高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-C(通用5篇)由网友“永动学习机”投稿提供,以下是小编帮大家整理后的高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-C,欢迎大家收藏分享。
篇1:高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-C
c
1、can, be able to
这两个词都可以表示“能够”。can通常用来表示现在的一般能力。如:look, i can do it.嗨,我会做这事啦。而当表示将来能力时,一般要用will be able to。此外,be able to 还表示要经过一番努力才能做到的事。如:if i concentrate on the work, i'll be able to work out the problem.如果我集中思想于工作的话,我就可以想出这个问题的解决方法。i'll be able to speak french in another few months.再过几个月我就可以说法语了。
2、call on, visit
call on:“拜访”,为社交用语,强调较正式的访问。如:i hope to call on you at your office at three o'clock today.我希望今天下午三点钟到办公室去拜访你。
visit:“访问,参观”,指为一定目的去访问某人或参观某地。如:professor li is often visited by his students.学生们常去看望李教授。
注意:call at与call on都可以作“访问”解,但call at后接地点;call on后接人。如:i called at the bank and drew some money today.今天我去银行取了些钱。
3、centre, middle
centre“中心”,指圆和球体的中心点并可用作比喻,指事物或活动中心。如;he placed the flowers in the centre of the table.他把花放在桌子的中央。at the centre of the park there is a monument in memory of the hero.在公园的中央有一个英雄纪念碑。london is the political, economical and cultural centre of britain.伦敦是英国政治,经济和文化中心。
middle:“中间”,指空间或时间意义上与两端等距离的中间部分。如:he telephoned me in the middle of the night.他半夜给我打来电话。soon they were in the middle of the river.不久他们来到河中央。
4、chance, opportunity
chance表示“机会;可能性(强调偶然性)”,如:if we can swim, the chances are that we can save our lives.如果我们会游泳的话,我们就有可能得救。harold has lost a lot of money so he wants to take a chance on stock exchange.海洛得丢了很多钱,因此他想在股票上碰一碰运气。
而opportunity表示机遇(强调好时机),既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词。如:this has been my only opportunity to practise speaking english.这一直是我练习英语口语的唯一机会。i am very glad to have had the opportunity to talk to you.我很高兴能有机会与你交谈。
5、certain, sure
certain表示“有把握的,确信的”,语气较强,主语可以是人也可以是物,表示有充分的信心。有时也有“某些”的含义。如:it is certain that the temperature will rise.气温一定会上升。he is certain to come.他一定会来。
sure“确信的,无疑的”,作此义解时,主语常为人而不是物。如:he is sure to succeed.他一定会成功。注意:certain和sure在接不定式和of短语时意思上有差别。试比较:they are certain/sure to succeed.他们一定会成功。they are certain/sure of success.他们有成功的把握。第一例用不定式表示说话人对某事的推断,有“一定,必然”的含义;第二例用of短语表示主语本人的信念,有“确信,对...有把握”的含义。再如:the strike is certain/sure to take place.罢工必然会发生。they are certain/sure of victory.他们确信会获得胜利。
6、care about, care for
这是两个动介型短语动词,后接名词或代词作其宾语。在表示“为...担忧”的意思时,两者可交换使用。
care about主要用来表示“对...感兴趣;关心;在乎”的意思。如:i don't much care about going.我并不很想去。i don't care about what people think.我不在乎人们怎么认为。
care for则主要用来表示“喜欢,对...中意”和“照顾”等意思。如:she doesn't seem to care for him.她好像不喜欢他。small children are well cared for in nurseries when their parents are working.当父母在工作时,孩子们在托儿所里受到良好的照顾。
7、carry on, carry out
carry on意为“进行,继续”,强调一个行为的进行过程。它可以不跟宾语,也可接表示“工作,讨论,竞赛,战斗”等一类的名词作宾语,相当于continue。它另可作“经营”解,相当于manage。如:don't let me interrupt you, just carry on.别让我打断你,请继续。i'll try to carry on the work in spite of difficulties.尽管有困难,但我还是会继续这项工作。rising costs make it hard to carry on the business.成本上升给生意经营带来了困难。
carry out意为“进行,贯彻,实现”,含有按照某个要求或准则进行的意思。它必须接宾语,且宾语往往是表示“工作,活动,职责,命令,计划”等一类的名词。此词语相当于put into practice。如:i have some difficulties in carrying out her order.我感到执行她的命令有些困难。the government was trying to carry out the policy of “family planning”.当时,政府正尽力贯彻“计划生育”政策。
8、catch up with, keep up with
catch up with为“赶上(某人或某事)”,有追上并可能超过的含义。如:we'll do out best to catch up with the advanced industrial countries.我们将尽力赶超先进的工业国家。
keep up with作“不落后于(某人或某对手)”解,有与之并驾齐驱的含义。如:the girls had to run to keep up with the boys.这些女孩子不得不加快脚步以赶上男孩子们。
9、cause, reason
10、clothes, clothing, cloth
11、chief, main
12、choose, select
13、come to one's help, come for one's help
14、continual, continuous
15、compare...to, compare...with
16、consider, regard as, treat as
17、coloured, colourful
篇2:高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-J
1、take a chair, take the chair
take a chair是“拿一把椅子” 坐一会儿“的意思。例如:he has just taken a chair into the room.他刚才拿了一把椅子进了房间。won't you take a chair?你请坐一会儿,好吗?
take the chair是一个习惯用语,表示”担任主席,主持会议“的意思当然,在一定场合,它也可以表示”拿(这)把椅子“的意思。例如:we hope you will be so kind as to take the chair.希望你会乐意主持这次会议。who took the chair at the conference?那次会议谁担任主席?please take the chair out.请把这把椅子搬出去。
2、take...as, take...for
这两个关联短语都是指”把...看作,把...当作“的意思,但含义有所不同。
take...as是一般地看待某人或某物,相当于regard...as。例如:they take us as little kids who count for nothing.他们把我们看作是无足轻重的孩子。we mustn't take success and failure as a personal matter.我们不应当把成败看作是个人的事。
take...for有把某物或者人错看成或错当成的含义。例如:at first they took him for a foreigner. several months later, they came to know he is a true chinese.开始他们都把他当成外国人,几个月后,他们才知道他是一个真正的中国人。do you take me for a fool who believes that tale?你是不是把我看成个傻瓜,以为我竟会相信那种谎言?
3、take note, take note of, take notes (of)
take note是动名型短语动词,可用作不及物或及物动词。作前者时,一般独立使用;作后者时,通常其后接不定式或that从句。其意义和作用相当于take care,即表示”注意,留心“的意思。例如:take note, keep children away from the water's edge.注意,勿让孩子在水边逗留。take note not to wake the baby.留神,别把孩子吵醒了。please take note that this city is in the north, not in the south of china.请注意,这座城市是在华北,不是在华南。
take note of是动名介型短语动词,作及物动词用,其后须跟名词,代词等作宾语,其作用和意义相当于pay attention to。例如:your remarks have been taken careful note of, and i hope we'll soon reply to each of them in detail.你的讲话已受到充分注意,我想不久以后逐一详细答复。nobody took any note of the old man's death.没有谁注意到那老人死了。
take notes表示”记笔记“的意思,用作不及物动词;take notes of意为”把...记下来“,其后须跟所记下的内容,作宾语。例如:he spoke so rapidly that it was difficult to take notes without missing something of what he said.他讲得太快,要把他的话毫无遗漏地记录下来是困难的。do you take notes of the lectures?你听课记笔记吗?since there was no textbook for the course, his students had to take detailed notes of everything the professor said.由于这个课程没有课本,学生们只好详细记录教授的讲课内容。
4、take the place of, take place
take the place of是”代替“的意思。若所代替的对象是代词,则通常采用take one's place的形式。例如:electronic computers have taken the place of thousands of working people.电子计算机代替了千万个人的劳动。last night, our monitor didn't come and i was asked to take his place.昨晚我们班长未到,大家要我代替他。
take place表示”发生,举行“的意思,是不及物短语动词,不可用被动语态。它仅用于历史上的事件,集会等,而不用于地震等自然界的现象。它常可与happen换用。例如:in 1919,the may 4th movement took place in china.19,中国爆发了五四运动。battle after battle took place in which the enemy suffered heavy losses.战斗一个接一个地进行,在这些战斗中敌人蒙受了重大损失.
