歌德名言中英文对照版

歌德名言中英文对照版（精选8篇）由网友“haha780505”投稿提供，这次小编给大家整理过的歌德名言中英文对照版，供大家阅读参考，也相信能帮助到您。

篇1：歌德名言中英文对照版

歌德名言一

Man errs so long as he strives.

人只要奋斗就会犯错误。

歌德名言二

The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it.

人生重要的事情是确定一个伟大的目标，并决心实现它。

歌德名言三

A man who is never satisfied with himself and whom therefore nobody can please.

人要是从来不满意自己，就不会有人能够使他满意。

歌德名言四

A light heart can bear everything.

轻松愉快的心情能够忍受一切。

歌德名言五

Genius is formed in quiet, character in the strenm of life.

天才形成于平静中，性格来自于生活的激流。

歌德名言六

You will never have what you like until you learn to like what you have .

在学会喜欢你已有的东西以前，你永远不会得到你喜欢的东西。

歌德名言七

He is the happiest ,be he King or peasant , who finds peace in his home.

无论是国王还是农夫，家庭和睦是最幸福的。

歌德名言八

Behavior is a mirror in which everyone shows his image.

行为是一面镜子，每个人都把自己的形象显现于其中。

歌德名言九

The decline of literature indicates the decline of a nation ; the two keep in their downwad tendency.

文学的衰落表明一个民族的衰落。这两者走下坡路的时候是齐头并进的。

关于歌德：

歌德对世界文学影响巨大。他的作品被翻译成48种语言，是各国经典的重要组成部分。歌德通晓多种语言，熟悉欧洲国家各历史时代的文学作品和形式，他翻译、戏仿或用这些作品的风格写作。《浮士德》简直是欧洲文学传统的汇集。歌德还对世界各地的民歌有着浓厚的兴趣，积极搜集欧洲主流之外的作品。他参与“世界文学”的最突出的例子是两本诗集《西东诗集》和《中德四季晨昏杂咏》。前者受波斯诗人哈菲兹影响，后者受中国戏剧和小说影响。歌德希望借文化了解来提高宽容度，他的“世界文学”应该称之为“跨文化交流”，指一系列的全球对话和交换。在这些对话和交换中，不同文化的共性日趋明显，个性却也并未被抹杀。歌德通过广泛的学术阅读、文本翻译来了解世界上各种文化的观点，并宽容地对待这些观点，平静地接受或忽略它们。歌德赞同康德艺术和科学相互启发的观点。他的科学实践以及“世界文学”实践都是为了寻找一切生命体在不同中体现出的统一和和谐。

歌德作品传入中国大概是在戊戌前后。1922年，郭沫若全译的《少年维特之烦恼》正式出版，其后他又陆续译出《浮士德》。值得一提的是，歌德的作品对中国启蒙运动发挥过积极影响。新中国成立后，随着中德文化交流的发展，歌德及其作品像一颗闪烁的明星，在中国放射出愈加灿烂的光芒。人民文学出版社出版了汇集中国三代歌德研究者和翻译家学术成果的十卷本《歌德文集》，成为中德文化交流史上的一大盛事。20世纪30年代《浮士德》已走进大学课堂，在有的学校开设的“西洋名著选读”课上被研读。到抗战爆发前夕，短短十几年，歌德的主要作品除《威廉・曼斯特的漫游时代》和《亲和力》两部长篇未译外，几乎全有了中文译本。歌德在中国的流行程度可见一斑。

篇2：《道德经》中英文对照版

《道德经》中英文对照版

第一章：道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。无名，天地之始；有名，万物之母。故常无欲，以观其妙；常有欲，以观其徼。此两者，同出而异名，同谓之玄。玄之又玄，众妙之门。The Way that can be told of is not an Unvarying Way; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. It was from the Nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, 'Only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the Secret Essences' ; He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the Outcomes. These two things issued from the same mould, but nevertheless are different in name. This ' same mould' we can but call the Mystery, Or rather the 'Darker than any Mystery', The Doorway whence issued all Secret Essences.

