考研英语冲刺要领之以质取胜(精选6篇)由网友“晕头转向”投稿提供,下面是小编收集整理的考研英语冲刺要领之以质取胜,供大家参考借鉴,欢迎大家分享。
篇1:考研英语冲刺要领之以质取胜
考研英语冲刺要领之以质取胜
考研英语复习,在平时的学习中,要追求广博,到了最后冲刺阶段,就要力求精湛。无论是依赖主客观题型的简化思路,还是把握各类知识的简化方法,都要学会沙里淘金、以“质”取胜,以下的举例我们就以的为例。
(一) 因果关系策略:
很多完形填空或阅读理解的篇章是社会科学的专业学术论文。
比如“语言知识运用”中的完形填空题就属于这一类。这类论文的一大特点是,全文在说明一个因果关系,这个因果关系可以用y=f(x)这一公式来表示。x是自变量(原因),y是因变量(结果),这一关系的表述就是全文的核心问题:“种族的智商高低与遗传病概率有何联系?”文中提出,独立研究人员Gregory Cochran提出了创新观点:中欧某一种族(可能是犹太人)的智商优于其他,而智商越高,遗传病概率越大。在这篇论文中,x就成了智商高低,y就成了遗传病概率,两者之间成正相关关系。也就是说,对于这篇文章核心问题的回答是:种族遗传病概率与种族智商成正比。
如果能够在阅读篇章的时候,将全文几百字内容抽象成y=f(x)的因果关系,我们就不必担心文章中心思想的把握。将文章简化为核心问题和因果公式y=f(x)的过程本身,就是一个“留清瘦”的过程。
循着这一思路,我们再来看年阅读理解的第一篇文章:
首先,阅读文后问题,感觉这是一篇讲述女性生活压力的议论文;
其次,对文后问题归类,第21、23和24题是微观问题,其他是宏观问题;
然后,来到文中寻找y=f(x)的因果关系:
通过阅读第一自然段,我们可以试归纳:
“女性面对压力较男性更易焦躁。”
x为压力,y为焦躁,y=kx (k为脆弱性系数,k>=0);
x1为女性的压力,y1为女性的焦躁,设y1=k1x1(k1>=0);
x2为男性的压力,y2为男性的焦躁,设y2=k2x2(k2>=0);
则k1>k2。
通过阅读第二自然段,我们又可以对原有因果关系进行润色:
“女性较男性更易焦躁的原因是性激素分泌较男性多。”
也就解决了k1>k2的原因。
这时,第21题的答案就很明显了。
21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
A. Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
B. Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
C. Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
D. Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
Inclination意为“倾向、喜好、意象”,而不是面对压力的脆弱度,所以D选项是干扰项,应当排除。答案是A。
此时阅读第三自然段,发现又增加了一个要素:
“女性易焦躁的另一原因是:她们压力的来源更多。”
公式变为y=(k+o)x(k为脆弱性系数,k>=0,o为压力来源,o>=0)
第22题的答案也就清楚了,D选项be exposed to more stress与文中increased “opportunities” for stress含义相同,所以选D。
22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women
A. need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
B. have limited capacity for tolerating stress.
C. are more capable of avoiding stress.
D. are exposed to more stress.
继续阅读第四自然段,作者又进一步提出了一个新观点:
“女性接触的事务多具有长期性和重复性的特点。”
公式变为y=(k+o+p)x
(k为脆弱性系数,k>=0,o为压力来源,o>=0,
p为压力性质,长期压力时p=1,一次性压力时p=-1)
所以,第23题的答案自然是C(可持续和频繁的)。
23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be
A. domestic and temporary.
B. irregular and violent.
C. durable and frequent.
D. trivial and random.
第五自然段以Adeline Alvarez(缩写为AA)为例说明,第24题稍有难度:
24. Then sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck” shows that
A. Alvarez care about nothing but making money.
B. Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.
C. Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
D. Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
D选项是干扰项,paycheck是指支付薪金的支票、薪金或工资,但在文中并没有说到pay by check,而是说的`pay the rent, pay the car payment and pay the debt。加上前文说到AA离婚后成了单亲母亲,所以生活拮据、入不敷出。因此,答案应当选B。
第六自然段是结论部分,因为从公式y=(k+o+p)x中可以看出,压力的系数有k、o、p三个,分别是女性脆弱性、压力来源和压力性质,脆弱性是内因,压力来源和性质是外因。那么对症下药,由果导因,要解决焦躁的问题,就要从压力的三个系数下手,作者提出的方案是:分散压力,保持健康。
第25题是给文章选择题目,属于宏观问题,选项也有较大的迷惑性。
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
B. Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
C. Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
D. Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
首先,我们可以排除C,因为C选项只涉及到了性激素一个方面,也就是仅体现了公式中的k系数,没有涉及o和p。
其次,全文可以说一直围绕女性问题进行分析,所以应当有gender的考虑,因此可以淘汰A。
最后,B选项只是提到Responses to stress(对压力的反应),冒号之后又加了个副标题:男女不同,那就只是涵盖了男女对于压力的不同反应,而不是分析面对压力出现不同反应的原因和解决方案。
所以,D选项就当仁不让地成为正确选项。D选项的意思是:性别不平等之压力下的女性,可以理解为将k、o、p三个要素综合理解为性别不平等的三种表现:内因是雌性激素,外因则是女性面临的压力来源和性质,具有一定的社会结构性。所以,D选项实际上需要考生在原有的因果关系基础上进一步升华,总结并上升到社会结构的层面上,才能够选中正确答案。这是对考生提出的一个较高要求。
(二) 有据排除策略:
对于客观题型,包括完形填空、阅读理解和听力试题,我们的目标只有一个,就是最大化地“得分”。在冲刺阶段,就要回顾丢分题,分析丢分原因。
假设大家都认真审题、读懂要求并理性选择了,排除因为心理因素导致的因紧张看不懂题的情况,那么,“丢分题”可以分为两类:一类是全新知识;另一类是被干扰选项干扰产生的误判。全新知识又可以分为两类:一类是可穷尽的,比如某一类语法知识;另一类是不可穷尽的,比如各个领域的专业词汇。干扰误判的情况也可以分为两类:一类是受上下文干扰;另一类是受其他三个选项的干扰。
在2008年的完形填空题中,常错的题目有5个,即第2、8、11、13、15题。
第2、8和15题是典型的“搭配”(collocation)题目。
第2题:
He is that __2__ bird, a scientist who works independently __3__ any institution.
A. unique B. particular C. special D. rare
“珍禽、稀鸟”的固定说法:rare bird,而不是unique bird,用来形容人群中的鹤立鸡群者、或卓然不群者,这里指的是独立研究人员Gregory Cochran(可简化记忆为“GC”)。有的考生选择particular,首先没有particular bird这种搭配,其次,也可以用“同一词性的同一个词不在同一篇文章中重复使用”的规律来排除,因为在第8题中,形容犹太人时,使用了a particular people,所以,回溯到第2题,这里就不可能使用的是particular这个形容词了。
第8题:
The group in __8__ are a particular people originated from central Europe.
A. progress B. fact C. need D. question
in question,指正在研究中的,这里指GC正在作为案例进行研究的犹太人。In fact显然不能表达科研案例的意思。
第15题:The former has been __15__ to social effects, such as a strong tradition of __16__ education.