5、tell...of, tell...about, tell...from
tell...of和tell...about中的动词tell后须接表示人的名词或代词,介词of和about后接谈到的情况或内容,这两个词组在一般情况下可以换用。但在表示提起某事时,倾向于tell...of,在表示详细地讲述有关情况时,倾向于用tell...about。例如:she told us of / about the difficulties she had met with in her work.她给我们谈了谈她在工作中碰到的困难。we must tell them of/ about our decision.我们应当把我们的决定告诉他们。he told us about the present situation.他给我们谈了当前的形势。
tell...from表示对好坏,优劣,真假或两种事物加以 ”区分“的意思。其中tell后的宾语与介词from后的宾语一般都是一对相反或相近的意义的词。例如:can you tell her from her twin sister?你能分得出她和她的孪生姐妹吗?but through practice one can tell the true from the false.但通过实践我们可以区别真伪。
6、terrified of, terrified at 这两个词组中的terrified均为形容词化的过去分词,同连系动词be连用。 terrified of是”害怕“的意思,相当于afraid of, 其后可接名词,代词或动名词,表示原因。例如:the child was terrified of being left alone in the house.那孩子害怕把他一个人留在家里。 she was terrified of being killed in an air raid.她很害怕在空袭中被炸死。
terrified at后除可接名词,代词或动名词,表示”因听到(看到)...而害怕“。常有terrified at the thought of/ at the idea of/ at the prospect of, etc.等搭配,即表示”想到...而惊恐,想象...而惊恐,展望...而惊恐“等意思。例如:she was terrified at the deafening explosion.她被那震耳欲聋的爆炸声吓了一跳。the old lady was terrified at the thought of crossing such a busy road.老妇人想到要穿过这样一条繁忙的马路便感到害怕。
7、title, topic, subject, theme
theme:”主题,论题,题目“,指人们为了进行文学或艺术方面的论述而选取的主体,如诗的思想,主张,乐曲的主旋律或绘画的基调,它与subject, topic的区别在于它有时暗示在立意,形式,效果等方面进行了比较,如an overworked theme(老生常谈的题目)指立意上与别的作品相比并无新意。this is a one-man show of paintings whose theme was the vulgarity of modern life.这是一个以现代生活的庸俗为主题的个人画展。the graduates wrote a number of essays whose theme was man's will-power.研究生们写了以人类的意志力为主题的一系列论文。
title:”标题,题目“,指书,绘画,剧作等创作作品的名称;还可讲作”头衔,称呼,权利“。短语:an essay under the topic of 题为...的文章。例如:it was the book's eye-catching title that helped me make up my mind to buy it.正是这醒目的书名才使我下决心买下这本书。this is a picture that requires no title; i think everyone knows what the author really wants to show.这是一幅无需任何标题的图画,我相信人人知道作者想展示什么。
topic:”话题,题目,主题,论题“,指人们普遍感兴趣或对之持有不同观点,因而可供讨论的题目,也指为了对之进行独特而有创意的论述而选择的话题,可指整篇作品的主旨,也可指某个章节,段落乃至单句包含的要点。the topic of your article is very good, but your spelling and style must be improved.你文章的题目很好,但拼写及风格必须改进。i cannot remember in a very long conversation what topic has been touched upon and what has not.我不记得在拖得很长的谈话中什么话题涉及到了,什么没有涉及。
subject:”题目,主题“,在这组词中词义最广,最不确切,泛指在某一范围内的主题,以及取舍并处理某种材料的指导原则,涉及面广,概括性强,一般包括若干topic。例如:when someone rang at the door, he was doing research on the subject matter which would be under discussion in his next day's philosophy class.有人按门铃的时候,他还在为第二天哲学课所讨论的主题寻找资料。he chose ”a reform in teaching methods“ as the subject of his lecture.他选择”教学方法的改革“作为讲话的题目。
8、though, although
这两个词都有”虽然“之意,均不能与but连用,但可加yet, still等词以加强语气。
although:”尽管,虽然“,只作连词,较正式,一般情况下可以用though替代。he passed the exam although he had been prevented by illness from some classes.虽然他曾因病耽误了学习,但他考试还是及格了。although he was seriously wounded, he still held out on the battle-field.他虽然身负重伤,但坚持不下火线。
though:”虽然,尽管,即使“,还可以与even连用,even though即使,纵然。作副词时,一般不能置于句首,译作:”然而,不过“,相当于nevertheless。i can see that new york must seem dull to her though the family won't admit it.我看得出来纽约对她来说一定很单调乏味,虽然家里人不愿承认这一点。she won't leave the tv set, even though her husband is waiting for his supper.即使丈夫等着吃饭,她也不愿离开电视机。
9、thoughtful, considerate
这组词均有”周到的“之意。
considerate:”周到的,体贴的“,指对他人的感情或处境周到,能设法减轻他人的悲伤或分担他人的苦恼。常用句型:it's considerate of sb. to do;常用词组:be considerate towards / about sb.对...体贴的。it was very considerate of you not to play the piano while your mother had a bad headache.你在母亲头痛得很厉害时不弹钢琴,真是考虑得非常周到。he was too courteous and considerate to make stubborn subordinates bend to his will.他对人很客气,体贴,不迫使固执的属下服从他的意愿。
thoughtful:”体贴的,关怀他人的“,指无私地关心他人,为他人的安逸,舒适着想,能推测了解到别人的愿望或需用。常用句型:it's thoughtful of sb. to do;常用词组:be thoughtful about/ for 对...(考虑)周到的。it was very thoughtful of you to make all the necessary arrangements for us.你们考虑得很周到,为我们做好了一切必要的安排。it was very thoughtful of you to warn me of your arrival.你来之前先通知我,真是考虑周到。
10、thanks for, thanks to
这两个短语中的thanks是名词,实际上可看作i'd like to express my thanks for/ to...的省略形式。由于它们常用在口语中,尤以简洁为宜。
thanks for中的介词for表示原因。其后须接名词或动名词,表示”感谢“的缘由。例如:a thousand thanks for your kindness.非常感谢你的善意。well, i must be going now. thanks for your time.我得走了。谢谢你为我花费了时间。
thanks to中的to为介词。它有两种意义和用法:一是表示”谢谢“的意义,其介词to后须接表示人的名称或代词,即”谢谢“的对象;二是作短语介词用,表示原因,其后须接名词,代词或动名词,常译为”由于,因为“或”多亏“的意思。例如:you helped me a lot. many thanks to you.你给予了我许多帮助,非常感谢你。it was thanks to your stupidity that we lost the game.正是由于你的愚笨害得我们输了这场比赛。thanks to a good teacher, she passed the exam.多亏有位好老师,她才通过了考试。
11、the reason why, the reason that
这两个短语中的why和that分别引导的都是同位语从句,它们均表示”...的理由(或原因)“的意思,两者可以通用。例如:the reason why/that it should be so is now clear.应当如此的理由现在清楚了。the reason why/that idealism and metaphysics are held to be obstacles to truth is that they discourage scientific inquiry into truth.唯心论和形而上学之所以被认为是真理的障碍是因为它们阻碍对真理的科学的探讨。
值得注意的是the reason why/that后接表语从句时,多数语法学者认为应该用that引导,有的语法学者则认为用because引导也是可以的。以下是摘录的原文例句:the reason why i am dealing with so many pictures tonight is because i happen to have seen them all just recently.我今晚之所以谈这么多的影片是因为我恰好最近都看过。the reason why he's late is that/because there was a breakdown on the railway.他之所以迟到是因为火车出了故障。
12、three weeks ago, three weeks before
这两个词组均属于”一段时间+副词“结构。类似的说法还有five years ago, five years before; two days ago, two days before等。 ”一段时间+ago“是以现在为准,表示”自今...前“的意思,它常与一般过去时的动词连用。若状语是”since+一段时间+ago“结构,或者谓语有情态动词,动名词或虚拟语气等,其句子有时可用完成时态。例如:several million years ago, our country was covered by thick forests.几百万年前,我们的大地被茂密的森林覆盖着。he has been there since two weeks ago.两周以来,他一直在那儿。he must have seen the film two days ago.他两天前一定看过这部影片。i remember meeting you somewhere two years ago.我记得两年前在哪里见到过你。i had thought that he had died at least twenty years ago.我原以为他二十年前就去世了。
”一段时间+before“是以过去某时候为准,表示”那时的...前“的意思。常用于过去完成时。例如:mr. li went abroad in 1978. i had met him two years before.李先生1978年出国的,在那两年前我见过他。when i visited her, she told me that she had graduated from the college three years before.当我去拜访她时,她告诉我她是三年前从那所大学毕业的。
13、till, until till和until
都可以用作连词和介词,用于肯定句和否定句。用于肯定句时,只与持续性动词连用,表示”到...为止“。用于否定句时,通常与瞬间动词连用,也可与持续性动词连用,表示”直到...才“的意思。这两个词一般情况下可以相互换用。例如:we waited for him until/till six o'clock.我们等他到一直等到六点钟。the pupils will not begin the meeting till/until their class supervisor comes.学生们等到班主任一到就开始开会。they didn't talk until/till the interpreter came.直到译员到,他们才交谈。he did not go to bed until/till he had made sure that nothing was wrong with the pipes.他检查水管,确准它们没有毛病,才去睡觉。