第二章：天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已；皆知善之为善，斯不善已。故有无相生，难易相成，长短相形，高下相倾，音声相和，前后相随。是以圣人处无为之事，行不言之教，万物作焉而不辞，生而不有，为而不恃，功成而弗居。夫唯弗居，是以不去。It is because every one under Heaven recognizes beauty as beauty,that the idea of ugliness exists. And equally if every one recognized virtue as virtue, this would merely create fresh conceptions of wickedness. For truly 'Being and Not-being grow out of one another; Difficult and easy complete one another. Long and short test one another; High and low determine one another. Pitch and mode give harmony to one another. Front and back give sequence to one another'. Therefore[1] the Sage relies on actionless activity, Carries on wordless teaching, But the myriad creatures are worked upon by him; he does not disown them. He rears them, but does not lay claim to them, Controls them, but does not lean upon them, Achieves his aim, but does not call attention[2] to what he does; And for the very reason that he does not call attention to what he does He is not ejected from fruition of what he has done.[1]Because 'action' can only make one thing high at the expense of making something else low, etc.[2]Literally, 'does not place (i.e.classify) himself as a victor'. cf. MenciusⅡ, Ⅰ;

第三章：不尚贤，使民不争；不贵难得之货，使

篇3：中英文对照版求职信

中英文对照版求职信

中英文版求职信范文

尊敬的领导：

您好!Hello!

首先请允许我向您致以真诚的问候和良好的祝愿!衷心的感谢您在百忙之中翻阅我的这份材料，并祝愿贵单位事业欣欣向荣，蒸蒸日上!

First please allow me to extend the sincere regards and thegood wish to you! Heartfelt thank you in spite of being very busy toglance through my this material, and wishes the expensive unitenterprise to be prosperous, progresses day by day!

我是中山大学电子信息工程专业届毕业生，近期获知贵公司正在招聘人才，我希望能有机会到贵公司工作。

I am sun yat-sen university electronic information project specialized 2,007 sessionsof graduates, in the near future learned your firm is advertising forthe talented person, I hoped can arrive has the opportunity to yourfirm work.

在校期间，我勤奋学习专业知识，并为其投入了巨大的热情和精力.在认真学习课本知识的同时，我积极参加校内外的实践活动，并获得了一些成绩。如单片机开发设计、PCB Layout以及网页设计等方面。大学四年让我的英语水平有所进步,并顺利的通过了国家英语六级考试,具备了一定的听、说、读、写能力,有阅读专业文献的英文功底.

In school period, I diligently study the specialized knowledge, andinvested the huge enthusiasm and the energy for it While earnestlystudies the textbook knowledge, I positively participate in inside andoutside the school practice, and has obtained some result. Ifmonolithic integrated circuit development design, aspect and so on PCBLayout as well as homepage design. The university four years let myEnglish proficiency have progress, and smooth passed the nationalEnglish six levels of tests, had certainly certainly have listened to,to say, to read, write the ability, had the reading specializedliterature English foundation of basic skills

我具备较好的计算机知识和应用能力，能熟练掌握基本应用软件的使用，并能使用C、汇编、VB、HTML等语言进行编程。另外我还能运用Multisim、Protel、Pspice、Auto CAD等专业软件进行相关工作,并多次参加了校内组织的工程实践.利用课余时间我学习了有关网页设计、平面设计以及视频采编的一些知识,能熟练运用网页三剑客制作网页,并能用photoshop、ACDSee等图像处理软件进行有关的设计工作,有使用Adobe premiere pro软件编辑完整视频方案的经历.

I have the better computer knowledge and the application ability, canskilled grasp the basic application software the use, and can uselanguage and so on C, assembly, VB, HTML carries on the programming.Moreover I also can using Multisim, Protel, Pspice, Auto CAD and so onspecialized software carry on the correlation work, and participatedin the project practice many times which in the school organizes Ihave studied some knowledge using 课余时间 which the relatedhomepage design, the plane design as well as the video frequency picksarranges, can skilled manufacture the homepage using the homepagethree swordsmen, and can use picture processing software and so onphotoshop, ACDSee to carry on the related design work, has uses Adobepremiere the pro software editor complete video frequency plan theexperience

我渴望学有所用，渴望自己的知识能够得到实践的检验，更憧憬实践能够丰富我的工作经验和能力的美好未来。

My hope study has uses, to long for own knowledge can obtain thepractice the examination, looked forward to the practice will be ableto enrich my work experience and the ability glorious future.

“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”，我真诚地希望加盟贵公司，我定会以饱满的热情和坚韧的性格勤奋工作，与同事精诚合作，为贵单位的发展尽自己的绵薄之力。

“The great ambition can sometimes, directly link up the cloud sail toaid the sea”, I sincerely hoped alliance your firm, I surely can by befull warm and the tenacious disposition diligent work, with colleague精诚 cooperation, for the expensive units strength of developmentown meagre strength.