A. given up B. got over C. carried on D. put down
词组put down to sth.,意为“归因于”,give up to/get over to/carry on to三个词组都没有指向原因的含义。包含有“归因于”意义的词组还有:on account of/owing to/due to/thanks to/lie in/rest with/be determined by/lie at sb.’s door/as a result of/because of doing sth.等。
第11和13题是典型的词语“辨析”题,一般采用排除法。
第11题:
This group generally do well in IQ test, __9__ 12-15 points above the __10__ value of 100, and have contributed __11__ to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the __12__ of their elites, including several world-renowned s
篇2:考研英语作文冲刺之小作文大技巧
考研英语作文冲刺之小作文大技巧
2006考研英语作文冲刺之小作文大技巧
一、 要求:考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词(标点符号不计算在内)的应用性短文,包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作答。满分10分。
注意事项:
1)格式:称呼,结尾,署名
2)简明扼要,清楚明确。
3)遵照要求,内容齐全。
4)言语得体,真心诚意。
二、备忘录
备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文。在公文函件中,它的等级是比较低的,主要用来提醒、督促对方,或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。在业务上,它一般用来补充正式文件的不足。它的内容可以分为以下几项:
书端(Heading)
收文人的姓名、头衔、地址(Addressee's Name, Title, Address)
称呼(Salutation)
事因(Subject)
正文(Body)
结束语(Complimentary Close)
署名(Signature)
写作注意事项
1、书端部分包括发文机关的名称、地址、发文日期,有的还包括电报挂号、电传号、电话号码等。许多机关有自己特制的信笺,在写书端时,其格式和标点符号的使用与一般信件的相同。
2、称呼从左边顶格写起,对一般机关、团体的负责人一般用 Dear Sir, 对政府官员可用Sir。
3、正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。“事因”一项目前采用得较少。
・名师指点:考研英语作文高分的秘密 ・考研英语应用文写作大全备忘录模版
范文
Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.
MEMO
August 16,
To: The leader of student service department
From: Li Ming
Subject: Telephone
Dear Sir,
I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory. As a university student, we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus.
We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us. Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication. I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible.
Regards. Yours,Li Ming
三、摘要
文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此写摘要时,应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等,一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面,内容上涵盖全文,并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要,切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过200个词。
英文摘要分类
摘要分陈述性的(Deive)和资料性的.(Informational)两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题,不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。它可以包括三个组成部分:
①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图;
②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌;
③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。
英文摘要常见句型
1)This paper deals with...
2)This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...
3)This eassy presents knowledge that...
4)This thesis discusses...
5)This thesis analyzes...
6)This paper provides an overview of...
7)This paper elaborates on ...
8)This article gives an overview of...
9)This article compares...and summarizes key findings.
10)This paper includes discussions concerning...
11)This paper presents up to date information on...
12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...
13)This paper addresses important topics including...
14)This paper touches upon...
15)This paper strongly emphasizes...
16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...
17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...
18)This paper considers...
19)This paper provides a method of ...
20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...
摘要题型写作要点:
① 动笔之前,考生一定要认真仔细地阅读所给原文,弄懂原文大意,掌握原文要点。
② 摘要的长度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一,考试时应遵守规定的字数限制。
③ 在做摘要时考生切忌照搬原文。
④ 摘要应与原文的观点保持一致,并且仍按原文的逻辑顺序排列。
⑤ 重点反映主要观点,删除细节。
⑥ 简化从句,用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。
⑦ 检查与修改时,考生应重点检查是否遗漏了原文的要点或包含了细节。
摘要题型写作实例
① 试题题目
Directions: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.
We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 billion volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of one’s own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter.
② 原文要点:
1. continue to have the most confused ideas of death like predecessors
2. avoid talking about death
③ 参考摘要:
People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much. However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death.(84 words)
篇3:考研英语冲刺 阅读之视角混淆
考研英语冲刺 阅读之视角混淆
考研阅读得分的提高,在很大程度上取决于错误选项的辨认,因为考研阅读的错误选项的干扰性很强,常使不善分辨的考生轻易掉入陷阱。干扰选项所体现的特征与中国人的思维有关,所以我称它们为中国式陷阱。关于阅读方面的`中国式陷阱将从三个方面进行论述,今天讨论第一个方面: 视角混淆。所谓视角混淆,就是指问题涉及的是一个主体,而选项描述的是另一个主体的特征。例如,选项说到的主体是A,而一个选项描述的是B的特征,这一选项就是干扰选项。视角混淆这一陷阱常出现于作者的观点与文中其他人的观点之间,有时也出现于原文两种相对的人之间,需要加以注意。
例一,
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God.” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”
The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are______.