当until用于句首时,一般不能用till代替。在以not开始的从句或短语里,till一般也不可代替until,而且这种句式要用倒装语序。例如:until the last minute of the match we kept playing.直到比赛的最后一分钟,我们仍然坚持奋战。not until he had finished his work did he go home.他直到把工作做完,才回家去。
14、tiresome, tiring, tired
这三个形容词均可用作定语,表语或补语。
tiresome和tiring都表示”令人讨厌的,令人疲乏的“的主动含义,其行为主体或所修饰的词多为事物,有时也可以是人。两者一般可以换用。例如:the job is tiresome (or: tiring).这工作真累人。that is a tiresome (or: tiring) talk.那是一次令人厌倦的谈话。he is a tiresome (or: tiring) fellow.他是个令人讨厌的家伙。
tired的意思是”疲倦的,劳累的“,其主语或者所修饰的词通常是人。它还有”厌倦“的意思,其后常接介词短语。例如:he has worked the whole day, so he feels very tired.他工作了一整天,感到非常劳累。the tired man has gone to rest.那个疲惫不堪的人休息去了。such a long lecture would make the audience tired.这么冗长的讲话会使听众感到疲乏。
15、to date, up to date, up-to-date
to date是介词短语用作副词,在句中作状语,通常用于句首,意为”到目前为止,到现在为止“。up to date也有这一意义和用法,这时,两者可以通用。例如:to date (or: up to date) twenty students have been accepted into the school.到目前为止已有二十名学生被接受入学。up to date (or: to date) we have no news of him.到现在为止我们还不知道他的消息。
up to date起形容词的作用,一般在句中作表语或补语,定语通常用up-to-date。它们均表示”最新的,现代化的,最近的,符合最新发展的“的意思。例如:that car is a beauty and quite up to date.那辆小汽车式样美观,新颖。he is always right up to date in his information about this subject.在这个学科上,他一向掌握最新的情报。the yearly supplement keep the dictionary up to date.逐年的增补使这部词典的内容能随时跟上形势的发展。what he has used is a up-to-date method of language teaching.他使用的是一种最新的语言教学法。
16、to one's mind, on one's mind
这两个短语中的one's根据主语的不同可有单复数变化形式,如my, your, his, our, their等,但其中的mind却只能用单数形式。
to one's mind是介词短语,有两种用法和意义:1.起副词的作用,在句子中作状语,表示”照某人的看法,据某人的意见“的意思;2.起形容词的作用,一般在句中作补语或表语,表示”合某人的心意,为某人所喜欢“的意思。例如:more people agree with him but to my mind he's quite young.大多数人都赞同他,但依我看来,他太年轻了。so now, the house, to his mind, had a most pleasing and comfortable appearance.因此,这座房子,在他看来,有着一种使人愉快和舒适的外观。he found life in the countryside very much to his mind.他发现乡村生活很合自己的口味。the event is just to their mind.这事正和他们的心意。
on one's mind亦可解作upon one's mind, 其本义为”在心上“,用作位置状语,常同动词have, get连用;亦可用作连系动词be的表语。它往往被引申为”惦记,操心,焦虑“的意思。例如:he looks as if he has something on his mind.他仿佛有什么心事似的。something was obviously on his mind, but he was reluctant to say what it was.他显然是在担心什么事,但他却不愿说。
17、to safety, in safety, for safety, with safety
这几个由介词加名词safety构成的介词短语,因使用的介词不同,其含义和用法也就有区别。 to safety相当于to a safe place,表示”到达安全地带或地方“,常同动态意味很强的动词,如move, transport等连用。例如:they have moved to safety.他们已经转移到安全的地方。the valuables have been transported to safety.那些贵重物品已经运到安全地带。
in safety主要表示某人或某种事物”处于安全的状态或地位“,常用作连系动词be的表语。例如:we are now in safety.我们现在安全了。don't worry, they are in safety.别着急,他们很安全。
for safety是指”为了安全,为了确保安全,为了安全起见“的意思。例如:while the family were away from home they placed all their valuables in the bank, for safety.当全家人外出时,他们为了安全起见,把所有贵重物品都存入银行。he placed all his money in the safe for safety.为了确保安全,他把所有钱都放进了保险柜。
with safety属表示-ly副词意义的介词短语,意为”安全地,不冒任何风险地“,相当于safely。in safety也有这一含义,这时两者可以通用,只是with safety更常见。例如:they crossed the road with (or: in) safety.他们安全地穿过了马路。cut off by the rising waters, the two boys climbed on to a ledge of rock, where they remained with (or: in) safety until they were rescued.两个孩子被不断上涨的洪水截断了归路,他们爬上岩壁,安全地在上面呆到被营救出来为止。 注:with safety有时还可以表示”无误地“的意思。例如:i think we can reckon with safety on at least ten people supporting us.我想我们能准确无误地指望至少有十个人支持我们。
18、together, altogether
这两个均用作副词,在句中作状语。
together主要表示三种意思:1.一起(in company) 2.同时(at the same time) 3.一致地,统一地。其前可加all以加强语气,即all together。例如: the family together earned one hundred dollars a week.一家人合在一起每星期挣一百美元。let's work together.让我们大家一起工作。the bells rang out together.钟声齐鸣。the arguments does not hang together well.这论点前后不尽一致。
altogether也有三个意思:1.完全地,全部地( entirely, wholly );2.总而言之,总之 (on the whole);3.总共。它常同数词连用,all together也有这个意思,此时两者可以互换。例如:he felt not altogether satisfied.他并不完全满意。it was raining, but altogether it was a good trip.尽管下着雨,但总的来说还是一次愉快的旅行。there are five apples on the plate altogether.盘子里总共有五只苹果。
19、too much, much too
too much可分别用作形容词(后接不可数名词),代词或副词。它主要有三个意思:1.太多的,过分的。2.极好的,激动人心的。3.(估价)太高的。例如:don't give him too much praise.不要给他太多的赞扬。too much is as bad as too little.过犹不及。we cannot admire his courage too much.我们怎样赞美他的勇气也不过火。don't think too much of yourself.不要自以为了不起。
much too表示”(实在)太“的意思,常用作副词,修饰形容词或副词。例如:the coat is much too large for me.这件上衣我穿实在太大。he studies english much too hard.他学习英语实在太刻苦了。 注意:下面一句中由于在much too和名词之间有一个表示数量意义的little,所以这句话也是正确的。例如:i am afraid that you have given much too little care to your work.我很担心你工作太不细心了。
20、tremble with, tremble at, tremble for
tremble with是”因……而发抖“的意思,其后通常接anger, cold, hunger, fear, excitement等名词,表示原因。例如:he is trembling with cold.他冻得发抖。his voice trembled with excitement.他兴奋得声音发颤。 tremble at表示”因(听到,看到)……而害怕(发抖)“的意思,因此常以tremble at the thought of (at the idea of, at the sight of, etc.)的形式出现。例如:she trembled at the idea of having to go through that ordeal again.她一想到再受那种折磨就害怕。he trembled at the sound of bursting bombs.他听到炸弹爆炸的声音吓得发抖。
tremble for表示”为...而担忧“的意思,接近于be worried about,其后可接安全,生命等名词外,还可接表示人的名词。例如:his parents tremble for his safety.他父母为他的安全担忧。i told him i trembled for the children not being back.我告诉他,孩子们没回来,我很着急。
21、troubled, troublesome
这是一对由trouble派生的形容词,但两词的含义有所不同。 troubled主要指人的神色,表情或说话声等”不安的,忧虑的(worried)“的意思。它还指”混乱的,**的“形势,状态等。例如:his troubled look frightened me.他那种忧虑的神情使我大吃一惊。he looks troubled.他看上去神色不安。the present situation is in troubled waters.当前形势正处于混乱的状态之中。
troublesome是”令人烦恼的,令人讨厌的(causing trouble or anxiety)“的意思。它还可表示”困难的,麻烦的(difficult)“等含义。例如:the cough is quite troublesome.这咳嗽真讨厌。he is a troublesome child.他是一个恼人的孩子。the troublesome problem will soon be solved.这道难题很快就会解决的。 注意:形容词后缀-some的含义是”有……倾向的“,它加在某些动词或名词后面,使该词变为具有主动意义的形容词,如:bothersome,tiresome, meddlesome等。
22、tune in, in tune
这是一对同素反序词语,其意义和用法则完全不同。
tune in是动副型短语动词,一般起不及物动词的作用,表示”调谐(收音机或电视机等)“的意思,一般译作”收听,收看“。若要言明收听或收看的内容,则往往在tune in后加介词to或on,即tune in to (or: on),后接收听或收看的内容。此外,它还有”使协调,使和谐“的意思,这时一般用其被动形式,即be tuned in。例如:we usually tune in to the news.我们一般收听新闻节目。let's tune in to (or: on) radio beijing.让我们收听北京广播电台。they are tuning in (to) the public channel.他们在收看公众频道。he's not very well tuned in to his surround.他和周围的环境有些格格不入。the lecturer could see from the expressions on the faces of his audience which students were really tuned in to what he was saying.演讲者从听众的面部表情上可以看出哪些学生对他所讲的内容是真正产生共鸣的。
