的补水率极低，总计每年大概半厘米左右。”

托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练：According to conventional...

托福阅读长难句实例

According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.

句子分析

这句话来自于官方真题Official 18的第二篇文章“The Mystery of Yawning”，是很多同学读到普遍觉得比较难懂的句子哦!首先，我们要找到句子的中心点，即主干的谓语动词，本句有两个并列的谓语动词：分别是takes place和serves。其次，本句的难点之一在于：through deeper breathing是一个插入语，造成理解干扰，其实可以先跳过不读，直接把该插入语前后的内容连起来，就是by reversing the drop in blood oxygen levels，其后that are caused by... 引导的定语从句，修饰前面的blood oxygen levels。最后，本句的另一个难点则是：在这个定语从句里面，又镶嵌了另一个定语从句：that accompanies... 引导的定语从句，修饰前面的breathing。

单词回顾

从词汇上看，conventional表示“常规的;符合习俗的”，比如：conventional weapons 常规武器。yawn指的是“打哈欠”。alertness作名词，指的是“警觉;机敏”。reverse作动词，表示“使逆转;倒退”，比如：The damage done to the ozone layer may be reversed. 对臭氧层造成的破坏可以被逆转。shallow表示“浅的”，比如：a shallow analysis of the contemporary society 对当今社会浅显的分析。accompany作动词，表示“伴随;伴奏”，比如：Lightning usually accompanies thunder. 闪电通常伴有雷声。The singer was accompanied at the piano by his pupil. 演唱者由他的学生担任钢琴伴奏。

句子翻译

最后，一起来读下这句话的翻译吧，“根据传统理论，当人们觉得无聊或者困倦时会打哈欠。睡眠不足或者感觉无聊会引起浅呼吸，而浅呼吸会引起血液中含氧量减少，打哈欠可以通过深呼吸来逆转这种血液含氧量的减少，进而起到提高人体警觉的作用。”

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Wild life zoologist...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that “since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer ( mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period”.

词汇讲解：

biotic /ba?'?t?k/ adj. 关于生命的，生物的

fluctuate /'fl?kt??e?t/ v. 涨落，波动

approximately /?'prɑks?m?tli/ adv. 大约

yield /ji?ld/ v. 生产，产生;屈服，让步

结构划分：

Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), (in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time), says that (“since the early 1940s, ) the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, (the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), ) (which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period”.)

深度分析：

修饰一：(in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time)，插入语，其中还有两个介词(in Washington) (through recorded time)

中文：回顾在华盛顿有记录的时间内生物变化的特性

修饰二：(since the early 1940s) ，介词短语

中文：自从20世纪40年代早期

修饰三：(the winter population fluctuatingaround approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer)) ，大家能看懂这个修饰即可。其实这里有一个独立主格结构，嗯，好吧，不知道也能看懂的。

中文：冬季鹿群的数量在大约32万只鹿(杂交鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波动

修饰四：(which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period".)，从句，修饰winter population，其中for an indefinite period表示不定期

中文：这些鹿群每年将会不定期繁殖出各个年龄段的公鹿和母鹿各大约6.5万只

主干：Wild lifezoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953) says that，后面接宾语从句

参考翻译：

野生动物学家Hulmut Buechner(1953)在回顾华盛顿有记录的时间内生物变化的特性之后说道：“从20世纪40年代早期，华盛顿州拥有鹿的数量比以历史任何时期都多，冬季鹿群的数量在大约32万只鹿(杂交鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波动，这些鹿群每年将会不定期繁殖出各个年龄段的公鹿和母鹿各大约6.5万只”。

篇15：GRE数学冷门题型解题思路实例讲解

1. 直接求解题

题目形式为题干之后直接加上一个空格框要求考生填入答案。要求考生根据题目条件直接计算答案，而不能从已有选项中排除。这意味着对于考生解题思路的要求更高了，对于有些比较复杂的题目如果采取这种形式，考生将无法从选项中获得提示。同时，许多考生在面对较为复杂繁琐计算需求的题目时经常采用的代入解题法也无法适用。可以说是实打实考验考生理解和计算能力的题目，没有任何取巧走捷径的余地。

实例分析

The average(arithmetic- mean)of the 11 numbers in a list is 14. If the average of 9 of the numbers in the list is 9，what is the average of the other 2 numbers?

