英语情境化语法教学(人教版高考复习)

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篇1：英语情境化语法教学(人教版高考复习)

语法是语言的规则, 语言没有规则, 说写则语不成句, 听读则不解人意。如何进行高效率的语法教学, 使之能更好地为培养学生的语言运用能力服务。情境教学法是语法教学的一种有效尝试。新课标要求教师重视在真实的情景中让学生体会语言的使用, 有意识地把语法学习的目的引导到训练和交际上来, 创设符合生活的、活泼的教学情境, 使语法形象化、实践化, 以提高学生学习的兴趣, 达到语法学习和提高交际能力相辅相成的目的。语言离开了情景和实践, 将成为无源之水, 无本之木。语法就应该让学生在具体的语境中体会, 在“ 实战”中演练。语法在情境中的应用, 不仅是新课标的要求, 也是近几年考试命题的原则。本人在课改实践中探索, 根据语法情境化原则, 结合实例对英语情境化语法教学问题谈己浅见。教师要开辟英语语言环境, 配以大量的感性材料和电化教学手段, 来突破语法重点和难点,把文字、声音、图像等融为一体, 创设学生主动参与语言交际活动的情境, 给学生提供英语对话、表演、朗读的机会和时间, 使学生在语境中学好英语。

1. 创造逼真情景, 在情景中精讲多练的原则

从学生的学习生活和社会实践中挖掘教学情景或素材, 尤其是发生在学生身边的事情, 使教学活动更具有针对性和实效性。将语法还原成实践, 让学生有一种现学现用, 学了就有用的感觉, 从而激发学生的学习积极性和潜力, 让学生有话想说、有话可说和有话能说, 使学生逐步形成习惯, 从而掌握该语法项目。例如:

( 1) 复习名词性物主代词时, 随手捡起学生掉在地上的铅笔, 进行问答, 学生一旦会模仿, 将师生间的对话转向学生间的对话。如:

T: Is this your pencil? S: No, it’s not mine.

Mine is blue./ Yes, it’s mine.

( 2) 在复习情态动词can 和could 时可以拿出自己小孩的或自己本人的一些照片, 示范“At the age of, I ( he) could ( couldn’t) ”“Now I ( he) can”, 再让学生练习说和写。当学生在口头和书面练习中反复应用了在真实情景中的目标语言, 他们就不会轻易忘记。

( 3) 讲一般现在时, 要做的活动便是询问学生们的业余爱好, 并鼓励他们或者相互之间或者通过互联网去了解他人的爱好, 这样的生活化场景, 对一般现在时的强化远远胜过让学生去做上百道选择题。初中的新目标英语教材讲到过去时时, 书内便围绕着一些名人的传奇来列出活动内容。

( 4) 学习非真实条件句时, 在学习if 引导的虚拟语气时, 教师可让学生进行如下的“接龙游戏”:

S1: If I were you, I would buy the computer.

S2: If I bought the computer, I would get more information. S3: If I got more information, I would have a better choice. 通过这样的操练活动, 学生既练习了听力与口头表达能力, 又锻炼了

思维能力与快速反应能力, 还加深了对所学语法现象的理解; 同时, 在紧张的学习气氛中又不乏幽默与调侃, 从而使语法教学既轻松又有效。

2. 在语言训练感性认识的基础上点拨、归纳的原则启发学生在情景中运用语言材料归纳语法规则,进而在情景中探究解疑。当学生对所学句型能够运用自如, 脱口而出时, 立刻引导学生进行概括性归纳小结。例如:

( 1) 在学习“某人花做某事”这一句型时,教师注意到班里一位学生戴了一只漂亮的手表, 为了引入主题, 教师问该学生: How beautiful your watch is! How much is it? 该学生回答: “Oh,Thank you! It is about 80 yuan. ” 接着教师用“他花了80 元买这块手表”作例句造句, 并引导学生归纳并认知语法规则:

He spent 80 yuan on the watch.

He spent 80 yuan ( in) buying the watch.

It cost him 80 yuan to buy the watch.

然后再通过意义性替换操练, 使学生进一步理解句型结构在情景中的意义和用法, 最终目的是以语言规则指导学生在情景中的言语再实践活动, 达到交际功能这一目的。

( 2) 英语的动词时态是学生难以驾驭的复杂概念。如果采用“关门”这个动作作为直观手段, 边做边说, 则会取得突破性的进展。教师一边去关门,一边说:

When class begins, we usually shut the door.

I'm going to shut the door.

I'm shutting the door.

I have shut the door.

Just now I shut the door.

I told you that I had shut the door.

I said I would go to shut the door.

When I was shutting the door, you watched me carefully.

教师表演以后, 把句子写到黑板上让学生讨论、归纳再叫学生反复操练, 融行为和语言于一体。通过情景、直观教学, 培养学生的直觉思维能力, 使他们能触景生情, 整体跳跃, 脱口而出, 把课堂上学到的语法与句型变成自己的语言。

3. 意义操练和语言交际相结合的原则教师创设情景, 学生在情景中运用语言, 在情景中掌握句型结构。句型操练情景化, 可以帮助学生把注意力集中在语言的意义上。例如教学if 引导的条件状语从句和had better( not) do sth 时, 可设计以下教学活动:先出示投影: 医生在给一位胖妇女检查身体,并说: “ If you want to be thinner and healthier, you'd better not eat too much and you’d better take more exercise. ”再出示投影, 套用句型示范: If you want tolearn English well, you'd better If there’s a lot of traffic, you’d better ( not) 然后让学生通过观察、讨论, 归纳出if 引导的条件状语从句的语法规则和had better ( not) do sth. 句型结构。接着通过意义性替换操练, 进一步理解了句型结构在情景中的意义和用法。最后让学生分组自编对话, 根据他们的生活实际练习目标语言。因为这是他们身边的事, 从创设语言环境的角度看, 比起用其他例句更贴近学生的生活实际, 更易掌握。

由以上例子可以看出语法教学情景化的教学程序和步骤是: ① 让学生在一个有意义的情景中理解所教语法项目的意义; ② 引导学生归纳、小结语法知识, 并进行口头和笔头训练; ③ 展开话题, 有意识将语法要点贯穿其中, 使语法知识在能力训练中得以内化, 流畅输出。

根据新课标的要求, 语法教学绝不仅仅局限于让学生发现、归纳出语言形式和规则, 教师还必须向前迈出两步, 那就是认真设计巩固操练和实际运用两个环节的教学活动。任何语言形式只有通过实践才能加深理解, 只有通过实际运用, 特别要通过在实际交际或者仿实际交际活动中去运用才能内化其规则、才能真正掌握。因此创设情景学语法, 让学生在真实或准真实语境中感知所学语法结构, 在有意义的交际情境中进行大量的语言实践, “在用中学, 在学中用”, 既学了语言又活用了语法, 符合用英语来学英语的原则。但学生还须在教师的启

发诱导下归纳出规则, 使感性认识提高到理性认识, 因为认识规则的监控作用不仅能有意识地利用语言规则, 促进理解语言材料的速度, 更重要的是能培养学生举一反三灵活运用规则进行言语交际的能力。

篇2：高中英语语法总结 教学总结(人教版英语高考复习)

第一章 名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

一． 主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：

a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。

b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。

c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）

d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）

2. 用it 作形式主语的结构

(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句

It is a fact that … 事实是…

It is an honor that …非常荣幸

It is common knowledge that …是常识

(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句

It is natural that…很自然…

It is strange that…奇怪的是…

(3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句

It seems that… 似乎…

It happened that… 碰巧…

It appears that… 似乎…

(4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句

It is reported that… 据报道…

It has been proved that… 已证实…

It is said that… 据说…

3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：

（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.

错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.

（3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.

错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.

（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.

错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.

（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：

a) What you said yesterday is right.

b) That she is still alive is a consolation

二．宾语从句

宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。

1. 作动词的宾语

(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：

I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。

(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：

a) She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么。

b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。

(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她对我说她会接受我的邀请。

2. 作介词的宾语，例如：

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。

3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：

I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。

注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。

4. it 可以作为形式宾语

it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。

5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词

这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：

正确表达：I admire their winning the match.

错误表达：I admire that they won the match.

6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词

有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.

错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.

7. 否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。

三. 表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：

1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.

2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.

3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.

4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

四. 同位语从句

同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1. 同位语从句的功能

同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：

1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.

2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.

2. 同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.

3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：

1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

高一英语名词性从句专项练习

1．____he does has nothing to do with me.

A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If

2. The manager came over and asked the customer how____

A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about

C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about

3. Energy is ____makes thing work..

A. what B. something C. anything D. that

4. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

A. while B. that C. when D. as

5. This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.

A. there B. in which C. where D. when

6. They have no idea at all____.

A. where he has gone B. where did he go

C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone

7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.

A. that B. which C. of which D. of that

8. The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.

A. that ;had to leave B. that; should leave

C. /; must leave D. when; should leave

9. ___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.

A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether

10. The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.

A. that B. which C. whether D. if

11. Is _____he said really true?

A. that B. what C. why D. whether

12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.

A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where

13. It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.

A. while B. if C. that D. for

14. ???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.

A. Whether B. This C. who D. If

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.

A. What B. That C. Whether D. If

16. ____you don’t like him is none of my business.

A. What B. That C. Who D. How

17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.

A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what

18. ____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.

A. WhatB. It C. All that D. That

19. It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.

A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped

20. ____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.

A. What B. That C. How D. Where

Keys:

1-5 ABABC 6-10 AABAC 11-15 BBCAB 16-20 BCBAA

篇3：高考重点语法项目复习讲义 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

20高考重点语法项目复习讲义

--南充白塔中学新校区高三英语备课组 唐浩

第一部分：名词

名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。它分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。可数名词分为个体名词和集体名词；不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词。例如：

可数名词

a.个体名词 man , woman , desk , pencil

b.集体名词 class , family , police , army

不可数名词

a.物质名词 meat , rice , cotton , iron

b.抽象名词 life ,help, happiness , sadness

掌握名词应当主要从数的概念、名词的格和名词的作用上加以考虑，其次考虑它的句法功能。

一.名词的数

可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,它随语意变化而变化.例如:

I have a ruler . ( ruler 为单数名词)

I have five rulers . ( rulers 为复数名词 )

名词复数有以下几种变化形式:

1) 在名词后直接加 s 如: desk--desks , bag --bags

2) 在以 s, sh , ch , x 结尾并且发〔s 〕〔〕〔t 〕的名词后面加es 如:

bench--benches , box--boxes , brush--brushes

3）以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，应当变y为i，然后加es , 如: study --studies , baby-- babies

4) 以f 或fe 结尾的名词，一般加s ， 如：roof--roofs , belief--beliefs

但有特殊情况,中学阶段有以下几个词，需变f 或 fe为 v ,然后加 es . 这些词有：thief ,knife, wife, leaf ,wolf ,half 如：half -- halves , leaf--leaves

5) 以 o 结尾的名词， 一般直接加s , 如：photo---photos , radio --radios

但有特殊情况,中学阶段有以下几个词，需 要加 es . 这些词有：potato , tomato , negro ,hero 如：hero--heroes , negro--negroes

6) 有些名词需要改变词中的元音字母，如：man-men , woman- women , foot--feet , tooth--teeth ,goose--geese , mouse--mice ,child--children ,

7) 单复数相同的名词：deer , fish , sheep , Chinese, Japanese

二.名词的格

名词分为主格、宾格和所有格。主格和宾格与原形一致，这里主要研究所有格，所有格有词尾变化，变化如下：1）单数名词 后加“'s” 如：boy---boy's , teacher ---teacher's

2) 复数名词后加 “ ' ” 如：boys --boys' , teachers--teachers'

3) 特殊形式复数的名词需加 “'s ” 如： children ---children's , men--men's

所有格用于以下几种情况：

1) 名词是表示有生命的东西, 如 : Mary's room ( 玛丽的房间），children's toys (孩子们的玩物）

2）名词是表示时间和距离的，如：today's paper (今天的报纸），ten minutes' walk(十分钟的路）

3）专有名词 如：China's capital (中国的首都），Beijing's weather (北京的天气）

4） 介词of 可以表示所有格，它一般用于无生命意义的名词 ， 例如：the title of the film (电影的名字)，the gate of the school ( 学校的门口)

三. 名词的功能

名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、同位语和定语。例句如下：

1. These ideas may seem strange to you .

这些想法似乎对我很奇怪。ideas 作主语

2. Both of them are doctors .

他们两个都是医生。 doctors 作表语

3. We love our great motherland .

我们热爱我们伟大的祖国。motherland 作宾语

4.We elected him monitor of our class .

我们选他当我们班的班长。monitor 作补足语

5. This is Mr Black , our department manager.

这是布莱克先生，我们部门的经理。manager 作同位语； department 作 定语

四、名词作定语

1）在现代英语中，无论是口语还是书面语，名词作定语都使用得相当普遍。名词作定语修饰另一个名词时，常表示时间、地点、功能、性别、科目 、材料等。如：

an evening paper 晚报， afternoon tea 下午茶， school life 学校生活，

Tianjin Railway Station天津火车站， a wine glass 酒杯， a shoe store 鞋店

maths teacher数学老师 sun glasses 太阳镜 a train ticket 火车票，

food industry 食品工业， an iron bridge 铁桥， a woman astronaut 女宇航员，

2）注意有些名词可以用其相应的形容词形式作定语，用来表示被修饰名词的特点或属性，要区别二者意思的不同。如：

a gold watch 金表（指手表是含金的）

a golden watch 金色的表（指表是金色的，但不一定含金）

the history teacher 历史老师

the historic May 4th Movement 具有历史意义的五四运动

3）在英语中有些词既可作名词，也可作形容词。我们可以把他们看作是名词作定语，也可以认为是形容词作定语，但意思不同。如：

an English (n.) teacher 一个英语教师

an English (adj.) teacher 一个英国教师

遇到这种情况，我们只能在一定的语境中，通过上下文，才能判断其词类，准确把握其含义

五、名词习语

某些名词可以与其他单词构成固定搭配，要注意积累有关习语，因为对名词习语的考查也是考点之一。如：do shopping 购物 ，make room 腾地方 ， make sense 有意义， make fun of 取笑， out of sight 看不见， all of a sudden 突然， 等等。

六、高考对名词的考查

近年来在高考试题中，常将名词置于具体的语境中，着重考查名词在情景交际中的运用。这是高考对语法知识考查的特点。如：

I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little ________.

A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest

联系上下文的语境，该题应当选择 C。因为前句的“我会尽快调查此事”为后句的“要有点耐心”提供了具体的语言情景。

在高考题中，这种“语法，词语知识，加情景交际”的考查特点体现了英语知识灵活运用的原则，这要求我们在复习中，不仅要牢固掌握中学阶段所学的基础英语知识，还要在实践中努力提高在特定语境中灵活运用语言知识的能力。

第二部分：冠 词

（一）考纲要求

考纲规定，冠词考查基本用法，包括定冠词与不定冠词，不定冠词a与an的区别；不用冠词的情况；习语中的冠词；特指与泛指等。

（二）命题导向

冠词规则的灵活运用是高考命题的一个热点，几乎每年高考题的单项选择或完形填空都有涉及冠词的题目，不定冠词和定冠词的一些特殊用法，习惯用法及不用冠词的情况是高考重点考查的知识点。

（三）基本用法

当代语法把冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词（即不用冠词）三种。冠词是一种虚词，起限定作用，是最主要最典型的限定词，放在名词（或名词化的形容词分词）前面，说明其所指的人或物。

1、定冠词的基本用法：

① 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：I have bought a book. The book is very useful.

② 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Close the window, please.

③ 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。

④ 用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east, the right.

⑤ 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：the first, the tallest.

⑥ 用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：the sick, the wounded.

⑦ 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：the United States, the United Nation.

⑧ 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake.

⑨ 用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：The Smiths

⑩ 用于乐器的名词前。如：play the piano; play the violin.

⑾ 发明物。如：The compass was invented in China.

⑿ 年代名词前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.

⒀ 固定词组中。如：in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time

2、不定冠词的基本用法：

① 泛指一个。如：There is a book on the table.

② 指人或事物的某一种类。如：His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.

③ 指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.

④ 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：We have meals three times a day.（我们一天吃三餐。）

⑤ 表示同样的。如：They are of an age.（他们是同岁。）

⑥ 表数量，相当于one,但语意较弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk.

⑦ 使抽象名词具体化。如：The little girl is a hand to her mother. （a hand译“帮手”）

⑧ 固定搭配。如：as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word

3、不用冠词的情况：

① 表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love cartoons.（儿童喜欢卡通影片。）

② 不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：We are studying English.

③ 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.

④ 季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：She likes spring most.

⑤ 呼语前不用冠词。如：What shall I do next, Mother?

⑥ 三餐饭前不用冠词。如：What did you have for lunch?

⑦ 节假日前不用冠词。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.

⑧ 球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：She is fond of playing basketball.

⑨ 在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：arm in arm（手挽手）; hand in hand（手牵手）; side by side（肩对肩）; day and day（日日夜夜）; young and old（老老少少）; from door to door（挨门挨户）; from beginning to end（从头到尾）; from morning till night（从早到晚）等。第三部分：形容词、副词

比较级和最高级及其使用

形容词的比较级和最高级

说 明 例 词

一般情况 加er, est smaller,smallest

以e 结尾 加r,st larger,largest

单音节词和少数多音节的形容词，加词尾er ,est 以“辅音字母+y ”结尾的词 改y为i，再加er,est busier,busiest

重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写末尾辅音字母，加er,est fatter,fattest

以ow,er结尾的双音节词 加er ,est narrower,narrowest cleverer,clevest

多数双音节和多音节的词 加more most more beautiful, most important

副词的比较级和最高级

1．大多数以ly结尾的副词前加more 和most 来构成比较级和最高级。

2．少数单音节副词，加er,est 构成其比较级和最高级 。

几个特殊的形容词和副词

原级 比较级 最高级

good ,well better best

bad, ill, badly worse worst

many ,much more most

little less least

far farther, further farthest,further

old older, elder oldest, eldest

比较级和最高级的常用句型

名称 句型 例句

相等 as 原形 as (as 原形+名词 as ) The train travels as fast as the 3:55 train. He has not as much money as his friend.