随信附上简历和其他材料一份，如需更深了解，期盼您的面试!

Along with letter enclosed resume and other material, if must a deeperunderstanding, hope for your interviewing!

篇4：合同法中英文对照版

General Provisions

总则

Chapter 1 General Provisions

第一章 一般规定

Article 1 This Law is enacted in order to protect the lawful rights andinterests of the contracting parties, to maintain social and economic order,and to promote the process of socialist modernization.

第一条 【立法目的】为了保护合同当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义现代化建设，制定本法。

Article 2 A contract in this Law refers to an agreement among naturalpersons, legal persons or other organizations as equal parties for theestablishment, modification of a relationship involving the civil rights andobligations of such entities.

Agreements concerning personal relationships such as marriage, adoption,guardianship, etc.

hall be governed by the provisions in other laws.

第二条 【合同定义】本法所称合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。

婚姻、收养、监护等有关身份关系的协议，适用其他法律的规定。

Article 3 Contracting parties shall have equal legal status, and no partymay impose its will on the other party.

第三条 【平等原则】合同当事人的法律地位平等，一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一方。

Article 4 The parties have the right to lawfully enter into a contract oftheir own free will in accordance with the law, and no unit or individual mayillegally interfere therewith.

第四条 【合同自由原则】当事人依法享有自愿订立合同的权利，任何单位和个人不得非法干预。

Article 5 The parties shall adhere to the principle of fairness indeciding their respective rights and obligations.

第五条 【公平原则】当事人应当遵循公平原则确定各方的权利和义务。

Article 6 The parties shall observe the principle of honesty and goodfaith in exercising their rights and performing their obligations.

第六条 【诚实信用原则】当事人行使权利、履行义务应当遵循诚实信用原则。

Article 7 In concluding and performing a contract, the parties shallcomply with the laws and administrative regulations, respect social ethics, andshall not disrupt the social and economic order or impair the public interests.

第七条 【遵纪守法原则】当事人订立、履行合同，应当遵守法律、行政法规，尊重社会公德，不得扰乱社会经济秩序，损害社会公共利益。

Article 8 A lawfully established contract shall be legally binding on theparties thereto, each of whom shall perform its own obligations in accordancewith the terms of the contract, and no party shall unilaterally modify orterminate the contract.

The contract established according to law is protected by law.

第八条 【依合同履行义务原则】依法成立的合同，对当事人具有法律约束力。

当事人应当按照约定履行自己的义务，不得擅自变更或者解除合同。

依法成立的合同，受法律保护。

Chapter 2 Conclusion of Contracts

第二章 合同的订立

Article 9 In entering into a contract, the parties shall have appropriatecapacities for civil rights and civil acts.

A party may appoint an agent to enter into a contract on its behalf inaccordance with the law.

第九条 【订立合同的能力】当事人订立合同，应当具有相应的民事权利能力和民事行为能力。

当事人依法可以委托代理人订立合同。

Article 10 The parties may use written, oral or other forms in enteringinto a contract.

A contract shall be in written form if the laws or administrativeregulations so provide.

A contract shall be concluded in written form if theparties so agree.

第十条 【合同的形式】当事人订立合同，有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。

法律、行政法规规定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。

当事人约定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。

Article 11 “Written form” refers to a form such as a writtencontractual agreement, letter, electronic data text(including a telegram,telex, fax, electronic data exchange and e-mail)that can tangibly express thecontents contained therein.

第十一条 【书面形式】书面形式是指合同书、信件和数据电文(包括电报、电传、传真、电子数据交换和电子邮件)等可以有形地表现所载内容的形式。

Article 12 The contents of a contract shall be agreed upon by the parties,and shall generally contain the following clauses:

(1) titles or names and domiciles of the parties;

(2) subject matter;

(3) quantity;

(4) quality;

(5) price or remuneration;

(6) time limit, place and method of performance;

(7) liability for breach of contract; and

(8) method to settle disputes.

The parties may conclude a contract by reference to a model text of eachkind of contract.

第十二条 【合同内容】合同的内容由当事人约定，一般包括以下条款：

(一)当事人的名称或者姓名和住所;

(二)标的;

(三)数量;

(四)质量;

(五)价款或者报酬;

(六)履行期限、地点和方式;

(七)违约责任;

(八)解决争议的方法。

当事人可以参照各类合同的示范文本订立合同。

Article 13 The parties shall conclude a contract in the form of an offerand an acceptance.

