考研综合演练与答案详解

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篇1：考研综合演练与答案详解4

考研综合演练与答案详解（4）

Passage 4

When your secretary invited me to come here, she told me that your Society is concerned with the employment of women and she suggested that I might tell you something about my own professional experiences.

1) __________________________________________________. For the road was cut many years ago ――by Fanny Burney, by Aphra Behn, by Harriet Martineau, by Jane Austen, by George Eliot―― many famous women, and many more unknown and forgotten, have been before me, making the path smooth, and regulating my steps.

2) __________________________________________________. The family peace was not broken by the scratching of a pen. No demand was made upon the family purse. For ten and sixpence one can buy paper enough to write all the plays of Shakespeare―― if one has a mind that way. Pianos and models, Paris, Vienna and Berlin, masters and mistresses, are not needed by a writer. The cheapness of writing paper is, of course, the reason why women have succeeded as writers before they have succeeded in the other professions.

But to tell you my story ―― it is a simple one. You have only got to figure to yourselves a girl in a bedroom with a pen in her hand. Then it occurred to her to do what is simple and cheap enough after all―― to slip a few of those pages into an envelope, and drop the envelope into the red box at the corner. And my effort was rewarded on the first day of the following month by a letter from an editor containing a cheque for one pound ten shillings and sixpence. 3) __________________________________________________.

What could be easier than to write articles and to buy Persian cats with the profits? But wait a moment. Articles have to be about something. Mine, I seem to remember, was about a novel by a famous man. And while I was writing this review, I discovered that if I were going to review books I should need to do battle with a certain phantom. And the phantom was a woman, and when I came to know her better I called her after the heroine of a famous poem, The Angel in the house.4) __________________________________________________.

5) __________________________________________________. She was intensely sympathetic. She was immensely charming. She sacrificed herself daily. And when I came to write I encountered her with the very first words. The shadow of her wings fell on my page; I heard the rustling of her skirts in the room….

[A] But to show you how little I deserve to be called a professional woman, how little I know of the struggles and difficulties of such lives, I have to admit that instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent, shoes and stockings, or butcher’s bills, I went out and bought a cat―― a beautiful cat, a Persian cat, which very soon involved me in bitter disputes with my neighbours.

[B] It is true I am a woman; it is true I am employed; but what professional experiences have I had? It is difficult to say. My profession is literature; and in that profession there are fewer experiences for women than in any other, with the exception of the stage―― fewer, I mean, that are peculiar to women.

[C] It was she who used to come between me and my paper when I was writhing reviews. It was she who bothered me and wasted my time and so tormented me that at last I killed her.

[D] Thus, when I came to write, there were very few material obstacles in my way. Writing was a reputable and harmless occupation.

[E] But to continue my professional experiences. I made one pound ten and six by my first review; and I bought a Persian cat with the proceeds. Then I grew ambitious.

[F] You who come of a younger and happier generation may not have heard of her―― you may not know what I mean by the Angel in the House. I will describe her as shortly as I can.

[G] That indeed is one of the reasons why I have come here ――out of respect for you, who are in process of showing us by your experiments what a woman is, who are in process of providing us, by your failures and successes, with that extremely important piece of information.

【文章大意及结构分析】

本文讲述了作者如何在写作中与旧意识进行斗争的经验。妇女从事写作的经验很少。有些优秀的女作家已经把道路开辟出来；开始写作时没有障碍，写作是件既便宜，又可名利双收的事情。但所写文章要有内容，我写的是书评。我一开始评论一本书，就要与一个幻影进行搏斗，这个幻影是妇女，我称之为“房间里的天使”（代表旧时代的女性形象）。这位天使是家庭的楷模，善良无私，富于同情心；每当我开始评论一本书的时候，她就出现在我的笔和纸之间，对我悄悄地说：这是一本著名男人写的书，温柔些，不要尖锐，多赞美，少批评；她在指导着我的笔。她每每这样打搅我，烦恼我，折磨我，我忍无可忍，最后把她杀了。年轻幸福的一代不会再遇到这样的事了。

本文共分6段，作者文章主要采用“提出问题――分析原因――解决问题”的.行文格式。在文章第一段提出问题，妇女从事写作的经验很少。第二到第四段分析原因：道路已经由其他的著名作家开辟出来；开始写作时没有障碍，写作是件即便宜，又可名利双收的事情。在第五段和第六段，作者讲如何在写作中与旧意识进行搏斗，因为这些旧意识干扰写作，最后彻底摒弃了它们。

【解题思路与答案详解】

1) 【答案】[B]。本题在文章第二段的开始部分。它前一段讲的是：在秘书邀请我来此时，告诉我你们协会关心妇女的就业问题，并建议我讲一讲我个人的从业经验。因此可以判断，紧接着下面的文字，应该是关于作者个人从业经验方面的内容。在选项中只有选项[B]是这一内容，它承接了上一段的内容，与前面内容有顺承关系，衔接得非常自然。所以，选项[B]是正确答案。其意为：不错，我是妇女；不错，我有工作。但我有什么从业经验呢？我从事文学工作，这一职业比任何职业的经验都少。

2) 【答案】[D]。本题在文章的第三段的开始，第二段讲的是，写作事业的道路已经被我以前的著名或无名的作家铺平，我的步履也由他们调节好了(…many famous women, and many more unknown and forgotten, have been before me, making the path smooth, and regulating my steps.)。下文应该按照这一思路，讲我的写作没有什么困难之类的内容，选项[D]正是这一内容。而它后面的内容是：The family peace was not broken by the scratching of a pen. No demand was made upon the family purse…(家庭的和睦没有被沙沙的笔声而打破，它也不要求家庭提供金钱…) 这是对上面harmless的解释。本段落与上一个段落形成了顺承关系，衔接得非常自然。从上下文判断，这一选择是正确的。所以选项[D]是正确答案。其意为：因此，当我开始写作时，几乎没有什么障碍。写作是一项有名声而无害的职业。

3) 【答案】[A]。本题在段落的结尾。这道题可以直接从文字的线索确定正确的选项。它后一段落的第一句是：What could be easier than to write articles and to buy Persian cats with the profits?（还有什么比写文章，用稿酬买波斯猫更容易的呢？）而它前面的一句是：...by a letter from an editor containing a cheque for one pound ten shillings and sixpence.(来自编辑的一封信，里面装着一张1英镑10先令6便士的支票)，根据上下文判断，选项应涉及买猫，也应有cat这个词，在选项中搜索，会很容易的发现选项[A]中几次出现cat一词，内容也吻合。所以选项[A]是正确答案。其意为：为了说明我多么不配称为一个职业妇女，我对社会的困难多么无知，我不得不承认，我没有用这笔钱买食物，付房租，买鞋子…而是出去买了一只猫，一只漂亮的猫，一只波斯猫…。

4) 【答案】[C]。本题在段落的结尾处，又因为下一段落的开始也是一道题目，所以只能根据它的上文来推测其内容。上文讲，文章要有内容，我的文章是关于一位著名作家的小说。每当我评论书籍时，就感觉我要与某个幻影交战。这个幻影是一妇女，当我逐步对她了解多了，我根据一首著名的诗，称之为“房间里的天使”。下面的内容应该是关于这个幻影或“天使”的。在剩余4个选项中，只有选项[C]符合这一内容，它与上文非常吻合，是前面句组内容的进一步扩展，与之有顺承关系。所以选项[C]是正确答案。其意为：在我写评论时，是她总是出现在我与我的稿纸中间。是她每每这样打搅我，烦恼我，浪费我的时间，折磨我，我忍无可忍，最后把她杀了。

5) 【答案】[F]。本题应与上一题结合起来解答。根据本题后面的内容：她极富同情心。她异常的娇媚。她每天都在牺牲自己。…（She was intensely sympathetic. She was immensely charming. She sacrificed herself daily….）其中的代词She都指代上文中的the Angel in the House，所以应以此为线索，在剩余3个选项中选择，选项[F]是正确答案。其意为：你们年轻幸福的一代可能没有听说过她―

篇2：考研综合演练与答案详解3

考研综合演练与答案详解（3）

Passage 3

What is a black hole? Well, it is difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.  1) __________________________________________________. A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space ―― or so we think. How can this happen?

2) __________________________________________________. From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky that shines even in the daytime. Supernova was reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf of a neutron star ―― a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun), this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. 3) __________________________________________________. Amy matter near the black hole is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole. Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the “event horizon”. We know nothing about events that happen once objects pass this boundary. But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.

4) __________________________________________________. Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so that there is no “absolute” time and space. There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer. They are relative. We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory; but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 5 ) __________________________________________________.

The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. Binary stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a “partner” to the one that we can see in the sky. Matter from the one that we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. Should this invisible star, which exerts such a great force be a black hole? Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.

The story of black holes is just beginning. Speculations about them are endless.

[A] For example, if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. However, an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all.

[B] There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.

[C] The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs.

[D] In August 1977, a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes that are thought to be in the Milky Way. And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes.

[E] Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a strong gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.

[F] The theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious. Scientists and astronomers. They show us a world that operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.

[G] Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space ( not a thing) into which matters have fallen and from which nothing can escape - not even light. So we can't see a black hole.