in tune是介词短语,其中tune是名词。它的本义为”音调准确,合调“,常转义为”一致,协调,和睦,融合“,与介词with短语连用,即in tune with, 表示”与……一致“的意思。此短语一般同连系动词be连用作表语。例如:our grand piano is in tune.我们的大钢琴声音很准。the piano and the violin are quite in tune.钢琴和小提琴很合调。bessie's mind was not quite in tune with the profundities of that learned journal.蓓西的头脑理解不了这本深奥的学术性杂志。our policies are in tune with the needs and the aspirations of the people.我们的政策和人民的需要与愿望是一致的。
23、turn down, turn off
turn down表示”拒绝“,后接表示人及请求,提议等一类的名词;它令可表示”减弱“,用于调低,开小收音机,煤气等场合。
tune off表示”解雇,辞退“,后接表示人的名词;它令可表示”关掉“,用于关上收音机,煤气,自来水等场合。试比较:i didn't get the job. the company turned me down because i did not know english.由于我不懂英语,所以这家公司没有录用我。the boss thought him a trouble-maker and turned him off.老板认为他是一个惹麻烦的人而把他辞退了。turn the gas down! the meat is nearly done.把煤气开小些!肉几乎已熟了。don't turn the radio off. i'd like to hear the evening news.别把收音机关掉。我想听晚间新闻。
24、turn in, turn out
这两个动词短语的意义完全不同,且毫无关系。
turn in可作”交上,上缴“解,其中的in为副词。它另可作”拐入“解,此时 in为副词或介词。如:don't forget to turn your copy-books in.别忘了交上你们的抄写本。the soldier should turn in his equipment on leaving the army.士兵在离开军队时须交还装备。the driver had difficulty turning in such a narrow street.司机好不容易把车拐进这样窄的街道。
turn out的意义是”生产,赶出去,证明是“,其中的out为副词。如:the factory turned out 2,000 motorbikes a month.工厂每月生产辆摩托车。i'll have you turned out if you make any more trouble here.如果你们再在这里捣蛋,我就把你们赶出去。the boy turned out successful after all.毕竟那孩子最终变得很有出息。
25、technique, technology
technique为”技术,技巧“,指做某事的具体技术或方法,也可指艺术家和运动员的表演。technology为”技术,工艺“,统指工业技术和生产工艺,不指具体的做某一件技术及方法。以下句子中的technique和technology均不能互换:doctor bernard has got marvelous technique.this musician has perfect technique but little expression.we must develop science and technology.the scientists call the age we live in the age of technology.
篇3:高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-L
本讲是我们高考英语必会词汇精讲系列的最后一讲。是以字母w开始的单词及短语辨析。
1、work on, work at
这两个短语动词都可以用作及物动词,均可表示“从事于,致力于”的意思,其后须跟名词,代词或者动名词作宾语,一般情况下可以互换,例如:they have been working on a design for a lighter plough.他们一直在设计一种比较轻的犁。they are working on a report of their investigation of synthetic rubber.他们在写一份合成橡胶的调查报告。he is working on a new novel.他正在写一本新的小说。they have worked on this subject for many years.他们研究这门学科已经有好多年了。she is working at some exercises.她在做练习题。they worked at it whenever regular field tasks are not pressing.日常的农活不紧迫时,他们就干这个。
work on除表示“从事于”的意思外,常见的意思还有“继续工作”。这时,on是副词,其后不能跟宾语。例如:they'll work on until sunset.他们将继续工作,直到日落。
2、worth, worthy to, worthy of, worthwhile
worth是“值得”的意思,一般看作介词(也有人认为是形容词),后面通常接(金额,时间,精力之类的)的名词或动名词。接动名词时,要用主动形式,表示的却是被动的意义。有时为了强调,worth前还可以用适当的副词修饰。例如:what is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做。this precision instrument is worth 10,000 yuan.这台精密仪器值一万元。the research work is worth our while.我们在这项研究工作上花了精力是值得的。
worthy to和worthy of除表示“值得的”的意义外,还有“配得上,相称的”等意思。前者后通常接被动不定式,间或接主动不定式。后者后通常接名词(但不能接有关钞票数目的名词)或动名词的被动形式,有时也接动名词主动形式。例如:it is a thing worthy to be seen.这件东西值得一看。nothing occurred worthy of being mentioned.没有发生什么值得一提的事。she is worthy of this necklace.她是配得上这条项链的。
worthwhile是形容词,可用作表语,其主语可以是名词,代词,动名词或不定式;它亦可用作定语。此外,worthwhile还可以分开,在while前加物主代词。例如:it is worthwhile visiting hangzhou.杭州值得一游。this is a worthwhile experiment.这是一项值得进行的实验。it is worth our while to read the book.我们读这本书是值得的。
3、war, battle, fight
war“战争”解,每个war之中可以包含许多次的battle。battle作“战役”解,指在war进行之中的各次战役及大的战斗。fight作“作战,战斗”解,一个battle之中可以包含多次的fight,尤指短兵相接的肉搏战。这一组词不但可表示具体的战争和战斗,亦可用于抽象意义。例如:russia was beaten in the war with japan.在与日本的战争中,俄国被打败了。he led the battle against poverty and disease.他领导着这一场与贫困和疾病斗争的战役。there had been two or three sea fights between the two countries.这两个国家已有过两三次海战了。
4、what ever, whatever
what ever指“到底(是)什么,究竟(是)什么”,用于疑问句中,其中的ever被用来加强语气,表示惊奇,愤怒等感情色彩。例如:what ever do you think you're doing?你究竟在干什么?what ever do you mean?你到底是什么意思?
whatever指“无论什么,任何的”,常用来引导名词性从句及状语从句,在引导名词从句时相当于anything that,引导状语从句时相当于no matter what。例如:whatever you say is wrong.不管你说什么总是错的。whatever problem you have, you can always come to me for help.无论你有什么问题,都可以找我帮忙。
5、would rather, prefer
这两者均可表示“宁愿,更喜欢”。
would rather是一个情态词组,后接省去to的不定式,表示某个具体的特定行为。prefer是一个实义动词,后接带to的不定式,也表示一个具体的特定行为。例如:he would rather join you in the research work.他宁愿加入到你的研究工作中来。which would you rather have, bread or rice?面包和米饭,你更喜欢哪一个?we prefer to living this way.我们更喜欢这种生活方式。he preferred to go on a picnic with the girls.他更喜欢和女孩们去野餐。
两者接不定式时,可分别与than和rather than搭配,表示“宁愿...而不愿”,would rather...than与prefer...rather than的后半部分均接省去to的不定式。例如:he would rather work than play.他宁愿工作也不愿玩。he would rather be poor than get money in such a dishonest way.他宁愿受穷也不愿以这样一种不诚实的方法弄到钱。they preferred to die of hunger rather than take his bread.他们宁愿饿死也不愿接受他的面包。she prefers to be trouble rather than be taken care of by her parents.她宁愿有麻烦也不愿让父母照顾她。
prefer后能接名词或动名词作宾语,用动名词时,表示一个习惯性的动作。它也可与介词to搭配,表示“喜欢...而不喜欢。would rather则不能接名词及动名词。例如:do you prefer coffee or tea?你喜欢咖啡还是茶?she prefers being alone.她喜欢一个人呆着。i prefer orange to red.相比于红色,我更喜欢橙色。he prefers reading novels to watching tv.相比于看电视,他更喜欢看小说。
prefer可跟带不定式的复合结构,而would rather则没有这种用法。例如:i prefer you not to come.我宁愿你不要来。i should prefer you not to stay there too long.我宁愿你别在那儿待得太久。
would rather和prefer后都可接从句,从句中要用虚拟语气:在would rather后的从句里,要用过去时态表示现在和将来,用过去完成时态表示过去;在prefer后的从句里,则用should加动词原形的形式,should 也可以省去。例如:i would rather you came next month.我宁愿你下个月来。we'd rather you hadn't done that.我们宁愿你没做过那件事。i prefer that the plan be fully discussed before it is carried out.我更希望这个计划在实施之前先对其进行充分的讨论。he preferred that we do it some other way.他更希望我们换一种方式做这件事。
篇4:高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-R
本讲我们将学习以字母m开始的短语辨析。
1、make...from, make...of, make...into, make up
make...from为“用...原料制成”,介词的宾语是原材料,用from表示从制成品上看不出原来的制作材料。例如:they make wine from grapes. 他们用葡萄为原料制成葡萄酒。this cake is made from corn. 这个蛋糕是以玉米为原料制成的。
make...of为“用...材料制成”,介词的宾语是某种材料,用of表示从制成品上可以看出原来的材料。例如:nearly everything inside the room is made of bamboo. 屋子里的东西几乎都是用竹子制成的。this big box is made of wood. 这个大盒子是由木头制成的。
make...into为“把...做成”,动词的宾语是某种原料和材料,介词into的宾语是制成品。例如:they make milk into butter and cheese. 他们把牛奶制成白脱和奶酪。can you make this material into a skirt?你能把这布料制成一件衬衫吗?