第十三条 【订立合同方式】当事人订立合同，采取要约、承诺方式。

Article 14 An offer is an expression of an intent to enter into a contractwith another person.

Such expression of intent shall comply with the following:

(1) its contents shall be specific and definite;

(2) it indicates that the offeror will be bound by the expression ofintent in case of acceptance by the offeree.

第十四条 【要约】要约是希望和他人订立合同的意思表示，该意思表示应当符合下列规定：

(一)内容具体确定;

(二)表明经受要约人承诺，要约人即受该意思表示约束。

Article 15 An invitation for offer is an expression of an intent to inviteother parties to make offers thereto.

Mailed price lists, public notices ofauction and tender, prospectuses and commercial advertisements, etc.

areinvitations for offer.

Where the contents of a commercial advertisement meet the requirements foran offer, it shall be regarded as an offer.

第十五条 【要约邀请】要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的意思表示。

寄送的价目表、拍卖公告、招标公告、招股说明书、商业广告等为要约邀请。

商业广告的内容符合要约规定的，视为要约。

Article 16 An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.

If a contract is concluded through data-telex, and a recipient designatesa specific system to receive the date-telex, the time when the data-telexenters such specific system shall be the time of arrival; if no specific systemis appointed, the time when the data-telex first enters any of the recipient'ssystems shall be regarded as the time of arrival.

第十六条 【要约的生效】要约到达受要约人时生效。

采用数据电文形式订立合同，收件人指定特定系统接收数据电文的，该数据电文进入该特定系统的时间，视为到达时间;未指定特定系统的，该数据电文进入收件人的任何系统的首次时间，视为到达时间。

Article 17 An offer may be withdrawn.

The withdrawal notice shall reachthe offeree before or at the same time when the offer arrives.

第十七条 【要约的撤回】要约可以撤回。

撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。

Article 18 An offer may be revoked.

The revocation notice shall reach theofferee before it has dispatched a notice of acceptance.

第十八条 【要约的撤销】要约可以撤销。

撤销要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前到达受要约人。

Article 19 An offer may not be revoked, if

(1) the offeror indicates a fixed time for acceptance or otherwiseexplicitly states that the offer is irrevocable; or

(2) the offeree has reasons to rely on the offer as being irrevocable andhas made preparation for performing the contact.

第十九条 【要约不得撤销的情形】有下列情形之一的，要约不得撤销：

(一)要约人确定了承诺期限或者以其他形式明示要约不可撤销;

(二)受要约人有理由认为要约是不可撤销的，并已经为履行合同作了准备工作。

Article 20 An offer shall lose efficacy under any of the followingcircumstances:

(1) the notice of rejection reaches the offeror;

(2) the offeror revokes the offer in accordance with the law;

(3) the offeree fails to dispatch an acceptance before the expiration ofthe time limit for acceptance;

(4) the offeree makes substantial changes to the contents of the offer.

第二十条 【要约的失效】有下列情形之一的，要约失效：

(一)拒绝要约的通知到达要约人;

(二)要约人依法撤销要约;

(三)承诺期限届满，受要约人未作出承诺;

(四)受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更。

Article 21 An acceptance is the expression of an intention to by theofferee to assent to the offer.

第二十一条 【承诺的定义】承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。

Article 22 The acceptance shall be made in the form of a notice, exceptwhere acceptance may be made by an act on the basis of customary businesspractice or as expressed in the offer.

第二十二条 【承诺的方式】承诺应当以通知的方式作出，但根据交易习惯或者要约表明可以通过行为作出承诺的除外。

Article 23 An acceptance shall reach the offeror within the time limitprescribed in the offer.

Where no time limit is prescribed in the offer, the acceptance shall reachthe offeror in accordance with the following provisions:

(1) if the offer is made in dialogues, the acceptance shall be madeimmediately unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties;

(2) If the offer is made in forms other than a dialogue, the acceptanceshall reach the offeror within a reasonable period of time.

第二十三条 【承诺的期限】承诺应当在要约确定的期限内到达要约人。

要约没有确定承诺期限的，承诺应当依照下列规定到达：

(一)要约以对话方式作出的，应当即时作出承诺，但当事人另有约定的除外;

(二)要约以非对话方式作出的，承诺应当在合理期限内到达。

Article 24 Where an offer is made by letter or telegram, the time limitfor acceptance shall accrue from the date shown in the letter or from the dateon which the telegram is handed in for dispatch.