不及 not as(so) 原形 as (not as[so ]+名词+原形 as ) She is not as (so)beautiful as her sister.

比较级+ than Health is more important than wealth.

超越 the +比较级+of the two 两者中较… 的一个 He is the taller of the two.

用于否定 no +比较级+than 和…一样不 He is no richer than I. 他和我一样不富有。

用于否定 最…不过 His work couldn't be worse. 他的工作再糟糕不过了。

程度递增 er and er，more and more+多音节词原级 (越来越…) higher and higher more and more important

两种情况同时变化 the +比较级，the+比较级 （越…，越…） The quicker you get ready, the sooner we'll be able to leave.

三者或三者以上比较 the +最高级+of/in+比较范围 （…之中最…） Of all things in the world, people are the precious.

比较级结构的修饰语

1．用于原级之前：

almost, nearly, just, exactly, quite, half , twice,three times , a third,etc.

John is almost as tall as you.

The river is three times as long as that one.

We have a third as many students as we had last term.

2．用于比较级前

many, a few (用于“more +可数名词”前)

It takes many more hours to go there by train than by plane.

a lot, much , a bit, even, a little , still, a great deal, far, rather, two years, ten percent,three times etc.

It's cold this year, but it's even colder last year.

We produced 6% more grain this year than we did last year.

3．用于形容词和最高级前

the very , much the ,by far the ,the first/second

This hat is by far the largest in the world.

Gold is the very most valuable of all materials .

位置与功能

高考重点要求

1．掌握形容词、副词比较级、最高级的常用句型及用法

2．掌握形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级修饰语及倍数的比较表达。

3．注意多个形容词修饰同一名词的前后顺序。

4．分清常用同义与近义形容词在表达中的语义差别。

此项语法内容从1991年到达间共出现55次，可见其重要。

形容词作用与位置

1．定语。

在名词前做定语，为最常见用法。请注意多个形容词（含其它起形容词作用的词）做前置定语的顺序。

“县官行令杀国才。”这一句就概述了形容词顺序问题。即：

限（冠词[物主代词、指示代词]数词等）观 （描绘） 形（大小、形状等） 龄 （年龄、新旧等）色（色彩）国（国籍、出处等）材（材料、功用等）

an interesting English film a heavy black Chinese silk umbrella

做后置定语。修饰由不定代词no ,any, some ，every和one,thing等构成的复合词或形容词短语。

2．表语。一定要注意系动词的出现情况。这是一个高考热点问题。

常见系动词有：be

变化系词： become, get ,turn, grow, go

保持系词： keep ,remain, stay

感观系词： look, smell , taste, feel, sound,appear , seem ,prove etc.

3.形容词作状语，表状况、原因、结果等。这也是应注意的一点。

He went to bed , cold and hungry.

4.做宾补。

N：①某些以a 开始的形容词只做表语，不做定语。

afraid, alike, alone, asleep ,awake，alive

②某些表身体健康状况的形容词只能做表语,不做定语

well, ill ，faint

③某些以-ly 结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。

friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, likely, deadly, orderly 等。

④复合形容词的形式问题。

an 800-meter-wide river an English-speaking country a middle-aged man

副词的位置

1）时间副词和地点副词一般放于句尾。如同时出现，则地点副词在前。

They went boating in Zhongshan Park yesterday.

2)表频率的时间副词是高考的热点

always, seldom, often, never, rarely, usually 等，通常放于行为动词之前，be词、情态动词和助动词之后。

He is always telling lies,so I will never believe him.

3)程度副词一般放在被修饰词之前（但 enough除外）

He is very young ,so he is not old enough to go to school.

N:有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以ly 结尾，但它们的含义是不同的。

closely-close nearly-near freely-free deeply-deep highly-high widely-wide 等。

以ly 结尾的词表较为抽象的含义，而与形容词同形的副词则表较为具体的概念。

He is highly praised for what he has done. (高度地)

He can see a bird flying high in the sky.（飞得高，具有可见性）

第四部分：动词归类复习

一、连系动词类

①变化类: become get turn grow make come go fall

②感官类: look sound feel taste smell

③显得类: seem appear look

④状态类: keep stay remain lie sit stand (prove turn out)

二、使役、感官动词类: see look at watch notice observe let make have/get hear listen to feel

提示：吾（五）看三室（使）两厅（听）一感觉

三、主动表被动: sell wash burn cook cut drive dress play last open write start run read act draw

提示：说明主语的特点、性质、状态

四、只接动名词做宾语的词/词组: consider suggest/advise look forward to excuse/pardon admit put off/delay/postpone fancy avoid miss keep/keep on practice deny finish enjoy/appreciate forbid imagine risk can’t help mind allow/permit escape

提示： 考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。

避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。

禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。

① “to”作介词 get down to devote… to lead to be/get/become used to

go back to object to adapt to owe … to

② 带有介词in succeed(in) spend/waste time(in) be busy(in)

have a good/hard time(in) have difficulty/trouble(in)

③ give up dislike feel like insist on can’t stand understand

④“值得”be worth=deserve be worthy of being done / be worthy to be done

⑤ It is no use/good It is of little use/good It is useless

五、只接不定式作宾语的词/词组: decide/determine learn want expect/hope/wish refuse manage care pretend offer promise choose plan agree ask/beg help

提示：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。

此外：seem attempt fail happen afford strive（努力）

make up one’s mind to be determined to would/should like/love to

make great efforts to

六、接动名词、不定式意义不同的词：forget remember regret go on mean stop try can’t help (can’t help but do = can’t but do = can’t choose but do = do nothing/have nothing to do but do = have no choice but to do sth = have to do sth.)

七、不带不定式作复合宾语: hope agree suggest demand imagine

八、宾语不同、语态不同、但意义相同: “需要” need require want

九、接宾语和宾补、形式不同:allow permit forbid advise consider

十、接虚拟语气的词: insist order command advise suggest propose recommend demand ask require request

提示：一坚持，二命令，四建议，四要求

第五部分：动词词义辨析

动词是是各类考试的重点，高考试题中，单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中，动词辨义的比重较大，并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指：1、形状相同的动词之间辨义。如：lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。2、意义相近的动词之间辨义。如：borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。3、动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如：advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。4、意义不同，但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如：explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out等。5、某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如：ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear等。6、某些常用动词短语的辨义。如：give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。

（一）易混动词

1、lay（放）, lie（躺）与lie（说谎）：这三个易混动词构成见下表：

中 文 原 形 过 去 式 过去分词 现在分词 说 明

放 lay laid laid laying 及物动词

躺 lie lay lain lying 不及物动词

说谎 lie lied lied lying 不及物动词

2、rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。

3、hear与listen to：hear侧重点是听到，听见什么，而listen to是侧重于听的倾向，但hear用于无意中的听见，而listen to却用于集中注意力的听。

4、see, watch和look：see用作看电影，剧目；watch则用作看电视比赛，而watch还有在旁观看之意。如：Are you going to play or only watch?；look一般用作不及物动词，只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词，如：The little boy looked me in the face.（小男孩直盯着我的脸。）

5、wind和wound：wind意为蜿蜒而行，其过去式与过去分词都是wound，而动词原形wound意为伤害，其过去式、过去分词都是wounded。

6、hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为悬挂，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为绞刑，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。

7、bear的过去分词born与borne：bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born，borne。只有当be+born…短语后没有by介词短语时，才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai. 而作它用时要用borne。如：She has borne five children. 但如果作忍受讲，则一律用borne。

8、sit与seat：seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲，sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用be seated。如：They were seated at their desks. 或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair.

9、borrow, lend与keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词，不能用于长时间的动作，所以我能借多久应用keep。

10、win与beat：win作胜、赢讲时其后应接，a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含意。如:I have won him. 即我已说服他了，我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲，直接接人、队。

11、steal与rob：steal为偷。rob为抢，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。

12、fit与suit：fit与suit均可作合适讲，但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适，而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。

13、take, bring 与fetch：英文中拿三个词，即拿来，拿去，去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来，带来是bring，拿去带走是take，而去取回来是fetch。

14、shut与close：shut与close有时是可以互换的，但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close，而在命令，态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如:Shut your mouth!(闭嘴)；又如:Shut up. 在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合，则要用close。

15、answer与reply：作为回答讲answer是及物动词，如作不及物动词，则意义不同，如answer for，意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词，后跟宾语时，要加上to。

16、reach，arrive与get to：reach当到达讲是及物动词，而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲，则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有get to, arrive(at/in)。

17、cost，spend与take：英文中花费有三个词cost, spend, take，但各有不同用法。cost作 “花费”讲，主语不能是人，而spend的主语不能是物。如: she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花费讲时，可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it，如It takes me three hours to finish this work.

18、lost, gone与missing：作补足语时意为丢失、不见了，可以用lost, gone，但要用 miss时则不能用missed, 而要用missing.

19、have on, wear, put on及dress：作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。have on与wear作穿着状态讲;但have on不用进行时态，而wear则常要用进行时态。put on是动作，但dress既可用作状态，又可用作穿衣动作，但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit作动作讲时，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词，如：I dress my children in the morning every day.

20、begin与start

begin与Start 均可作开始讲，并无多少区别，同样可接不定式或动名词，但在下面的场合多要用Start：1)机器的开动发动；2)旅途的开始。如:we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。

21、allow 与permit

allow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词，如接人后再接动词则要用不定式，所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如：People are not allowed to spit.

22、find与found

find找到的过去式和过去分词都是found，而found是动词“建立”的原形，其过去式和过去分词是founded，founded，如：The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.

23、speak, say, talk 与tell

英文中讲有4个词，speak, say, talk, tell，但其中speak, talk多用作不及物动词，但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词，如：Please speak English。而say与tell是及物动词，其中tell常用作接双宾语，如：Tell me a story。但也有些特定的习惯用法，如：在作讲实话，讲谎言，表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词，如：My watch was broken. It couldn’t tell time correctly。在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为It said …。在作辨别不同讲时是tell，如：Can you tell me the difference between the two？而讲别人好坏话时用speak，如：The father always speaks well of his son.。

24、excuse me 与sorry

excuse me用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语，而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。

25、care for 与care to do

care for其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词，如：Would you care for a cup of tea？但care for作照顾讲时与look after相同。

26、与名词易混的动词有：advise(v.), advice (n.); accept(v.), except(prep.); pass(v.), past(prep.); bathe(v.), bath(n.); breathe(v.), breath(n.); choose(v.), choice(n.); succeed(v.), success(n.);

27、意义相近的动词：ring摇铃，打铃，电话铃响，strike专指敲钟，打几点，撞击；suggest提出实验性或推测性的建议，advice表示对经验不足人的一种忠告；look由视觉得出的印象，seem暗示一定根据的判定，appear外表印象而实际或结果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remain遗物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；discover（发现）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西，invent（发明）研制出不存在的东西；remember记忆起以前经历或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。

28、动词 + 副词 + 介词：catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with …

29、动词 + 介词to的词组有：come to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to …

30、与in相结合的动词有：give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in …

（二）动词短语

动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。需掌握以下要点：

1、根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。

(I)动词+副词(不及物)

Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。

(2)动词+副词(及物)

Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。

注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。如：She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：She gave them away. 她送掉了它们。

(3)动词+介词(及物)

I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。

注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如：She's got more work than she can cope with. 她的工作多得使她应付不了。

(4)动词+副词+介词

I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。

注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。

2、熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。

(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①hear from收到…的来信，hear of听说。 ②look after照料，look at看，look for寻找。

(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①ring back回电话, ring off挂断电话, ring up打电话 ②put away放好, put on穿，上演, put up挂起，举起。

(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：look for寻找, call for去取(某物)，去接(某人), ask for请求, wait for等候, send for派人去叫。

(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：①break out发生，爆炸, carry out进行，开展, go out熄灭, hand out分发, let out放出, look out当心, sell out卖完, set out出发, take out取出, work out算出。②break down出毛病, come down落下来, get down下车, take down取下, write down写下。

第六部分：高考时态、语态复习

直接考查时态、语态知识的试题主要体现在单项选择和改错两个题型中，而且几乎每年都会考到，因此必须将时态、语态问题作为复习的重点内容，务求达到深刻理解，熟练运用。近年来高考命题的特点是，在特定的语言环境中考查对时态、语态的理解。试题的意图往往隐蔽、迂回，迷惑项的设计技巧很高，容易干扰考生的思维。如果没有对时态概念的深刻理解，没有对语言应用环境的综合分析，便会对试题感到困惑。下面就相关知识进行一下全面总结：

一、时态

英语动词用不同的时态表示不同时间所发生的动作，动词通过不同形式的变化表示不同的时态。英语动词的时态总共有十六种。现以动词work为例，列表如下：

时 一般 进行 完成 完成进行

现在 work

works

过去 worked

had worked had been working

将来 shall

work

will shall

be

working

will shall

have worked

will shall

have been

working

will

过去将来 should

be

working

would should

have

worked

would should

have been

working

would

常用10种时态：

1、一般现在时

1）表示经常发生的动作、习惯性行为，表示现状、特征或真理、永恒的客观事实。

My neighbor does outdoor exercises every morning.

My uncle is a mechanic. He fixes cars.

Do they know each other? Yes, they do./No, they don’t.

2) 在复合句中，当描述将来的事情时，条件状语从句、时间状语从句和让步状语从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时。

When she arrives, I’ll let you know.

I’ll stay back in case he needs my help.

在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.

3）表示已安排、计划妥当的，十分确定的将来的动作或状态，用一般现在时替代将来时，但仅限于go, come，leave, arrive, start, begin, return等少数动词。

The train from Harbin arrives at 5:30 this afternoon.

2、一般过去时

1) 表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示过去的时间状语连用：…three days ago, the other day, last year等等。

She regretted telling Jane about her own affairs.

Doctor Chen married very late.

2) 在复合句中，当描述过去将来的事情时，条件状语从句、时间状语从句和让步状语从句用一般过去时，主句用过去将来时。

She would give me a gift when she came again.

3、一般将来时

表示将来某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常常给出将来的时间。

若表示“打算、准备、计划、即将”可以用be going to 替代shall、will；若表示预定的或安排好要做的事或表示命令、要求等，可以用be + 不定式。

When are you going to answer him?

The meeting is to be held next Monday.

4、过去将来时

表示就过去某一时间而言，将要发生的动作。常常有过去的动作陪衬。

He said he would not come home that day.

5、现在完成时

表示到说话时刻为止已经做或尚未做过的动作。常用already, yet, so far, by now, since two days ago, for a few days 等词语作状语。

注：give, see, come, arrive, leave，begin, start, finish, join, become, borrow, lend, die, end 等点时间动词可以用于完成时，但在肯定句中不能与表示一段时的 since和for 短语连用，因为点时间动词不能延续，而在否定句中可以与表示一段时间的for短语连用，因为否定的点时间动词可以看作是一种可延续的状态。

Mike has come for a year.( 〤)

Mike has been here for a year( √)

Mike hasn’t come for a year.（√）

6、过去完成时

表示截止到过去某一时刻或在过去的动作之前已经做或尚未做的动作。

By (=up to )last weekend we hadn’t got any information.

When he appeared, we had waited for 30 minutes.

7、现在进行时

表示现在正在进行的动作。

What are you digging for, for gold?

The manager is studying the contract.

有时用现在进行时替代一般将来时表示不久将要发生的动作，主要用于 come, go, leave, arrive, start 等动词。

The train is leaving in 5 minutes.

8、过去进行时

表示过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间内正在进行的动作。句中经常有过去的点时间或过去动作陪衬。

At 9：00 last night I was watching football on TV.

They were having a discussion the whole morning yesterday.

He went towards the fire, which was still smoking.

9、现在完成进行时

表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在还在进行的动作。

You have been working for hours. You should stop to have a rest.(=…stop for a rest.)

10、过去完成进行时

表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间还在进行的动作。

When the secretary come in and interrupted us, we had been talking for an hour.

【时态主要考点】

1. 一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时的区别。

上述三个时态在使用中容易混淆是因为他们有相近的地方，这个相近之处就是“过去”。现在完成时和过去完成时的概念都同“过去”有关，彼此之间的混淆便由此产生。只有抓住他们的不同，才能熟练地将这三种时态区别开。

①一般过去时只用以陈述过去发生过的事情。

In a poor district in Paris, in the year 1775, there was a wine shop, the owner of which was Monsieur Defarge.

②现在完成时表达的动作虽然发生在过去，但说话时要强调的是这个过去的动作与现在有关系，语意的重心着眼于现在。这种过去的动作同现在的联系有两种情况：a)过去的动作对现在仍具有影响。

----Would you go to see the film with me this evening?

----Sorry, I have seen it before.

b)过去的动作延续到现在。表示这种延续时经常会用到for、since, so far 一类时间状语。

I have worked in Beijing since I graduated from the university. (从毕业一直延续到现在)

③过去完成时必须有一个过去的动作作为参照点，由此发生了同一般过去时混淆的问题。过去完成时是一种相对的时态，它必须有一个过去的动作为参照，比这个过去的参照动作更早的动作才能用过去完成时。如果没有这个过去的参照的动作，就没有过去完成时，即使是一亿年前的动作也是一般过去时。

When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.

2. 进行时态的两种概念

现在进行时和过去进行时都具有两种不同的时间概念：瞬间概念和阶段概念。

①现在进行时的瞬间概念就是“说话的时候”。表示瞬间概念时，现在进行时的时态特点是，动作已经开始，正在过程中，但尚未结束。

1）Our country is getting stronger and stronger.

2）I’m getting on well with my English.

过去进行时的瞬间概念通常用表示“点时间”的时间状语表达出来。

I was doing my homework this time yesterday.

Mother was cooking when I came home.

②阶段概念的时间状语是“段时间”，表示在一段时间内一直在做的动作，至于动作是否结束则不是说话者所关心的。

He is writing a new novel these days.

The workers were building a bridge last year.

3. 将来时的五种动词形式

1.will(shall)+动词原形。

1）Go through the gate and you will find the entrance to Bear Country on the other side.

2）The light is on . I will turn it off . ( 表临时性的决定)

2.be going to + 动词原形，用以表示“打算做某事”或“已经有迹象将要发生的情况。

1）I’m going to cut this tree down.