【文章大意及结构分析】

本文是一篇关于“黑洞”的科普性文章。文章开头先给黑洞下了定义，即“黑洞是一个任何物体，包括光线一旦掉入就无法逃脱的地区”。第二段开始讲黑洞的形成，首先从理论上进行阐述，并以地球为例来帮助读者进行理解，即黑洞是星体达到一定密度后本身会在自己的引力作用下不断缩小，此过程会强烈到产生黑洞。然后介绍有关黑洞周围的“视界”和爱因斯坦的相对论对黑洞研究的帮助。文中指出科学家在对黑洞的研究方面已经取得了成就。最后讲人们对黑洞的研究永无止境。

从体裁上，本篇属于“观点论证型”说明性论述文，文章主要采用“提出理论―做出定义―举例说明”的行文格式，讲述了天文学上的黑洞理论。文章的第一段提出黑洞这一理论并给出其定义。第二段到第四段是以超新星和双星系统为例证，从两个方面对黑洞的形成进行了理论上的论述。最后一段讲黑洞的故事才刚刚开始。关于它们的设想是永无止境的。

【解题思路与答案详解】

1) 【答案】[G]。本题在文章第一自然段的中间。我们要根据它的前后文义来做出选择。文章开始提出问题：什么是黑洞?接着说这个问题难以回答，因为我们通常所拥有的词汇不足以描绘这一科学现象。接着就是空白，空白后面又说，黑洞会产生强大的引力，但它却没有物质，只有空间。这是对黑洞的进一步解释。显而易见，空白处应该是对“什么是黑洞?”这一问题的回答。这类科普文章常常是先提出问题，然后给出定义或答案，再做进一步阐述。选项[G]符合这种顺承关系，它是从科学家和天文学家的`角度给出看法，正与此相符合，所以选项[G]是正确答案。

2) 【答案】[C]。本题在文章第二自然段的开始。在上一段提出了黑洞是如何产生的问题。本段是上一段的延续和扩展，要在理论上对黑洞进行解释。再看问题后面的内容，讲到超新星：From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky that shines even in the daytime.（从地球上看，一个超新星就像天空中一束明亮的光，有时甚至在白天也很耀眼）。这正是选项[C]内容的延续和扩展，两者正好形成顺承关系。所以，选项[C]是正确答案。

3) 【答案】[E]。本题在第二自然段的中间。要根据上下文来判断其内容，而后进行选择。上文提到了黑洞的产生，下文提到了靠近黑洞的任何物质都被吸进去，可以推断空白处还应该是与黑洞的吸力有关的内容。这样，行文才连贯，结构才严谨，意义才流畅。选项[E]讲：设想一下地球缩小到弹子球的大小，但仍然有同样的质量和引力，你就能对黑洞的力量有所了解了（Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble，but still having the same mass and a strong gravitational pull，and you will have some idea of the force of a black hole．）。正符合这些要求，所以选项[E]是正确答案。

4) 【答案】[A]。本题在一个段落的开始。上一段最后讲到：物体一旦跨过边缘之后，我们就不知道发生了什么。但从理论上讲，物质在黑洞内的表现会明显不同（We know nothing about events that happen once objects pass this boundary. But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.）。空白后面的内容是：我们的“时间和空间法则”并不适合于黑洞内的物质。并进一步用Einstein的相对论来证明这一点。由此推断，空白处应该用一个通俗易懂的例子来进一步解释这些理论。选项[A]就是以一个进入黑洞的人和一个观察者的不同感觉来说明这一点。选项[A]与前面的内容形成例证关系。前面提出观点，接着给出论证。所以，[A]是正确答案。

5) 【答案】[D]。本题要与上一题结合起来解答，因为本题在上题所在段落的结尾处。该段以论证说明我们的时空法则不适合于黑洞里的物质，接着又讲到：爱因斯坦的理论在天文学家拿出证据证明黑洞的存在之前就提供了理论基础。只是最近天文学家才开始对黑洞进行具体研究（but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.）。根据上文的内容，我们可以推断，下面应该以具体的事实或例证来说明最近天文学家对活动做了哪些具体的研究。选项[D]正是这样的内容：“1977年发射的一颗人造卫星收集到了关于银河系一千万个黑洞的数据。天文学家正在计划建造一个新的天文站来观测被认为是黑洞的单个爆炸星体。”选项[D]与前文有着论证关系，衔接得非常自然。所以，选项[D]是正确答案。

篇3：考研综合演练与答案详解5

考研综合演练与答案详解（5）

Passage 5

1) __________________________________________________. It is employed for the purpose of attack (aggressive resemblance or anticryptic coloring ) as well as of defense (protective resemblance or procryptic coloring ). The fact that the same method concealment, may be used both for attack and defense has been well explained by T. Belt who suggests as an illustration the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations.

2) __________________________________________________. On the other hand, small animals which have no means of active defense, such as large, numbers of insects, frequently depend upon concealment alone. Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey. In the case of insectivorous Vertebrata and their prey such differences exist in an exaggerated form.

3) __________________________________________________. In general resemblance the animal, in consequence of its coloring, produces the same effect as its environment, but the conditions do not require any special adaptation of shape and outline. General resemblance is especially common among the animal inhabiting some uniformly colored expanse of the earth' s surface, such as an ocean or a desert. In the former, animals of all shapes are frequently protected by their transparent blue color, on the latter, equally diverse forms are defended by their sandy appearance. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast. Thus the black and white stripes of the zebra blend together at a little distance, and “their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.”

4) __________________________________________________.

Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land.

5) __________________________________________________. In special resemblance the combination of coloring, shape, and attitude is such as to produce a more or less exact resemblance to some one of the objects in the environment, such as a leaf of twig, a patch of lichen, a flake of bark. In all cases the resemblance is to some object which is of no interest to the enemy or prey respectively. The animal is not hidden from view by becoming indistinguishable from its background as in the case of general resemblance, but it is mistaken for some well - know object.

[A] Special resemblance is far commoner than general and is the form which is usually met with on the diversified surface of the earth, on the shores, and in shallow water, as well as on the floating masses of algae on the surface of the ocean, such as the Sargasso Sea. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes.

[B] Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color in the struggle for existence.

[C] Cryptic coloring, whether used for defense of attack, may be either general or special.

[D] Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude. The latter is instinctive and thus depends on the central nervous system.

[E] The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the pre- sent state of science, the only possible hole of an interpretation lies in the theory of natural se- lection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival.

[F] Cryptic coloring is commonly associated with other aids in the struggle for life. Thus wellconcealed mammals and birds, when discovered, will generally endeavor to escape by speed and will often attempt to defend themselves actively.

[G] However, in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized, and perhaps more important than any other element in the complex method by which concealment is effected.

【文章大意及结构分析】

这是一篇介绍动物生存过程中运用“保护色”的文章。动物保护色的作用有两点：攻击和防卫。文章大部分篇幅都在讲述动物是如何在各种环境中利用保护色来生存的。首先保护色与寻求其他的帮助密切相关，以哺乳动物、鸟和无法积极防卫的小动物来举例说明；然后向读者介绍在不同的环境中用于防卫或进攻的隐蔽色可能具有普遍性或特殊性，尤以海洋和沙漠中的动物表现最为明显，但特殊类同色远比普通类同色常见；最后说动物为了保护自己不仅借助保护色，有的还借助于形状方面的特殊改变，假装出某种姿势的本能来完成的，因为与某种东西类同能使敌人或猎物各自失去对对方的兴趣。

文章结构清晰，第一段总述保护色在动物生存过程中的两个作用；第二段到第四段从不同方面介绍保护色的特点及动物是如何利用保护色来保护自己的；最后一段介绍了另一种动物生存的本能，即借助与形状方面的特殊改变，假装出某种姿势。

【解题思路与答案详解】

1) 【答案】[B]。本题在第一段的段首。根据英语文章的特点，主旨句一般应该出现在第一段中，而纵观全段却没有具有总括全文的句子，那么我们可以初步判断1) 题应该是一个主旨句，而选项中只有[B]最符合要求。

2） 【答案】[F]。本题位于第二段的段首。做本题的关键在于根据空白后文字中出现的转折关系，“另一方面，无法积极防卫的小动物，比如成群的昆虫时常依赖独自隐蔽。”由此可见，前文内容应该涉及到“积极防卫”，只有答案[F]符合要求，在生活斗争中，保护色普遍与寻求其他的帮助密切相关。因此一旦被发现，隐藏完好的.哺乳动物和鸟一般会快速逃脱并积极主动地保护自己。

3) 【答案】[C]。本题在第三段的段首，该句应该是本段的主题句。根据本段的主要内容防卫的“普遍性”可得出正确答案是[C]，用于防卫或进攻的隐蔽色可能具有普遍性或特殊性。

4) 【答案】[A]。本题在第四段，该段实际上是第三段内容的延续，第三段只讲到了“普遍性”，而第四段则正好从防卫的“特殊性”方面将其内容补充完整了。

5) 【答案】[C]。本题位于最后一段的中部。做本题的关键在于体会其前后文字的逻辑关系。前文还在讲“完全静止和假装某种姿势在普遍性类同方面作用重大”，后文却谈到了“在特殊性类同方面，颜色、形状和姿势的结合可产生与环境中某种物体近乎相同效果，”由此可见只有答案[C]以转折关系成功地连接了上下文，在特殊性类同方面，颜色、形状和姿势的结合可产生与环境中某种物体近乎相同效果。

篇4：考研综合演练与答案详解2

考研综合演练与答案详解（2）

Passage 2

The first time I saw Karl Marx was in February 1865. I was twenty-four years old. Never in my life shall I forget the impression made on me by my first visit. Marx was in poor health then, but was hard at work on the first volume of Capital. 1) __________________________________________________.