If no such date is shown inthe letter, it shall accrue from the postmark date on the envelope.

Where an offer is made by means of instantaneous communication, such astelephone or facsimile, etc.

the time limit for acceptance shall accrue fromthe moment that the offer reaches the offeree.

第二十四条 【承诺期限的起点】要约以信件或者电报作出的，承诺期限自信件载明的日期或者电报交发之日开始计算。

信件未载明日期的，自投寄该信件的邮戳日期开始计算。

要约以电话、传真等快速通讯方式作出的，承诺期限自要约到达受要约人时开始计算。

Article 25 A contract is established when the acceptance becomeseffective.

第二十五条 【合同成立时间】承诺生效时合同成立。

Article 26 An acceptance becomes effective when its notice reaches theofferor.

If notice of acceptance is not required, the acceptance shall becomeeffective when an act of acceptance is performed in accordance with transactionpractices or as required in the offer.

Where a contract is concluded in the form of date-telex, the time ofarrival of an acceptance shall be governed by the provisions of Paragraph 2,Article 16 of this Law.

第二十六条 【承诺的生效】承诺通知到达要约人时生效。

承诺不需要通知的，根据交易习惯或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效。

采用数据电文形式订立合同的，承诺到达的时间适用本法第十六条第二款的规定。

Article 27 An acceptance may be withdrawn, but a notice of withdrawalshall reach the offeror before or at the same time when the notice ofacceptance reaches the offeror.

第二十七条 【承诺的撤回】承诺可以撤回。

撤回承诺的通知应当在承诺通知到达要约人之前或者与承诺通知同时到达要约人。

Article 28 Where an offeree makes an acceptance beyond the time limit foracceptance, the acceptance shall be a new offer except that the offerorpromptly informs the offeree of the effectiveness of the said acceptance.

第二十八条 【新要约】受要约人超过承诺期限发出承诺的，除要约人及时通知受要约人该承诺有效的以外，为新要约。

Article 29 If the offeree dispatched the acceptance within the time limit specifiedfor acceptance, and under normal circumstances the acceptance would havereached the offeror in due time, but due to other reasons the acceptancereaches the offeror after the time limit for acceptance has expired,suchacceptance shall be effective, unless the offeror notifies the offeree in atimely manner that it does not accept the acceptance due to the failure of theacceptance to arrive within the time limit.

第二十九条 【迟到的承诺】受要约人在承诺期限内发出承诺，按照通常情形能够及时到达要约人，但因其他原因承诺到达要约人时超过承诺期限的，除要约人及时通知受要约人因承诺超过期限不接受该承诺的以外，该承诺有效。

Article 30 The contents of an acceptance shall comply with those of theoffer.

If the offeree substantially modifies the contents of the offer, itshall constitute a new offer.

The modification relating to the subject matter,quality, quantity, price or remuneration, time or place or method ofperformance, liabilities for breach of contract and method of disputeresolution, etc.

shall constitute the substantial modification of an offer.

第三十条 【承诺的变更】承诺的内容应当与要约的内容一致。

受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更的，为新要约。

有关合同标的、数量、质量、价款或者报酬、履行期限、履行地点和方式、违约责任和解决争议方法等的变更，是对要约内容的实质性变更。

Article 31 If the acceptance does not substantially modifies the contentsof the offer, it shall be effective, and the contents of the contract shall besubject to those of the acceptance, except as rejected promptly by the offeroror indicated in the offer that an acceptance may not modify the offer at all.

第三十一条 【承诺的内容】承诺对要约的内容作出非实质性变更的，除要约人及时表示反对或者要约表明承诺不得对要约的内容作出任何变更的以外，该承诺有效，合同的内容以承诺的内容为准。

Article 32 Where the parties conclude a contract in written form, thecontract is established when it is signed or sealed by the parties.

第三十二条 【合同成立时间】当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，自双方当事人签字或者盖章时合同成立。

Article 33 Where the parties conclude the contract in the form of lettersor data-telex, etc.

, one party may request to sign a letter of confirmationbefore the conclusion of the contract.

The contract shall be established at thetime when the letter of confirmation is signed.

第三十三条 【确认书与合同成立】当事人采用信件、数据电文等形式订立合同的，可以在合同成立之前要求签订确认书。

签订确认书时合同成立。

Article 34 The place of effectiveness of an acceptance shall be the placeof the establishment of the contract.