2）It is going to rain. (有迹象表明将要下雨，可翻译成“ 可能” )

3.be to +动词原形，用以表示按照计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止, 必要性。

1）The message is this: you are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you.

2) If you are to be expected by others , you should expect others first .

4.will be doing，在当代英语中用以表示纯粹的将来。

Who will be taking over her job?

Everybody else will be wearing jewellery.

5.用进行时的动词形式表示将来的概念。这种用法通常仅限于瞬间动词，因为瞬间动词不可能有“进行”的概念，所以不会产生歧义。

How many of you are making the trip?

Is anybody seeing you off?

6. 用一般现在时态表示按时刻表等的安排即将发生的动作。

You needn’t be in a hurry .The train leaves at six.

二、语态

语态指主动语态（Active Voice）和被动语态（Passive Voice）当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式用主动语态；当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语的形式用被动语态。

1 被动语态的构成

被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称，数，时态和语气的不同而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下：

1.一般现在时 am/is/are+ 过去分词

人们利用电能运转机器。

People use electricity to run machines. Electricity is used to run machines.

Is electricity used to run machines? Yes, it is . / No, it isn't.

2.一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词

昨天我们在山坡上种了许多树。We planted many trees on the hill yesterday.

Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.

Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they were not.

3.一般将来时 will/shall +be+过去分词

下星期我们将举行一场运动会。We will hold a sports meeting next week.

A sports meeting will be held next week.

Will a sports meeting be held next week? Yes, it will. / No, it won't.

4.过去将来时 should/would +be+过去分词

他告诉我们人们将在他家乡建一个大水坝。

He told us that people would build a big reservoir in his hometown.

We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.

Were you told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown? Yes, we were./No, we weren't.

5.现在进行时 am/is/are +being+过去分词

他正在油漆房子。He is painting the house. A house is being painted.

Is the house being painted? Yes, it is. / No, it isn't .

6.过去进行时 was/were +being+过去分词

当我进厨房时，她正在做蛋糕。She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen.

A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.

Was a cake being made when I came into the kitchen? Yes, it was./ No, it wasn't.

7.现在完成时 have/has +been+过去分词

他已经结束工作了。He has finished his work. His work has been finished.

Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn't.

8.过去完成时 had +been+过去分词

到上个月为止，他们已经把这本书翻译成了英语。

They had translated the book into English by the end of last month.

The book had been translated into English by the end of last month.

Had the book been translated into English by the end of last month? Yes, it had./ No, it hadn't.

9.将来完成时will have +been+过去分词

The students will have learned 2,000 words by the end of next year.

2,000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.

Will 2,000 words have been learned by the end of next year? Yes, they will./No, they won't.

10. 过去将来完成时would have +been+过去分词

He told me that Mr. Brown would have taught them for two years by the next summer.

I was told that they would have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by the next summer.

注：

1.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成。如：

You must operate the machine with care. The machine must be operated with care.

Must the machine be operated with care? Yes, it must. / No, it mustn't.

2.含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to +be +过去分词”和“be to be+过去分词”。如：

The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.

Is the problem going to be discussed at the meeting? Yes, it is. / No, it isn't.

This question is to be answered by Mr. Smith.

3.被动语态除常用“be+过去分词”构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中。如：

The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.

4.被动语态没有完成进行时态，也没有将来进行时态，如果要将这些时态的主动结构变为被动结构，可以用完成时态或一般将来时态来表示。如：

他已被检查过了。 不能说：He had been being examined. （×）

而应说：He has been examined.

当我们到那儿时他将正被检查。

不能说：He will be being examined when we get there.（×）

而应说：He will be examined when we get there.

2 被动语态的应用

被动语态的使用往往不是任意的，而是按照表达思想，描述事物的需要，通常在下列情况下使用被动语态。

1.不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。

This book has been translated into many languages.这本书已被翻译成许多种语言。

2.动作的对象是谈话的中心。

A new railway will be built in our hometown.我们家乡将建一条新铁路。

3.修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练匀称：

He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.

他出现在舞台上受到了观众的热烈欢迎。

注：被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章，新闻报道，书刊介绍及景物描写。

3 主动形式表被动意义

在下列情况中，谓语形式是主动的，但具有被动的含义。

1.有少数及物动词转化而来的不及物动词，常见的有：cut, lock, open, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write, blame , ride :

等。此时句子的主语一般是物，而且这些动词常和表示行为的状语，如：well, easily, badly或与否定词连用构成否定句。如：

Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。

The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。

The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。

The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。

The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。

注：含有这类动词的句子也可写成被动语态的句子，但含义不同。主动语态表示现状，被动语态则侧重某一动作的发生。

The clothes wash well. 这些衣服很好洗。

The clothes aren’t well washed. 这些衣服没好好洗。

2.一些固定句型表示被动含义

a. be worth doing sth

The film is well worth seeing.这部电影很值得一看。

b. have/ get sb/sth done have作使役动词没有被动语态，但可用这种结构表被动或使役。

I had my watch stolen.我的手表被偷了。

c. need/want/require doing = need /want/require to be done

The room needs cleaning.= The room needs to be cleaned.这间房屋需要打扫。

d.下列不定式用主动形式：

There are a lot of things to do.有许多工作要做。

I have a lot of things to do.我有许多事情要做。

The question is easy to answer.这个问题很容易回答。

I bought him a story-book to read.我给他买了本故事书看看。

This is a hard question to answer.这是个很难回答的问题。

注：有些不及物动词容易被误用被动语态，如take place, belong to, consist of, prove等。

Taiwan belongs to China. 台湾属于中国。

Great changes have taken place in China in the past 20 years. 过去中国发生了巨大变化。

The UK consists of Great Britain and North Ireland. 英国包括大不列颠和北爱尔兰。

This plan proved unpractical. 这计划证明是不切合实际的。

第七部分：非谓语动词考点一网打尽

非谓语动词是历年各地高考命题必考的语法项目，也是中学阶段最难掌握的一个语法知识。纵观历年高考中对非谓语动词的命题，可以归纳出以下的考查热点，希望能帮助同学们很好地复习并攻破这个难关。

考点一：非谓语动词否定形式的考查

动词不定式的否定形式通常是在动词不定式前加not或never。 动词ing形式的一般式的否定形式通常是在分词前加not或never；完成式中如果是never，则在having后加never，其余情况还是在having前加not。

【考例】

（1）The teacher asked us______ so much noise. （NMET）

A. don't make B. not make C. not making D. not to make

（2）______ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. （广东）

A. Not completing B. Not completed

C. Not having completed D. Having not completed

(3) Victor apologized for __________ to inform me of the change in the plan. （2004上海春）

A. his being not able B. him not to be able

C. his not being able D. him to be not able

考点二： 非谓语动词时态和语态的考查

1. 动词不定式有一般式、完成式、进行式；动词ing形式有一般式、完成式、完成进行式；过去分词只由一种形式。

【考例】

（4）- There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. ( 江苏卷)

- My goodness! I can’t imagine _________ that old.

A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been

2. 动词不定式和动词ing形式的被动形式有一般式的被动形式和完成式的被动形式。

【考例】

（5）As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting___________.（2006湖南）

A. to use B. to be used C. to have used D. to be using

（6）After he became conscious，he remembered________ and________ on the head with s rod.（2006江西卷）

A. to attack; hit B. to be attacked; to be hit

C. attacking；be hit D. having been attacked；hit

(7) It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness______ . （2006江西卷）

A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made

考点三：非谓语动词逻辑主语的考查

非谓语动词中的动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词作状语，一般情况下，要和句子主语保持一致，即它们之间存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。

【考例】

（8）Faced with a bill for ＄ 10,000,________. （2006陕西卷）

A. John has taken an extra job

B. the boss has given john an extra job

C. an extra job has been taken

D. an extra job has been given to John

（9）Having been attacked by terrorists, ________.（2004上海）

A. doctors cane to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed

C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists

（10）In order to improve English, . (上海)

A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes

B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself

C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny

D. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father

考点四：动词不定式和动词-ing作主语或表语的考查

表示具体的或某一次动作或将来的动作用动词不定式；表示一般的或泛指的或习惯性的动作用动词-ing。有时候为了保持句子平衡，也可以用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词-ing、动词不定式后置。

【考例】

（11）It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _________ the answers ready will be of great help. （北京）

A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having

（12）I think you’ll grow ________ him when you know him better. （2005江西）

A. liking B. to be like C. to like D. to be liking

（13）Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains______ whether they will enjoy it. （NMET）

A. to see B. to be seenC. seeing D. seen

考点五：动词-ing和动词不定式作宾语的考查

1. 能跟动词-ing或动词-ing的复合结构作宾语动词或动词短语有：

admit, allow, appreciate, avoid, dislike, enjoy, escape, deny, consider, mind, finish, permit, imagine, risk, prevent, suggest, lead to, look forward to , put off, keep on, give up, insist on 等。

【考例】

（14）- There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. ( 2006江苏卷)

- My goodness! I can’t imagine _________ that old.

A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been

（15）The parents suggested ___ in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip. ( 2006上海春招)

A. sleep B. to sleep C. sleeping D. having slept

2. 只跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有：

ask, attempt, afford, agree, choose, expect, determine, manage, pretend, plan, desire, hope, decide, want, intend, refuse, would like, make up one’s mind等。

【考例】

（16）I can’t stand ______ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _______ talking while she works. （2006北京卷）

A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping

C. working; to stop D. to work ; to stop

（17）I don’t want ________ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. （2005天津）

A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded

3. 疑问词+动词不定式作宾语

【考例】

（18）I've worked with children before, so I know what______ in my new job. （NMET）

A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects

（19） Mother didn’t know _______ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. (2002NMET)

A. who B. when C. how D. what

4. 动词-ing和动词不定式作宾语意义截然不同的考查

在下列几组动词及动词短语后跟动词-ing和动词不定式意义截然不同：

remember to do(记得去做)，remember doing（记得做过）, forget to do（忘记去做）forget doing（忘记做过），regret to do（遗憾地做），regret doing（后悔做了）, try to do(设法去做)，try doing（试做）, mean to do（打算做），mean doing （意味着）， go on to do（继续做另一件事），go on doing（继续做同一件事），can’t help doing（禁不住），can’t help do（不能帮忙做）

【考例】

（20）If you think that treating a woman well means always_______ her permission for things, think again. （2006湖南）

A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting

（21）When asked by the police, he said that he remembered __________ at the party, but not _______（2005北京）

A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive, to leave

C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave

5. to是介词,后用动词-ing作宾语的几个动词短语

to是介词的短语很多，常见的有look forward to(盼望), devote to（致力于）, be/get used to（习惯于）, lead to（导致），引起, get down to（静下心来做）, pay attention to（注意）, refer to（谈到）, turn to（转向）, object to（反对）, belong to（属于）等等。

【考例】

（22）Isn't it time you got down to________ the papers? （2006重庆卷）

A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking

（23）The discovery of new evidence led to______. （2003上海）

A. the thief having caughtB. catch the thief

C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught

6. 要接动词-ing的含有介词的几个句型的考查

介词后一般跟动词-ing作宾语，但有时候介词可以省略，这类句型有：

prevent/stop/keep sb. from doing（阻止……做……）; spend/waste time(money) (in)doing（在做……方面花/浪费时间）; How/What about doing（做……怎样？）; have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing(在做……方面有困难); have a hard time doing（做某事困难）; There is no point (in)doing（做……没有意义）， be busy doing（忙于做……）等

【考例】

（24）Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time________ the exam. （2004福建）

A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing

（25）According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week _________ TV. （2004上海）

A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch

考点六：非谓语动词作主语补足语和宾语补足语的考查

1. 在be said, be reported, be believed, be supposed, be thought等后常用动词不定式作主语补足语。

【考例】

（26）AIDS is said ______ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. （2006湖北卷）

A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been

2. 通常跟带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：

ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, order, advise, force, cause, allow, forbid, warn, remind, permit, would like/love , prefer等等。

【考例】

（27）My advisor encouraged______ a summer course to improve my writing skills. （2004北京）

A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take

3. 感官动词hear, listen to, see, watch, notice , observe, look at等和使役动词let, have, make后可以跟省to的动词不定式作宾补，在被动语态中用带to的不定式作主语补足语。

【考例】

（28）While watching television, __________. （2005全国卷三）

A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings

C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings

（29）If anyone happens to drop in while I am out,________ him or her leave a message. （2005福建）

A. have B. get C. ask D. tell

4. 感官动词后跟分词和动词不定式作宾补的区别

如果感官动词后的宾语和分词之间是主谓关系或表示正在进行的动作或动作的一个片断，则用现在分词；是主动关系又表示全过程时，则用省to的动词不定式；如是被动关系，且动作已经完成，则用过去分词。

(30) The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see______ the next year. （NMET2000）

A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out

(31) The missing boys were last seen __________ near the river. (NMET1994)

A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play

5. 可以用分词但不用动词不定式作宾补的几个动词

keep（让），find（发现）, catch（碰见）等几个动词后常跟现在分词或过去分词作宾补，不跟动词不定式作宾补。

【考例】

（32）A cook will be immediately if he is found _______ in the kitchen. (NMET2003)

A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked

（33）He looked around and caught a man _______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. （2004北京春）

A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting

6. 可用现在分词、过去分词和动词不定式作宾补的几个动词：

leave, want, get，可跟现在分词和过去分词以及带to的动词不定式作宾补；have后可跟现在分词、过去分词和省to的动词不定式作宾补。

【考例】

（34）Don’t leave the water _______ while you brush your teeth. (2004天津)

A. run B. running C. being run D. to run

（35）You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it _________often enough. （2005天津）

A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained

考点七：非谓语动词作状语的用法比较

1. 动词不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别

动词不定式表结果状语、往往表示出乎意料的，令人不快的结果，不定式所表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词后，其前常有only, 也可用于一些固定句型，如：too…to…, enough to…等；现在分词表示结果状语，几乎和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，表示的是一种必然的结果。

【考例】

（36）He hurried to the booking office only _________that all the tickets had been sold out. （2006陕西卷）

A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told

（37）Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _________ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4. （2005山东）

A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching

2. 只用动词不定式作状语的几种情况

在作表语的形容词后或作宾补的形容词后作原因状语；在句首、句中作目的状语只能用动词不定式，也可和in order, so as 连用，但so as to do 一般不放到句首。

【考例】

（38）You were silly not ____ your car. （2004湖南）

A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked

（39）All these gifts must be mailed immediately _______ in time for Christmas. （2005辽宁）

A. in order to have received B. in order to receive

C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving

(40) this cake, you'll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. （2006广东卷）

A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making

3. 不用动词不定式作状语的几种情况

虽然非谓语动词都可以在句中作状语，但它们之间也存在很多区别。有的情况，如：表示时间、伴随、让步、方式、原因状语时，只能用分词而不用动词不定式作状语。

【考例】

（41）Don't sit there ________ nothing. Come and help me with this table. （2006湖北卷）

A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing

（42）______for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. （2006福建卷）

A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed

（43）__________ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. （2005湖北）

A. Being separated B. Having separated

C. Having been separated D. To be separated

4. 连词+ 现在分词/过去分词作状语的考查

有时候为了使分词表达的含义更为准确，常在分词前加上一个相关的连词，如when, while, unless, if, though等等。

【考例】

（44）When_______ help, one often says “ Thank you. ” or “ It ’ s kind of you. ” （2005福建）

A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered

(45) When ______ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. ( 2006浙江卷)

A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared

5. 形容化的分词（短语）作状语

英语中有些形容词化的过去分词（短语），常省略be动词，在句中作状语。常见的有：be lost in, be faced with, be located in, be dressed in, be tired of等等。

【考例】

(46) __________in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. （2005湖南）

A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed

(47) _____ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. ( 2006全国Ⅰ)

A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising

(48) ______with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. ( 2006四川卷)

A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face

考点八：非谓语动词作定语的考查

1. 动词不定式作定语，常位于所修饰的名词、代词后，表示将来要发生的动作。如果动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词，其后还应跟上相对应的介词。当动词不定式和所修饰的名词、代词是动宾关系，又和句子主语是主谓关系时，常用其主动形式。

【考例】

（49）The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ______ in Beijing in . ( 2006四川卷)

A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held

(50) Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one . (2006安徽卷)

A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed

2. 现在分词和过去分词作定语

现在分词的一般式作定语，表示主动、正在进行的动作，过去分词作定语，表示被动或完成的动作。（注：现在分词的完成式不作定语。）

【考例】

（51）The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket__________ the desert.（2006湖南）

A. covering B. covered C. cover D. to cover

（52）There have been several new events ________ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. （2006北京卷）

A. add B. to add C. adding D. added

考点九：非谓语动词特殊形式的考查

1、动词-ing的复合结构的考查

动词-ing复合结构常由名词所有格、名词普通格、形容词性物主代词或人称代词宾格+动词-ing构成，在句中可以作主语、宾语。作主语时只能用名词所有格或形容性物主代词+动词-ing结构。

【考例】

（53）It is difficult to imagine his ________the decision without any consideration. （2006陕西卷）

A. accept B. accepting

C. to accept D. accepted

（54）______the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.（2003上海春）

A. The president will attend B. The president to attend

C. The president attendedD. The president's attending

（55）I really can't understand ______ her like that. （2005安徽）

A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating

2. 非谓语动词的独立主格结构的考查

非谓语动词作状语，一般情况下要和句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，但有时候非谓语动词也可以带有自己的逻辑主语，可以与句子主语不一致，构成“with +宾语+动词不定式/现在分词/过去分词”的复合结构，with可以省略。

【考例】

（56）I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise _________.（2005北京）

A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on

（57）I send you 100 dollars today, the rest_________ in a year. （2005湖南）

A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed

3. 非谓语动词作评注性状语的考查

英语中，有的非谓语动词作状语，它们和句子主语之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，只是在句中起评注性的说明作用,如： generally speaking, judging from/by, to tell the truth, considering, given 等等。

【考例】

（58）_________, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. （2005全国卷三）

A. General speaking B. Speaking general

C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally

第八部分：情态动词用法归纳

一．shall和will的用法

1、shall 用在第一、三人称，will 用于第二人称表示“征求意见”。

Shall I go now?

Shall we invite her, too?