Karl Marx was one of those rare men who are fitted for the front rank both in science and in public life. He held that a man of learning, if he does not wish to degrade himself, must never cease to participate in public affairs ――he must not shut himself up in his study or laboratory and shun the social and political struggles of the day. One of his favorite saying was, “Work for the world.”

2) __________________________________________________. This room has become historical. It was situated on the first floor, well lighted by a broad window overlooking the park. On both sides of the fireplace and opposite the window were crowded bookshelves, on the top of which packets of newspapers and manus were piled up to the ceiling. On one side of the window stood two tables, likewise loaded with miscellaneous papers, newspapers and books… Books were to him tools for his mind, not luxuries. “They are my slaves,” he would say, “and must serve my will.”

3) __________________________________________________. He knew Heine and Goethe by heart, and often quoted them in conversation. He read the poets constantly. Year after year he read Aeschylus in Greek. For Shakespeare his admiration was unbounded: he had made such an exhaustive study of the poet’s works that even the least important of his characters were familiar to him.

4) __________________________________________________. At fifty he took up the study of Russian. Although the language had no close relation to any of the modern or ancient languages he knew, he made such progress in six months as to be able to enjoy reading Russian poetry and prose works.

Even his opponents were compelled to admit that he was a man of profound learning: and this not merely in his special field of economics, but also in history, philosophy, and the literature of all countries. You could question him at any time on any subject and get the most adequate answer you could wish for…

5) __________________________________________________. In the course of the day he slept for an hour or two on the sofa. For Marx, work had become a passion, and he was so absorbed in it that he often forgot his meals. Not in frequently he had to be called again and again before he came down to the dining room. But hardly and he eaten the last mouthful when he was back in his study again.

[A] He had to be of very strong constitution, to put up with such exhausting mental labour. He was, in fact, powerfully built. A man above average height, he had broad shoulders and a deep chest.

[B] He was afraid he might not be able to finish it, and he gladly received young people, “for,” he used to say, “I must train up men who will continue the Communist propaganda after I am gone.”

[C] Marx was a loving, gentle and considerate father. He used to spend hours playing with his children. They remember to this day the sea-fights in a large basin of water with fleets of paper boats, which he made for them and which he would then set on fire to their great joy.

[D] Although he went to bed very late, he was always up between eight and nine in the morning. Having drunk a cup of black coffee and read through his newspapers, he would go to his study and work there till two or three next morning―― breaking off only for meals, and when the weather allowed, for a walk on Hampstead Heath.

[E] But at my first visit, when I saw him in his study in Maitland Park Road, he appeared before me, not as the untiring and incomparable socialist agitator, but as a man of learning. From all parts of the civilized world Party comrades came to his study to consult the master of socialist thought.

[F] Marx could read all the leading European languages and write in three: German, French and English. He was fond of saying, “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.”

[G] His memory was most vigorous and accurate. From early youth he had cultivated it by memorizing verses in an unfamiliar tongue.

【文章大意及结构分析】

本文是马克思战友对马克思的回忆文章。作者第一次见到卡尔・马克思时24岁。但那时马克思并不是以一位不屈不挠和无与伦比的社会主义鼓动家出现在作者目前，而是一位学者。他那间具有历史意义的房间在二楼上，它有一扇宽大的窗户，俯瞰公园，光线充足。靠墙放着装满书籍的书架。书架顶上一堆堆的报纸、手稿一直堆到天花板。窗户的一边有两张桌子，也放满了各种各样的文件、报纸和书籍…。接着，作者讲述了马克思在语言方面的天才：他能够阅读所有主要的欧洲语言，还能用德、法、英三种语言写作。他50岁开始学习俄语，半年后就能够阅读俄国诗人和散文家的著作了。在文章的最后，作者讲述了马克思繁忙的工作习惯。

全文共分七个自然段。作者基本是采用“提出观点――举例论证”这样的行文格式。第一段到第三段交代作者第一次见到马克思的时间、情景以及马克思在作者心目中的美好形象；第四和第五段，作者以生动事例描述了马克思准确的记忆力和语言方面的天赋；第六段讲马克思的博学；第七段描写了马克思繁忙而紧张的工作习惯。

【解题思路与答案详解】

1) 【答案】[B]。本题在文章第一段的结尾。它前面讲，作者24岁时第一次见到马克思。那时，马克思的健康情况不佳，但他仍然下苦功夫写《资本论》第一卷。根据行文的逻辑，下面的内容应该与这部伟大的'著作有关，选项[B]就是这样的内容，是前面句子的扩展，与前面的内容有顺承关系。特别是其中的it就是指代前面的Capital。所以，选项[B]是正确答案。其意为：他唯恐不能完成这部著作。他常说，“我应该训练好在我死后继续共产主义宣传的人”，所以他很喜欢接见年轻人。

2) 【答案】[E]。本题在一个段落的开始。可以根据其后的内容来选择答案。它后面是对马克思书房的描写：This room has become historical. It was situated on the first floor, well lighted by a broad window overlooking the park. …（这间书房已成为一个具有历史意义的房间。它在二层楼上，有一扇宽大的窗户，可以俯瞰公园，光线充足。…）。据此推断，前面的内容一定涉及到“书房”，选项[E]是正确答案，其中his study即是后文的This room。其意为：可是，我第一次在他位于梅特兰公园路的书房见到他的时候，在我面前出现的并不是一位不屈不挠和无与伦比的社会主义鼓动家，而是一位学者。党的同志们为了求教于这位社会主义思想大师，从文明世界的各个角落来到他的书房。

3) 【答案】[G]。本题在一个段落的开始。它后面的内容是讲马克思能背诵海涅和歌德的许多诗歌，经常在讲话中援引他们的句子。…他特别赞赏莎士比亚：连这位诗人剧作中最不惹人注意的人物他都很熟悉（He knew Heine and Goethe by heart, …and often quoted them in conversation. For Shakespeare his admiration was unbounded: …works that even the least important of his characters were familiar to him.）。据此判断，前面应该讲马克思的记忆力惊人，选项[G]正是这样的内容，后面部分与之构成例证关系。所以，选项[G]是正确答案。其意为：马克思的记忆力极强而且准确。从少年时代起他就用一种不熟悉的外国语背诵诗歌，来锻炼记忆力。

4) 【答案】[F]。本题在一个段落的开始。它后面部分讲马克思学习俄语的情况。他开始学习俄语的时候已经五十岁了。…他已经能够津津有味地阅读俄国诗人和散文家的著作了（At fifty he took up the study of Russian. … as to be able to enjoy reading Russian poetry and prose works.）。据此判断，本题是关于马克思掌握外国语的情况，选项[F]是正确答案，后面部分与本题的内容形成例证关系。其意为：马克思能够阅读所有主要的欧洲语言，还能用德、法、英三种语言写作。他喜欢说，“外国语是人生斗争的一种武器。”

5) 【答案】[D]。本题在文章最后一个段落的开始。后面部分讲的是，中午，他在沙发上睡一两个钟头。…他是如此地专心工作，以致经常忘记吃饭。…几乎不等咽下最后一口就又回到他的书房去了（In the course of the day he slept for an hour or two on the sofa. …, and he was so absorbed in it that he often forgot his meals. …But hardly and he eaten the last mouthful when he was back in his study again.）

篇5：考研综合演练与答案详解1

考研综合演练与答案详解（1）

Passage 1

Environment pollution is a worldwide concern. Some scientists believe that there are four major pollutions surrounding us――water pollution, atmosphere pollution, noise pollution and electromagnetic pollution. And some even think electricity can cause cancer. Can electricity really cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous. 1) __________________________________________________. The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro -wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate, or the worst kind of paranoia.

2) __________________________________________________. In the executive summary of a new scientific review, released in draft form late last week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence “suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF) ――those having very long wave lengths――and leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer. While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60 hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.”

3)____________________________________________________.

At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: when an electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects. 4) __________________________________________________. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth's own magnetic field. The electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter, this is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.

How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X- rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing” radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.

5) __________________________________________________. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF field can have biological effects on animal tissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.

[A] Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U. S. Environmental   Protection Agency ( EPA ).

[B] But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies.

[C] However, there are still some people insist that even low-frequency electromagnetic fields is extremely harmful to human's health.

[D] But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect.

[E] The report is no reason to panic - or even to lest sleep, ff there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the Whit House. But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.

[F] Consequently, the epidemiological studies, taken as a whole, consist of a few early low-quality studies, some of which yielded positive effects, and later, higher-quality studies, which yielded negative studies. If power lines really caused cancer, it is natural to expect the later studies to confirm the earlier studies. Instead, this has all the earmarks of a nonexistent effect.

[G] For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak.