题目翻译

11个数的算术平均数是14。若其中9个数的算术平均数为9，则剩下的2个数的平均数是多少?

题目解析

本题考察的是考生对算术平均值这一概念的认识。如果N个数的算术平均是X，则这N个数之和为NX。只要掌握了这一点对于那些考察算术平均值的题目就应该迎刃而解了。虽然没有了选项可供考生参考，但大家只要熟悉这些基本数学概念和计算方法，自行算出正确答案其实并不困难。

2. 不定项选择题

不定项选择题的出题形式类似一般选择题，但选项数量不固定，正确答案也非唯一，而是要求考生把所有符合题意的答案都选出来。这种题目最大的难点在于容易遗漏可能正确的答案。由于选项并非唯一解，因此考生需要充分考虑各种可能的情况，计算出所有符合题目要求和条件的正确答案。不过，由于GRE数学本身考察的数学知识并没有变难，所以这种题型仅仅是增加了考生思维的复杂性，并要求考生更加细心。比起单纯计算一个固定答案来说，这种题目更需要考生充分考虑所有情况后再给出正确答案。

实例分析

In triangle ABC，the measure of angle A is 25 and the measure of angle B is greater than 90. Which of the following could be the measure of angle C?

Indicate all possible values.

A. 12 B. 15C. 45 D. 50 E.70

题目解析

本题考察的是三角形的基本性质：内角和等于180度。由题意可知角A角B之和大于115度，由此可以得出A、B、C、D为正确答案。

3. 错误判断题

判断题其实在GRE数学中出现频率并不高，但每次出场总会带走不少人的分数。它的出题形式是给出题干，并要求考生判断几个条件的正确性。一般来说会要求考生判断某一等式或某一命题的对与错。判断题从解题形式和要求上来说比较类似GMAT考试数学部分数据充分DS题的概念，需要考生根据逻辑分析进行一定的推理并做出判断，可以说已经不是单纯的数学计算题了。Must be true/false/could be true of false的表达方式对于考生的理解存在一定误导性。这也是此类题目最大的难点所在。

实例分析

The symbol ? represents one of the four operations- of addition, subtractio，multiplica-tion and division，and 3 ? 1 = 3.

For each of the following equations，indicate whether the equation must be true，must be false，or could be either true or false.

Equation

6 ? 2 = 3

6 ? 2 = 4

6 ? 2 = 12

Must Be True

Must Be False

Could Be True or False

Click on your choices.

题目解析

GRE中出现的非常规数学符号可以看成ETS自己定义的一种运算。本题中，符号“?”代表的是加减乘除四种四则运算中的某一种，而且3?1=3，由这些已知条件可以推出?可以是乘，也可以是除。接下来就考察考生对于must be true、could be true这类逻辑判断语言的理解了。Must be true意为必然正确;Could be true意为可以正确，即存在正确的可能。

因此第一个等式6?2=3在?代表除时正确，但在?代表加、减、乘时错误，因此第一式应为could be true or false有可能对也可能错;第二个等式6?2=4不论?代表乘或除都不正确，因此第二式应为must be false一定错误;第三个等式6?2=12在?代表乘时正确，但在?代表加、减、除时错误，因此第三式同第一式一样，也是有可能对也有可能错。

总而言之，GRE数学虽然在基本的概念和计算上对中国考生无法构成威胁，但许多冷门题型的独特出题形式还是很容易让缺乏认识的考生意外出错的。小编希望大家在备考中能够更多地了解各类题型的特点，掌握好应对的解题思路，避免因为遭遇没见过的题型而扣分。