Will you help me with the work?

Shall the reporters wait outside or what?

2、shall表示依据规定有义务去做。

Passengers shall not talk with the driver while the bus is moving.

3、shall 用于所有人称，表示说话人的许诺、威胁、警告、命令等。

You shall have an answer by tomorrow.

If he’s good, he shall have a new watch for Christmas.

If you children don’t do as I tell you, you shan’t go to the party.

4、would 可以表示过去的习惯（would 可表示反复发生的动作或某种倾向。used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在）

He would come to see me on Sunday when he was here.

The dog would lie there in the sun all afternoon.

When we were children, we would go skating every winter.

5、will可以表示“愿意”，而非将来:

I will pay you for it. 我会付给你钱买下它的。

Go where you will. 到你愿意去的地方。

We’re going on a climbing trip. Come if you will.

6、will可以表示倾向、习惯（总是会，老是等意思）

Sometimes the cat will lie there all morning.

Oil and water will not mix.

This machine won’t work.

二、can/could 的用法

1、表示具备某种能力。

The nine-year old boy can swim across the river.

Can you swim across the river?

We couldn’t get the truck to start.

2、表示“征询对方意见”和“允许”（could 语气委婉）。回答不用 could.

Can /could I smoke here? Yes, you can. No, you cannot.

Could you tell me where John is?

3、表示“可能性”。（否定句疑问句常见,肯定句也可以）

Can/Could it be true? 那会/可能是真的。

That can’t/couldn’t be true. 那不可能是真的。

Will you answer the phone? It could be your mother.

三．may/might 的用法

1、表示“征询对方意见”和“允许”。

May I turn on the TV?

Yes, of course. Yes, you can/may.

No, you can’t/may not /mustn’t /I’m afraid not.

You may go home now.

2、表示可能性，“也许”。常用于肯定句。

You may/might have some fever. 你也许发烧了。

He said that the news might be true. 他说这消息可能是真的。

They may/might be having a bath. 他们也许正在洗澡。

四．must的用法

1、表示“必须”。

Patients must use medicine according to the doctor’s orders.

2、表示推测，只用于肯定句。在否定句或疑问句中，用can/could：

There must be a mistake.

Can/Could there be a mistake

There can’t/couldn’t be a mistake.

He must be over sixty now.

They must be watching the news now.

They can’t/couldn’t be watching the news now.

3、注意must 的回答：

Must the ladies wear dresses?

yes, they must. No, they don’t have to. / they needn’t.

Can/May I come in? No, you can’t / mustn’t.

4．表示禁止。

Children mustn’t go across the street alone.

五．表示“推测”的表达法总结

（1）表示对现在和将来状况的推测：must 一定，may 可能，might 也许，can’t 不可能。

（2）对已经过去的情况的推测，用“情态动词＋have+ done”结构：

① must have done 过去一定已经…（只用于肯定句中）

② can’t / couldn’t have done 过去不可能--- （表示否定）

③ may/might have done 可能已经----

④ needn’t have done 本来不必做---

⑤ could have done那时本来可以…（在肯定句中，不可用can)

⑥ should have done 本来应该做---（实际未做）

⑦ shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have done 本不应该做-----（实际做了）

例如：

He must have been drinking beer. 他肯定一直喝啤酒来着。

The money can’t have been lost there. 钱不可能是在那儿丢的。

He may have gone to bed. 他可能已经上床睡觉了。

She might not have settled the problem. 她可能尚未解决那个问题。

We could have solved the problem in a more reasonable fashion.

You should have come here ten minutes earlier.

She should / ought to have gone there alone.

六、need的用法

1、作为情态动词，need一般只用于否定句和疑问句中。

You needn’t try to explain. Need we stay here this evening?

2、Need 作为实意动词可用在所有句型中。

She needs to come tomorrow.

You don’t need any help from others. Do they need this?

七、dare的用法

1．做情态动词，通常用于疑问句，否定句和条件状语从句中。

Dare he swim across the river?

He dare not come to see me.

How dare you be so rude! 你竟敢如此无礼！

2．做实意动词：

Do you dare to ask her? 你敢问她吗？

He didn’t dare to go. 他不敢去。

八．should/ought to的用法

两者大多数情况下可以互换。

1、表示道义上的责任，义务或要求，有时表示劝告。如：

You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says.

This word is spelt wrongly. There should be another “s”.

2. 表示推测和可能性，是“应该”之意。

This pen ought to /should be yours. 这支笔应该是你的。

If the train is up to time, John should/ought to be here any minute now. 如果火车晚点的话，John现在马上就应该到了。

3、表示讲话人惊奇，失望，愤怒等感情：

What’s happened to that money? How should I know? 那些钱怎么了？－我怎么知道？

It’s strange that he should have lost his temper for such trivial things as that. 真奇怪，他竟然为这么小的事情发脾气。

Why should I believe you? 我为什么要相信你？

第九部分：倒 装 句

1. 倒装句的定义

英语最基本的词序是主语在谓语动词的前面。如果把谓语动词放在主语前面，就叫做倒装。

2. 倒装句的构成

a) 完全倒装

将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，称之为完全倒装。例如：

Now comes the chance. 机会来了。

b) 部分倒装

只将助动词、系动词或情态动词移至主语之前，谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面，称之为部分倒装。例如：

Has he come? 他来了吗？

3. 倒装的原因

a) 句子语法结构的需要。例如：

Did you attend the meeting? 你参加会议了吗？

b) 一些句型的固定用法。例如：

Long live peace! 和平万岁！

Such were his last words. 他最后的话就是这样。

c）强调的需要。倒装以后，句子更加流畅生动。例如：

Before us lay a lot of difficulties. 在我们前面有很多困难。

Often did we warn them not to do so. 我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。

4. 倒装句的基本用法

a) 构成疑问句（除对主语或主语之定语提问的特殊疑问句外）：

When are we going to drink to your happiness? 我们什么时候喝你们的喜酒?

Have you seen the film? 你看了那部电影吗?

b) 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中:

Away went the crowd one by one. 人们一个一个地离去。

Here comes our teacher! 我们的老师来了！

c) 副词only+状语放在句首时:

Only then did he realize his mistakes . 只有在那时他才认识到自己的错误。

Only in this way can you learn maths well . 只有用这种方法你才能学好数学。

d) 含有否定意义的副词或连词（如little, few, seldom, scarcely, hardly, never, rarely, not, no, none, nothing, 等）放在句首时:

Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。

Only in this way can we do the work better. 只有这样我们才能把工作做得更好。

Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。

Little did I think that he could be back alive. 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。

Not until New Year’s Day shall I give you a gift. 我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。

Hardly had the train arrived at the station when we ran towards the sleeping car looking for our guests. 火车刚一进站，我们就跑到卧车那儿去找我们的客人。

e) 副词so或 neither(nor)在句首:

He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I.他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。

He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.

他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。

f) 在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首:

Thus ended his life. 这样结束了他的生命。

So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him .

他讲话的声音那样大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。

So small were the words that he could hardly see them. 字那么小，他几乎看不见。

5. 其他

1. 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中，如果主语是人称代词，主语和谓语不可倒装。例如：

There he comes. 他来了。

Away they hurried. 他们急忙走开了。

2. so作“也”讲时，引导的句子用倒装语序，例如：

He went to the film last night. So did I. 他昨天晚上去看电影了，我也去了。

如不作“也”讲而只起连词作用，表示一种结果的意思，句子就要用正常语序。例如：

His mother told him to go to the film. So he did. 他母亲叫他去看电影，他就去了。

“He is a tall thin man.” “So he is.” “他又高又瘦。” “确实如此。”

3. 某些让步状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首，以构成倒装结构。例如：

No matter how interesting the book is，he doesn't like to read it．

不管这本书多有趣，他都不想看。

However hard a solid may be，we can change its shape.

篇4：备战届高考英语一轮复习语法三：冠词(人教版 高考复习上册教学课件)

简介： ppt制作 高考英语语法专题复习--冠词，讲解详细，练习适中。很适合第一轮复习。冠词虽然只有三个,属于 “小品词”,却因其在英语语言中使用极频繁、用法极灵活,命题者常拿其大作文章。冠词是历年来的考查重点,着重考查以下几个方面：（1）冠词的基本用法,即泛指、类指和特指,如泛指的复数名词和不可数名词前不用冠词、the＋单数名词表示类指等;（2）冠词的活用,如the younger of the two表示“两个之中较年轻的一个”;（3）冠词的习惯搭配,如in danger, on the phone等。 . 上传者：fleafly

篇5：高一语法复习高考情态动词试题详解 (人教版高一英语下册教学论文)

高一语法复习

06年高考情态动词试题详解

何学群

1. ―What’s the name?

―Khulaifi. I spell that for you ? 北京卷

A. Shall B. Would C. Can D .Might

解析：考查情态动词的本义，征求对方的意见

2. If it were not for the fact that she ____sing, I would invite her to the party. （福建）

A. couldn’t B. shouldn’t C. can’t D. might not

解析：考查情态动词的本义，表示通常的能力，couldn’t 是最大的干扰项，学生会受前面were所表示虚拟语气句型的影响。

3. I’m sure you’d rather she went to school by bus, _______? （福建）

A. hadn’t you B. wouldn’t you C. aren’t D. didn’t she

解析：考查情态动词would rather句型，宾语从句中用过去时，反意问句助动词应与从句中的went保持一致。

4. The workers will go on strike if the demands they ____put forward are turned down.（福建）

A. could B. would C.不填 D. had

解析：该句的they ____ put forward 是定语从句，表明过去的事实：“他们提出的要求”因此不用情态动词。

5. ------ Must he come to sign this paper himself? (广东)

------ Yes, he .

A. need B. must C. may D. will

解析：考查情态动词的本义，征求对方的意见，must 表示“必须”。

6. fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.（ 湖北卷）

A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be

解析：考查情态动词的虚拟用法。还原成原来的句型是：If you should be fired---，该句型中用should 或were to be表示与将来的事实相反。例如：

_____it rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

A. Should B. Would C. Could D. Must

分析：在条件状语从句中，should 表示“万一”，即可表示不能实现的假设，又可表示可以实现的假设。该句意思为“万一明天下雨，会议就延期。”答案为A。

该句等于If it should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

= If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

= Should it rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

= Were it to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

7. Some aspects of a pilot’s job ___ be boring, and pilots often ____ work at inconvenient hours. (湖南)

A. can; have to B. may; can C. have to; may D. ought to; must

解析：前面考查情态动词can的推测用法，表示理论上的可能性；后面考查情态动词have to 的本义，表示客观事实的限制。

8. The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I the trouble to carry my umbrella with me. (江西)

A. should have taken B. could have taken

C. needn’t have taken D. mustn’t have taken

解析：考查情态动词的虚拟用法，表示对过去事实的责备。

9. As you worked late yesterday, you___ have come this morning.（陕西）

A. mayn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t

解析：同第8题。

10. ------Is Jack on duty today?

--------It _________be him. It’s his turn tomorrow.（四川）

A. mustn’t B. won’t C. can’t D. needn’t

解析：考查情态动词的推测用法，表示现在状态的“不可能”。

11. We have proved great adventurers, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years.（天津）

A. needn’t B. may not C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t

解析：考查情态动词的推测用法，表示过去动作的“可能没有”。

12 --- Could I have a word with you, mum?（浙江）

--- Oh dear, if you ________.

A. can B. must C. may D. should

解析：考查情态动词的本义，must 表示“如果你必须和我谈的话”。学生可能会受could的影响只注意形式选can, 忽视句子的意思。

13 --- I think I’ll give Bob a ring.

--- You _______. You haven’t been in touch with him for ages.（江苏）

A. will B. may C. have to D. should

解析：考查情态动词的规劝用法，should 表示“应该”。

14. ------ Will you be able to finish your report today? （全国2）

------ .

A. I like it B. I hope so C. I’ll do so D. I’d love it

15. We forgot to bring our tickets, but please let us enter, ?（全国2）

A. do you B. can we C. will you D. shall we

解析：考查情态动词在反意问句中的用法，祈使句后用will you征求对方的意见。

16. We hope that as many people as-possible join us for the picnic tomorrow. （全国2）

A. need B. must C. should D. can

解析：考查情态动词的推测用法，表示将来动作的“理论或事实上的可能性”。

17.There’s no light on----they be at home. （全国1）

A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t

解析：考查情态动词的推测用法，表示对现在状态的否定推测。

18. ------ May I smoke here ?（山东）

------ If you ____, choose a seat in the smoking section.

A. should B. could C. may D. must

解析：考查情态动词的本义，同第12 题。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇6：中考经典语法 教学案例(人教版英语中考复习)

中考英语语法考点系列导练（一）名词

【考点扫描】

名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它属于一种重要的实词，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、标语、定语或状语。常见的考点如下：

1、名词的各种分类。单、复数的用法及单数名词变复数名词的方式，包括可数名词的复数的变化规则，少数不规则名词的复数形式及部分单复、数同形的名词。

2、不可数名词数量的表达法。用“数词或冠词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词”这样的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后面的名词只能用单数。

3、名词所有格及其用法。以-s结尾的单数名词加“’”或“’s”构成所有格；以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加“’”；不规则复数名词在词尾加“’s”；两者或两者以上共同所有，把“’s”加在最后的名词上；表示各自拥有某件东西时，每个名词都要用所有格形式。

4、名词作主语时的主谓一致。主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式，主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数；主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，那么谓语动词要用复数形式；主语形式上是复数形式但表达单数意义，则谓语动词也采用单数形式；谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语决定。

5、语境中名词的选择。根据语境确定名词的词义，再根据句法进一步确定词形。

6、易混名词的区别。主要是要求区别一些常见的容易混淆的名词的用法。

参考答案

I. 1-5DDACA 6-10 DCBCD 11-15 ADDDC 16-18 DDDBB

II.1.safety 2.kindness 3.north 4.comer 5.visitors 6.hours’ 7.halves 8.turning 9.travellers 10.Frenchmen,Germans

中考英语语法考点系列导练（二）代词

【考点扫描】

代词是用来代替名词的词。它是英语语法结构中的一个重要项目，也是中考测试的重点内容之一。纵观历年中考试题，出现频率最高的是不定代词，其次是it用法、疑问代词、反身代词以及人称代词等。其常见考点如下：

1、人称代词的主、宾格及其语法功能。

2、形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的用法和区分。

3、反身代词的用法及其语法功能。

4、指示代词this，that，these，those等词在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语的用法。

5、不定代词的用法。

6、疑问、连接、关系代词的用法。

7、it, one(s), that, those等作替代词的用法。

【策略点拨】

考查代词的常见题型有单项选择、词形转换、用单词的适当形式填空、句型转换和英汉互译等。做这类题时，必须首先认真理解全句的意思，先根据语境搞清词义，即确定用哪个词，再根据语法规则确定词形。

参考答案

I. 1-5 ABCCC 6-10 DDDAA 11-15 BBCBB 16-20 CCDDD 21-25 BABAA

Ⅱ1.either 2.something, Anything, something, nothing 3.Nobody 4.another 5.yourseves 6.themselves 7.her 8.yours 9.whose 10.others

Ⅲ 1.mine 2.our 3. itself 4.You,he and I 5.theirs

Ⅳ.1.Neither…nor 2.isn’t , any 3. Which girl is 4.Neither, likes 5.are,there 6.told,nothing 7.isn’t, there 8.which/that,is 9.None,of,have/has 10.is,there

中考英语语法考点系列导练（三） 冠词

【考点扫描】

冠词是一种虚词，不能单独作句子成份，它们一般用于名词之前。冠词有不定冠词（a, an）和定冠词（the）之分。根据英语教材中冠词的用法及对各地中考英语试题的分析，有关冠词的和考点如下：

1、不定冠词a和an的概念及基本用法。不定冠词a/an泛指人或事物中的一个，不与不可数名词连用，也不与复数的谓语动词连用；第一次提到某人或某物，一般用不定冠词；a(an)+作表语的名词”可以用来表示身份或职业。

2、定冠词the 的概念及基本用法。特指某些人或某些事物；指双方都知道的人或事物；指上文提到过的人或事物；用在世界上独一无二的事物前；用在序数词和形容词最高级前；用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前；用在形容词或副词的比较级前，表示强调“两者中较……的”；定冠词用在姓氏或姓氏复数名词前，表示全家或这一姓氏的夫妇俩；用在西洋乐器名称前；用在一些固定搭配中。

3、“零冠词”的概念及基本用法。专有名词前一般不加冠词；名词前已有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等修饰限定时，不加冠词；复数名词表示某一类人或事物时；季节、月份、星期和节日的名词前；在语言、学科、三餐、球类等名词前；在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词；在人名、称呼语、头衔、职务等的名词前，一般不加冠词；表示语言的名词前不加冠词，但后加language时必须加the；一些抽象的不可数名词前，不加冠词；在某些固定词组里不用冠词。

4、习惯用语中冠词的位置及使用方法。

【策略点拨】

冠词的考点经常分布在单项选择、完形填空、短文改错及阅读理解等题型中。尤其在单项选择填空中，几乎每份中考题中至少有一题对冠词的用法进行考查。冠词的使用频率最高，用法也很复杂。做题时除了掌握一些基本原则之外，还要在实践中密切注意其习惯用法和例外的一些情况。

参考答案

I. 1-5 CAABD 6-10 BCABD 11-15 ACCCB 16-20 ABDCC 21-25 BCDAC 26-30 DCCCC

Ⅱ. 1.the, the 2. / , / 3.an,a 4. / ,the, / , the, the 5.the, / 6.The, / 7. / 8.The, the 9.the, / 10. /

Ⅲ.1.A 2.a 3.a 4. / 5. / 6.the 7. / 8. / 9.a 10./ 11.the 12.a 13.the 14.a 15.a 16.an 17. / 18. / 19.a 20./

中考英语语法考点系列导练（四） 数词

【考点扫描】

表示数目或顺序的词叫数词。数词可分基数词和序数词两大类。纵观近年来各省市中考的试题，对数词的考查主要集中在以下几点：

1、基数词的写法。几十后面加ty， “几十几”，要用连字符号；几百几十几，hundred百位和十位间用and；hundred, thousand, million, billion等词表示具体数字时，用单数形式，在没有确切数目修饰时，可用复数形式，后面可以加of。