比较make...into与make...from, make...of的区别:flour is made from wheat. 面粉是小麦制成的。wheat can be made into flour. 小麦可制成面粉。bottles are made of glass. 瓶子是用玻璃制成的。glass can be made into bottles. 玻璃可制成瓶子。
make up为“构成,组成”,主语为构成一个整体的各个个体,宾语是一个集合体。此结构用于被动语态时,需加介词of,构成be made up of短语。例如:ten doctors make up a visiting team. 十位医生组成了一支访问团。a car is made up of many different parts. 一辆汽车是由许多不同的零件组成的。life is made up of both sweetness and sorrow. 生活中既有甘,又有苦。
2、main, chief, major这三个词都有“重要的”之意。
main:“主要的”,只用于物,强调事物的某一部分、分支的重要性,大小及潜力优于其他部分、分支,或表示该部分在整个事物中占有显赫的地位。this article has in the main preserved the fairness of news reporting.该文章大体上保留了新闻报道所用的不偏不倚的风格。his main reason for going to the library was to look up the book he spoke of yesterday.他到图书馆去的主要原因是去找他昨天谈到的那本书。
major:“重大的,主要的”,指在规模,数量,重要性方面超出同类的其他事物。john has also played a major part in the improvement of the paper.约翰在改进这份报纸的工作中也起了较大的作用。it was not until late afternoon that he began to tackle the major problem.直到傍晚,他才开始处理重大问题。
chief: ”主要的,首要的“,强调在顺序,等级,重要性,价值方面高于其他所有同类事物,用于人时指 ”地位最高“,用于物,意为 ”最重要的“。the chief engineer is the most important of a group of engineers in a job. he is highest in rank and probably in pay.总工程师是参加一项工作的一组工程师中首要的一个,他的级别是最高的,薪水也可能是最高的。the chief reason for the great changes in the cultural field is the development of economy.经济发展是文化领域内发生巨大变化的主要原因。
3、material, matter, substance这三个词组都可作“物质,材料”讲。
material:“物质,物资,材料”,一般指具物理成份,构成某具体物体的物质,尤指人造物品的制作材料;有时则引申为现实观念或现实的根据或基础。如:raw material原材料,指能够进一步加工的物质,也指可以被进一步利用的事件,观念等,例如用作文学素材。with the development of industry, the consumption of raw material by industry has been rising surprisingly.随着工业的发展,工业所消耗的原材料增长惊人。they discovered that they could weave the wool into the material, which can be made into warm coats and suits.他们发现可以把羊毛纺成衣料,再把衣料制成暖和的外套和西装。
matter:“物质,内容”,基本上指某种实体或构成所有客观事物的“物质”,与精神相对;也指与形式相对的“内容”。常用短语:a matter of course 理所当然的事, matter-of-fact 讲求实际的。the matter in your composition is quite good, but the writing is not lucid enough.你的作文内容很好,但文字不够清楚。we know nothing about force or energy, nor of any physical phenomenon, except through the agency of matter. 要是不通过物质这个媒介,我们对力或能会一无所知,更不会了解任何物理现象。
substance:“物质,东西”,常指具有某种物理或化学性质的特殊物质,或指构成某物,并赋予某种特性的物质;还可指 “重要的”或“实际性的”内容。常用短语:a question of substance 实质性问题;have substance 有道理,有根据,有内容。the function of the root of a plant is to fix the plant in its place and to take in water and food substance present in the earth.植物根的功能是将植物固定在所处的位置,并从土壤中吸收水及营养物质。a good chemical laboratory is equipped with precision instruments and supplies of many chemical substances. 一个好的化学实验室应配有精密仪器,并有充足的各种化学物质供应。
4、maybe, possibly, perhaps, probably这四个词都可表示“可能性”。
maybe:“可能,也许”,比其余的几个词更为随便和不正式,可能性不大,也可以表示一种非常委婉,礼貌的建议或要求。如:you could put it over there, maybe. 也许你可以把它搁在那边。he didn't feel quite right; maybe he got sunstroke. 他觉得不太好;也许是有点中暑。the doctor thinks maybe we'd better have a minor operation. 医生认为也许我们最好做个小手术。
possibly:“可能地,或者,也许“,可能性较大。用于否定句和疑问句时表示 ”无论如何“之意。she expressed regret for any inconvenience which might possibly be caused.她为任何可能造成的不便而深表歉意。i couldn't possibly have finished typing such a long document in such a limited period of time. 无论如何,我也不可能在如此有限的时间内打完这么长的文件。
perhaps:“可能”,较为常用也较为正式的词,可能性也不十分大。它可以表示建议或要求,也可以表示以礼貌的方式下命令。i thought perhaps it was the letter you had been expecting. 我想这大概是你一直盼望的那封信。perhaps you will kindly give us a hand when we are in trouble. 当我们陷入困境时,也许你会善意地帮我们一把。
probably:“很可能,大概”,可能性在这一组词中最大,表示一种几乎完全肯定的意思。he is the only witness of the accident; he can probably give us some detailed information about it. 他是这次事故唯一的目击者,他大概可以告诉我们一些详细情况。there is probably some kind of living matter on some other worlds, but we do not know yet. 很可能在其他的世界存在着另类的生物,只是我们尚不知道。
5、mean, intend, propose这组词都有“打算,有心做某事”之意。mean:“打算,想象,有...意图”,不如intend正式,强调心里想做的意思,但不强调决心。短语: mean...for 准备让...做...everyone believed that it would be a very suitable match because john and julia were obviously meant for each other. 每个人都认为他们的结合会很般配,因为约翰和朱利亚显然天生一对。he shouldn't have done it, of course, but he was thoughtless. and he meant to pay the money back. 当然,他本来不该那么做,但他考虑不周到,再说他是打算还钱的。
propose:“打算,建议”,指宣布或明确确定某人的意图,含有公开宣称或清楚解释这一意图之意。可接名词,动名词,不定式及从句。while summarizing the year's work, the managing director of the company proposed a greater project for the next year. 公司的总经理总结了一年的工作,提出了下半年度更大的工程计划。generally speaking, what's reached in the end may be better or worse than what was proposed. 一般说来,最终所达到的效果总的要比计划的好或差。
6、much, quite, so, very这四个词都表示“十分,非常”之意。
much:“非常,十分,颇”,程度副词,多修饰动词,副词,过去分词,偶尔修饰个别形容词。修饰动词时,通常以very much, too much, so much等形式出现。i feel so much better today that i would like so much to go out. 我今天觉得好多了,所以,非常想到外边去。the distance from here to the town is much the same by either of the two roads. 从这里到镇上有两条路,无论是走哪一条,路程都相同。
quite:“十分,相当,非常”,程度副词,相当于completely, perfectly, rather等意思,在不正式的场合可代替very,可以修饰动词,副词,分词,形容词及介词短语。he has quite recovered from his illness and is now able to return to his post. 他已完全恢复健康,可以重返工作岗位了。the first step will need quite a long time and cannot be accomplished overnight. 第一步所需的时间相当长,决不是一朝一夕就能完成的。
so:“非常,十分,极,很,如此地”,表示程度较高,常用于口语中,有时以very替换,但在so组成的结构中则不能用very。常用短语:so that 如此...以至于;so beautiful a child/ such a beautiful child 如此漂亮的孩子。so absorbed was he in his work that his wife would not dare to make a sound. 他全神贯注地工作,以致他妻子不敢作声。all this was so sudden and unexpected that nobody quite realized what had happened. 这一切来得那样突然,以至没有人晓得究竟发生了什么事情。
very:“很,十分,非常”,语气比quite强,可用于正式场合,通常修饰副词,形容词和纯粹用作形容词的过去分词,以及形容词的最高级以加强语气,不能直接修饰动词。they did their very best to increase quantity and variety of their products. 他们尽了最大的努力来增加产品数量和品种。whatever you may have heard about me from poets, i am really not a very romantic character. 不管你从诗人那里听到关于我的什么情况,我实际上不是十足的浪漫派。
7、mark, sign, signal, symbol这组词都有“标记,标志”之意。