【文章大意及结构分析】

这是一篇关于电磁波是否致癌的科普文章。电能导致癌症吗?在一个依靠电力运行的社会里，这个观点似乎荒唐。可是越来越多的科学家和新闻工作者指出，接触电磁场有增加白血病和其他恶性疾病危险的可能性。但这种可能性还没有定论。美国环境保护署发布报告指出，甚低频的电磁场和白血病，淋巴瘤和脑癌之间有“―种偶然的联系”。我们没有理由为此恐慌，即使有患癌症的危险，这种风险也是很小的。尚且对它的证据还有很大的争议。争议的焦点是一个简单的物理现象：当电流通过电线时，会产生一个对周围物体施加压力的电磁场。这个压力极其微弱。比细胞自身产生的电场压力还低得多。如此小的力量不会对健康构成威胁。最近，科学家研究强大辐射离子。离子化的辐射毫无疑问会增加患癌症的风险。可是，通过流行病学研究，也不能证明它们之间的因果关系。

本文共分6个自然段。作者采用“提出问题――分析原因――解决问题”这一行文格式。第一段作者提出问题：电流能导致癌症吗? 第二段到第五段中对这一问题进行分析。第二段说环境保护机构报告：电磁场和某些癌症之间有“偶然的联系”；第三段讲，对这一结论的证据争论很大。第四段讲，电磁场的压力很小，对人体无害；第五段又提出，离子化辐射增加患癌症的风险。第六段是结论，根据所做的流行病学研究，没有发现它们之间的因果关系，而且试验室对动物的实验，也没有发现电流致癌的生理机制。

【解题思路与答案详解】

1) 【答案】[B]。本题在第一段的中间。根据它的上下文来推断它的内容。它前面讲，电流能导致癌症吗?在一个基本上依靠电力来运行的社会里，这个观点似乎有点荒唐（Can electricity really cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous.）。它后面讲，这种可能性还没有定论（The implications are unsettling）。其中The implications就是解题的线索，本题的内容应该讲“这种可能性”。据此，我们可以确定选项[B]是正确答案。其意为：十几年来，越来越多的科学家和新闻工作者指出，接触电磁场有增加患白血病和其他恶性疾病风险的可能性。

2) 【答案】[A]。本题在第二段的开始。前一段讲到，越来越多的科学家和新闻工作者认为接触电磁场有增加患白血病和其他恶性疾病的风险，但没有得到证实。本段其余部分主要讲，美国环境保护署发出了最为严肃的政府警告。甚低频的电磁场和白血病，淋巴瘤和脑癌之间有“―种偶然的联系” （the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning, …“suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF)…and leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer）。据此推断，本题应该是一个过渡句或过渡句组，起承上启下的作用，连接这两个段落。另外其中the EPA也是一个解题的`线索。所以选项[A]是正确答案。句意为：现在，“杞人忧天者”已经获得了来自美国环境保护署的正式的支持。

3) 【答案】[E]。 本题是一个独立的自然段，即文章的第三段。独立的段落有两种可能，一是过渡段，一是扩展段；这要根据它的前后段落的内容来判断。它前一段主要讲，EPA报告电流有某种致癌的危险；它后一段讲，争议的焦点是一个简单的，很好理解的物理现象（At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon）等。据此可以推断，本段讲到关于这一问题的争论。所以，选项[E]是正确答案。这是一个典型的过渡段落。其意为：报告说没有理由恐慌――甚至失眠。即使有患癌症的危险，这种风险也是很小的。证据的争议性仍然很大，草案激起了布什政府内部很多争论。环境保护署是克服了五角大楼和白宫的强烈反对而发布此报告的。不过现在没有人否认有必要进行更多的研究并认真对待这个问题。

4) 【答案】[G] 。本题在第四段的中间。可以根据它的上下文来选择答案。它前面讲的是，争论的焦点是个简单的物理现象――当电流通过电线时，会产生一个对周围物体施加压力的电磁场（…when an electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surr

篇6：考研数学线性代数答案及详解

考研数学线性代数答案及详解

考研已经落下帷幕，想必大家一定会有很多收获和感慨，很多参加考试的同学非常关心自己的成绩，也都非常希望了解今年数学试卷整体的概况，考研名师姜晓千就今年考研数学线性代数部分的考点及解题思路作如下的分析。

姜老师表示20考研数学整体难度提升不大，考察范围以基础题为主，另外有个别的很有特色的题目，姜老师结合真题为考生一一解读。

第五题，说AB等于C，这个数考向量组等价。考生能把AB分块掌握好，这个题就不难解答了，答案应该选B，A和C是互相等价的，也就是说可以互相线性表示的。

第六题，给了实对称的相似这个不只相似，包括等价，合同，每一个的定义，每一个的判定，彼此之间的.关系，整个知识体系大家分析清楚，今年没有考合同，而是考相似。充要条件有相同的特征值，这个同学们把特征值求出答案没有什么，答案选B。

第7题概率统计，出的八大分布，第二章核心的问题把握住八大分布，尤其重点在于正太分布，这个反复考，今年考正太分布标准化的问题，只要想到标准化这个题就没有什么问题，答案选A。

第8题涉及到T分部，F分部，这是统计量里面的三抽。此题把这两个分布掌握好，就没有问题了。

第13题填空题，大家只要听过冲刺班看下讲义，第一页第一题a=正负A等等一系列结论，a如果等于负的A行列式等于负1，直接选一秒钟拿分。

第14题填空题，八大分布必须掌握所有的分布，这个题是考指数分布，考生可以把这个概率转化成分布函数带上去做，也可以直接用指数分布无记性，Y小于等于1，1-e的负一次方，这是题的标准答案。

第20题较为新颖，考生把矩阵每一个数，X1，X2，X3，X4设上解出来就可以了，这个特解为1000，对应齐次通解1-110，另一个1001，然后线性组合就可以了。

第21题，首次看二次型矩阵，这个题第二问挺有意思，要求标准型，标准型就是求特征值量，右边乘阿尔法得特征值2，右边乘贝塔得特征值1，另外一个在哪？就一个字―秩。阿尔法乘阿尔法转置这种典型告诉你RA等于2，说明行列式等于0，另外一个特征值肯定等于0，说明210就是标准型。

22题考的是一维随机变量函数分布，教材第二章唯一可能考大题的就是一为随机函数的分布。今年有一点意外的就是今年没考二维随机变量，不管是二维离散或者连续的分布还是函数的分布，还是协方差、相关系数的这些都没有。

篇7：考研英语阅读真题答案与详解

Text 2

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lying a box。

本段是背景段，讲过去的事情。只需看懂第一句“过去的几十年中，上千个商业方法被授予专利。”

Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In the Bilski, as the case is known, is a “very big deal”， says Dennis’D Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents。”

本段转折。“将会用一个案例来全面审查商业方法专利”。最后一句“它有可能排除一种专利(即上文的business-method patent)”

26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of

[A] their limited value to business

[B] their connection with asset allocation

[C] the possible restriction on their granting

[D] the controversy over authorization

选[C]，根正苗红的同义替换。possible= potential ， eliminate= restriction

[A] 无中生有 [B] 用第一段的一个小例子中的细节捏造选项 [D] controversy 无中生有。

27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?

[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions

[B] It involves a very big business transaction

[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit

[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S。

选[D] potential= may ,change 对应着第一段和第二段之间的转折。从本段的review，eliminate也可以看出这是一种转折。

全文一直没有讲Bilski case的判决的结果，而 [A] [C]都是在讲其判决结果，所以与原文相反。

[B] 是从原文“ a “very big deal””字面意识出发设置的干扰选项。a big deal 其实在英文中的意思是“重要”，而不是“生意(transaction)”

本题[D]还有may ,正确答案往往语气委婉，所以更加确定选这个选项。

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In , IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice。

28. The word “about-face” (Line 1,Para 3) most probably means

[A] loss of good will

[B] increase of hostility

[C] change of attitude

[D] enhancement of disnity

本题是词汇题，一定要返回原文通过上下文解题。Because 之前是说对business-method 的约束(curbs)，而because之后说的是“正是联邦审判引入了business-method”，所以二者之间自然表明了是“态度的转变”。所以选[C]

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling。

本段第一句话没有看懂，直接跳过。第二句讲“联邦审判要求这个案子要12个法官审，而不是普通的3人小组，并且要求判断是否要重新考虑之前的Bank ruling” 由本句可以排除29 [A]

The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court”， says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School。

in the wake of= after 。第一句：最高法院已经减少了对专利持有者的保护(protection)。而29[C] 减少了对专利持有者的尊重(esteem)。其中esteem是对protection的偷梁换柱。第二句：举例子。法官发出信号： too many (过多的专利被授予了)，表明法院认为很多business-method 不应该被授予，所以选[B] too many =often unnecessarily. [D]无中生有。

29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents

[A] are immune to legal challenges

[B] are often unnecessarily issued

[C] lower the esteem for patent holders

[D] increase the incidence of risks

见上文的解析。本题[A] [B] 两项相反必去其一。

30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?