2、基数词变序数词。1、2、3词尾字母t、d、d; 8后少t, 9减e; 5与 12同ve, ve要用f替，再加th；ie替y后再加th。序数词前经常the，但表示“再一”、“又一”的意思时，序数词前用不定冠词a 或an。

3、分数表达法。分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子为“1”时，分母要用序数词的复数形式。分数作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由后面名词的单复数来决定。

4、数字的日常应用

（1）日期表示法：表示年月日应为“月份+日期+年份”。（2）时间表示法：整点数字后加“o’clock”，几点几分顺着读；几点过几分，要用past；几点差几分，用to；半小时是“half”，15分钟为“quarter”。（3）编号既可用序数词，也可用基数词。但门牌号、房间号、页码、电话号码等通常用基数词。（4）表示某人“几十岁”要用基数词的复数形式。如：in one’s thirties 三十多岁。（5）对日期（几月几日）的提问常用what’s the date；对时刻（几点几分）的提问一般用what time。

5、由基数词和名词构成的复合形容词，名词用单数。

6、表示“几个半” 英语中表达“几个半”有两种方法：“数词+and+ a half+名词（复数）”和“数词+名词（复数）+and a half”。

【策略点拨】

考查数词的常见题型有选择填空、单词拼写和句型转换等。做这类题时，必须要注意基数词和序数词的拼写，分数、不确切数量词间的关系与名词搭配，以及数词在日常生活中的应用等。

参考答案

I. 1-5 CDADD 6-10 ADABC 11-15 BBACC 16-20 DCDCB 21-25 CCDDB

Ⅱ. 1. eighth 2.quarter 3.thousands 4. first 5.second 6.sixth 7.twentieth 8. forty

Ⅲ. 1.What time does Jim go to Tsing Hua University every day? 2. How much is the sweater? 3. How far is it from here? 4. What is your telephone number? 5. How many students are there in your school? 6. How long has she worked in Jinan? 7. When was Jackson born? 8. What’s the date today

中考英语语法考点系列导练（五） 形容词

【考点聚焦】

形容词是用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的性质、特征、状况或属性的词。在中考中，形容词考查热点主要集中在以下几点：

1、考查形容词的句法功能及其位置。

形容词在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语。作定语时，常放在所修饰的名词之前；形容词作表语，常位于be, become, smell, seem, look, get, feel, turn, grow等系动词之后。

2、考查形容词的构成。

某些形容词的构成是有一定的规律可循：（1）名词+ful；（2）名词+y；（3）动词+ing；（4）动词+ed；（5）名词+ly；（6）形容词+ly；（7）名词+al；（8）名词+n/ian。

3、考查形容词的特殊语序。

（1）形容词修饰something, anything, everything等复合不定代词时要后置。（2）几个形容词修饰同一个名词时，其语序为：限定语(a/an/the, my/this)+描绘性形容词+“大型（形）新式（色）国产材料”+名词中心词。其中“大”表示大小、长短、高低，年龄的形容词、“型（形）”表示形状的形容词；“新”表示新旧的形容词；“式（色）”表示颜色的形容词；“国产”表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词；“材料”表示物质材料的形容词。（3）enough在句中的位置是放在名词前，形容词、副词之后。（4）else只能作后置定语，修饰疑问代词what, who, whom, whose和不定代词something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody等。

4、考查形容词的比较等级。

（1）比较级和最高级的构成形式，一般词尾加-er或-est，部分双音节和多音节词前加more和most，某些单词的不规则变形要特殊记（2）几种句式。甲乙若是一个样，用as…as上，甲不如乙加not；两者相比用than连接；三者或三者以上比较用最高级，并和in或of连用。（3）含有介词短语...of the two时，要用比较级，且比较级前要加the；表示“越来越……”时，要用“比较级+and +比较级”形式，若比较级是“more+原级”构成的，需用“more and more+原级形式”； 表示“越……，就越……” 时，用“the+比较级，the+比较级”形式；形容词的最高级前必须加the，但最高级前已有物主代词、名词所有格修饰时，the要省去；可以修饰原级或比较级的修饰语；比较级和最高级间的互变形式。

【策略指导】

一般说来，考查形容词的常见题型有选择填空、单词拼写、句型转换和汉语句子翻译等。做这类题时，必须首先了解形容词的构成及各自的用法、比较等级的演变，并根据题意选准级别及各种句式间的互变规律等。

参考答案

1.busiest 2.hottest 3. taller 4.more expensive 5.shorter and shorter 6-10 DCBAD 11-15 DBADD 16-20 CADDA 21-25 DBBDD 26-30 CDADB 35.larger than any 36.different from that 37.too excited 38. something important

中考英语语法考点系列导练（六） 副词

【考点扫描】

副词是修饰动词、形容词、副词的词，有时也可以修饰全句，用以表示程度、频度、方式及时间等。近几年各地中考副词考查的热点主要集中在以下几点：

1、考查句法功能及其位置。

副词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语、宾语补足语。副词修饰形容词或另一个副词时，常放在修饰词之前；作定语的副词常常后置；修饰全句的副词，放在句首或句末。

2、考查副词的构成。

形容词变为副词，一般是在形容词之后加-ly；有些形容词变y为i, 再加-ly；还有的是把e去掉加-ly。 还有些副词是与形容词同形的兼类词。

3、考查副词的比较等级。

（1）比较级和最高级的构成形式，一般词尾加-er或-est，部分双音节和多音节词前加more和most，某些单词的不规则变形要特殊记（2）几种句式。甲乙若是一个样，用as…as上，甲不如乙加not；两者相比用than连接；三者或三者以上比较用最高级，并和in或of连用。（3）含有介词短语...of the two时，要用比较级，且比较级前要加the；表示“越来越……”时，要用“比较级+and +比较级”形式，若比较级是“more+原级”构成的，需用“more and more+原级形式”； 表示“越……，就越……” 时，用“the+比较级，the+比较级”形式；副词的最高级前可以不加the，；可以修饰原级或比较级的修饰语；比较级和最高级间的互变形式。

4、考查频度副词在句子中的位置。

always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never等副词要放在行为动词之前，系动词之后。

【策略点拨】

考查副词的常见题型有选择填空、单词拼写、词形转换、句型转换和汉语句子翻译等。做这类题时，必须首先了解副词的构成及各自的用法，比较等级的演变，疑问副词的用法，并根据题意选准级别及各种句式间的互变规律等。

参考答案

1. farthest 2.worst 3. better 4. angrily 5. happily 6-10 ACCDC 11-15 ADBBA 16-20 ABCBA 21. The harder, the stronger 22. as hard as 23.fast enough 24. before 25.exactly

中考英语语法考点系列导练（七）介词

【考点扫描】

介词是表示它后面的名词、代词、短语、从句等与句子其他成分的关系的词。在句子中它不能单独使用，只能由名词、代词、数词、动名词等构成的介词短语作句子的成分。介词分为简单介词、复合介词、双重介词、短语介词和分词介词五种类型。中考介词主要考查要点如下：

1、介词与其后的名词或代词构成介词短语，在句中作状语、宾语、表语、宾补语后置

定语。

2、介词与其前面的动词或形容词构成动词词组，后面要有宾语。这时的词组相当于一

个及物动词。

3、最常见表示时间、地点与方式介词的用法。

4、某些意思比较相近的介词用法辨析。

【策略点拨】

从各地的中考题来看，考查介词的题型多见于用适当的介词填空、选择适当的介词填空、改错或完成句子等。完成这类题要求我们首先通读全句，掌握常见的介词用法规律，注意意思相近的介词间的区别，还要认真判断是否是固定词组等。

参考答案

介 词

1 .in 2 .by 3 .with 4 .at 5 .after 6 .in 7 .in 8 .At 9 .on 10 .in 11 .to 12 .to 13 .of 14 .over 15 .With 16 .of 17 .at 18 .in 19 .in 20 .on 21 .on 22 .from 23 .in 24 .with 25 .for 26 .of 27 .past 28 .at 29 .about 30 .in 31 .from ,to 32 .in 33 .at 34 .on 35 .for 36 .at ,at 37 .for 38 .from 39 .like 40 .about 41-45 ACCBC 46-50 ACDBB 51-55 CDBCA 56-60 BCBAB 61.C.among 62.D .with 63 .C .去掉 64 .A .in 65 .B .on 66 .C .去掉

中考英语语法考点系列导练（八）连词

【考点扫描】

连词是用来连接词、短语、句子或从句的词，它属于一种虚词，在句子中不重读，不能单独充当句子成分。根据连词的作用，连词可以分为并列连词、从属连词、分词连词和短语连词。中考经常考查有关连词的要点有下列几种情况：

1、对连接同等的词、词组或分句的and, but, or, for, neither…nor…, either…or…, both…and…, not only…but also…等并列连词的考查。

2、对引导名词性从句或状语从句的when、if、that、because、until、although等从属连词基本用法的考查。

3、几组容易混淆的连词或词组。

【策略点拨】

在近年的中考题中，连词的主要考查题型集中在选择填空、句型转换和汉译英等。在解题时，我们要通读全句，了解大意，仔细分析是并列句还是主从复合句，然后再确定选用适当的连词。

参考答案

连 词

1-5 CBADD 6-10 DBABA 11-15 CDBBC 16-20 ADDBC 21-25 AABAD 26-30 CAAAA 31-35 BBCCB 36-40 BCCCB 41.both, and 42.old enough 43.Work, or 44. if / whether, had 45.didn”t , until 46.or 47.didn’t, until 48.because 49.when 50.so, that 51.as, as 52.but 53.if 54.since 55.before 56.after 57.and 58.and 59.or 60.or 61.but/while 62. if 63.while 64.as soon as 65.until 66.sice 67..neither, nor 68.not only, but also 69.either, or 70.as,as; not so, as

初中英语语法考点系列导练（九）非谓语动词

【考点扫描】

非谓语动词是指分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）、不定式、动名词等三种形式，即： doing ,done; to do。虽然非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是它们仍具有动词的特征，它们都能带自己的状语或跟宾语。分词具有形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或补足语等；动名词具有名词的特征，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等；不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。

【策略点拨】

考查非谓语动词的常见题型有选择填空、用动词的适当形式填空等。做这类题时主要是找到相关的关键词，平时学习的时候要牢记这些重点的常见的动词用法。

参考答案

非谓语动词

1-5 ABADC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 ADAAA 16-20 DCACB 21-25 DABCB 26-30 BCBBC 31-35AABDA 36-40ABABB 41-45BCDCD 46-50CBDCB 51-55ABBAA 56-60CCBBB 61-65ACCBB 66-70DBADB 71-75BADAC 76-80BBCBC 81.discussing 82.living 83.built 84.to eat 85.to go 86.to have 87bringing 88.to be repaired 89.called 90.looking 91.to send 92.teaching 93.smiling 94. to get 95.to tell 96. not to see 97. to pay 98. to sleep 99.talking 100. to post 101. swimming 102.to see 103.eating 104.protecting 105. to live 106. to meet 107. to be 108. to ask 109. reading ,camping 110. to attend

英语中考复习时态系列之（一）现在进行时

作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。

现在进行时表示1、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调“此时此刻”。E.g. He is reading . They are talking now.

2、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。E.g. They are working these days.

3、某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计划或即将发生的动作。E.g I am coming.

其结构为be+现在分词. 现在分词的变法有

1、一般在动词词尾加上-ing ,E.g. jump

2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去e，再加-ing. E.g have write

3、.以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上-ing. E.g. sit put

其句式变换都在be上做文章。

E.g. He is buying a bike.

Is he buying a bike?

He isn’t buying a bike.

一般由look,listen,now, at this moment等时间状语做标志。

尽管现在进行时比较简单，但在做题过程中也常会犯一些错误，常见的错误有如下几种：

英语中考复习时态系列之（二）一般现在时

一般现在时是英语中应用最广泛的时态之一，是中考复习的重点。它表示1)经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。e.g. I go to school on foot. He is very busy now. 2)表示主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好等。e.g. He can swim. I work hard. I like watching TV. 3)表示客观真理 e.g. There are seven days in a week. The moon moves round the earth.

其结构按正常语序，即“主语+谓语+其它”，有时为了起强调作用，时间状语也可提前.

其句式变化可分为两种情况 1)表示动作， 一般人称作主语的，变否定句须在动词前加助动词don’t；变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词do。 E.g. They have lunch at 12:00. They don’t have lunch at 12:00. Do they have lunch at 12:00?

2） 单三人称做主语的，变否定句须在动词前加助动词doesn’t；变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词does。

E.g. Jenny speaks English very well.

Jenny doesn’t speak English very well.

Does Jenny speak English very well?

含有be动词的要在be上做变化.

E.g. Danny is a good student.

Danny isn’t a good student.

Is Danny a good student?

其时间状语为often、usually、always、sometimes等频率副词，on Saturdays、in the morning(afternoon evening) 、every day 等

做题时常见错误如下：

一、be动词与行为动词同时出现在句子中

例：We are plant (plant) the trees in spring.

答案：plant

解析：学生往往会用汉语的思维方式去翻译，就成了“我们是在春天植树”。这是学习英语最忌讳的，要看语法是不是正确，在英语中，be是表状态，do是表动作，两种动词不能同时出现在句子中，可记住如下口诀：“英汉语言有差异，be 、do不能放一起，仔细琢磨细分析，语法千万要牢记。”

英语中考复习时态系列之(三) 过去进行时

过去进行时是表示过去某一时刻或某一时间内正在进行或发生的动作。可以从两个方面来理解：1 过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作。E.g. They were playing football at ten o’clock yesterday morning. My mother was cooking when I got home. I was washing my clothes at this time yesterday. 2 过去某阶段持续进行的动作 What were you doing during the holiday? 另外，在复合句中，若主要动作和背景动作是同时发生的，那么主从句都可用过去进行时e.g. Jenny was reading while Danny was writing.

其结构是助动词be的过去形式was/were +v-ing.

其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章。E.g. We were working in class.

We weren’t working in class. Were you working in class?

过去进行时常与过去某一特定时间的状语连用，如 last night, at that time, at noon yesterday, last Sunday 等。 也有时没有时间状语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定用过去进行时。E.g. The students all worked hard. Everyone knew what he was working for.

做题时常见错误如下：

一、易把be+现在分词记成be+过去分词

例：He was talked (talk) to his mum at that time.

答案：was talking

解析：过去进行时与现在进行时结构上的区别体现在be动词上。

二、丢掉be动词或忘记把动词变成现在分词

例：1 I watching (watch) TV when he came in.

2 They were play (play) games at 5:00 p.m. yesterday

三、对动词或动词词组提问时丢掉doing

例：We were flying kites at 5:00 p.m. yesterday. (对划线部分提问)

What were you at 5:00 p.m. yesterday?

四、易与现在进行时弄混

例：My mother is cooking (cook)when I got home.

五、易与一般过去时弄混

例：昨晚我在读一本故事书。

I read (read) a story book yesterday evening

另外，在宾语从句中当主句为过去时，从句若是现在进行时，需变成过去进行时。

e.g. He said that he was drawing a cat at noon yesterday.

答案：1 D 2 C 3 B 4 C 5 A 6 B 7 A 8 D 9 D 10 B 11 A

1 were feeding 2 wasn’t washing 3 was mending 4 was walking

英语中考复习时态系列之（四）一般过去时

一般过去时主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。可以从以下几个方面来理解：1）过去某个时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。e.g. I bought a new shirt yesterday. He was a worker two years ago.2）过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。e.g. When I was a child,I often played with fire. Li Lei always walked to school last term.3）谈到已故人的情况时多用过去时。e.g. Lu Xun was a great writer.4）有些发生时间不是很清楚的情况，实际是过去发生的，也应用过去时态。e.g. What did you say?

另外，还可用过去时表示委婉的语气。e.g. Could you lend me your pen?

其结构是“主语+动词的过去式”。be动词的过去式为was, were；行为动词的过去式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化有以下几种情况：1）直接在动词原形末尾加-ed. e.g. work-----worked; ask------asked; 2）以e结尾的动词只加-d. e.g. arrive-----arrived; like-----liked.3)末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed. e.g. shop-----shopped; 4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先把y变成i,再加-ed. e.g. carry----carried; study------studied.有些动词变过去式是不规则的,e.g. fly------flew; break-----broke; teach-----taught. 这些需要象生单词一样记住.

其句式变化分为两种情况1)含有be动词的依然在be上做文章. e.g. I was born in 1980. I was not born in 1980. Were you born in 1980? 2)含有行为动词的变否定句要在行为动词前加助动词didn't.,同时把动词变成原形; 变一般疑问句,在句首加助动词did,同时把动词变成原形. e.g. I bought a gift for my mum yesterday. I didn't buy a gift for my mum yesterday. Did you buy a gift for your mum yesterday?

其时间状语为yesterday或由其构成的短语,e.g. yesterday morning; 由“last+时间”构成的短语, e.g. last year; 由“时间段+ago”构成的短语, e.g. three days ago; 另外,还有on the morning of Monday, just now等,以及一些表示过去时态的从句.注意,在宾语从句中主句为过去,一般从句也为过去.

常见错误如下:

一 把动词变成过去式易出错

例: 1 They stoped (stop) talking just now.

2 They plaied (play) football yesterday.

答案: 1 stopped 2 played

解析:我们可以记住下面的口诀:“动词变成过去式,双写规律要牢记;y前若是辅音字,y变i加-ed;y前若是元音字,只须直接加-ed.”

二 忘记把动词变成过去式

例: I fly (fly) kites on the afternoon of Sunday.

答案: flew

解析:我们可以记住下面的口诀:“一般过去时态里,过去形式莫忘记”.

三 在句式变换时易出错

例: 1 We didn't went (not go) out last Friday.

2 Did you had (have) a good time yesterday?

答案: 1 didn't go 2 Did have

解析:请记住口诀“见助动, 用原形.”

四 易与单三人称作主语的一般现在时弄混

例: He taughts (teach) me English last year.

答案: taught

解析:行为动词的过去式无人称和数的变化.即使主语是单三人称,也和其它人称所用动词的形式一样.

五 易与现在完成时弄混

例: 我看过这部电影

I saw(see) the film.

答案: I have seen (see) the film.