GRE数学复习的重点

对于GRE数学试题常见词语的记忆

即便是再简单的数学题目，如果看不懂题意，还是照样不会做。这个主要体现在很长的应用题上面，而几乎每年都会出现这一类纯粹是考理解的题目，题目本身的数学知识极其简单，关键是需要考生能够把题目抽象成数学模型。鉴于市面上数学资料本身就不多，在这里还是推荐一下陈向东的那本数学辅导书，里面的附录里面有数学常见词语的总结，考前多看一下就没有问题了。当然网络上面的资料也有很多，找一些关于词语的总结方面的东西背一下也就没有问题了。

新GRE数学复习须细心

就个人的经验来说，对于GRE数学部分出错的题目，有90%以上是因为粗心造成的，剩下的10%才是因为其他原因诸如看不懂题意或者题意理解错误导致的。总会在数学题目里面设有很多陷阱，做的时候要很小心，尤其是对于前15个题目，因为都有一个无法比较的选项，所以尤其要小心。还有一个经典的陷阱是题目给出的图形是否是按照比例，即是否有” draw to scale”的字样，这样的陷阱也考过了很多次。做题的时候不要光求快，如果有时间的话适当检查一下就会好很多。我个人比较推荐数学在15-20分钟之内做完，然后检查1-2遍，当然前提是你没有跨区的打算。

GRE数学考试前准备事项重点：

(1)GRE数学草考纸的使用：使用草稿纸时，不要随意乱打草稿，要写清题号并顺序将草稿过程写下来，这样很有利于之后的逐题检查，35分钟的考试时间最少留下5分钟来检查。检查时只需要看一眼题干后检查自己的推导的演算过程即可，非常高效。不要把草稿纸写得乱七八糟。

(2)做题细心永不过分：细心细心再细心。要看清楚问的是什么(全年/每月，个人/总体，多多少/少多少等等)，要全方位想清楚，代入数据尝试的时候从中间选项开始。

GRE数学难点：读懂题目

举例说明：

Of the positive integers that are multiples of 30 and are less than or equal to 360, what fraction are multiples of 12?

其实呢，如果没有这个倒装，应该没有任何问题：What fraction of the positive intergers that are multiples of 30 and are less than or equal to 360 are multiples of 12?主要就是一个阅读的问题：A占B的几分之几用英文解释是：what fraction of B are A 。因此，这个问题就归结于阅读问题，而这个阅读的问题不在于单词，而在于这么一点：不仅仅是单词，一些数学里面很“口语”化的内容用英文怎么表达?

提供一种解决的方法：在题目里面遇到了这样的说法，自己翻译出来，然后再用同样的语言来造句和自己出题给自己做。

比如，遇到了fraction这个结构以后，自己给自己出个题目：of the positive integers that are less than or equal to 100, what fraction are prime numbers? (自己数一下好了)

以下一些“口语化”的数学语言，希望同学们自己完成练习：

A和B成比例

A和B相似(几何)

A打了八折

A的5次方

A的倒数的完全平方的绝对值

还有一种情况也可以归为单词认识但是不会做的情况，这个情况可以认识是GRE数学题生造定义，必须慢慢熟悉他们的说法。

比如最经典的题型就是10里面有多少个1/4的题目，说白了是数数题，但也能让人为之一愣。

再比如：In country A , a person is born every 3 seconds and a person dies every 20 seconds. Therefore, the birth and death rates account for a population growth rate of one person every___ seconds。

这个题目就属于生造概念：一般来说出生率是以秒为单位，而这个题目以人为单位：每出生一个人需要多少秒。正常点都不会这么干，但是在英语里确实能遇到这样的问题：实际上也就是把分子分母颠倒了而已。

所以，针对这种情况，我们可以设想：凡是有多少多少单位每秒，每小时的，都可以倒过来练习一下，并且千万要坚信自己，这个题目一定没有想象中的难，只不过是颠倒了，或者绕了一下而已。

GRE数学如何获得高分

例如，我们来看一个题目：(数值比较题)The vertices of an equilateral triangle are on a circle.