[A] A looming threat to business-method patents

[B] Protection for business-method patent holders

[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents

[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents

选择 [A] 。首先排除[B]，与原文相反。[C]大帽子。[A] [D]的选择有一定难度。用串线法解题。第一段讲过去business method很容易被授予专利。其中第一段的最后一句话已经暗含着对这种做法的反对。第二段转折：将会用一个案例来全面审查商业方法专利。第三段：对business method的约束(curbs)是法院态度的巨大转变。最后一段明确提出reacting to the anti-patent trend at the supreme court 。要注意的是原文始终没有说Bilski case的判决，因此只是一个looming (隐约地出现)的danger ，而不是已经盛行的趋势。

Text 3

① In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. ②The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread。

【考点分析】① 因果常考(driven)，出31题[A]。Malcolm Aladuell 的观点“社会流行的东西在很大程度上是有一小部分有影响力的人发动的，这些人见多识广，有说服力” ②转折常考，出31题[B]。 “这个观点不能解释思想是如何传播的”。要注意：ideas actually spread= social epidemics 这就意味着作者认为influential对how ideas actually spread作用不大，不起driven(驱动)的作用。

31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to __________。

[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics

[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas

[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics

[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials。

【正确选项解析】[B] 本题是说明作者目的题。由上文②的分析可知选本选项。

【干扰选项分析】[A] 与原文相反。本文讨论的是原因(driven)，而本题是说结果(consequence)。

[C] 本段没有提到人们的直觉的反应(intuitive response)。②只是说“作者认为这个观点从直觉上看是吸引人的”。所以无中生有

[D]偏离中心：influential对social epidemics的作用。只是①中的细节。

①The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”： Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. ② Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. ③The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. ④In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. ⑤Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.

【考点分析】①因果常考(derive from)+转折常考(but)+否定常考(untested)+段首常考+特殊标点常考(冒号)，出32题。请看supposed在《牛津高阶英语词典》的英文解释 [only before noun] used to show that you think that a claim, statement or way of describing sb/sth is not true or correct, although it is generally believed to be。这就意味着supposed后面的东西在本质上都是作者反对的。“这种influential的假象的重要性来源于一个貌似合理但是实质上未经检验的two-step flow of communication的理论”。②讲商人接受了这一错误观点。③中的seems ④中的cursory search(草率的搜索) ⑤中的Anecdotal evidence(传闻的证据)这几个词组都表明作者对这个理论持反对态度。

32. The author suggests that the “two-step flow theory” __________。

[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems

[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends

[C]has won support from influentials

[D]requires solid evidence for its validity

【正确选项解析】[D]由①可知这个理论是未经检验的(untested)，这就意味着“需要可靠的证据证明其有效性”(requires solid evidence for its validity)。所以本题是同义替换之正话反说。

【干扰选项分析】[A]与作者对该理论的反对态度矛盾。

[B] ③这个理论似乎(seems)可以解释某些流行的趋势，seem这个词表明作者其实是反对这个说法的。

[C]偷换概念，偷换了②中的marketer

①In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. ② In fact, they don’t seem to be required of all. ③ The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey ― whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence ― even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. ④Yet it is precisely these noncelebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. ⑤ For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; ⑥and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. ⑦ If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people。

【考点分析】①承上启下。研究者推翻了上文的错误观点。②无需看懂。③研究者的理由来自关于社会影响的简单的观察。即使最有影响力的人也不会与太多的人交流。④是two-step-flow theory理论。⑤转折常考出33题。“每一个受影响的人必须要影响他的熟人，他的熟人再影响自己的熟人”，这也就因为是social interaction。

篇8：考研英语二真题及答案详解

Section 1 Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work, too.

Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.__2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.

The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.

__7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.

The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.

__17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.

1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when

2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion

3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary

4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism

5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change

6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed

7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often

8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered

9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize

10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods

11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable

12. [A] resumed [B] held [C]emerged [D] broke

13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare

14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced

15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never

16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally

17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since

18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes

19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share 20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out

1. [标准答案] [C]how

[考点分析] 连词辨析

[选项分析] 根据语境，“新发现表明：快乐可能会影响工作__的稳定。”[A] 为什么 [B] 哪里 [C] 怎样，多么 [D] 当…时候。根据语义分析，C选项填入原文，译为“快乐可能会影响工作是有多么稳定”，C为正确选项。

2. [标准答案] [B]In particular

[考点分析] 上下文语义以及短语辨析

[选项分析] [A] 反过来 [B] 尤其是 [C] 相反 [D] 总的来说 根据前文语境，第二段第一句译为“根据近期的研究，拥有更多快乐的人的公司会投资更多”。而第二句“_______那些在快乐氛围中的公司会做更多的研发以及发展。“第二句是在第一句的基础上进一步强调说明，因此B选项更符合语境要求。

3. [标准答案] [D]necessary

[考点分析] 上下文语义及形容词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]充足的 [B] 著名的 [C] 完美的 [D] 必要的 首先，根据本句题干 “That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investments for the future.”译为“因为快乐与对未来投资有______长远考虑相联系。”要求填写形容词, 我们要考虑其搭配与其修饰成分。空格处搭配介词for, 并且修饰“长远考虑”。因此D选项最符合语境要求。

4. [标准答案] [C]optimism

[考点分析] 上下文语义及名词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]个人主义 [B] 现代主义 [C] 乐观主义 [D] 现实主义 本题考查同后缀的名词辨析。根据原文主旨，探讨“happy people”与公司的关系。那么，衡量四个选项，只有C选项符合主旨要求。

5. [标准答案] [D]change

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]发出回声 [B] 想念，错过 [C] 破坏 [D] 改变 根据原文语境，“would 5 the way companies invested.”本题考查动宾搭配，宾语为“公司投资的方式”只有D选项搭配最为合理。

6.[标准答案] [B]measured

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]想象 [B] 衡量，测量 [C] 发明 [D] 假定，设想 “So they compared U.S. cities’average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.”译为“他们把盖洛普咨询公司所_____的美国城市平均幸福指数与该地区的上市公司投资活跃度进行对比。” 根据原文语境，盖洛普咨询公司所做的应该是一个“既定事实”所以排除ACD。因此，B选项为最佳选项。

7.[标准答案] [A]Sure

[考点分析] 上下文语义及固定搭配

[选项分析] [A]确信的 [B] 奇怪的 [C] 不幸运的 [D] 经常的 本题为固定搭配“sure enough” 译为“足以肯定的是，”

8.[标准答案] [D]headquartered

[考点分析] 上下文语义及形容词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]广告的 [B] 划分的 [C] 课税过重的 [D]位于总部的 根据原文“ firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8 . ”译为“足以肯定的是，公司投资与研发力度与公司______的幸福指数相关。”in which 引导表示地点的定语从句，先行词为area.对比四个选项，ABC不足以说明此地点的真实含义。因此，D选项，搭配前文area,构成“总部所在地”最为合理。

9.[标准答案] [A]explain

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]解释 [B] 夸大 [C] 概述[D]重点强调 根据原文“…or ould something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D?” A选项 “explain”常和后文 “why” 搭配使用。

10.[标准答案] [B]factors

[考点分析] 上下文语义及名词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]阶段 [B] 因素 [C] 等级[D]方法 根据原文语境“To find out, the researchers controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales…”本题中，破折号后面 “大小，产业，销售”这些都是 “让公司有更多投资的”因素。因此，B选项最符合原文语境。

11.[标准答案] [A] desirable

[考点分析] 上下文语义和形容词

[选项分析] 该空填的是形容词，用来修饰前面的名词place,并且在意义上也是对后面like growth in wages or population的解释，可以看出来应该是填褒义词，并且能修饰place.所以只有[A]desirable合适的 符合文章。[B]social 社交的 [C]reputable 受尊敬的 [D]reliable 可依靠的。

12. [标准答案] [B]held

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析

[选项分析] 该句算是这一段的总结句，该段整体在描述幸福与投资之间的关系，而这一link就只能得出了，只有[B]held ”得出”符合语境。A resumed “重新开始”，C emerge “浮现”，D broke “破坏”。

13.[标准答案] [A] attribute

[考点分析] 上下文逻辑关系以及动词词组辨析

[选项分析]该空是一个which引导的定语从句的谓语动词所在地，动词的宾语就是前面的主句，强调“幸福与投资之间的关系尤其适用于新公司”这一结论与后面“所做决定会偏草率”之间的关系，能看出是一个因果关系，因此答案选择[A]attribute 与to 搭配表示“归因于……”，而[B]assign to表示“指派”[C]transfer to“转移到”[D]compare to“与……比较”均不符合题意。

14.[标准答案] [D] experienced

[考点分析] 上下文语义及形容词词义辨析

[选项分析] 此处很简单，前面有一个并列连词and, 与前面的young一致修饰managers,强调新公司的领导年轻并缺乏经验，只有[D]experienced最合适。

15. [标准答案] [C] also

[考点分析] 上下文逻辑关系以及副词词义辨析

[选项分析]前面说到了“年轻的新经理决策时更容易受情绪影响。”与后面的“这种关系在员工幸福指数_____的公司尤为明显。公司似乎乐于投资那些相对快乐的员工所在的部门，而不是那些不快乐的部门。”之间很明显是一种递进关系，所以只有[C]also合适。”

16. [标准答案] [D]equally

[考点分析] 上下文语义及副词词义辨析

[选项分析] 这题是考察副词修饰spread, 但是更要注意的是该句“这种关系在员工幸福指数_____的公司尤为明显。公司似乎乐于投资那些相对快乐的员工所在的部门，而不是那些不快乐的部门。”中该空与后面的inequality形成复现关系，所以很容易判断出答案选择[D]equally。

17. [标准答案] [C] while

[考点分析] 上下文逻辑关系

[选项分析] 该题是典型的考察上下文逻辑关系的题目，因此着力点应该放在上一段和这一段之间的关系。这一段第一句明确说出“这并不证明是幸福导致公司大量投资……”，所以两句话之间是一个转折关系，选择while.