解析:“我看过这部电影”说明我了解这部电影的内容,强调现在的情况,应用现在完成时;

一般过去时态的句子只是说明我看了这场电影,与现在无关..

六 易与过去进行时弄混,这里不在重复。

答案: 1 A 2 B 3 D 4 A 5 D 6 C

1 were 2 was 3 didn't go 4 read 5 saw go

6 does ; didn't do 7 played 8 did write ; wrote 9 have 10 have ea

英语中考复习时态系列之（五）一般将来时

一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态以及计划、打算做某事。E.g. They will have a football match tomorrow. He will be thirty next week. She is going to buy a coat this afternoon.

其结构有如下几种: 1)will + 动词原形(will可以用于任何人称) 需要注意的是当主语是第一人称时will可以换成shall,特别是在以I或we作主语的问句中,一般用shall. e.g. Shall we go to the zoo? 2)be going to +动词原形 3)现在进行时也可表示将来,前边已经讲过,这里不在重复.

第一种结构的句式变化是: 变否定句在will后边加not. 变一般疑问句把will提前. e.g. She will be back in three days. She will not be back in three days. Will She be back in three days? 第二种结构的句式变化要在be上做文章. E.g. They are going to clean their classroom. They are not going to clean their classroom. Are they going to clean their classroom?

其时间状语有如下几种 1）this引导的短语 如 this year 2）tomorrow及其相关短语 如tomorrow morning 3）next引导的短语 如 next month 4) from now on ; in the future ; in an hour 等。

做题时常见错误如下：

一、易忽视动词用原形形式

例：1 He will is (be) at school next Monday.

2 He is going to does (do) his homework after school.

答案：1 be 2 do

解析：第一题有的同学一看he做主语就用了is，忽视了will后应加动词原形。我们在写句子时，很容易把动词丢掉，“英语句子里，动词不能少”的 规律必须要牢记。第二题中to后加动词原形，而不是用单三人称.。

二、be going to +动词原形与will+动词原形用法不清楚

例：我正努力学习，准备参加英语考试。

I am studying hard and I will try for my English exams.

答案：I am studying hard and I am going to try for my English exams.

解析：“be going to” 表示计划、打算要做某事。E.g. He is going to visit his friends. 还表示某种迹象表明会发生某事.e.g. Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain. 而“Will+动词原形 ”指对将来事物的预见、表示意愿、决心。E.g. I will wait for you until you come. 在单纯预测未来时，二者可以互换，但在此题中只能用be going to，而不能用will。

三、There be结构的一般将来时易出错

例：There_________ a basketball match this afternoon. (B)

A is going to be B is going to have C are going to be D are going to have

答案：A

解析：There be结构的一般将来时既要符合There be结构，又要符合一般将来时。有的同学认为have当“有”讲，所以选了B，但There be结构就不成立了，此句中is是be going to中的，是由后边的单数名词决定的.

四、be going to结构中易丢掉to

例：I’m going _______(go) school by bike tomorrow. (C)

A to will go B to go to C go to D to go

答案：B

解析：由tomorrow可知是一般将来时，be going to +动词原形，所以先确定用to go , 在B、D当中选，而go to school 是固定词组，不能因为前边有一个to而省略，这是一个易错点，需要注意。

另外，在时间状语或条件状语从句中，若主句用了将来时，从句则用一般现在时，前边已经讲过,这里不在重复.

英语中考复习时态系列之（六）现在完成时

现在完成时表示1）过去发生或已经完成的动作或存在的状态对现在造成的影响或结果．（即它的＂完成用法＂）e.g. I have just cleaned the classroom. 2)过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。注意：此时动作可能还要继续。（即它的＂未完成用法＂）。 E.g. He has lived in Beijing for ten years.

其结构是“have/has+过去分词”。过去分词的变化分规则与不规则两种。规则变化与过去式相同，不规则变化需要另记。

它的否定句是在have/has后边加not，变一般疑问句是把have/has提前。E.g. I have ridden a horse. I have not ridden a horse. Have you ridden a horse?

它的时间状语通常为already, just, yet, ever, never, before等。另外还可和since+表过去的时间点，for+时间段连用。

做题时常见错误如下：

一、易丢掉have/has

例：He taken (take) the medicine before.

答案：has taken

解析：have/has 为助动词，起构成时态的作用，是不能省略的。我们可以这样记：“现在完成时态中，have/has 不可缺。”

二、have与has易用混

例：I has never heard (hear) of that before.

答案：have heard

解析：现在完成时与一般现在时一样也有单三人称的变化，当单三人称作主语时用 has, 一般人称作主语时用have．

三、延续性动词与短暂性动词易弄错

例：She has left (离开) for 2 hours.

答案：has been away

解析：在肯定句中，与since或for引出的时间状语连用的是延续性动词，不能是短暂性动词，但在否定句中短暂性动词也是可以的。E.g. I haven't bought clothes for one year. 在此题中leave是短暂性动词，不能与for+时间段连用，须把它改成相应的延续性动词。如stop be over等。此题中leave要改成be away。这两种词的转换是学习现在完成时需要注意的。答案：1B 2 D 3 B 4D 5 B 6 C 7 C 8 C 9 A 10 A 11 A

1 taken 2 has been, left 3made 4 have had 5 has 6 have been 7 has gone 8 has read 9 has taught 10 have met

四、have been to与 have gone to 易弄混

例：我去过北京。

I have gone to Beijing.

答案：I have been to Beijing.

解析：“have been to+地点” 是表示曾去过某地，但此刻不在那儿（即在说话的地方）。而“have gone to+地点” 是表示去某地了，此刻在路上或已经到了那个地方（即不在说话的地方）。注意：这两个句式后接副词时，需省to。E.g. He has gone there.

五、忘记把already变成yet

例：I have already finished my homework.(变一般疑问句)

Have you already finished your homework?

答案： Have you finished your homework yet?

解析：现在完成时态中，肯定句中有already，变否定句或疑问句时通常要改为yet．

六、在条件、时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来

例：I'll go with you when I finish(finish) my homework.

答案：have finished

解析：在条件、时间状语从句中表示将来完成的动作，用现在完成时。但注意，此时表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成，若两动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生，则一般不用现在完成时。

另外，现在完成时易与一般过去时弄混，前边已经讲过,这里不在重复．

英语中考复习时态系列之（七）过去完成时

过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。它是一个相对的时态,只有在和过去某个时间或动作相比较时才会用到. E.g. By the end of the match, they had kicked two goals. We had already had lunch before we arrived there.

其结构是“had+过去分词”.

它的否定句是在had后边加not，变一般疑问句是把had提前。E.g. I had reached the station before 9:00 o'clock. I had not reached the station before 9:00 o'clock. Had you reached the station before 9:00 o'clock?

它通常和before, by the end of 等引导的表示过去的时间状语连用. 另外, 复合句的主句为一般过去时, 宾语从句表达过去发生的动作时,从句也要用过去完成时. E.g. He said he had never seen such an exciting match before.

做题时常见错误如下：

篇7：语法复习主谓一致 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

语法复习专题主谓一致

一、考点聚焦

1、语法形式上的一致

主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 The number of students in our school_________1,700.

Mary and Kelly________ alike.

2、意义上一致

（1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。

The crowd ______ runing for their lives.

单数形式代表复数内容的词有people、police、cattle等。

（2）主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。

The news is very exciting.

形复意单的单词有new、works（工厂）、means和以ics结尾的学科名称physics、poli-tics、economics等。

3、就近原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如果连词or、either … or、neither … nor、not only … but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。

Eg.Either you or I________ mad.

4、应注意的若干问题

（1）名词作主语。

①某些集体名词如family、team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数，反之用复数。 My family_________going out for a trip.

The whole family _________ watching TV.

这类词常有audience、class club、committee、company、crew、crowd、enemy、government、group、party、public、team等。

Population和“a group(crowd)of + 复数名词”也适用于这种情况，强调整体用单数，强调各个部分用复数。

②某些集体名词如people、police、cattle、oxen只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。

③单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。

A sheep ________over there. Some sheep________over there.

④名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等；作主语时，动词一般用单数。 My uncle’s________not for from here.

常见的省略名词有the baker’s 、the barbar’s、the Zhang’s等。

表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：

Richardson’s_________a lot of old goods to sell.

⑤当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数。

Thirty years ________ passed. Five minutes _______enough to finish the task.

⑥不定代词each、every、no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：

Each boy and each girl in my class ________a dictionary.

⑦如果主语有more than one … 或many a … 构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，它的谓语动词用单数形式。 More than one student _____ seen the play.

Many a boy________ bought that kind of toy.

但是，“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构之后，谓语用复数。

⑧一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如glasses、clothes、trousers、shoes、compasses、chopsticks、scissors等。

但如果主语用a kind of、a pair of、a series of等加名词构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。 A pair of shoes ________ on the desk.

⑨this kind of book = a book of this kind(这种书)，其谓语动词；短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men(口语)（这一类人），但this kind of men的谓语用单数，men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语用复数，all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语用复数形式。如：

This kind of men _______dangerous. Men of theis kind/sort ________dangerous.

⑩复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有means、works、species(种类)、Chinese、Japanese等。当它们的前面有 a、such a、this、that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all、such、these、those修饰时，谓语用复数。

(11)如果名词词组中心词是all、most、half、rest等词语，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式，反之用单数。

All of my students work hard. All of the oil _______gone.

(12)在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：

Between the two windows __________an oil painting.(hang)

（2）由连接词连接的名词作主语。

①用and或both … and 连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但如果并列主语指的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。

Truth and honesty ________the best policy.

To love and to be loved _______the great happiness.

Going to bed early and getting up early _______a good habit.

A knife and fork_________ on the table.

②当主语后面跟有as well as、as much as、no less than、along with、with、like、rather than、together with、but、except、besides、including、in addition to等引导的词组时，采取“就远原则”。

③以or、either … or、neigher … nor、not only … but also等连接的词作主语时，采取“就近原则”。

（3）代词作主语。

①名词型物主代词连接的动词，既可以用单数，也可以用复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。 Ours (Our Party) ________a great Party.

Your shoes ________ white, mine (= my shoes)_______ black.

②such、the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。

Such ________our plan. Such _________ his last words.

③关系代词who、that、which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。

④疑问词who、what、which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。 Who lives next door? It________Xiao Liu.

Who lives next door? It __________Wang and Li.

⑤不定代词any、either、neither、none、all、some、more等作主语时，要注意下列情况：

（A）单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词可用单数或复数形式。Now all has been changed. All are present.

（B）其后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词用单数形式；若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数；在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。

Do (es) any of you know about the accident? None of us has(have) seen the film.

（4）分数、量词作主语。

①“分数或百分数 + 名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如：

Lots of damage_________caused by flood.

A number of students ________ gone to the countryside.

A large quantity of people _________needed here.

Quantities of food (nuts) ________ still on the table.

②a great deal of、a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。

③表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

One and a half apples________ left on the table.(be)

④half of、(a)part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。

(5)名词化的形容词作主语。

如果主语由“the + 形容词（或分词）”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数。这类词有the rich、the poor、the brave、the injured、the living、the wounded等。如表抽象的也可以用单数，如the unknown、the beautiful等。

（6）从句作主语。

①由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。

What we need _________more money.

What we need__________ more people/teachers.

②在“one of + 复数名词 + who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此从句中的谓语动词也应该是复数形式。如one前有the only则用单数形式。

This________one of the most interesting stories that ______been told by my father.

She_________the only one of the girls who_________late for class today.

（7）不定式、名动词（短语）作主语用单数形式；There be句型中be的单复数取决于be后的第一个词的数。

There ______a book, two pens on the desk.

There ______two pens, a book on the desk.

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1.-Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________to go to university.

-So do I .(上海 ) A.hope B.hopes C.hoping D.hoped

解析：答案为B。本题考查主谓一致中的意义一致原则，不定代词either、neither、each、one、the other、another以及所有的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义一致的原则采用单数形式，排除A。选项C是非谓语动词的一种，不能单独作谓语，亦应排除。根据答语中的时态又可排除选项D。

2.The number of people invited _________ fifty, but a number of them __________ absent for different reasons.（NMET ）

A.were; was B.was; was C.was; were D.were; were

解析：答案为C。本题考查the number of和a number of 的区别。“the number of + 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是number,“a number of + 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是of后的复数名词或代词，故谓语动词分别用单、复数。解题关键在于仔细区分哪个是真正的主语。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇8：语法复习：句子成分+常用句式 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

语法复习：句子成分+常用句式

一、句子成分

句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

练习一

1、用符号划出下列短文各句中的句子成分：

I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.

2、给下列文字加上标点符号。

During a bullfight a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring the crowd began to shout but the drunk didn't realized the danger the bull was busy with the matador (斗牛士) at the time but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was wearing a red cap the bull forgot all about the matador and rushed to the drunk the crowd suddenly grew quiet the drunk however seemed quite sure of himself when the bull got close him he stepped aside to let it pass the crowd burst into cheers and the drunk bowed by this time however three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk outside even the bull seemed to fell sorry for him for it looked on sympathetically(同情地) until the drunk was out of the way before once more drew its attention to the matador.

The answer: During a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring. The crowd began to shout, but the drunk didn't realize the danger. The bull was busy with the matador (斗牛士) at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was wearing a red cap. The bull forgot all about the matador and rushed to the drunk. The crowd suddenly grew quiet. The drunk, however, seemed quite sure of himself. When the bull got close him he stepped aside to let it pass. The crowd burst into cheers and the drunk bowed. By this time, however, three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk outside. even the bull seemed to fell sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically(同情地) until the drunk was out of the way before once more drew its attention to the matador.

二、常用句式

按句子的用途可分四种：

1） 陈述句（肯定、否定）

否定句型

一般否定句：（改为否定句）

He dares to tell the truth. He doesn’t dare to tell the truth.

He used to live in a quiet village. He used not to live in a quiet village.(He didn’t use to)

He has two brothers. He doesn’t have two brothers./He has not two brothers.

He has two pieces of bread for breakfast. He doesn’t have two pieces of bread for breakfast.

He has to copy other’s idea. He doesn’t have to copy others’ idea.

半否定句

We hardly/seldom/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.

I know little Spanish. I saw few people.

特指否定

I don’t think/believe/guess/suppose/imagine you are right.

部分否定

All the answers are not right

All is not gold that glitters

I don't know all of them.

I can't see everybody/everything.

Both of them are not right.

2) 疑问句型

反意疑问句及回答

He is a teacher, isn't he? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t

It isn’t that cheap, is it? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t

You must have told lies yesterday at the court, didn’t you?

否定疑问句及回答

Haven’t the police found the murderer? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t

3).祈使句：

祈使句的反意疑问句及回答Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class; You, clean the kitchen today. Will you?

4）感叹句：

The moon is shining brightly.（改为感叹句）How brightly the moon is shining!

按句子的结构可分三种

（一） 简单句

I、主语+谓语：

It is raining now.

We've worked for 5 hours.

The meeting lasted half an hour.

Time flies.

这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常见的不及物动词有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect.

1. 让我们立即行动起来. (act)

Let’s act at once/ immediately

2. 乌云低沉沉的,天下着大雪.(hang,)

Dark clouds hung overhead, and a heavy snow fell/ it snows heavily.

3. 恰好他身边有钱. (happen)

He happened to have some money with him.

4. 慢慢地她脸上露出了一丝笑容. (appear)

Gradually a smile appeared on her face.

5. 背起书包我急忙赶到学校. (hurry)

I hurried to the school with my schoolbag.

6. 他满面笑容. (smile)

He is smiling all over his face. OR: He wears a smile on his face.

7. 我英文学得不错. (do)

I did well in English.

II.主语+系动词+表语：

常见的系动词有： be, look, feel, prove, sound, taste, smell, seems, appear, stay, keep, go, come, get, turn, become, remain等。

1. 从自行车上掉下来, 他受了伤. (get)

He fell of his bike and got hurt.

2. 他提的意见证明是正确的. (prove)

His advice proved (to be) right.

3. 商店开到八点. (stay)

The shop stays open till 8 o’clock.

4. 机器出了毛病. (go)

The machine went wrong.

5. 这些努力似乎全都白费了. (seem)

All these efforts seem in vain

6. 这话听起来有道理. (sound)

These words sound reasonable.

7. 房里一会儿就挤满了人. (become)

The room soon became crowded.

III、主语+谓语+宾语： 可分为以下几种情况：

⑴ 主语+谓语+宾语

⑵ 主语+谓语+宾语(人+物)

间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny, do(带来）， give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。

间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等。

⑶ 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补

1. 祝一路平安.

Wish you a pleasant journey.

2. 你让我等了三个钟头。

You keep me waiting for three hours.

3. 他捡起了香蕉皮扔到了垃圾箱里。

He picked up the banana peel and threw it in the dustbin.

4. 给我几分钟考虑一下。

Give me a few minutes to think.

5. 我去开门。

I’ll go and answer the door.

IV. “There be” 的句型（即 there be +主语+地点/时间状语），其中be 动词可以有各种时态变化，可替代的词有：used to be, seems to be, happen to be, live, stand, lie, sit, come, seem, exist.

There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.

There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.

There came a shout for “help”.

There must have been a village here.

1. 最近几年,这个村庄发生了巨大的变化. (be)

Recently there have been great changes in this village.

2. 恰好河上有座桥. (happen)

There happens to be a bridge over the river.

3. 过去这条河上有座桥. (used to)

There used to be a river over the river.

4. 他的回答应该没有什么可怀疑的。（should）

There should be nothing doubtful.

5．山顶上有一个塔. (stand)

There stands a tower on top of the hill.

6．十字路口处站着一个警察. (stand)

There stands a policeman at the crossing.

（二） 并列句

1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。

2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。

3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。

4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。

（三） 复合句

综合填空：

1. Give me one more minute ____ I’ll be able to finish it.

A. and B. or C. if D. so

2. It’s the third time that John has been late, ____?

A. hasn’t he B. isn’t he C. isn’t it D. hasn’t it

3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again!

A. How B. What C. What a D. What an

4. Let us pass, ____?

A. shan’t we B. shall we C. won’t we D. will you

5. I suppose he’s serious, ____ ?

A. do I B. don’t I C. is he D. isn’t he

6. You had better not smoke here, ____?

A. will you B. had you C. shall you D. have you

7. Train as hard as you can ____ you’ll win the swimming competition.

A. then B. but C. and D. or

8. I’m sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.

A. and B. but C. so D. because

9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and ____.