The length of a side of the triangle The diameter of the circle

在拿到题目的时候就应该在脑海中形成这样一个图像：一个等边三角形内接在一个圆里面。那么所有的数值都可以算出来，先不要看题目，我们心算出圆的半径和等边三角形的一个边的关系：1：√3，其他关系，比如三角形和圆面积的关系也可以都算出来，这时候再来看题目的两个题肢：三角形一个边的边长，和圆的直径(注意是直径不是半径)，他们的比值就是√3：2，也就是1.732: 2 (这些基本的数值要知道)那么很显然就是选B。

总之，在读题干的时候，预读和预知题肢内容的这一个步骤是很重要的，可以大大加快解题速度。

另外一种情况是记得具体的数值，比如圆周率的数值3.14，就很重要，在很多圆的计算题中，圆的周长，面积的数值基本上都是314的倍数，比如 628，比如157，等等。还有特殊的直角三角形的边角关系，3、4、5;1、1、1.414;5、12、13;1、1.1732、2等等，最好熟记之，以利于减少计算时间。

这样，做题的时间就会从1分钟左右变成30秒不到，那么整个笔试数学的部分就应该提前10-15分钟左右做完。

但是实际做题时间往往仅仅只是减少了5分钟左右，为什么实际和理论的时间预估不同?这个差别就在于很多题目不是只考查一个知识点，而是综合题目，更重要的是，5道图表题和其他应用题的读题时间远远超过了30秒钟的预算。

这就要求同学们做到两点：快速地从应用题冗长的题干里面浓缩出一个数学关系;做图表题中，第一次略读图表时要厘清数量关系而不是关注于具体的数值。

例如：mechanical toy cars A, B, and C, each traveling at its own uniform rate, started from the same point at the same time and raced a 400-meter course. When A crossed the finish line, B was 40 meters behind A, and C was 58 meters behind A. When B crossed the finish line, how many meters was C from the finish line?

整个题目最重要的是能立刻得出关系式：400/A=360/B=342/C

忘掉不重要的单位，除非单位不同要换算(而这一点往往不会考到，就算考了单位换算也应该在读题的时候加以考虑)。那么ABC三者的速度关系显而易见，最后的答案也应该一清二楚。

：

篇16：托福阅读推理题实例解析

例一：Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? ○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

○There were great numbers of them.

○They lived in the sea only.

○They did not leave many fossil remains.

例二：Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.

It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations ○On land

○Both on land and at sea

○In shallow water

○In a marine environment

例三：Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory isexposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions

○ Cause some deer to hibernate

○ Make food unavailable in the highlands for deer

○ Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants

○Prevent deer from migrating during the winter

篇17：托福阅读推理题实例解析

托福阅读考试中，不同的题型考察的目的和重点是不一样的。所以在实际的备考中，针对各种考试题型，大家也要掌握考察的重点。那么关于阅读推理题部分，具体的考察内容是什么?下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考!

一、托福阅读推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。

这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。

二、托福阅读推理题的三个具体的解题思路：

1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。

三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：

1.日期和数字。

2.关键词：表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等

篇18：托福阅读推理题实例解析

推理题大概有三个解题思路：一般对比推理、时间对比推理、集合概念推理。一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。

在这里我们先来看一个例子：

Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles...

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

a.They did not smoke when they were burned.

b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

c.They were not available to all.

d.They contained sulfuric acid.

正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 来提炼 tallow，提炼后的产品就是 stearin，stearin 比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usualsmoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。

解答这类题目时要注意这些关键信息点：日期和数字、关键词：表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

在此，我们再来看一道例题：

It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

b.There were great numbers of them.

c. They lived in the sea only.

d.They did not leave many fossil remains.