[A] impolite to new arrivals
[B] very conscious of their godlike role
[C] entitled to some privileges
[D] very busy even during lunch hours
这是一道有名的难题,难点在于问题中提到doctors与nurses两个主体,不易判断问题针对的是哪一个。事实上,in the eyes of nurses告诉我们问题问的是护士们对医生怎么看。问题的意思是“关于医生的笑话暗示护士们认为医生如何。”这一笑话在二段,它的含义在二段末句: “噢,那是上帝,但有时候他认为自己是个医生。”笑话中的医生自认为是上帝时,举动很不礼貌:买饭时推人,拿了东西就吃,这样显得自己很重要。医生的这些举动代表他们平时的表现,这是护士们眼中的医生形象:没有礼貌、目中无人,B“医生把自己看得像上帝一样重要”符合此意,为正确答案。C“应该享有一些特权”与原文不符,因为问题是“护士眼中的医生如何”,虽然医生认为自己应该享有特权,但护士并不这样认为,所以C是干扰选项。
例二,
With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.” says one expert.
For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept―what you think you want to do―then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.
Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?
[A] Lack of counseling. [B] Limited number of visits.
[C] Lower efficiency. [D] Fewer successful matches.
这也是一道难题。能否做对此题,关键在于是否注意到“视角混淆”这一陷阱。问题的意思是 “search agents的不足之处”,这是二段和三段的内容。三段开始指出:For any job search, you should start...,但是 “None of these programs do that”,原因是 “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this”(但是所有项目中都不包含职业咨询)。A“缺乏咨询”符合此意,为正确答案。C选项和D选项没有明确作为search agents的不足之处提出,是干扰选项。B选项的内容与原文不符,因为二段末指出增加求职标准就减少了可能性,这不等于说访问次数受限,因为是否访问取决于访问者本人。当然,减少了可能性也不等于求职意向与职位的成功匹配减少,因为可能出现这种情况:增加求职标准使得成功匹配的可能性更大或与不增加时持平。简而言之,如果根据问题中的视角“search agents”直接寻找答案就容易得多,因为只有A是原文明确提到的search agents的缺点,而其他几个选项都是从求职者的角度而言的。
例三,
Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.
According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because
[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending.
[B] the company is financially ill-managed.
[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable.
[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise.
这道题也涉及视角混淆问题,正确答案是D。不少考生选A,原因可能是对问题所要求的视角(小镇居民的视角)判断不准。
篇4:考研英语作文冲刺之环境篇
考研英语作文冲刺之环境篇
一、闪光句型积累
保护和改善生活和生态环境:protect and improve the living environment and the ecological environment
增强环境意识:enhance the awareness of the importance of raise the consciousness about environmental protection
享受国家一级保护:enjoy first-class protection of the State
宣传教育开展保护野生动物:advocate to educate the public the protection of wild animals
帮助减缓全球变暖速度:help slow down the pace of global warming
使用清洁能源:burn clean fuel
加大污染治理力度:strengthen pollution control
崇尚绿色生活方式:pursue a green life
注重节约资源:attach importance to saving resources
削减污物排放:decrease the disposal of pollutants
进一步加快环保规划:further speed up environmental protection plans实行严格机动车排放标准:implement strict vehicle emission standards
二、精彩每日一句
KK教授的每日一句给出了这样一个有关环境的闪光句子,值得考生仔细研究和记忆:As we all know, our country has been under growing pressure to address the causes of air pollution as the PM2.5, a key indicator of air pollution, increasingly hits the new record and even smog frequently smothers the country's large cities.