18. [标准答案] [C]hints

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析

[选项分析] 该题可以看出是考察动词与at的固定搭配，arrive at是“到达，抵达”，jump at是“扑向;欣然接受”hint at是“暗示” strike at是“袭击，攻击”，文章中的at least 和that possibility论证了这是一种可能，只有hint at有这层含义。

19. [标准答案] [A]shape

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析

[选项分析] 根据上下文应该选一个“影响”未来看法含义的动词，[B]是“再发现”[C]是“使简化，使单纯”[D]是“分享”所以可以均可以排除，A 是“塑造，形成，影响”，所以A项是最佳答案。

20. [标准答案] [B]lean towards

[选项分析] 上下文语义及动词词组词义辨析

[考点分析] 本空考察动词词组，且该词组词义应与and前面意思保持一致，且作用对象为研发。[A]pray for 祈祷 [B]lean towards 倾向 [C]give away 放弃，泄露 [D]send out 放出，给予。只有[B]选项能表达一种递进含义。

【全文翻译】

快乐的人工作起来会有不同。他们更多产，更有创造力，也更愿意去冒险。近期的一项研究表明快乐也可能会影响公司的工作。

根据近期的研究报告，在各地的公司里，拥有更多快乐的员工会投入的更多。尤其是那些在快乐氛围中的公司会做更多的研发以及发展。因为快乐与对未来投资有必要的长远考虑相联系。这是因为对未来进行投资需要作出长远决策，而这种决策与快乐相关。

研究者希望了解乐观精神和随快乐而来的冒险精神是否会改变公司投资的方式。因此，他们把盖洛普咨询公司所评估出的美国城市平均幸福指数与该地区的上市公司投资活跃度进行对比。

足以肯定的是，公司投资和研发力度与公司总部所在地的幸福指数相关。但是幸福真的与投资相关吗?或者说幸福指数更高的城市的其他方面能够说明公司为何加大研发投入。为了弄清这一点，研究者掌握了多种可能促使公司投资的因素，例如规模，产业，销售，也掌握了各种指标，如适宜居住地，工资涨幅及人口变化。了解这些问题后，幸福与投资的关系就能够轻松得出了。

幸福与投资之间的关系尤其适用于新公司，这是因为新公司所做决定会偏草率，而且年轻的新经理决策时更容易受情绪影响。同样，这种关系在员工幸福指数相同的公司尤为明显。公司似乎乐于投资那些相对快乐的员工所在的部门，而不是那些不快乐的部门。

然而这并不证明是幸福导致公司大量投资，或者从长远的角度来讲，研究人员认为至少它预示着这种可能性。不难想象，本地文化以及情感有助于影响高管对于未来的看法。“快乐的人比普通人有预见性、创造力、更善于研发这种说法似乎更可信。”一位研究者说。

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.

However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers — but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.

Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.

The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.

The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn — how to think logically through a problem and

organize the results — apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.

Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers — in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes — for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want — the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that — the better.

21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____.

A. complete future job training

B. remodel the way of thinking

C. formulate logical hypotheses

D. perfect artwork production

22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their____.

A. experience

B. academic backgrounds

C. career prospects

D. interest

23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____.

A. help students learn other computer languages

B. have to be upgraded when new technologies come

C. need improving when students look for jobs

D. enable students to make big quick money

24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to____.

A. compete with a future army of programmers

B. stay longer in the information technology industry

C. become better prepared for the digitalized world

D. bring forth innovative computer technologies

25. The word “coax” (Line4, Para.6) is closest in meaning to____.

A. challenge

B. persuade

C. frighten

D. misguide

答案：

Text 1

21 答案 B remodel the way of thinking.

解析：此题是文中人物观点题。根据Cortina定位到第二段前三句。Cortina认为尽早接触计算机科学是有益的。第三句It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. 译为在转变思维程序方面小孩不像年龄较大的学生一样困难，即B remodel the way of thinking 转变思维方式即为同义替换。

22 答案 D interest

解析：此题是细节题。根据关键词Friedman定位到第四段第二句but之后引号里面内容“我们试图让课程符合学生兴趣”，故而D interest为正确答案。

23 答案 A help students learn other computer languages

解析：文中人物观点题。题干问的是Deborah Seehorn认为在Flatiron这里所学到的技能将能怎么样，据此定位到第五段But处，和题干基本一致，该句指出“But the skills they learn…appl to any coding language”，意思是他们学到的技能可以应用于任何编码语言。对比答案选项，A选项的意思是“帮助学生学习其他的计算机语言”属于原文定位处的同义替换。

24 答案 C become better prepared for the digitalized world

解析：细节题。题干指出：根据最后一段，Flatiron的学生被期望去干什么。据此定位到最后一段的These kids are going to be处，是题干的同义复现。定位句“These kids are…be surrounded by computers for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think…….the better.”，意思是学生们越早学越好。C选项“为数字化的未来做更好的准备”是同义概述。

25 答案 B persuade

解析：词义句意题，结合上下文来解题。根据coax此单词，定位到最后一段最后一句“how to coax the machine into producing what they want”，考察固定搭配“persuade…into…”。A选项挑战，B选项劝服，C选项使恐慌，D选项误导。考生做题时一定要注意结合上下文来推测生词的词义，这是命题人的出题 规律。

Text 2

Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species’ historic range.

The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened. “The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the“threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken’s habitat.

Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range—wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat, USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states” remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species，” Ashe said.

Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court Not surprisingly, doesn’t go far enough “The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.

26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____

[A]its drastically decreased population

[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage

[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists

[D]the insistence of private landowners

27.The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____

[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure

[B]would involve fewer agencies in action

[C]granted less federal regulatory power

[D]went against conservation policies

28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____

[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation

[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat

[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job

[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations

29.According to Ashe， the leading role in managing the species in______

[A]the federal government

[B]the wildlife agencies

[C]the landowners

[D]the states

30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______

[A]industry groups

[B]the win-win rhetoric

[C]environmental groups

[D]the plan under challenge

26 答案 A its drastically decreased population

解析：此题是原因细节题。根据关键词定位到第一段But前后关于lesser prairie chickens 数量2million和22,000的强烈对比。此外第二段第二句“the lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation”都可以得知A its drastically decreased population 数量的急剧下降为正确答案。

27 答案 C granted less federal regulatory powers

解析：此题是原因细节题。根据关键词定位到第二段第四句，They had …, a state that gives federal officials greater regulatory power. 而But 之后是截然相反的事实，即政府授予了更少的管理权。故而C granted less federal regulatory powers为正确答案。

28 答案 A agree to pay a sum for compensation

解析：推断题。题干问的是从第三段推出来：无意伤害的那些人是不会被检举的如果怎么样。根据题干定位到第三段首句“it would not prosecute….as long as ….”，题干中问的if即原文的as long as的同意替换，原文as long as的意思是：只要他们签署了计划。下一句说道，该计划要求个体和企业去支付基金。对应选项A选项“赞同支付赔偿”属于同义替换。

29 答案 D the states

解析：此题是细节题。根据关键词定位到第三段最后一句the idea is to let the“states”remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species, Ashe said. 其中in the driver’s seat对应题干中的the leading role, 故而D states为正确答案。

30 答案 C environmental groups

解析：文中人物观点题。题干问的是Jay Lininger最可能支持谁，大写人名定位到末段最后一句。最后一句提到：生物学家Jay Lininger说道联邦政府要把责任推给导致鸟类灭绝的企业，显然是对政府和企业的反对。再往前看一句，指出：企业团体和政府部门观点一致，环境学家与其观点恰巧一致。因此，Jay Lininger最支持环境团体的观点了。

Text 3

That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully： There’s never any time to read.

What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient. The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry a book with you at all times” But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption”. Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.

In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. “The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes)as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them”. No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.

So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time”. You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too-providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.

31. The usual time-management techniques don’t work because

[A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind

[B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading

[C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them

[D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed

32. The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to

[A] update their to-do lists

[B] make passing time fulfilling

[C] carry their plans through

[D] pursue carefree reading

33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps

[A] encourage the efficiency mind-set

[B] develop online reading habits

[C] promote ritualistic reading

[D] achieve immersive reading

34. “Carry a book with you at all times” can work if

[A] reading becomes your primary business of the day

[B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with

[C] you are able to drop back to business after reading

[D] time can be evenly split for reading and business

35. The best title for this text could be

[A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading

[B] How to Find Time to Read

[C] How to Set Reading Goals

[D] How to Read Extensively

31 答案 D what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed.