首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位，题干的blowhole可以作为定位词汇，定位到原文的第四句话：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在这句话里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即与sea otters 不一样的是，whales 的陈述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一头鲸长什么样子。而sea ottter 是和鲸鱼相反，所以选择A选项，即不难看出第一头sea otter 长什么样子。所以实际上，这种题目虽然叫做推理题，但是并不需要同学们在做题的时候推的过远，基本考察的还是对原文信息概括和总结的能力。

如何应对托福阅读推理题

一、题型分类

对于托福阅读来说，词汇是根本。在阅读中词汇题(vocabulary questions)的数量很多，每篇存在三至五题不等。

接下来就是阅读中的句子。句子细节在托福中的考察形式和内容相比词汇更为深入。有对于单个句子结构和主干意思理解做出的考察，即句子简化题(sentence simplification questions)。有对于文中明确表述的细节信息的考察和理解，即事实信息题(factual information questions)。还有对于文中明确表述信息真伪的识别和理解，也就是否定事实信息题(negative factual information questions)。除此之外，阅读还会考察对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述的信息的识别和理解能力，即推理题(inference questions)。

在阅读中，对于段落的考察往往侧重于句子之间的关系。句与句之间的连接往往会有名词的重复以及代词的指代，所以有了指代题(reference questions)。内容的衔接除了代词指代之外，还有逻辑关系的递进，所以又有了修辞目的题(rhetorical purpose questions)。如果说指代题和修辞目的题是对于句间关系的识别的话，那么句子插入题(insert sentence questions)则是两者的升级版，是对于句间关系的逻辑的应用。

当然，托福阅读也涉及篇章中段落的主旨以及段间的关系的考查。若是顺承的关系往往出的是总结题(prose summary questions)，若是对比分类的关系往往出的是表格题(fill in a table questions)。

二、题型难度

通过以上的分类讲解，相信大家对于托福阅读十大题型考察的能力有了了解。那么十大题型里，哪种题型相对比较难呢?如果说其他题型是通过词汇积累或者对于文章里的信息的透彻理解就可以掌握的话，那么更侧重于考察出题人的逻辑思维模式的题型就是推理题了。

我们再来看一下托福官方指南里对于推理题的表述：对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述信息的识别和理解。大家重点关注强烈暗示这几个词，言下之意就是通过一些相关信息的表述来传递内在的意思，所以体会出题人传达相关信息的模式就变成了解题的关键。

三、推理题中的对比取反

解答推理题应从识别题型入手。推理题题干中常见表示推理或暗示的词汇：infer，imply，indicate，suggest。然后，仔细阅读题干。最后，根据题干信息研读文章信息以做出推理。

接下来我们通过以下四个例子来层层深入解析推理题中对比取反的情况。

1. Paragraph: Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850s, steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats.

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the paragraph about flatboats and keelboats?

A. They ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.

B. They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.

C. They were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.

D. They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.

根据题干信息flatboats and keelboats对应到原文句子Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. 从句子里steamboat以及keelboats之间的faster 以及one tenth of很容易得出B选项。解出答案之后，希望大家思考，这样一道推理题透露了出题人设置题目时的逻辑思维，那就是信息的对比，而且有对比的时候，答案往往会取反面。

2. Paragraph: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community – that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from the paragraph?

A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.

B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.

C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.

D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.

根据题干信息commensalism对应到原文句子There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.该句得不出答案，接着看到The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community;该句告诉我们first and third指代上句中的parasitism和mutualism, 而题干中被问及的commensalism(共栖)恰是三者之中剩余的部分，根据例一中出题人对于对比取反的逻辑设置，显然该题同样取反，既然文中给出一三重要，那么强烈暗示的就是处于第二的commensalism不重要，所以选C。

3. Paragraph: Isotopic analysis of shells allowed geologists to measure another glacial effect. They could trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts of the ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature – around the equator, for example. The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. Thus, more of the heavy isotope is left behind in the ocean and absorbed by marine organisms. From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and de-glaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.

1. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that foraminifera fossil shells containing calcite with high percentages of oxygen-16 were deposited at times when…

A. polar ice extended as far as equatorial regions of land and sea.

B. extensive glaciation was not occurring.

C. there were no great increases in ocean temperature.

D. there was heavy snowfall on continental glaciers.

同样根据题干信息oxygen-16对应到原文During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. 句中给出during glaciations的时候oxygen-16会蒸发离开，题干问什么时候oxygen-16 were deposited, 同样还是对比取反，即not during glaciations，对应选项B。

4. Paragraph 2: The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.

1. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine…

A. which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age.

B. the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age.

C. the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age.

D. how far south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age.

通过以上的例子，相信大家已经熟悉了推理题中对比取反的逻辑思维。那么最后这一道题，是否能够应用讲解的规律顺利得出正确答案呢?

首先读题干，很多考生会选择Agassiz and other geologists这一信息去对应原文，结果发现无法根据文中对应信息得出正确答案。此时要牢记对比取反的逻辑思维，重新审题发现了of his time这一时间短语与文中的We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift.一句里的now构成对比关系。所以根据对比取反的逻辑，既然我们现在才e799bee5baa6e78988e69d8331333363393661精确知道冰川形成的时间，那么在当时是不知道的，顺利选出B选项。

在托福阅读中，希望考生可以通过分析真题仔细体会出题人的思维逻辑，掌握考试规律，这样才能百战百胜。

篇19：GRE阅读题型细节解题思路讲解

GRE阅读题型细节解题思路汇总讲解

GRE阅读主旨题题型介绍

主旨题是GRE考试中唯一带有主观色彩的题型，它考察你对文章大意和总体结构的把握能力。前面我们说过，GRE阅读涉及的内容非常广泛，考古，生物，文学和社会科学几乎无所不包。那么，是否就没有技巧可谈了吗?绝对不是。文章内容可能千差万别，但文章的写作方式却只有寥寥的两种，即记叙文和议论文。记叙文是对某一件事，某一个现象或者某一个人的描述，即对客观事物的纪录和叙述，其中没有或者几乎没有作者自己的观点。记叙文有时间顺序和空间顺序两种组织形式。而议论文是作者根据某一客观事物或观点发表自己的看法，并用例子或者理由来证明作者自己的观点。根据文章的内容，议论文可以分成立论和驳论两种。

而根据文章的组织形式，议论文可以有3种组织结构，分别为：从具体到概括模式，从概括到具体模式以及递进模式。在GRE阅读中，没有真正的记叙文。也就是说，阅读文章基本上都是议论文，作者总是试图让你接受他的某一个观点。在证明自己的观点时，作者总是应用一些例子，即论据。这些论据和论点之间的有机结合就成了典型的GRE阅读文章。掌握中心思想的技巧在于文章每个段落的第一句。标准化的考试决定了文章组织结构的严谨性，即条理清晰和结构完整。条理清晰表现为写作模式不是具体到概括模式就是概括到具体模式，或者递进模式，而且承上启下的过渡词汇都出现在每个段落的第一句;结构完整表现为内容的完整性和单一性，即每一篇文章都能向你传达一个而且只有一个有意义的观点或者论点，不会让你读后感觉到不知文章所云为何物。

GRE阅读排除题题型介绍

排除题，顾名思义，就是符合某种条件的几个例子，例子可以是某几个事件，动作，情况或者人物。排除题有两种形式，一种是取非，它问你四个选项中哪一个原文中没有提及。应对的办法仍然是定位原文，然后采用排除法，直至找到正确答案。第二种排除题要你在四个选项种找出哪一个选项在原文中提及，应对的措施仍然是根据关键词定位。其实，排除题并不难，出现的概率也比较大，每篇阅读大概出现一题。

GRE阅读细节题题型介绍

细节题是最简单的题型，但也是GRE阅读部分出现得最多的题型。只要你能定位原文，问题就迎刃而解。题目问的内容中都已经在原文直接提到，只是用同义词或者不同的语言组织改写而已。常见的改写方式有形容词与副词之间的改写，动词与动名词之间的改写。技巧在于寻找词根。细节改写题提问的是文章中的某个细节，如组织结构词(原因，特点)，学科术语，行业术语，比喻，符号或者具体的数字。只要你能准确定位，这些题都比较简单，因为只是对原文的复述或改写:

According to the passage/author...

The author states that...