mark:“标志,标记”,含义广泛,指事物留下的深刻印迹或某物上用于辨别该物品的附属物,比sign更侧重于区别性或揭示性的标志,有时不一定十分直观或明显。one mark of a writer's greatness is that different minds can get a different inspiration from his works. 一个伟大作家的标志之一是不同的人都能从他那里得到不同的灵感。the lighthouse on the top of the hill serves as a mark for fliers. 山顶上的灯塔成了飞行员(识别地形)的标志。
sign:“记号,标记”,用法最广,可指符号(装置),也可指情绪,性格的直观显示,还指具体的用于识别或指示的标志,如指标牌,卡片等。借喻时讲作“征兆,迹象”。如:sir, you are not to walk your pet on the lawn. don't you see the sign: “keep off the grass”?先生,你不可以在草坪上溜狗,你没瞧见牌子上写着“请勿践踏草坪”吗?in the british army, crown, stars and stripes are signs of military rank. 在英国军队里,王冠,星星和条形徽是军阶的标志。
signal:“信号”,常指约定俗成,用于传达某些信息的信号,也指灯光,声音或信号标志。a red light is a signal of danger, which is even known to a five-year-old child. 红灯是危险的信号,这一点就连五岁的孩子都知道。the sportsmen are all ready, waiting for the signal to start running. 运动员们都作好了准备,等待着起跑的信号。
symbol:“象征,符号”,指被人们选出的物体或图案,用来代表另一事物,并作为该事物的标记或象征。symbol is a sign, figure or physical object, the meaning of which is established by convention. 常用的表义符号是由按常规规定其意义的符号,图案或实物图像构成的。in the picture the tree is the symbol of life and the snake the symbol of evil. 在这幅画中,树是生命的象征,蛇是邪恶的象征。
8、made up of, made of, made from这三个词组都同be动词连用。
made up of 含有“由...(成分)组成”的意思,即表示某物或组织由一个个成分或成员组成,of后通常接可数名词。例如:the committee is made up of seven members. 委员会由七名委员组成。the third world is made up of the developing countries. 第三世界是由发展中国家组成。
made of和made from都有“由...(原材料)制成”的含义。但前者表示某一物品由某种原材料制成后,原料已看不出来。例如:concrete is made of cement, sand, stone and water. 混凝土是由水泥,砂子,石头和水混合而成。nylon is made from air, coal and water. 尼龙是由空气,煤和水加工制成。
9、make the best of, get the best of
make the best of是指“充分利用时间,机会,场合,资源”等意思,其后接此类名词或短语。例如:you should make the best of this valuable opportunity. 你应该尽量利用这个宝贵的机会。we must make the best we can of the few natural resources we have. 我们一定要尽可能地充分利用我们所拥有的少量自然资源。
get the best of 亦可解作get the better of,其中的动词get亦可用have替代。它主要指主体与宾语在进行争斗或交锋中,“胜过,占优势,占上风”的含义。个别场合下,它还有“从...中得到最大的好处”的含义。例如:they were pretty evenly matched, but martin got the best of him by a clever trick. 他们势均力敌,但马丁以智取胜。our team got the best of the visitors in the last quarter. 我队在最后四分之一比赛中战胜了客队。with his indomitable spirit he got the best of his disease. 他以坚强不屈的意志战胜了疾病。
10、man, mankind这对词都表示“人类”的意思,但用法有所区别。
man一般以单数形式出现(现在也有人以复数men表示“人类”),其前不能置任何限定词,其相应的代词应是he, him, his, himself。例如:the changes between the states have been used by man to work for him since ancient times. 自古以来,人类就利用这两种状态的变化为自己服务。engels pointed out a hundred years ago that labour created man himself. 恩格斯一百多年以前就指出,劳动创造了人类本身。
mankind前也不可加任何限定词,但可用形容词修饰。它是集合名词,可作单数或复数使用。作单数概念时,谓语要用单数,其相应的代词一般为it, its, itself(也有人用he ,him, his, himself);作复数概念时,谓语要用复数,其相应的代词是they, them, their, themselves。例如:mankind is much cleverer than it was one thousand years ago. 人类比一千年前是聪明多了。all progressive mankind love peace. 所有进步人类都热爱和平。that is one small step for a man, but one giant leap for mankind. 对于个人来说那是小小的一步,但对于整个人类来说却是一次巨大的飞越。
请注意:human being也可表示“人类”,它是可数名词,有单复数之分。其意义比较具体,它一般用来区别人以外的事物,特别是动物或者是“神”,“鬼”之类。例如:without its light and warmth there would be neither plants nor animals nor human beings. 没有光和热,就不可能有植物,动物,也不可能有人类。although the negroes were human beings just like the whites, they were not treated as humanbeing. 尽管黑人和白人一样都是属于人类,但是他们并没有被当作人对待。
11、manage, try
manage为“设法做到”,指花费精力设法使某事终于做成功,相当于succeed in doing sth.。try为“试图,努力,尝试”,指花费精力去做某事,含有成功可能性虽然大,但仍有可能不成功意思。比较下列句子:he managed to finish his work in time. 他设法及时完成了他的工作。he tried to finish his work in time. 他试图去及时完成他的工作。
manage后常接名词或不定式作宾语。如:without her i couldn't have managed all these things. 如果没有她,我不可能做成所有这些事。i don't see how i could possibly manage to do it. 我觉得我不太可能把这事做成。
try后常接名词不定式或动词不定式作宾语,它后接不定式时表示“努力做某事”,后接动名词时表示“试着做某事”。如:he tried to say something but he was too weak to say a word. 他努力地想说些什么,但是他太虚弱了,一个字也说不出。we shall try using another method. 我们应试着用另一种方法。
12、many more, much more这两者可指“更多”。
many more后接一个名词一定是个复数可数名词。若不接名词,则more本身就被看作是一个复数名词,表示复数概念。如:some students are against the plan, but many more support it. 一些同学反对这项计划,但是有更多人支持它。we have many more left. 我们还剩下很多。
much more后接一个名词,这个名词一定是个不可数名词。若不接名词,则more本身就被看作是一个不可数名词。如:the farmers have produced much more rice. 这些农夫收了更多的稻谷。she has much more to do. 她还有很多事要去做。
many more不可能修饰形容词和副词,而much more和far more, even more, still more 等一样,可以修饰形容词和副词,表示“更加”。如:this tv set is much more expensive. 这台电视机要贵得多。he worked much more carefully on the new design. 在这项新的设计上,他工作努力得多了。
13、many, the many, many a, a good many
many单独使用,用作形容词和代词,分别在句中作主语(谓语动词用复数),宾语,定语(后接复数可数名词),但不能用作表语。例如:many of us have joined the party. 我们中许多人已入了党。the policy of the cities growing their own vegetables has many advantages. 城市种菜,自给自足的政策有许多优点。i have a few, but not many. 我有一些,但不多。
the many起名词的作用,在句中作主语和宾语。作主语时,谓语动词要用复数,其意为“多数人或物”。例如:in the capitalist society the many are oppressed by the few. 在资本主义社会里,多数人受少数人压迫。sometimes the few can defeat the many. 有时侯少数能胜多数。
many a用作定语,虽然它作“许多,很多”解,但其后所修饰的名词和与之有关的动词必须用单数形式。例如:many a man comes or goes. 一个又一个的人来了又走了。i have received many a letter in the past few days. 最近几天我接到许多来信。
a good many亦可解作a great many,它们均为many 的强化语,它与many的用法相同,即可用作形容词和代词,所修饰的名词和谓语动词均分别用复数形式。例如:a good many new books were published by the foreign language press last month. 上个月外文出版社出版了许多新书。we have a great many things to do at present. 我们目前有许许多多事要做。
14、more than, more...than
more than连用,通常起副词的作用。若后接数词(=over),常译成“...以上,超过”;后接形容词,副词或动词,相当于very或much,常译为“难以”;后接名词,常译成“不止是,不仅仅”等。例如:he is more than twenty years old. 他20多岁了。she was dressed more than simply. 她穿得岂止朴素,简直近似于破烂。the beauty of the place is more than i can describe. 那个地方的美令我难以形容。
more...than中的more后也可接形容词,副词,动词或名词。修饰名词时,more作形容词解;修饰其他的词时,作副词解。than 是从属连词,常引出省略的比较状语从句,整个结构一般译为“比...更;与其说...倒不如说“等。例如:more people like to drink boiled water than tea. 喜欢喝开水的人比喜欢喝茶的人多。it is more blue than green. 与其说是绿的,不如说是蓝的。it is more common for peter to talk too slowly than too quickly. 彼得说起话来往往不是太快,而是太慢。
15、meet, meet with
meet 和meet with都可表示“预见,会见”,两者通常可换用。yesterday afternoon i met (with) shirley at the cinema. 昨天我在电影院碰见雪莱。the chairman met (with) the king of holland for half an hour. 主席与荷兰国王的会见持续了半个小时。