【参考译文】如我们所知,我国正面临着越来越大的解决空气污染的压力,因为PM2.5(空气污染的主要指标)不断的刷新纪录,雾霾甚至窒息了我国的.主要城市。
三、PM2.5知识拓展:
严重的雾霾,让PM2.5这个数字飞入了寻常百姓家,下面我们一起来了解一下,以便积累考研英语作文的写作素材。
PM2.5的“PM”,是英语“particulate matter”的缩写,意为“细颗粒物”。大家在
家中都看到过这样的现象:一缕阳光射入屋内,光柱中有无数微尘在翻飞,这些微尘就是PM50和大于PM50的颗粒物。桌面上,落了一层灰,那是远远大于PM50的颗粒物。所以PM2.5是无法被肉眼看到的。但其虽小却具有极大危害。PM2.5携带了许多有害的有机和无机分子,是致病之源。细菌是人所共知的致病之源,PM2.5和细菌有得一比。能引发呼吸道阻塞或炎症,使得致病微生物、化学污染物、油烟等“搭车”进入体内致癌,影响胎儿发育造成缺陷,还能通过气血交换进入血管。
通过今天的学习,相信各位考生都积累了不少写作素材。的确,考研英语的写作题型是对考生英语综合能力的考察,同时,由于题目一般接近社会生活热点,所以考生在平日综合素质的积累也在一定程度上帮助考生获得高分。时间所剩不多,各位抓紧!预祝各位考生取得自己理想的成绩!
考研成功难又不难,一旦大家开始准备就要全力以赴。自制力差的学生可以找几个研友,互相激励,因为坚持下来也确实不容易,也看个人习惯,有的同学可能一个人学习更有效率;在这个过程中更主要的还有大家坚持的信念,坚持完成一件事情本身就是成功。
在三百多天的日子里,老师会一直陪伴着大家,里边的每条微博、微信、咨询都是温暖大家并激励大家前行的动力。奔跑吧,的考生们!
虽然有突破口、也有规律可循,但这并不意味着我们可以一劳永逸、高枕无忧,要知道,想要精通世界上任何一门语言,除非有天生的语言天分,否则偷不得半分懒,只能勤勤恳恳反复练习。一遍不懂读两遍,默念不行就大声念出来,遇到不认识的单词就查,不懂的句子就静下心来拆分结构。总之,读书百遍、其义自现,英语学习之路上没有笨蛋,只有懒人。 综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧,技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路,预祝所有考生2016考研有个好成绩。
小提示:目前本科生就业市场竞争激烈,就业主体是研究生,在如今考研竞争日
渐激烈的情况下,我们想要不在考研大军中变成分母,我们需要:早开始+好计划+正确的复习思路+好的辅导班(如果经济条件允许的情况下)。20xx考研开始准备复习啦,早起的鸟儿有虫吃,一分耕耘一分收获。加油!
篇5:考研英语冲刺误区 阅读之过度推理
考研英语冲刺误区 阅读之过度推理
仿照莎士比亚的话来叙述考研阅读的第二个陷阱,可以说“推理还是不推理,这是考研阅读的重要问题。”在四个选项中,直接表达的选项与经过推理的选项哪个应该成为答案?推理少的'选项与推理多的选项哪个应该成为答案?这些方向性的问题对于选择答案影响很大。例如,
People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.
Which of the following is true of the text?
[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.
[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.
[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.
[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.
本题是一道判断题,可以将选项与原文一一进行比较,然后确定答案。A“宗教一度提醒人们苦难的存在”符合原文意思,从上面的段落中,尤其是最高级the most powerful…就能判断出这一点,因此A为正确答案。B“艺术提供了期望和现实之间的平衡”为干扰选项。为何选A而不选B呢?原因是A为原文直接表达的选项:过去的人们被苦难的提示所包围,而教堂就是其中之一。B在原文没有直接表达,只有经过推理才能得到类似的内容。如何找到原文的直接表达呢?原文的特殊语言现象,如本文的最高级就可以起提示作用。
由此可见,无论是推理题,还是其他带有推理性质的问题,其答案不过是将对应原文换个说法而已,不能进行过度推理。又如,
It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.
What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?
[A]Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
[B]Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
[C]Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.
[D]Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.