The author mentions which one of the following as...

一般说来，这些题都会告诉你很直接的定位线索，如“在文章中的第几行”或者和文章结构密切相连的词或短语。事实上，文章中有很多很多细节，而这么多的细节当中只有很少的一部分在以后问题中问及。奇怪的是这些被考到的细节你很快就能在文章中定位，因为有一部分你在阅读时已经记住;问题会告诉你在文章中的哪一行;或者为了回答这些问题你必须自己找到这些细节。

GRE阅读暗示推理题题型介绍

在你选出答案以前，其实你并不知道这是暗示推理题，你的概念或许只有细节题，即除了中心思想题以外所有题都是细节题。事实上，在真正做题时，你也不必事先判断它是属于哪一类题型，我们将其归类的目的是为了让你对考试的题型有一个确切的把握。也就是说，如果你碰到某一道“细节题”，顺利地将关键词定位以后，你仍然不能很快地确定到底是哪一个选项正确时，你不要灰心，因为有一种比复述题稍微复杂一点的题，即暗示推理题。这一过程，我们的题型分类就起作用了，因为它事先给了你思想准备，即对未知的考题有一个合理的期待。

GRE阅读作者思路题题型介绍

如果说中心思想题要你做的是归纳文章大意的话，那么在作者思路题中你所要做的是识别文章的组织结构。大意和组织结构构成了文章的框架。如果你能顺利地总结文章的大意，即中心思想，你也能顺利的求解作者思路题。作者思路题包括段落用意和举例佐证两种。解题的办法在于相信这样一个原则，文章的每一个词，每一句，和每个段落都是和文章论题有关的，不是用来证明作者观点的论据就是作者要批判的论据。

无论GRE阅读部分怎么考，都离不开GRE考试阅读这6种题型。只有掌握好这6种题型，相信你的阅读部分分值应该不会低。

GRE长难句练习及解析：伊斯兰

Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.

Islam,/ on the other hand,/ represented a radical breakaway/ from the Arab paganism/ that preceded it;/ Islamic law/ is the result of/ an examination,/ from a religious angle,/ of legal subject matter/ that was/ far from uniform,/ comprising as it did/ the various components/ of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia/ and numerous legal elements/ taken over from/ the non-Arab peoples/ of the conquered territories.

译文：伊斯兰，在另一方面，代表着与伊斯兰法以前的阿拉伯异教的决裂;伊斯兰法是一种从宗教的角度检查的结果，检查的对象是远远谈不上统一的法律主体事物;它包括了伊斯兰教出现以前的阿拉伯法律的种.种成分，并包含了很多被征服的非阿拉伯地区那里拿来的法律因素。

GRE长难句练习及解析：期的纺织厂主们

For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women.

【标识】

For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, 1[in justifying women’s employment] 2[in wage labor], made much of the assumption 3[that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores]; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order 4[hoary stereotypes] 5[associated with the homemaking activities] 6[that they presumed] 7[to have been the purview of women].

【难点】

1. 介词结构倒装。in justifying women’s employment修饰entrepreneurs。2. 介词结构倒装。in wage labor修饰women’s employment。3. 同位语从句。that引导的同位语从句进一步解释assumption。4. 宾语倒装。hoary stereotypes是imported的直接宾语。5. 分词结构倒装。associated with the homemaking activities修饰stereotypes。6. 定语从句及省略。that引导的定语从句修饰activities，此处省略引导词that。7. 介词结构倒装。to have been the purview of women修饰activities。

【译文】

比如，早期的纺织厂主们在说明他们在工资劳动中雇佣妇女的理由时，已经做了很大程度的假设，他们认为妇女天生就擅长做细活，并在进行重复性的杂务时也更加细心;因此，早期的纺织厂主们就把这样的陈词滥调引入到了新的工业秩序中，即认为家务劳动是妇女的天职。

【3s版本】

纺织厂主倾向于雇女工是因为他们的成见认为妇女擅长干细致的家务活。

★ 托福阅读反面信息题特点分析应对思路介绍