A. Henry hasn’t too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry

10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, ____ others enjoy swimming.

A. or B. for C. while D. so

11. ---- Do you feel like going out ____ would you rather have dinner at home?

---- I’d like to go out. A. or B. and C. but D. so

12. ---- “____ is the temperature today?” ----“It’s 38 degrees.”

A. Which B. How C. How hot D. How high

13. ---- Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? ---- ____.

A. Yes, he isn’t B. No, he isn’t C. No, he is D. He is

14. ____ friendly ____ to everyone!

A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she is D. What, she is

15. Mary went to bed early, ____ she felt very tired.

A. or B. so C. for D. yet

16. Mother ____ a dress when she cut her finger.

A. was making B. makes C. is making D. made

17. He lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library.

A. but B. and C. or D. yet

18. ---- I’d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do.

---- ____ what you want and I can get it for you.

A. Tell me B. If you would say to me C. You will tell me D. If you tell me

19. As he is strong, ____ can lift one hundred pounds.

A. yet he B. but he C. and D. he

20. ---- I thought you had an umbrella. ---- I had, ____ I’ve lost it.

A. since B. but C. because D. so

21. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.

A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn

22. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ fish. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ I like fish very much.

A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but

23. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? ---- I’d like to, ____ I’m too busy.

A. and B. so C. as D. but

24. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?

A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise

25. She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.

A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived

26. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ____ to the notice.

A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed

27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.

A. whom B. where C. which D. while

28. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.

A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave

29. ---- Alice, you feed the bird today, ____? ---- But I fed it yesterday.

A. do you B. will you C. didn’t you D. don’t you

30. ____ him and then try to copy what he does.

A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch

31. Excuse me for breaking in,_____ I have some good news for you.

A. so B. and C. but D. yet

32. The Parkers bought a new house but ______ will need a lot of work before they can move in.

A. they B. it C. one D. which

33. You had one of your teeth pulled out yesterday, _______?

A. had you B. hadn't you C. did you D. didn't you

34. ______ some of this juice--perhaps you'll like it.

A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried

35. One more week, _________ we will accomplish the task.

A. or B. so that C. and D. if

36. There is no light in the dormitory. They must have gone to the lecture, _____?

A. didn't they B. don't they C. mustn't they D. haven't they

37. Be sure to write to us,______?

A. will you B. aren't you C. can you D. mustn't you

38. ______from Beijing to London!

A. How long way it is B. What a long way is it

C. How long way is it D. What a long way it is

39. Don’t smoke in the meeting-room, ________?

A. do you B. will you C. can you D. could you

40. Bill’s aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising TV is illegal, ______?

A. isn’t it B. is it C. isn’t he D. is he

41. There are eight tips in Dr Roger’s lecture on sleep, and one of them is: ______ to bed early unless you think it is necessary.

A. doesn’t go B. not to go C. not going D. don’t go

42. ________ straight on and you’ll see a church. You won’t miss it.

A. Go B. Going C. If you go D. When going

1~5 ACADD 6~10 BCBDC 11~15 ADBCC 16~20 ABADB 21~25 DDDCD 26~30 ADDBD

31-35 CBDBC 36-40 D ADBA 41-42DA

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇9：高三语法复习： 状语从句 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

高三语法复习：

状语从句

1.时间状语从句。

引导时间状语从句的有：when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, no sooner…than…, hardly…when…等。

（1） When, while和 as

When既可引导一个持续动作，也可引导一个短暂动作，可用与主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。while引导的从句中谓语动词必须是能够延续的动词，强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重动作的持续性和对比性。如：While I was sitting there, he told me an interesting story．as用于引导“在某行为的继续中发生某事”的“继续之行为”，所以多与过去进行时连用。并常用来表示两种发展变化中的情况。

When they came home, I was cooking dinner.

She watched TV while (she was) eating.

As I was walking down the street, an American asked me for directions to the nearest station.

As the day went on, the weather got worse.

(2) 时间状语从句还有几个特殊的引导词。

如：every time, each time, next time, the day, the year, the minute, the moment 和副词immediately, directly, instantly等.

a.Every time I saw him, I would like to listen to his songs.

b.I came to the house the moment he was about to leave.

c.I recognized her the minute I saw her.

d. He left Europe the year World War II broke out.

e. My sister came directly(=as soon as) she got my message.

f. The machine will start instantly you press the button.

(3) since 和 before 的用法异同。

It is/ has been + some time+ since+ sb did sth.

It was / is / will be + some time+ before sb did/ do sth

It is just a week since we arrived here.

It’s a long time since I met you last.

How long is it since you were in Ningbo ?

It was years before I came back from abroad. It will be five years before we meet again.

It wasn’t long before he came back..

since 其后的动词不同,起算的时间也不同.

since + 瞬间动词过去式 (从该动作发生时算起)

since + 持续性动词的过去式 ( 从该动作结束时算起)

He worked very hard since he entered the factory.

We haven’t seen each other since I worked in the factory.

(从我不在厂工作以来……)

She has never been to visit me since I was ill. (病愈以来)

(4)till& until意义相同，多数情况下可换用，但用以强调，句首多用until；在强调结构或与not连用时多用until。例如：Nothing can be done till/ until the boss returns.

I waited for him until he came back.

He didn’t go to bed until he had finished the work.

Until we know the facts, we can’t do anything about it.

(5) no sooner…than, hardly…when和scarcely… before相当于as soon as之意, 其引导的从句中谓语动词要用 had done。当 hardly, scarcely和 no sooner置于句首时,语气较强, 主句的谓语要部分倒装. 例如:

We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.

Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.

The spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country.

No sooner had the spy returned home than he was told to go to another country.

2. 地点状语从句由where或 wherever引导，在主句前，后均可．

where 表特指，wherever表泛指

I found the books where I left them.

Make a mark where you have any questions.

Wherever he happens to be, John can make himself at home.

(1) 地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。如：

Where there’s a will, there’s a way.

Wherever there’s plenty of sun and rain, the fields are green.

(2) where引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别。Where引导地点状语从句直接修饰动词,而在定语从句中 where作为关系副词要跟在表示地点的先行词后面。 如：

Go back where you came from

Go back to the village where you came from.

Bamboo grows best where it’s wet and rainy.

Bamboo grows best in places where it’s wet and rainy.

3. 原因状语从句because, since, as, for,

because表直接的原因,语气最强.

since “既然”:一般放在句首,表已知的原因,全句重在交代结果,语气比because弱.

as 放在句首或句末,说明因果关系,语气较弱,重点在主句,译作“由于”for表间接原因，用来补述内容．放在主句后.语气最弱.

Since (As) it was raining, you ‘d better take a taxi.

Because he is ill, he is absent today.

He must be ill, for he is absent today.

As he is from the south, he is unaccustomed to the dry weather in Beijing.

在强调句型中,引导从句只能用because, 不能用 since或as.

It was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us.

4. 条件状语从句

引导词: if, unless, so/ as long as用一般现在时表示一般将来时

In case anything important happens, please call me up.

I’ll lend it to you as long as you handle it with care.

if only(要是…就好了; 但愿) 常表示愿望或一未实现的条件,尤用于感叹句.

If only he arrives in time!

If only I had met him earlier!

If only it would stop raining!

on condition(that)=provided (that) =providing (that) ( 假若; 倘使)

supposing (that) =if

You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank.

I’ll go providing my wages are paid.

Supposing it rains tomorrow, what shall we do?

*在条件状语从句中,如果条件状语从句的主语同主句主语一致或是无人称代词, 从句的谓语动词或助动词 be, 可将从句的主语和动词 be一起省略.

If (it is) necessary, I’ll go with him.

If (it is) important, I’ll write this article.

目的和结果状语从句

目的:so that… in order that… ( 情态动词)

结果: so that, so/ such… thatHe studied even harder so that he might catch up with the top students in a possible short period.

He studied even harder so that he caught up with the other students.

He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.There are so many people in the room that we could’t get in.

方式状语从句

方式状语从句放在主句之后，用as, just as, as if, as though 等引导。

注意:

1) as 表行为方式

2) as if 引导的从句表示与事实相反或不可能实现时,从句用虚拟语气。

比较状语从句

引导词: than, as… as,

the more… the more…He didn’t do as much as he had

promised.

Now we can produce much more

steel than Japan.

The higher you stand, The farther you will see.

注意被比较的内容应一致

The weather here is hotter than that( = the weather) in your hometown.The girls in your class are more active than those in our class.

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇10：时态和语态 教学案例(人教版英语高考复习)

【北京卷,21】Experiments of this kind in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.

A. have conducted B. have been conducted C. had conducted D. had been conducted

【答案】D

【考点】考查动词时态和语态。

【解析】句意为“就在二战爆发前，美国和欧洲都进行过这种实验。”首先考虑语态，主语experiment与conduct构成动宾关系，谓语使用被动形式。题干中出现the second war是过去的时间点，before the second war是过去的过去，因此使用过去完成时。选D。

【2011北京卷,23】Tom in the library every night over the last three months.

A. works B. worked C. has been working D. had been working

【答案】C

【考点】考查动词的时态。

【解析】句意为“在过去的三个月里，Tom每天晚上都在图书馆里学习。”题干中出现的over the last three months，是明显提示用现在完成进行时或现在完成时。故选C。

【2011北京卷,27】--That must have been a long trip.

--Yeah, it us a whole week to get there.

A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking

【答案】C

【考点】考查动词的时态。

【解析】句意为“--那一定是长途旅行。--是的，我们花了整整一周时间才赶到那儿。”题干中must have done是对过去的肯定推测，提示时间在过去，描述过去的情况，排除A和B，D项was taking进行时态表将来，但事实上事情已发生，这与题意不符，因此选C。

【2011北京卷,32】--Bob has gone to California.

--Oh, can you tell me when he ?

A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leave

【答案】B

【考点】考查动词的时态。

【解析】句意为“--Bob已经去了加利福尼亚。--噢，你能告诉我他什么时候离开的？”Bob has gone to California，去的动作已经发生过，说明他离开的动作发生在过去，因此使用一般过去时。选B。

【2011天津卷,3】In the last few years thousands of films all over the world.

A.have produced B. have been produced C. are producingD. are being produced

【答案】B

【考点】考查动词的时态和语态。

【解析】句意为“在过去的几年时间里，全世界制作了成千上万部电影。”in the last few years在过去的几年时间里，其实是从过去算到现在，是现在完成时的标志。选B。

【2011天津卷,4】On her next birthday, Ann married for twenty years.

A.isB.has been C.will be D.will have been

【答案】D

【考点】考查动词的时态。

【解析】句意为“等到下次生日的时候，Ann结婚有二十年了。”her next birthday是将来的时间，for twenty years是个时间段。将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态，故选D。

【2011上海春招,29】I’m sure you will do better in the test because you so hard this year.

A. studied B. had studied

C. will study D. have been studying

【答案】D

【考点】考查动词的时态。

【解析】句意为“我确信你将在这次考试中取得更好的成绩，因为这一年里你一直用功学习。”前半句I’m sure you will do better交代了时间起点是现在。because引起的状语从句不能用将来时，只能用现在时。this year今年，是个时间段。D项 have been studying表示一直持续到现在的动作，故用现在完成进行时。选D。

【2011上海春招,32】A lot of people often forget that oral exams to test our communicative ability.

A. design B. are designed

C. are designing D. are being designed

【答案】B

【考点】考查动词的时态和语态。

【解析】句意为“很多人经常忘记设计口语测试是用来检测我们的交际能力的。”一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时，常与often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等时间状语连用。oral exams与design的关系存在着被动，故选B。

【2011山东卷,31】When I got on the bus, I I had left my wallet at home.

A. was realizing B. realized C. have realized D. would realize

【答案】B

【考点】考查动词的时态。

【解析】句意为“当我上了车后，我才意识到我把钱包落在家里了。”I had left my wallet at home发生在realized之前，前一句When I got on the bus给出的时间起点是过去时，故选B。

【2011山东卷,35】She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child everything!

A. had been e ating B. had eaten C. have eaten D. have been eating

【答案】B

【考点】考查动词的时态。

【解析】句意为“她惊讶地发现冰箱里空空如也；她的孩子把里面的东西全吃光了！”“吃光”这个动作发生在“发现”之前，前一句交代了过去时间，因此选择过去的过去。故选B。

【2011江苏卷,21】--I hear you in a pub. what’s it like?

--Well, it’s very hard work and I’m always tired, but I don’t mind.

A.are working B.will work C.were working D.will be working

【答案】A

【考点】考查动词的时态。

【解析】句意为“--我听说你在酒吧里上班，这份工作怎么样？--咳，这是份辛苦活，老感到累，不过我不介意。”对话所用的现在时表明现在还在酒吧里上班，用现在进行时描述现阶段长期重复的一个动作。故选A。

【2011江苏卷,23】--Tommy is planning to buy a car.

--I know. By next month, he enough for a used one.

A. saves B .saved C.will save D. will have saved

【答案】D

【考点】考查动词的时态。

【解析】句意为“--Tommy将计划买车。--我知道，到下个月为止，他积攒的钱足够买一辆旧车了。”by next month是将来完成时的标志，全句表示在将来next month之前完成“积攒足够钱”的动作，对将来的时间next month产生影响，能买一辆旧车。故选D。

【2011福建卷,32】Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they

from China.

A.receive B.are receiving C.have received D.had received

【答案】D

【考点】考查动词的时态。

【解析】句意为“上个月，日本政府对来自于中国的援助表示了感谢。”expressed是过去时，接受中国的援助发生在expressed之前，是过去的过去，故用过去完成时。选D。

【2011安徽卷, 32】--I didn’t ask for the name list. Why ______on my desk? --I put

试题下载地址1 试题下载地址2

篇11：浅谈中学英语词汇教学(人教版高考复习)

摘 要：词汇教学是中学英语教学的一个基础环节。教师要在教学中运用多种的词汇教学方法,这样能使学生学起来觉得新鲜有趣,而不会觉得枯燥无味，从而高效地记忆和学习单词。本文提出词汇教学要从词汇的音、形、义、语境、文化差异等多方面着手，培养学生的学习和记忆策略，使他们掌握正确的学习方法、记忆方法和词汇学习技巧，从而促进学生听说读写能力的全面发展。

关键词：英语词汇教学 直观 语境 文化差异

英国语言学家威尔金斯曾经说过：“ Without grammar very little can be conveyed; without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”词汇作为语言的基石，确实是举足轻重的。中学阶段如何有效地进行词汇教学，将直接影响到学生是否真正理解和掌握英语，能否切实有效地用英语进行交际。因此，词汇教学在英语教学中是不容忽视的。如何教学生掌握一定数量的词汇，是中学英语教学的重要任务之一。下面我将介绍自己在词汇教学过程中的一些做法和体会。

一、直观的教学方式

学生掌握知识的过程是一种特殊的认知过程，这一过程主要包括对教材的感知、理解、巩固和应用等环节。在这一复杂的认识过程中，出发点是感知教材。因此从心理学中的感知规律与教学的关系来分析，为了提高学生感知材料的效果，就需要运用直观教学手段。

在教学中教师采取直观教学，能起到“催化剂”的作用。对于一些表示具体事物的名词、表示具体动作的动词、表示情感的动词及形容词，我通常采用如图片、实物、玩具、幻灯片等一系列辅助教具及手势、动作、表情等手段，进行直观教学。对于初学者，如能采用直观教学的言语直观和教具直观法，不但能吸引学生的注意力，还能使他们参与。如学习dictionary这个单词时，我将事先准备好的字典拿出来呈现在学生面前，口中问到：“What’s this? It’s a dictionary.”再拿起两本字典问：“What are these? They are dictionaries.”自问自答后再展开教师问学生答，学生问学生答，这样反复操练，学生不但掌握dictionary这个单词的词性，单复数，而且在运用时也琅琅上口。再如讲到单词“map”时，我拿出一张地图，利用图片进行讲解。在讲解词组“turn right”时，我在黑板上画出方向来表示。这些直观教学形式对刚接触英语的学习者来说可将词的音、形、义全过程一次性完成,既生动形象,又情趣浓厚。这种形象思维和情景思维的交替使用,不仅能营造和谐的气氛,激发学生的学习兴趣,而且使词汇教学与情景相结合,有利于学生正确运用所学词汇。

二、音形义结合的多媒体教学

音、形、义是构成一个单词的三要素。三者合一是词汇教学中不可缺少的内容，三者是一个有机的统一体，它们是相互关联的。在现今的中学英语课堂中，教师应多运用多媒体课件来教单词，因为将多媒体制作的课件幻灯片用在课堂上演示能达到很好的教学效果，如我在教授单词“highway”路时，在幻灯片中可设三个控制按钮，第一个按钮点进去可呈现一条高速道路的清晰图像，点击第二个按钮则弹出“highway”的具体中文解释，而第三个按钮则设成声控按钮，点击就会发出“highway”的清晰读音，学生可以跟着念。这种多媒体词汇教学方式将音形义结合在一起教学，既能达到高效教学的目的，又能使学生在一个很轻松的氛围中学习词汇，同时也增加了师生之间的互动性，学生会更多的参与，更好地配合教师的教学。

三、语境教学法

《英语新课程标准》五级要求中对词汇的要求是要学生理解和领悟词语的基本含义以及在特定语境中的意义，由此可见将词汇放在特定的语境中进行教学是十分重要的。著名的语言学家吕叔湘先生也说过：“词语要嵌在上下文里头才有生命，才容易记住，才知道用法。”因此，在词汇教学中运用语境教学法可使学生通过语境更加深刻地理解单词的用法和多种意义，从而对于单词的记忆更加牢固。利用语境教学法可以从以下两方面入手：