这是一道事实细节题。根据问题中的关键词1980s定位一段末句:…(顾客因使用某一产品受到伤害后)陪审团一般会让有关公司对顾客的不幸负责。这等于说法律保护受伤害的顾客。B“受伤害的顾客可以受到法律保护”符合此意,为正确答案。C选项和D选项的内容明显与原文不符。A“顾客可以通过诉讼免除自己的灾难”属于过度推理,因为一段四句指出:成功的诉讼可以使顾客获得损失赔偿(a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles),但是可以获得损失赔偿不等于免除了灾难。例如,一个人因使用某公司产品而受到伤害,他可以通过诉讼获得赔偿,但是伤害本身无法通过诉讼免除。
篇6:考研英语作文冲刺之应用文写作指导
考研英语作文冲刺之应用文写作指导
UNIT Ⅰ 文体类型
一 信函
英文书信主要分为两大类:私人信函和公务信函,考研英语作文冲刺:应用文写作指导。
私人信函是指与朋友、家人之间的往来书信,其内容比较自由,只需包括以下几部分即可:称呼、正文、落款;
公务信函类型多样,应用范围非常广泛,属于正式文体。
此类信函的共同特点是:
1 内容明确,不可漫无目标;
2 言辞诚恳、坦然,不能感情夸张;
3 语言清晰、简洁、有礼。
从形式上侧重考查公务信函,因为只有此类信函才需要用到书面语的正式语体。
二 备忘录
备忘录主要用于公司或部门内部的交流,其主要作用是为雇员传达信息,本公司或部门之外的人一般是看不到的。备忘录一般使用非正式文体,但也可以根据内容及收文人与发文人之间关系而具体决定。例如向上级报道重要事情就需要使用正式的文体。备忘录内容可以采取段落的形式,也可以采用数字编号。
备忘录的结构形式一般包括以下几个部分:
1 信笺上端的公司名称、地址、电话号码等:一般只包括公司名称,地址可以省略;
2 信头包括:To, From, Subject和Date等措词。To后面接收件人姓名、职务等;From后面接备忘录写作者的姓名(注意作者姓名前面不用Dr., Miss, Mr., Ms。之类的称呼);Subject后是备忘录主要内容的概括性小标题;Date后写日期;
3 正文段落:主题下面空两行写正文,不用称呼和结尾礼词;
4 作者姓名首字母写在正文末行空一行的地方;
功能:1 提供会议摘要;2 为主管人员与职员之间的交流提供更便捷的渠道;3 确认电话交流或会面内容。
三 告示与通知
告示、通知之类的应用文,写作灵活多样,有正式和非正式等多种形式,其目的均为告诉公众某件事或某项活动。文字要求简洁易懂,表达直截了当。这部分又可分为两类,一类是有关部门就某事发出的通知或张贴的告示,此类文件要求结构严谨,用词确切,通常使用比较正式的文体。另一类是关于会议或活动的简单通知,此类文章至少需要包含以下内容:时间、地点、活动内容。
四 便条
便条是一种简短信函,形式比书信简单,多使用非正式文体。内容可包括:时间、收信人、事由、写信人。通常不写发信人地址,开头甚至可以省略Dear等称呼,结尾也可以略去祝贺的话和Yours sincerely等语言。其使用语言特点是通常情况下比一般的信函更接近口语。由于写信人和收信人对互相的情况都十分熟悉,因此一般的客套话均省略。
UNIT Ⅱ 各种信函类型
一 邀请信 (A Letter of Invitation)
邀请信包括宴会、舞会、晚餐、聚会、婚礼等各种邀请信件,形式上大体分为两种:一种为正规的格式(formal correspondence),亦称请柬;一种是非正式格式(informal correspondence),即一般的邀请信。邀请信是在形式上不如请柬那样正规,但也是很考究。书写时应注意:
邀请信一定要将邀请的时间(年、月、日、钟点)、地点、场合写清楚,不能使接信人存在任何疑虑。例如:“I’d like you and Bob to come to Luncheon next Friday. ”这句话中所指的是哪个星期五并不明确,所以应加上具体日期“I’d like you and Bob to come to luncheon next Friday, May the fifth.”