If the contract is concluded in the form of data-telex, the main businessplace of the recipient shall be the place of establishment.

If the recipientdoes not have a main business place, its habitual residence shall be consideredto be the place of establishment.

Where the parties agree otherwise, such agreementshall apply.

第三十四条 【合同成立地点】承诺生效的地点为合同成立的地点。

采用数据电文形式订立合同的，收件人的主营业地为合同成立的地点;没有主营业地的，其经常居住地为合同成立的地点。

当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。

Article 35 Where the parties conclude a contract in written form, theplace where both parties sign or affix their seals on the contract shall be theplace of establishment.

第三十五条 【书面合同成立地点】当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，双方当事人签字或者盖章的地点为合同成立的地点。

Article 36 Where a contract is to be concluded in written form as requiredby relevant laws and administrative regulations or as agreed by the parties,and the parties failed to conclude the contract in written form, but one partyhas performed the principal obligation and the other party has accepted it, thecontract is established.

第三十六条 【书面合同与合同成立】法律、行政法规规定或者当事人约定采用书面形式订立合同，当事人未采用书面形式但一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受的，该合同成立。

Article 37 Where a contract is to be concluded in written form, if oneparty has performed its principal obligation and the other party has acceptedit before signing or sealing of the contract, the contract is established.

第三十七条 【合同书与合同成立】采用合同书形式订立合同，在签字或者盖章之前，当事人一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受的，该合同成立。

Article 38 Where the State has issued a mandatory plan or a Statepurchasing order based on necessity,the relevant legal persons and the otherorganizations shall conclude a contract between them in accordance with the rightsand obligations as stipulated by the relevant laws and administrativeregulations.

第三十八条 【依国家计划订立合同】国家根据需要下达指令性任务或者国家订货任务的，有关法人、其他组织之间应当依照有关法律、行政法规规定的权利和义务订立合同。

Article 39 Where standard terms are adopted in concluding a contract, theparty supplying the standard terms shall define the rights and obligationsbetween the parties abiding by the principle of fairness, and shall inform theother party to note the exclusion or restriction of its liabilities in areasonable way, and shall explain the standard terms upon request by the other

party.

Standard terms are clauses that are prepared in advance for general andrepeated use by one party, and which are not negotiated with the other partywhen the contract in concluded.

第三十九条 【格式合同条款定义及使用人义务】采用格式条款订立合同的，提供格式条款的一方应当遵循公平原则确定当事人之间的权利和义务，并采取合理的方式提请对方注意免除或者限制其责任的条款，按照对方的要求，对该条款予以说明。

格式条款是当事人为了重复使用而预先拟定，并在订立合同时未与对方协商的条款。

Article 40 When standard terms are under the circumstances stipulated inArticles 52 and 53 of this Law,or the party which supplies the standard termsexempts itself from its liabilities, increases the liabilities of the otherparty, and deprives the material rights of the other party, the terms shall beinvalid.

第四十条 【格式合同条款的无效】格式条款具有本法第五十二条和第五十三条规定情形的，或者提供格式条款一方免除其责任、加重对方责任、排除对方主要权利的，该条款无效。

Article 41 If a dispute over the understanding of the standard termsoccurs, it shall be interpreted in accordance with common understanding.

Wherethere are two or more kinds of interpretation, an interpretation unfavorable tothe party supplying the standard terms shall prevail.

Where the standard termsare inconsistent with non-standard terms, the latter shall prevail.

第四十一条 【格式合同的解释】对格式条款的理解发生争议的，应当按照通常理解予以解释。

对格式条款有两种以上解释的，应当作出不利于提供格式条款一方的解释。

格式条款和非格式条款不一致的，应当采用非格式条款。

Article 42 The party shall be liable for damage if it is under one of thefollowing circumstances in concluding a contract and thus causing losses to theother party:

(1) pretending to conclude a contract, and negotiating in bad faith;

(2) deliberately concealing important facts relating to the conclusion ofthe contract or providing false information;

(3) performing other acts which violate the principle of good faith.

第四十二条 【缔约过失】当事人在订立合同过程中有下列情形之一，给对方造成损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任：

(一)假借订立合同，恶意进行磋商;

(二)故意隐瞒与订立合同有关的重要事实或者提供虚假情况;

(三)有其他违背诚实信用原则的行为。

Article 43 A trade secret the parties learn in concluding a contract shallnot be disclosed or improperly used, no matter the contract is established ornot.