meet还可作“迎接,应付,聚会,满足”等解释,它含有主动意义,即主语有意识地去完成某个动作,如: meet a friend (迎接朋友), meet the debts (偿还债务),meet the danger (对付危险)。例如:i went to the airport to meet my uncle. 我去机场接我的叔叔。the whole school meet to hear the report. 整个学校的人聚在一起听报告。every effort is made to meet the demands of the people. 所做的努力都是为了满足人民的需求。
meet with作“碰到,受到,遭受”解,它含有被动意义,强调主语承受meet的动作所带来的后果,如meet with bad weather (碰到坏天气),meet with difficulty(碰到困难),meet with the refusal (遭到拒绝)。例如:he met with a lot of problems in this experiment. 他做这项试验遇到许多问题。the play met with a good reception. 这部电视剧受到了好评。
16、much too, too much
much too 后接原级形容词与副词,意思是“实在太...”,其中的much是副词,用来修饰另一个副词too。如:it is much too cold here. 这儿实在太冷了。you sleep much too late. 你睡得实在太晚了。
too much后可接不可数名词,意思是“过多的... ”,其中的too是副词,修饰形容词much。 too much后也可不接名词,意思是“过多的东西,过多的事情”,其中的much是代词。如:he has got too much money. 他已得到太多的钱。you are asking too much. 你问得太多了。
be too much表示“过分,太难,对付不了,过于厉害”。如:she is afraid that the long trip will be too much for me. 她担心我受不了长途旅行的劳累。i tried to beat him, but he was too much for me. 我试图打败他,但我对付不了他。
17、maybe, may be
maybe是副词,意为“可能,也许”,可用perhaps代替,不过美国人习惯上用perhaps, 不怎么爱用maybe。例如:maybe he has reached there. 大概他已经到了那儿。maybe you are right and maybe you are wrong. 你也许对,也许错。
may be中的may为情态动词,有过去式might的变化,表示类似maybe的意思,be为助动词或连系动词,有时后面可跟一个名词从句。例如:it may be raining in beijing. 现在北京可能在下雨。it may be that he never got there. 或许他根本就没有到过那里。
18、most, a most, the most, mostly
无限定词搭配的most可用作形容词和名词。前者通常修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词time,表示“大多数的,大部分的”的意思;后者常接of引起的介词短语或定语从句,表示“大多数人(东西,时间)”的意思。此外,most还可作副词,用来修饰副词,形容词或动词,表示“最,十分,非常,很”的意思。例如:most students like english. 大多数学生喜欢英语。i was in shanghai most of the time. 我大部分时间在上海。the present world situation is most favourable for the people. 当前世界形势对人民非常有利。
a most中的most等同于very(很,非常),修饰形容词,再跟单数名词。例如:the statue is made of marble of a most lovely colour. 这雕像是用一种颜色很好看的大理石雕成的。guilin is a most beautiful city. 桂林是座非常美丽的城市。
the most主要有三种用法:1.其中的most为形容词many或much的最高级,表示“最多的;最高程度的”的意思;2.为两个音节以上的形容词或副词最高级的构成形式,表示“最”的意思,most前的定冠词有时可以省去;3.有时用作名词。例如:he takes the most interest in the model cars. 他对模型汽车最感兴趣。he is one of the most famous writers in china. 他是中国最著名的作家之一。this is the most i can do. 这是我力所能及的。
mostly是一个副词,只用作状语。一般放在所修饰的词或短语之前,主要表示“主要地;多半;大部分地”的意思。例如:she is mostly out on sundays. 星期天她多半不在家。she uses her car mostly for going to the shops. 她用车多半是去商店买东西。
19、must have done, should have done
must have done表示“想必已经,一定是”,指对过去的事物或者状态一种逻辑推断或确有把握的推测。由于must not是“禁止”的意思,不表示推测,因此must have done仅限用于肯定式,它的否定式是can not have done 或 could not have done。在疑问句中同样也是如此,不用must提问。如:you must have misunderstood me because i didn't say anything like that. 你一定是误会我了,因为我没有说过那样的话。“the lecturer was a tall thin man.” “then it can't have been dr zhu because he is short and fat. it must have been dr zhang.” “那个作报告的人又高又瘦。” “那么,他不可能是朱博士,因为他又矮又胖。他一定是张博士。”
should have done表示根据事物的一般规律所做出的一般性的推断或推测,它的语气没有must have done强,把握也没有它大。如:they should have finished the work by now. 他们现在应该完成工作了。she should have arrived in cairo by this time. 她现在应该到达开罗了。should have done还可以表示过去应该做或值得做的事情而没有做,常带有后悔,埋怨,不满,责备或惊奇等情绪。它的否定形式表示过去做了不该做的事情。must have done则没有这样的意思。如:you should have gone to see your grandpa last week. 你上星期应该去看望爷爷的。this wall shouldn't have been painted yellow. 这堵墙不应该漆成黄色。
20、mr. smith's, the mr. smith, the smiths
mr. smith's表示“史密斯先生的家”,即mr. smith's house。名词所有格后表示某人的家以及商店,教堂等名词,在习惯上可以省去。如:shall we meet at mr. smith's tomorrow? 要不我们明天在史密斯先生家中见面好吗?don't worry! you can leave the children at mrs. jone's. 别担心!你可以将孩子们留在琼斯太太家。
the mr. smith表示“那一位史密斯先生”,称呼前加定冠词用于需要区分具有同一姓氏的人的场合。如:“we have two mr. smiths. which one do you want?” “i want the mr. smith who works in the bank.”“我们这儿有两个史密斯先生。你想找哪一位?” “我想找在银行工作的那一位史密斯先生。”
the smiths表示“史密斯一家人”,复数姓氏加定冠词表示其夫妇俩,或夫妇俩加其子女。如:the smiths are all early risers. 史密斯一家都起得很早。the smiths could not pay for the advanced education that their son needed. 史密斯夫妇不能支付其子所需的高等教育的费用。
本讲到此结束了。下一讲我们将学习以字母n开始的短语辨析。
篇5:高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-S
讲内容是以字母n开始的短语辨析
1、near, nearly
near用作副词时,有nearly(几乎,差不多)的意思,等于almost, 这时候可以通用。不过,往往在表示这一层意思时,人们习惯用nearly,而很少用near,尤其是用来修饰数词时。例如:it is nearly ten o'clock. 差不多十点钟了。dinner is nearly ready. 晚饭就要好了。i was near (or: nearly) being killed; it was a very near thing. 我几乎丧命,真悬。there are nearly enough people here to do the job. 干这项活,这里人手差不多够了。
near在作形容词时,主要用来表示场所、时间,有“在附近”和“逼近”的意思。例如:don't go far away; stay somewhere near. 别走远,就在附近呆着。the spring festival is drawing near. 春节即将来临。
注意:副词nearly要尽可能靠近它所修饰的那个词或词组,否则,有可能会影响全句的意思。试比较:our production brigade nearly lost fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在发洪水时几乎损失了五十头牛。(事实上没有损失)our production brigade lost nearly fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在洪水中损失了差不多五十头牛。(事实上损失了将近五十头)
2、necessary, necessity
necessary作名词用时,尽管与necessity同义,均可表示“必需品”,“必要的东西”的意思,但用法有别。necessary尽管是可数名词,但通常用作复数形式necessaries; necessity可用作可数名词,既可用作单数,也可用作复数,但常见作复数。试比较:these are our necessaries of life. 这些是我们的生活必需品。the shop is selling daily necessaries. 那个商店正在出售日用品。air is a necessity. 空气是必需品。good maps are a necessity to travellers. 好的地图是旅行者必不可少的东西。food, water and clothes are the basic necessities of life. 食物,水和衣服是基本的必需品。
necessity主要用作不可数名词,表示抽象的概念,有“必要性,必然性”的意思,necessary作名词则没有这些含义。例如:there is no necessity for me to do this. 我没有做这件事的必要。he feels the necessity to have an outing. 他觉得有必要出外游玩一次。
3、near to, next to
near to的意思是 “接近,靠近”,指时间、空间及距离上的接近。next to的意思是“紧靠着”,指位置上的相互紧靠。例如:it's getting near to our spring festival. 春节快要到了。the chemical works is built too near to us. 这个化工厂造得离我们太近了。as we got near to the town it began to snow. 当我们快到镇上时,天开始下雪了。the girl came and sat next to me. 这个女孩走过来并坐在我边上。the two cinemas are next to each other. 这两个电影院靠得很近。i don't like wool next to my skin. 我不喜欢直接穿羊毛衫。