写作练习:
1 邀请朋友共进午餐 Inviting a friend to informal luncheon
2 邀请朋友同他们不认识的人一起共进晚餐 Inviting friends to supper with the strangers
3 邀请参加新厂开工典礼 Invitation to opening ceremony of new factory
4 邀请来家中小住及周末聚会 An invitation for a house and weekend party
5 邀请参加招待会 An invitation for a reception
6 邀请演讲 Inviting someone to address a meeting
写作“三步走”:说明邀请目的->说明活动安排->期待尽早回复
提示:信中要说明关于活动的详细信息,包括活动时间、地点、内容,有时需要说明参加活动的人员。语气要热情真挚,但不要强人所难。
Directions:
You are going to celebrate your 23rd birthday with a big party. Write a letter to invite your friend Anne to the party. In the letter, please specify the time and the location, explain the activities, and express your wish for her attendance。
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead。
Do not write the address。
范文:
Dear Anne,
I wonder if there is any chance for your to come to my 23rd birthday party at my house on this Saturday night, May the 8th. It would be my pleasure to share the important moments with you. In addition, since you are a fan of rock music, I am glad to tell you that I have invited our campus Rock'n'Roll band, the “Brainbreak”, to perform. There are also arrangements for dancing and cake-cutting, which I am sure you will thoroughly enjoy,考研英语《考研英语作文冲刺:应用文写作指导》。
The dinner starts at 6 pm so that we can have a nice and long evening。
I would love for you to attend, so please let me know your decision。
Love,
Li Ming
译文:
亲爱的.安:
不知你这周六(即5月8日)晚上是否能够来我家参加我的23岁生日派队?我非常想和你一起分享那些重要的时刻。此外,因为你是个摇滚乐歌迷,所以我也很高兴地告诉你,我还邀请到了我们的校园摇滚乐队“Brainbreak”来我的晚会演出。另外我还安排了舞会和切蛋糕等活动,相信你一定会玩得很开心。
晚饭将于6点开始,这样我们就能够享受一个漫长且愉快的夜晚。
我非常希望您能够光临我的晚会,请告知我你的决定。
谨上,
李明
闪光词汇及词组:
fan: n. 歌迷,影迷,爱好者
rock music, Rock'n'Roll: 摇滚音乐
arrangement: n. 安排
cake-cutting: n. 切蛋糕
thoroughly: adv. 十分地,彻底地
presence: n. 出席,到场
万能句型:
I wonder if there is any chance for your to come to.。.
It would be my pleasure to share the important moments with you。
I am glad to tell you that.。.
There are also arrangements for ... which I am sure you will thoroughly enjoy。
The dinner starts at ... so that we can have a nice and long evening。
I would love for you to attend, so please let me know your decision。
邀请信的回复
邀请信的复信要求简明扼要,在书写时应注意以下几点:
1 接受邀请的复信中应重复写上邀请信中的某些内容,如邀请年、月、日,星期几、几点钟等,如“I’ll be delighted to attend your luncheon next Friday, May the fifth, at twelve o’clock.”。
2 邀请信的复信中应明确表明接受邀请还是不接受邀请,不能含乎其词,如不能写“I’ll come if I’m in town. ”这类的话,以使得对方无法作出安排。在接受邀请的复信中,应对受到邀请表示高兴。谢却的复信中应阐明不能应邀的原由。
二 申请信 (A Letter of Application)
申请信有很多种,有求职申请信、有加入某组织的申请信、有报考申请信、有申请学位或留学申请信,等等。无论哪一种申请信,一般都包括这样几个部分:申请的原因,具备的条件,恳请申请单位考虑自己的申请,并表示谢意,期望回复。
写作“三步走”:开宗明义说明申请原因->展开原因->期盼回复、表示感谢
提示:1 语言言简意赅,语气诚恳礼貌;
2 要避免不符合事实的浮夸;
3 如果是留学申请和奖学金申请,要注意提供以下信息:写明申请学校和专业,简介个人履历,索取对方学校相关信息,附上个人经历等材料。
Directions:
Being a volunteer for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is your strong wish. Write a letter to the Beijing Olympic Committee to state your application to be a volunteer, describe your qualifications, and express the appreciation of an interview。
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead。
Do not write the address。
★ 中考备考发言稿
★ 大学个人健身计划
★ 田径训练计划
★ 营销团队管理制度
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