解析：因果细节题。题干指出：传统的时间管理方法不起作用的原因是什么。根据题干定位到第二段首句指出the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient，是题干的同义替换，但要找原因。整段都在分析过程环节，最终原因必然在该段末句提到。直接定位到该段末句，指出深入阅读不仅需要时间，而且是一种仅仅通过有效无法获得的一种时间。结合选项D，深入阅读所需的无法得到确保，是原文末句的同义替换。

32 答案 B make passing time fulfilling

解析：题干问的是“empty bottles”暗喻证明了人们在做什么方面有压力，empty bottles直接可以在文中Gary Eberle所说的话中找到：“The future comes at us like empty bottles…”。其所说的话证明的目的必然是为了说明前一句的观点。因此，该题定位到三段“try to slot…but not the most fulfilling kind”，该句就指出：只会处理目标集中的阅读，这是有用的，但不是最有满足感的。结合选项B使流逝的时间更有满足感，是原文的同义替换。

33 答案 D achieve immersive reading

解析：文中人物观点题，注意区分文中人物观点和作者观点。题干问的是Eberle赞同为阅读设定规定性时间帮助什么。根据题干精确定位到第四段第二句：“You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, E…..into soul time”，意思是你会认为这可以提升效率性思维设定，但实际上这些行为帮助我们跨入到灵魂阅读时间。对应选项D，获得深入阅读，属于同义替换。

34 答案 A reading becomes your primary business of the day

解析：细节题。题干指出：总是带一本书会起作用如果怎么样。根据题干定位到末段中间部分“carry a book with you at all times can actually work, too … so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business.”，意思是这样的话阅读就成为默认状态，偶尔会出来管理工作(注意business并非默认状态，非主要事情)。对应选项A 阅读成为每天的主要任务，是该句的同义替换。

35 答案 B How to Find Time to Read

解析：标题题，即全文中心主旨。通过题干，可发现题干关键词中time复现多次，因此可确定time为全文的主题词。整篇文章都围绕阅读时间来展开，因此正确答案为A如何寻找阅读时间。

Text 4

Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.

Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.

Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.

From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.

Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life” face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.

Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said.” I can’t afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.” Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young. “I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said. “I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”

36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is_____.

[A] trying out different lifestyles

[B] having a family with children

[C] working beyond retirement age

[D] setting up a profitable business

37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to ____.

[A] favor a slower life pace

[B] hold an occupation longer

[C] attach importance to pre-marital finance

[D] give priority to childcare outside the home

38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will ____.

[A] become increasingly clear

[B] focus on materialistic issues

[C] depend largely on political preferences

[D] reach almost all aspects of American life

39. Both young and old agree that ____.

[A] good-paying jobs are less available

[B] the old made more life achievements

[C] housing loans today are easy to obtain

[D] getting established is harder for the young

40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?

[A] He found a dream job after graduating from college.

[B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.

[C] His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.

[D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.

36 答案 B having a family with children

解析：此题是细节题。根据关键词定位到第二段第一句Across generational lines,…including getting married, having children…即成功的标志包括结婚生子，故而正确选项是B having a family with children.

37 答案 C attach importance to pre-marital finance

解析：此题是细节题。根据关键词定位到第三段第一句Young people…to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children…即年轻人认为夫妻在结婚前或者生小孩前应该在经济上是稳定的，故而C attach importance to pre-marital finance为正确答案。

38 答案 D reach almost all aspects of American life

解析：此题是细节题。根据关键词定位到第四段第一句…those just starting…will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects …即这些期待即将渗透到美国生活的各个方面，故而D reach almost all aspects of American life为正确答案。

39 答案 D getting established is harder for the young

解析：此题是文中人物观点题。根据关键词定位到第五段第一句…it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. 即与年长者相比，现如今的年轻人维持生计更加困难，故而D getting established is harder for the young为正确答案。

40 答案 C His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.

解析：此题是正误判断题。根据关键词定位到第六段第五句Looking back…his parents could provide a comfortable life for the children even though neither had completed college when he was young.即父母即便没有上过大学但仍旧可以为孩子提供舒适的生活，故而His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.为正确答案。

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

[A]Be silly

[B]Have fun

[C]Express your emotions

[D]Don't overthink it

[E]Be easily pleased

[F]Notice things

[G]Ask for help

As adults,it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness,often with mixed results.Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy.instead,they look after their wellbeing instinctively,and usually more effectively than we do as grownups.Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.

41.______________

What does a child do when he's sad? He cries.When he's angry?He shouts.Scared?Probably a bit of both.As we grow up,we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours,which is in many ways a good thing.But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions,especially negative ones.that's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill.What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately, and then-again like children-move.

42.____________

A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was nine years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn't stop talking about it.Too often we believe that a new job,bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content,but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.

43.______________________

Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies , increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off enfection. All of which, of course, have a positive effect on happiness levels.

44.__________________

The problem with being a grown up is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with---work,mortgage payments,figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love.Those things might be social,sporting,creative or completely random(dancing aroud the living room,anyone?)--it doesn't matter,so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects,such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.

45.___________________

Having said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy.Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said:“Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.”And in that,once more,we need to look to the example of our children,to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural by product of the way they live.

意料之中的小标题。首先明确7个选项的意思。

首先应当把握本文的出发点，也就是41题目之前的关键句：我们应该从孩子身上学习一些东西。“捉住本中心，每个标题都是提醒成人可以从孩子身上得到一些启示。

41. C 表达情感。开头以问句的方式：“孩子悲伤时会怎样?孩子生气时会如何?他们的表达方式与大人不同，成人更多会选择压抑情感，并且会有不好的后果，比如致病。紧接着最后一句算是总结句：我们要找到一种合适的方式表达，像孩子那样。重点在哪里?整段不离的中心意思，重复的出现那就是情感的表达喽。选项为 C

42.E举例子的目的无非是为了证明观点。但是从例子也是可以总结出想要表达的意思的。讲到一个小女孩因为一个廉价的圣诞礼物就可以高兴，并且很快乐，就旨在讲小小的幸福。再来看看例子后面的观点。提到成人的世界里所谓的车啊，房啊之类的貌似会让我们 幸福的东西其实不然。所以一个instead 直接把本段的中心意思表达了出来，那就是幸福来自于小小的事情。对应选项E

43. A 一句话出现在第二句。问句之后，如果我们能够“愚蠢“那么一点点，我们将会有各种好处，对不对。那么这一段几乎大段的篇幅都花在这一句上了，主旨更加明显那就是：去这样做吧。Be silly.

44.B 这一段讲到成人的世界里的确有太多让人烦恼的东西，But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love 享受自己喜欢的东西也是很重要的。接下来举例子，各种具体事例说明那些我们可以做的可以享受的事情，并且最后说出了他们的好处。从前往后一直再说我们应该放松，享受。所以啊，在剩下的可选择的选项中只有have funs比较合适了。

45.D 不要可以去想怎样才幸福，应用了哲人的一句话来说明这个道理，旨在告诉大家当让是过程就是幸福的了。最后可以用排除法。G寻求帮助根本未提及。F 选项可以直接排除。那么对应关系，来看看D 不要想太多。“无欲无求，本就是幸福啦。“最终选定D

Section III Translation

Directions:

Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

46. Directions:

Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple:The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,00 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally - which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.

超市旨在吸引顾客尽可能长时间的停留在店中。其原因很简单：顾客在店里停留的时间越长，看到的商品越多;而看到的商品越多，买的就会越多。超市中出售大量的商品。根据食品推广协会的调查，普通的超市大概有44000种不同的商品;还有很多超市出售的商品高达上万种。如此多的选择足以使顾客面对超负荷的信息。根据脑部扫描实验，需要快速的做这么多决定就会让我们难以承受。大约在购物40分钟之后，大多人就不会再努力做出理性的选择了，取而代之的就是冲动购物——而这时，我们的购物车中已经装了一半根本就没想买的东西了。

Section IV Writing

Part A

Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend Jack wrote an email to congratulate you, and ask advice on translation. Write him a reply to

1)thank him;

2)give your advice.

You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET. Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming ” instead. Do not write the address .(10 point)

参考译文

Dear Jack,

I’m writing to express my gratitude for your congratulation on my success in the translation contest.

As regard to my experience, I would like to offer you some proposals in this part. First and foremost, I strongly suggest you that you need to practice with painstaking effort in this field. What’s more, you had better have more communication with foreigners, which guarantees that you have a deep understanding of foreign culture. Last but not least, you are supposed to participate in some international events to accumulate a wealth of practical experience.

Thanks again and I do hope you could take my suggestions into consideration. I wish you have good luck and make a great success in your future study.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

如大家所见，这是英语二小作文题目。英语(二)考纲的写作部分，其实主要考查学生的应用能力，考查范围包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章;而要求考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词(标点符号不计算在内)的应用性短文。

作为写作B部分的小作文总分10分，大家要抓住得分点。小作文在评分时有如下评分要点：1.信息点——覆盖全面;2.内容——组织连贯;3.语言——准确性;4.格式——符合要求;5.语域——恰当。

预料之中，今年英语二的小作文再次考查了书信体，并且考查的信件可以说是杂糅型的。这在英语二中出现了同样的考查方式：

Suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admitted to a university write him/her a letter to：

(1)Congratulate him/her，and

(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter，Use zhangwei.

如大家所见，这是20英语二小作文题目。英语(二)考纲的写作部分，其实主要考查学生的应用能力，考查范围包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章;而要求考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词(标点符号不计算在内)的应用性短文。

作为写作B部分的小作文总分10分，大家要抓住得分点。小作文在评分时有如下评分要点：1.信息点——覆盖全面;2.内容——组织连贯;3.语言——准确性;4.格式——符合要求;5.语域——恰当。

预料之中，今年英语二的小作文再次考查了书信体，并且考查的信件可以说是杂糅型的。这在20英语二中出现了同样的考查方式：

Suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admitted to a university write him/her a letter to：

(3)Congratulate him/her，and

(4)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life

同样的考查方式，足以说明一件事情——绝对要重视考研真题。老师们总在强调真题的重要性，好多同学不与重视，希望大家以后一定要强化这种认识。

下面我们来详细解读下今年的小作文，首先看一下题目要求：

称呼： Dear Jack注意称呼中，后面的逗号不可丢，也不能写成冒号。

正文

建议大家三步走策略——简洁、直接、明了：写作目的、写作是由、重申目的

第一段：写作内容需涵盖两点：写信目的，表明感谢来自朋友的祝贺;可以采用这样的表达方式：I’m writing to express my gratitude for your congratulation on my success in the translation contest.