next to另可表示“几乎”及“仅次于”,它常用于next to nothing结构,表示“几乎没有”,相当于almost nothing。例如:i knew next to nothing about the matter. 对这件事我几乎一无所知。next to dancing, i like playing the guitar. 除了跳舞,我最喜欢弹吉它。new york is the largest city next to london. 纽约是仅次于伦敦的最大城市。
4、no more...than, not more...than
no more...than等于not...any more than,意为“同...一样不”,意味着两者都否定。no more后可接名词,形容词,副词或动词;than是从属连词,常引出省略的比较状语从句。两个分句的重点往往在前一个分句,翻译时要把分句的次序颠倒,才能表达出重点来。例如:a fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears. 愚人之不能自知其蠢,如同其不能自见其耳。i am no more fond of playing the guitar than he is. 我和他都不喜欢弹吉他。
no more than连用,等于not any more than, 其后多接数词,表示“只不过是,仅仅”的意思,相当于only。例如:there are no more than ten tickets left. 仅剩下十张票。
not more... than等于less...than或not so...as,表示“不及,不如;不比...更”的意思,意味着两者都肯定,但着重点往往在从句,翻译时按原来顺序译出即可。例如:it goes without saying that this subject is not more important than that one. 毋庸质疑,这个问题不比那个问题更重要。
not more than连用,其后也一般接数词,表示“不超过……,至多(=at most)“的意思。例如:i read not more than twenty pages every day. 我每天最多读二十页书。the reservoir was built by a productive brigade of not more than 200 households. 这个水库是由一个不到二百户人家的生产大队建造的。
5、no one else, no other one
这两个词组都表示“没有别人或别的东西”的意思,两者可以换用。其中的one均为代名词,指代人或物;else和other均为形容词,不同的是前者作后置形容词,后者作前置形容词。例如:there is no one else (or: no other one) to compare with him in this respect. 在这方面无人能比得上他。no other one(or: no one else) knows about it. 再没有别的人知道这件事。
值得注意的是, else作形容词时,通常用来修饰疑问代词,复合不定代词(如:somebody, anything, anyone等)或者含有数量意义的代名词(如: much, little, all等)。else也可作副词,用来修饰疑问副词或者以where 结尾的复合疑问副词(如:anywhere, nowhere等)。例如:what else did she say? 她还说了什么?it must have been somewhere else. 肯定是在其他什么地方。you should put your honor above all else. 你应当把荣誉放在其他一切之上。not much else is known. 其他都不清楚。
other作形容词时,只用来修饰名词或者代名词one/ ones, 其位置只能位于所修饰的(代)名词之前。例如:i am studying maxism-leninism, mathematics and other subjects. 我正学习马克思列宁主义,数学和其他课程。
注意:else和other均可用来修饰带any, some, a few等的名词。例如:i don't want any books else.(= i don't want any other books.) 我再不需要其他书了。
6、no use, of no use
这两个词组都用在连系动词be的后面作表语,表示“没有用”的意义,两者在意义上没有什么差别,可以通用,只是它们的语法结构不一样。no use作表语是因为use前面有形容词no的缘故。如果没有形容词no, use则不能单独作表语。不能说this book is use.只能说:this book is of use或者:this book is useful.再例如:this book is (of) no use. 这本书没有用。complaining is (of) no use. 抱怨是没有用的。
of no use属于“of+抽象名词”结构,这种结构相当于相应的同根形容词。它有肯定形式和否定形式,否定形式一般也是在抽象名词前加形容词no(如of no use)。例如:this reference material is of no use to us. (= this reference material isn't useful to us.) 这种参考资料对我们是没有用的。this medicine is of no use to your cold. 这种药对你的感冒没有用。
注意:以下五句的意思相同,但用法都不一样,请注意它们的区别:
reading without remembering is no use.
reading without remembering is of no use.
it is no use reading without remembering.
it is of no use reading without remembering.
there is no use in / of reading without remembering.读而不记是没有用的。
7、none, no one
none主要用作代词。作代词时,可以指人,是“没有什么人”的意思;也可以指物,是“没有什么东西”的意思。none往往受of引起的介词短语的限制,of后可接复数可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词多用复数形式;of后接不可数名词时,其谓语动词只能是单数形式。none of之后的可数名词或代词必须指三个以上的人或者事物。例如:none of the passengers were aware of the danger. 这些旅客中没有人意识到危险性。none of us are interested in the story. 我们都对这个故事不感兴趣。none of the money was ever recorded. 一点钱都没有得到。
no one中的no是形容词,one是代词,常用于口语中,一般用来指人,其含义是“not even one(连一个人也不/没有)”因此它比none的意思要强。no one作主语时,谓语动词只能用单数形式。例如:no one was killed in that battle. 在那次战斗中没有人牺牲。apart from him, i had no one to talk to. 除了他以外,我没有人可以交谈。
8、now that, only that 这是两个由“连词+that”组成的复合连词,其连词是中心词,that是一个虚词,常可省去。now that本是“副词+that"而构成的复合连词,但由于that可省略,于是now就被认为是连词了。now that引导的是原因状语从句,但它主要是说明一种新的情况,从句与主句的因果关系很小,含有“推论”的意味,因此有的语法学者把它称为“推论条件连词”。此短语一般译为“既然,由于”,相当于since。例如:now that jane had gone and left, or as good as left him, it would have been a comfort to see his son. 简既然走了,离开了,或者说几乎是遗弃了他,那么他就可以和儿子见面了,这是多么快慰的事。now that the weather has improved, we'll be able to enjoy the game. 由于现在天气已经好转,我们将能观赏这场比赛了。
only that主要引导条件状语从句,与except that的意义相同,表示“要不是,除...之外”的意思,从句通常位于主句之后;它有时还可引导目的状语从句,作“只是为了”解。例如:he would probably do well in the examination, only that he gets rather nervous. 要不是他有一点紧张,他可能考得很好。i have nothing against him, only that i dislike his manner. 我除了不喜欢他的态度外,并没有反对他。he often praises others only that he may be praised. 他常常只是为了求得别人的表扬而称赞别人。
9、no tailor, not a tailor
no tailor和not a tailor在句子中充当主语、宾语时,两者均表示“没有一个裁缝”,可以替换用。如下列两句都表示“没有一个裁缝想要接受这份工作”:no tailor wants to take this job.not a tailor wants to take this job.
当no tailor和not a tailor在句子中用在be动词后,充当表语时,两者意义完全不同。前者表示“不懂裁缝,决不是裁缝”,指某人不具备当裁缝的条件,是外行,无资格做裁缝;后者“不是个裁缝”,指某人的职业或身份不是裁缝。试比较:don't ask me to shorten the trousers for you. i'm no tailor. 别叫我为你改短裤子,我不懂裁缝。you're mistaken! he is not a tailor. he has a job as a barber. 你弄错了!他不是个裁缝,他是个理发师。
no加上一个表示职业的名词的例子还有:she is no cook. she will probably get all the food from a restaurant. 她不会做饭,她可能会从餐馆里买来所有的饭菜。this is no joke. i am no judge. 这决不是开玩笑的事,我根本没有审理的资格。
10、noise, sound, voice
noise表示“噪音,喧闹声”,一般指嘈杂,吵闹等令人不快的声音。例如:the noise of the street kept me awake. 街上的吵闹声让我睡不着。the noise of the rain nearly drowned our conversation. 雨声大得几乎超过了我们的谈话声。
sound表示“声音”,含义很广泛,指任何可以听到的声音,包括悦耳及令人不快的声音。例如:all of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry. 突然,有了枪响声和哭声。did you hear the strange sound from the next room this morning? 今天早上你是否听到隔壁房间发出的怪声音?
voice表示“嗓音”,一般指人说话,唱歌或笑的声音。例如:the little girl has a beautiful voice. 这个小女孩有一副好嗓子。the singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold. 这位歌手由于重感冒而失去了银铃般的嗓音。
11、not to say, not to speak of
这两个短语形似而意义不同。not to say作“虽不能说,即使不能说”解,表示一种让步的口气。not to speak of作“更不用说,更不待言”解,相当于to say nothing of, 用来表示追补意义。例如:it is rather cool, not to say cold. 天气虽不能说冷,但也算是相当凉了。he sounded impolite, not to say rude. 他那样说话,即使不算粗鲁,也是不礼貌的。she knows german and french, not to speak of english. 她懂德文和法文,更不用说英文了。he cannot find money for bread, not to speak of fish and meat. 他连面包也无钱买,更不用说鱼和肉了。
下一讲,我们将学习以字母o开始的短语辨析。
★ 高三月考总结
★ 英语复习计划
★ 高三英语教学计划
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