1、通过句型或上下文来教单词

当遇到讲授新单词时，如：water这个词，我借助一些教具或动作，如浇水的动作和喝水的动作等，呈现以下的句子。如：（1）I’m very thirsty, I want to drink some water. (2) The flowers are dry, I must water them every day. (3) There is some water in the bottle, we can drink it. 从语境中学生可猜测出（1）、（3）句中的water 是水，（2）句的是浇水的意思，从中学生也可以知道water 不同的词性和用法。 利用上下文教单词的道理也是一样，比如说教umbrella时，可以用下面这段文字： It’s raining and I want to go out. I haven’t a raincoat but I have an umbrella. I’ll put up my umbrella. My umbrella is protecting me from catching rain. Now the rain has stopped. I’ll take my umbrella down. An umbrella is very useful when it is raining. 这样把umbrella放在段落中学习，不但教会了学生这个单词，而且培养了学生的思维能力。

2、利用情景教单词

利用情景教单词，是初中学生较喜爱的一种方法，因为情景虽然是模拟的，但至少也像置身于真正的交际情景中，这些可以使学生真正参与的活动，也是他们日常熟悉的场景。比如说，学习打电话用语时便可拿两部会响的电话，让他们好像真的在打电话一样，在交际中，学得了知识。学习交际用语还可以有购物、借物、问路、邀请和看病等情景可以用。这样学生不但兴致勃勃地学知识，让他们多参与，既能说，又能听，还能激发他们的英语学习的积极性。

四、加强对学生学习词汇方法的指导

词汇学习一直是初中生在英语学习中最大的障碍，如何能增加词汇量和正确使用所学的词，成为词汇学习中必须解决的两个问题。因此我教会学生在词汇学习中掌握科学的学习词汇的方法。

1、帮助学生端正学习词汇的态度，克服心理障碍

在词汇学习中，部分学生因为急于大幅度地增加词汇量，往往产生了很多的心理障碍，主要表现为厌烦心理、焦虑心理和轻视心理。我帮助他们排除这些心理障碍。端正学习词汇的态度是学好词汇的首要问题，教师应帮助学生认识到端正学习词汇态度的重要性。

2、熟练掌握积极词汇，妥善处理消极词汇

词汇学习可分为积极词汇和消极词汇的学习。积极词汇就是指要求会读，会拼、听得懂，知道其基本词义，而且能够在口头或书面表达时灵活运用的词汇。而消极词汇则指仅要求能听懂，会读，知道基本的词义就可以的词汇。我在平时的教学中要求学生对那些复现率很高而又常用的词汇要有意识地进行学习和记忆，掌握其读音、词性、意义和搭配情况等。这样，慢慢地引导学生把原来的消极词汇变成积极词汇，增加了词汇量，而且这样学生学到的词就掌握得更扎实，不易遗忘，能使学生更加高效地记忆词汇。

3、掌握记忆的方法，提高记忆词汇的效率

记不住单词是词汇学习中学生感到最头疼的一件事。有些单词记了又忘，忘了再记，记了又再忘。其实，记忆是有规律可循的，掌握记忆规律是提高记忆效率的关键。

“德国的心理学家艾宾浩斯通过系统的研究和实验,制成了著名的艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线,这条曲线表明了遗忘发展的一条规律,即遗忘的进程是不均衡的,遗忘的发展是“先快后慢”的，随后便趋于平稳。” 我要求学生在学习完词汇时及时地进行复习。在大量遗忘之前就开始复习才能达到良好的效果。在学习词汇时要做到持之以恒，形式多样。合理地分配时间学习，做到集中学习与分散学习相结合。这样更有利于学生加深理解，巩固记忆。

4、在阅读中学习词汇

在教学中我们常听到同学们反映阅读时最头痛的问题就是生词太多，看不懂。要使学生能得心应手，轻松地阅读完一篇中等难度的文章，必须让学生适当地多学一些课外词汇。因此，在教学中，我经常指导学生查阅词典、语法等工具书，鼓励学生根据上下文猜测词义，教会他们阅读方法。同时我根据各年级不同的情况，每星期选择1至2篇不同类型的文章，要求同学翻译，完成对话。这样通过大量的阅读训练，不仅有效地巩固和扩大了学生的词汇量，而且提高了学生对文章的理解和阅读速度，取得了较好的效果。

五、通过对比词汇的文化差异提高教学效率

语言和文化是相互依存，相互影响的，语言不能脱离文化而存在，没有了解一定的文化背景，那么是学不好英语这门语言的。《英语课程标准》对文化意识的要求,学生应“了解英语国家中传统的文娱和体育活动，了解英语国家中重要的节假日及主要庆祝方式,加深对中国文化的理解”。由此可见中西文化词汇的学习是初中英语词汇教学的一个重要内容，词汇教学不能为教词汇而教词汇,文化差异是词汇教学的一个重要组成部分。学生在学习词汇的过程中要想真正掌握词汇就必须在理解词的内涵上下功夫。我在教授词汇时,根据文化背景知识教授词汇知识,对学生进行有意识的文化导入,帮助学生准确理解和正确使用具有不同文化背景含义的词汇,促使学生进一步掌握和驾驭词汇。我还注意适当增加一些中国传统文化的词汇,以帮助学生全面认识中国和世界。

语言学家傅林格曾说过：“任何一个掌握了一门外语的人都清楚地知道，他的大部分时间都是花在掌握这门语言的词汇上面的。”可见，词汇教学在语言教学中占有重要地位，它贯穿整个英语教学的始终。因此，教师应重视学生词汇的学习，引导学生推究各种词汇记忆方法和学习规律，主动探索，并通过实际交际活动，在一定的语言情境和文化渗透中学习和掌握词汇，完成自己认知结构的量变和质变的过程。注重培养学生的学习和记忆策略，使他们掌握正确的学习方法、记忆方法和词汇学习技巧，从而促进学生听说读写能力的全面发展。

参考书目：

[1]《.英语课程标准》北京师范大学出版社，

[2] 范安平、彭春妹. 《教育应用心理学》武汉大学出版社，20.

[3] 倪方《.如何提高英语词汇教学的效果》.河北职业技术学院学报，

[4]盛一英《.运用多种手段优化英语词汇教学》广西教育学院学报，20

篇12：语法：省略句与高考 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)

语法：省略句与高考

“省略句”是高二册第10单元学习的语法重点，又是学习的难点。在英语中，为了使句子简洁明快，突出重点，常用“省略句”，只要不影响句意的表达，能省略的成分尽可能省略。

一、在含有状语从句的复合句中

由when，while，as, once，whenever引导的时间状语从句；或由if，unless引导的条件状语从句；由though，although，even if ，even though引导的让步状语从句；由as though，as if，as引导的方式状语从句；由because引导的原因状语从句；由wherever引导的地点状语从句，若从句的主句是it或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be时，常省略从句的主语和be。

1. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (NMET 全国卷II)

A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced

2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss. (NMET 2004全国卷IV) A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned

3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was going in the right direction. (NMET 安徽春) A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see

4. Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (NMET2003上海卷) A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken

5. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (NMET 2003上海春)

A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited

6. When ________ , the museum will be open to the public next year. (NMET 上海春)

A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed

7. Though ________ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university. (NMET 2002上海卷)

A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in

8. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET 2002)

A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun

二、在限定性定语从句中

作宾语的关系代词that，which,whom可以省略；在以the same... as和such... as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that，in which；在含被动语态的定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，可以省略关系代词和be,省略之后,变成过去分词短语作定语。

9. -You 're always working. Come on, let's go shopping.

- ________ you ever want to do is going shopping. (NMET 2002北京、安徽、内蒙古春)

A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That

10. Is this the reason ________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(NMET 2002上海春)

A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained

11. What surprised me was not what he said but ________ he said it. (NMET 2004湖北卷)

A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which

12. It is easy to do the repair. ________ you need is a hammer and some nails. (NMET 2004天津卷)

A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything

13. That's an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ________ he's done for you. (NMET 2004全国卷) A. something B. anything C. all D. that

三、在感官动词或短语中

在see，watch，hear，feel，observe，notice，listen to等感官动词或短语及make，have，let等使役动词之后的“宾语+不定式作宾语补足语” 结构中，不定式前省略to；有时为了避免重复，常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to之后的内容，只保留不定式符号；不定式在tell，ask， advise， wish， permit， force等动词后面作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，可以省略，但要保留不定式符号to；不定式在happy，glad，eager，ready，willing等形容词后面作状语时，可以省略，但要保留不定式符号to。

14. As you've never been there before, I'll have someone ________ you the way. (MET 1990上海卷)

A. to show B. show C. showing D. showed

15. -I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?

-Not at all, ________ . (NMET 1995)

A. I have no time B. I'd rather not C. I'd like it D. I'd be happy to

16. -Does your brother intend to study German?

-Yes, he intends ________ . (NMET 上海卷)

A. / B. to C. so D. that

17. -Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight?

- ________ . (NMET 上海卷)

A. Yes, I'd like to go to the Grand Theatre B. I'd like to, but I have an exam tomorrow

C. No, I won't D. That's right

18. -You should have thanked her before you left.

-I meant ________ , but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere. (NMET 北京春招卷) A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to

四、在if引导的虚拟条件句中

在if引导的虚拟语气条件句中含有had，were，should时，可以把had，were，should放在句首，省略if。

19. ________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. (NMET 1994上海卷) A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will

20. ________ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. (NMET 1995上海卷)

A. If it is not B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not

五、在否定结构中

由nor，neither等引导的连续否定的句子也是一种省略句，这种句子在意思上与前面的句子是相同的，而且主谓用倒装。

21. I will know what was on his mind at the time, nor will ________ . (NMET 2004 江苏卷)

A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else

22. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither ________ any end to their influence on man's lives. (NMET 2004 广东卷) A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there

23. -I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible!

- ________ . (NMET 2004全国卷III)

A. Nor am I B. Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I

Key:

1-5 BCDBA 6-10 AADCA 11-15 AACBD 16-20 BBBBC 21-23 BCB

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇13：语法复习六：状语从句 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

语法复习六：状语从句

由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。

（一）时间状语从句

表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等引导。

e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.

He started as soon as he received the news.

Once you see him, you will never forget him.

No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.

（二）原因状语从句

原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。

e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.

As it is raining, I will not go out.

Now that you mention it, I do remember.

（三）地点状语从句

引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。

e.g. Sit wherever you like.

Make a mark where you have a question.

（四）目的状语从句

引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。

e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.

She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.

He left early in case he should miss the train.

（五）结果状语从句

结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that等引导。

e.g. She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting.

He was so excited that he could not say a word.

She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.

（六）条件状语从句

条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。

e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.

You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.

So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.

You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank.

If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.

（七）让步状语从句

让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。

e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.

Child as he is, he knows a lot.

Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, I’ll never change my mind.

（八）方式状语从句

方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。

e.g. You must do the exercise as I show you.

He acted as if nothing had happened.

（九）比较状语从句

比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等引导。

e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.

He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.

The busier he is, the happier he feels.

（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题

1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。

e.g. We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.

I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.

2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。

e.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.

If (you are) asked you may come in.

If (it is) necessary I’ll explain to you again.

3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。

e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）

Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）

I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句）

Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）

This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）

练习、状语从句

一、用横线划出下列句子中的状语从句，并指出是哪种状语从句：

1. Child as she is, she knows a lot of things.

2. The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be.

3. He talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.

4. He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.

5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.

6. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

7. Where there is water, there is life.

8. He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.

9. Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you.

10. Even if (though) I fail. I’ll never lose heart.

11. Once you begin the work, you must continue.

12. I will find her wherever she may be.

13. Now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us.

14. He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.

15. We must do everything as he tells us.

16. India is much bigger than Japan.

17. No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.

18. As (So) long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.

二、用适当的连词填空：

1. Dr. Bethune (白求恩) came to China __________ he was fifty.

2. He began to work __________ he got there.

3. Let's begin our meeting __________everyone is here.

4. I like the English people, __________ I don't like their food.

5. __________ you go in China, you can see smiling faces.

6. He didn't come to the lecture, __________ he was very busy.

7. __________we had enough time, we walked to the cinema.

8. They will help you __________ you meet with difficulty.

9. _________ we came to the university, we have learnt quite a lot.

10.I didn't join them yesterday evening __________ I had to go to an important meeting.

11. We would try to get a car __________we could all travel together more easily.

12. She wouldn't forget her mother's birthday __________ she seldom wrote to her family.

13. We're doing everything we can to make things as easy for you ___________we can.

14. The meeting became so disorderly __________ the speaker had to shout the audience down.

15. He was angrier __________ ever before.

16. __________ you lock all the doors, he can still manage to get in.

17. The boy was so tired __________ he fell asleep on the bus.

18. Hard _________ he tried, he couldn’t force the door open.

三、选择填空：

1. I’ll let you know ____ he comes back.

A. before B. because C. as soon as D. although

2. She will sing a song ____ she is asked.

A. if B. unless C. for D. since

3. We will work ____ we are needed.

A. whenever B. because C. since D. wherever

4. Read it aloud _____ the class can hear you.

A. so that B. if C. when D. although

5._____ you go, don't forget your people.

A. Whenever B. However C. Wherever D. Whichever

6. It is about ten years _____ I met you last.

A. since B. for C. when D. as

7. They will never succeed, _____ hard they try.

A. because B. however C. when D. since

8. _____ still half drunk, he made his way home.

A. When B. Because C. Though D. As

9. _____ she was very tired, she went on working.

A. As B. Although C. Even D. In spite of

10. Busy _____ he was, he tried his best to help you.

A. as B. when C. since D. for

11. I learned a little Russian _____ I was at middle school.

A. though B. although C. as if D. when

12. _____ we got to the station, the train had left already.

A. If B. Unless C. Since D. When

13. _____ the rain stops, we' 11 set off for the station.

A. Before B. Unless C. As soon as D. Though

14. She was _____ tired _____ she could not move an inch.

A. so, that B. such, that C. very, that D. so, as

15. We didn’t go home _____ we finished the work.

A. since B. until C. because D. though

16. I'll stay here _____ everyone else comes back.

A. even if B. as though C. because D. until

17. Although it's raining, _____ are still working in the field.

A. they B. but they C. and they D. so they

18. Speak to him slowly _____ he may understand you better.

A. since B. so that C. for D. because

19. You'll miss the train ______ you hurry up.

A. unless B. as C. if D. until

20. When you read the book, you' d better make a mark _____ you have any questions.

A. at which B. at where C. the place D. where

21. We'd better hurry ______ it is getting dark.

A. and B. but C. as D. unless

22. I didn' t manage to do it _____ you had explained how.

A. until B. unless C. when D. before

23._____ he comes, we won't be able to go.

A. Without B. Unless C. Except D. Even

24. I hurried _____ I wouldn't be late for class.

A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless

25. _____ I catch a cold, I have pain in my back.

A. Every time B. Though C. Even D. Where

26. What's the matter _____ they still haven't answered the telegram?

A. when B. that C. though D. however

27. Bring it nearer _____ I may see it better.

A. although B. even though C. so that D. since

28. You may arrive in Beijing early _____ you mind taking the night train.

A. that B. though C. unless D. if

29. Helen listened carefully _____ she might discover exactly what she needed.

A. in that B. in order that C. in case D. even though

30. More people will eat out in restaurants _____ they do today.

A. than B. when C. while D. as

31._____ hard she tries, she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework.

A. Much B. However C. As D. Although

32. Poor _____ it may be, there is no place like home, _____ you may go.

A. as; wherever B. though; whenever C. in spite of; when D. that; wherever

33. The child was __ immediately after supper.

A. enough tired to go to bed B. too tired to go to bed

C. so tired that he went to bed D. very tired, he went to bed

34. The history of nursing __ the history of man.

A. as old as B. is old than C. that is as old as D. is as old as

35. _____ born in Chicago, the author was famous for his stories about New York.

A. Since B. Once C. When D. Although

36._____ we stood at the top of the building, the people below were hardly visible.

A. As B. Although C. Unless D. In spite of

37. Scarcely was George Washington in his teens _____ his father died.

A. than B. as C. while D. when

38. _____ David goes, he is welcome.

A. Whichever B. However C. Wherever D. Whatever

39. The house stood _____ there had been a rock.

A. which B. at which C. when D. where

40. Small _____ it is, the pen is a most useful tool.

A. because B. so C. if D. as

41. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced _____ tractors in 1988 as the year before.

A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as

42. The piano in the other shop will be _____, but _____.

A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheap; not as better

C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good

43. John plays football _____, if not better than, David.

A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as

44. Although he is considered a great writer,

A. his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely read

C. however his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read

45. ___ the day went on, the weather got worse.

A. With B. Since C. While D. As

46.-What was the party like?

-Wonderful. It' s years _____ I enjoyed myself so much.

A. after B. when C. before D. since

47. It was not _____ she took off her dark glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.

A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; then

48. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _____ great it is.

A. what B. how C. however D. whatever

49. After the war, a new school building was put up _____ there had once been a theatre.

A. that B. where C. which D. when

50._____, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.

A. However late is he B. However he is late

C. However is he late D. However late he is

51. He will come to call on you the moment he ____ his painting.

A. will finish B. finished C. has finished D. had finished

52. ____ difficult the task may be, we will try our best to complete it in time.

A. No matter B. No wonder C. Though D. However

53. It was ____ that she couldn’t finish it by herself.

A. so difficult a work B. such a difficult work C. so difficult work D. such difficult work

参考答案

语法复习六：状语从句

一、

1. Child as she is, she knows a lot of things. 让步

2. The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be.比较

3. He talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.方式

4. He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.结果

5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.条件

6. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.时间

7. Where there is water, there is life.地点

8. He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.目的

9. Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you.原因

10. Even if (though) I fail, I’ll never lose heart.让步

11. Once you begin the work, you must continue.时间

12. I will find her wherever she may be. 让步

13. Now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us.原因

14. He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.结果

15. We must do everything as he tells us.方式

16. India is much bigger than Japan.比较

17. No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.让步

18. As (So) long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.条件

二、1. when; 2. as soon as; 3. as; 4. though; 5. Whwerever; 6. because; 7. Since; 8. whenever; 9. Since; 10. because; 11. so that; 12. though; 13. as; 14. that; 15. than; 16. Even if; 17. that; 18. as

三、1~5 CADAC 6~10 ABCBA 11~15 DDCAB 16~20 DABAD 21~25 CABBA

26~30 BCCBD 31~35 BACDD 36~40 ADCDD 41~45 CCBAD 46~50 DBCBD

51~53 CDD

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