第二段： 写作内容应以建议为主体。在这个过程中可以把日常我们如何提高的方式写进正文，比如多加练习、多与外国人交流，多多接触国际事务等。本篇老师主要从这些方面进行论述，表达如下As regard to my experience, I would like to offer you some proposals in this part. First and foremost, I strongly suggest you that you need to practice with painstaking effort in this field. What’s more, you had better have more communication with foreigners, which guarantees that you have a deep understanding of foreign culture. Last but not least, you are supposed to participate in some international events to accumulate a wealth of practical experience.

第三段：再次强调重申写信目的，如Tha Thanks again and I do hope you could take my suggestions into consideration. I wish you have good luck and make a great success in your future study.

落款： Yours sincerely, 特别提醒sincerely后面逗号不能丢;签名： Li Ming特别注意 Ming 后面一定不能出现句点。

Part B

48.Directions:

Write an essay based on the following chart. you should

1) interpret the chart and

2) give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points).

某高校学生旅游目的调查

参考例文：

As is clearly reflected in the above pie chart, the purpose of students travelling abroad demonstrates obvious differences in one college of China. According to the data given, the purpose of enjoying the beautiful landscape takes a comparatively large share, accounting for 37%, while that of relieving pressure also takes away 20% of the whole proportion.

What triggers this phenomenon? It is not difficult to put forward several factors responsible for this phenomenon. To start with, with the rapid economic development of economy, people, including college students, are becoming increasingly wealthy, which enables them to afford the once-deemed- expensive oversea traveling. In order to enjoy the charming landscape all around the world, a large proportion of students choose to travel abroad. What’s more, along with the ever-accelerating improvement of economy and society is also the ever-increasing work and life pressure. Consequently, the purpose of relieving pressure ranks the second among all the purposes for folks to travel around the world.

In view of the arguments above, we can conclude that the current phenomenon is of no surprise. And therefore, it can be predicted that admiring the scenery and alleviating pressure will still be the main purpose for people to arrange a traveling to other countries.

作文解析

今年英语二作文的题目比较好写，因为标题和图示非常清晰明白。图表显示了某高校学生旅游目的调查, 考生分析原因的话也会很简单。下面分三段简要地说一下这三段应该怎么写。

第一段主要是描述图表。图表一目了然，数量词百分比也是大家熟悉的词汇，表述数据时，图中有四五组数据，由于字数的限制以及为了写作的便利可以突出较大比例的“欣赏风景”和“缓解压力”，注意引入百分比的表达方式。

第二段给出你的评论，主要写这种情况的原因。主要要结合图表描述的内容从两个方面写起。一方面为什么为了欣赏风景而旅行的目的占37%， 另一方面为什么缓解压力会占到33%比例。

最后结尾段落可简要得出结论，这种现象并不奇怪，还将继续下去。

篇9：考研英语一小作文命题详解与

英语(一)

PART A

Directions:

Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words, providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)

【命题解析】

继英语(一)和英语(二)考察告示之后，年英语(一)小作文再次考察告示这一题型，再次体现了考研写作命题明显的反押题倾向，同时验证了真题在考研写作命题中至高无上的价值!

在北京新东方面授、新东方在线网课及《考研英语高分写作》等各类书籍中，笔者均反复讲解了告示的写作方法，并提供了大量真题及预测范文。考生如果认真学习过，应该感觉并不难写。同时，本题继之后，再次考察关于大学图书馆的应用文，可以使用20范文中相关表达。

《2016考研英语高分写作》第30页讲解了告示类写作格式，42页讲解了告示类写作方法，51和70页详解了英语(一)和英语(二)两篇告示真题，79/91页提供了两篇告示类预测范文。《2016王江涛考研英语满分范文背诵》第13、41和72页提供了三篇告示类预测范文，214、247页提供了两篇告示类真题范文。《2016考研英语(一)高分写作终极预测20篇》26页也提供了告示类预测范文。《考研英语高分写作素材大全》第192页讲解了告示类真题范文。诸多表达均可使用。

遗憾的是，无数同学在考场上过于紧张或追求速度，审题不清，将本题写成了书信，造成了格式错误，颇为可惜。提醒广大考生：考场上务必认真审题，小作文包含书信、告示、备忘录、报告各种题型，切勿写错。

本题首先第一行正中央需写标题：Notice即可，注意首字母大写，之后不写句号。日期写在标题右下方，书写顺序为月日年，年后切勿写句号。正文写一至三段，现在时和将来时为主。告示的落款可以是个人或单位，写在正文下方中间偏后的位置，与日期基本对齐。

本文首段应对新入学的留学生表示欢迎，并表明写作目的：提供关于图书馆的一些信息。第二段应该具体说明两到三点具体信息，关于书籍、网络、杂志、服务、检索、开馆时间、注意事项均可。第三段可再次向留学生表示欢迎。

【参考范文】

Notice

December 26, 2015

Welcome to our university! As a librarian, I would like to provide you with detailed information as regards our library.

To begin with, since computers are used by all major libraries to streamline cataloguing, we also have access to the Internet via computers. In addition, by the end of last semester, we have already replaced all the outdated facilities and provide more conveniences to readers. The last but not the least, we have just prolonged the opening hour of our library, which is from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m.

In the end, we are so glad to hear that you the opportunity to study in our university. I am sure you will have a wonderful time here.

Li Ming

篇10：考研英语一大作文命题详解与

英语(一)

PART B

Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should

1) describe the pictures briefly,

2) interpret the meaning, and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

【命题解析】

2016年英语(一)大作文并未考察很多辅导机构预测的传统文化、创新、环境保护等当年所谓热门话题，而是继2014年时隔两年之后，再次考察了“两代关系”这一当年次热门话题，体现了目前考研写作命题强烈的反押题倾向!

左图中，一位父亲叼着香烟坐在沙发上津津有味地看着电视上的足球比赛，却要求一旁沮丧失望的儿子好好学习。右图中，夜里九点钟，这位父亲和儿子均在认真学习、伏案疾书。文字说明显示：“与其提出要求，不如做个榜样。”显而易见，本图的主题是：言传身教或以身作则的重要性。

考研写作已经分别于1992、2003、2005、2014共四年考察“两代关系”这一话题，主题分别涉及：代沟、溺爱、养老、尊老爱幼。今年再次考察榜样的重要性，验证了真题在考研写作命题中至高无上的重要地位!同时，本题也可从人生哲理方面进行阐述，考研写作已经于1994、2003、2004、2007、2008、2012、2013共七次考察人生哲理这一话题，主题分别涉及：友谊、独立、坚持、自信、合作、乐观、选择，众多范文均可使用。此外，2006年考研写作曾经考察“偶像崇拜”这一话题，本文亦可借鉴，榜样即正面的偶像。

在北京新东方面授、新东方在线网课及《考研英语高分写作》等各类书籍中，笔者均反复讲解了两代关系与人生哲理类图画作文的写作方法，并提供了大量真题及预测范文。考生如果认真学习过，应该感觉并不难写。

《2016考研英语高分写作》第123、127和149页详解了2003、2005、和2014三篇两代关系类真题，171页提供了两代关系类预测范文。第125、131、133、145和147页详解了2004、2007、2008、2012和2013五篇人生哲理类真题，164、165、166、185、186、187、188页提供了七篇人生哲理类预测范文。

《2016王江涛考研英语满分范文背诵》第79、84、113、115、125、126和128页提供了七篇人生哲理预测范文，226、232页提供了两篇人生哲理类真题范文。《2016考研英语(一)高分写作终极预测20篇》46、93页也提供了两代关系类预测范文与写作框架，74、77、93页提供了人生哲理类预测范文与写作框架。《考研英语高分写作素材大全》第29-33页提供了海量两代关系类素材，127-158页提供了海量人生哲理类素材。诸多表达均可使用。

本文首段应该简要描述图画，首句进行总体描述：人物(一对父子)+动作(两图迥异)+环境(房间中)，接着进行细节描述，两幅图各写一句。第二段进行意义阐释，首句写出主题句，点出图画的中心思想：言传身教，然后可以使用因果、举例、正反等各种手段进行论证。尾段可进行归纳结论或提出建议措施。

【参考范文】

In the pictures above are a father and her beloved son. In the left cartoon, smoking a cigarette and sitting in a sofa comfortably, the father is watching a football match on TV and shouting, “Son, study hard for me!” On the contrary, in the left portrayal, at 9 p.m. , the father is studying together with his son, both totally absorbed in their books. The caption indicates, “Instead of merely making a request, setting an example.”

The purpose of the pictures is to show us that utmost significance should be attached to practicing what you preach. On the one hand, parents teach much more by their actions, than by their words. Some of them may say to their children, “don’t say nasty things about so and so”, and then the children will hear them criticize their friends and neighbors. On the other hand, parenting is such a crucial responsibility, yet there are no required courses to prepare one to undertake this role in life. The only learning is the example from one’s own parents.

To sum up, parents are the best teachers.

Obviously, if parents’ actions don’t conflict their own words, they would have the opportunity to be outstanding examples of their children. Just as an old saying goes, “Action speak louder than words.”

★ 数学考研复习计划

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