If the party discloses or improperly uses such trade secret and thuscausing loss to the other party, it shall be liable for damages.

第四十三条 【保密义务】当事人在订立合同过程中知悉的商业秘密，无论合同是否成立，不得泄露或者不正当地使用。

泄露或者不正当地使用该商业秘密给对方造成损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Chapter 3 Validity of Contracts

第三章 合同的效力

Article 44The contract established according to law becomes effective uponits establishment.

With regard to contracts that are subject to approval or registration asstipulated by relevant laws or administrative regulations, the provisionsthereof shall be followed.

第四十四条 【合同的生效】依法成立的合同，自成立时生效。

法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、登记等手续生效的，依照其规定。

Article 45 The parties may agree on that the effectiveness of a contractbe subject to certain conditions.

A contract whose effectiveness is subject tocertain conditions shall become effective when such conditions areaccomplished.

The contract with dissolving conditions shall become invalid whensuch conditions are satisfied.

If a party improperly prevent the satisfaction of a condition for its owninterests, the condition shall be regarded as having been accomplished.

If aparty improperly facilitates the satisfaction of a condition, such conditionshall be regarded as not to have been satisfied.

第四十五条 【附条件的合同】当事人对合同的效力可以约定附条件。

附生效条件的合同，自条件成就时生效。

附解除条件的合同，自条件成就时失效。

当事人为自己的利益不正当地阻止条件成就的，视为条件已成就;不正当地促成条件成就的，视为条件不成就。

Article 46 The parties may agree on a conditional time period as to theeffectiveness of the contract.

A contract subject to an effective time periodshall come into force when the period expires.

A contract with termination timeperiod shall become invalid when the period expires.

第四十六条 【附期限的合同】当事人对合同的效力可以约定附期限。

附生效期限的合同，自期限届至时生效。

附终止期限的合同，自期限届满时失效。

Article 47 A contract concluded by a person with limited civil capacity ofconduct shall be effective after being ratified afterwards by the person'sstatutory agent, but a pure profit-making contract or a contract concludedwhich is appropriate to the person's age, intelligence or mental healthconditions need not be ratified by the person's statutory agent.

The counterpart may urge the statutory agent to ratify the contract withinone month.

It shall be regarded as a refusal of ratification that the statutoryagent does not make any expression.

A bona fide counterpart has the right towithdraw it before the contract is ratified.

The withdrawal shall be made bymeans of notice.

第四十七条 【限制行为能力人订立的合同】限制民事行为能力人订立的合同，经法定代理人追认后，该合同有效，但纯获利益的合同或者与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应而订立的合同，不必经法定代理人追认。

相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认。

法定代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。

合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。

撤销应当以通知的方式作出。

Article 48 A contract concluded by an actor who as no power of agency, whooversteps the power of agency, or whose power of agency has expired and yetconcludes it on behalf of the principal, shall have no legally binding force onthe principal without ratification by the principal, and the actor shall beheld liable.

The counterpart may urge the principal to ratify it within one month.

Itshall be regarded as a refusal of ratification that the principal does not makeany expression.

A bona fide counterpart has the right to withdraw it before thecontract is ratified.

The withdrawal shall be made by means of notice.

第四十八条 【无权代理人订立的合同】行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立的合同，未经被代理人追认，对被代理人不发生效力，由行为人承担责任。

相对人可以催告被代理人在一个月内予以追认。

被代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。

合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。

撤销应当以通知的方式作出。

Article 49 If an actor has no power of agency, oversteps the power ofagency, or the power of agency has expired and yet concludes a contract in theprincipal's name, and the counterpart has reasons to trust that the actor hasthe power of agency, the act of agency shall be effective.

第四十九条 【表见代理】行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立合同，相对人有理由相信行为人有代理权的，该代理行为有效。

Article 50 Where a statutory representative or a responsible person of alegal person or other organization oversteps his/her power and concludes acontract, the representative act shall be effective except that the counterpartknows or ought to know that he/she is overstepping his/her powers.

第五十条 【法定代表人越权行为】法人或者其他组织的法定代表人、负责人超越权限订立的合同，除相对人知道或者应当知道其超越权限的以外，该代表行为有效。

Article 51 Where a person having no right to disposal of property disposesof other persons' properties,and the principal ratifies the act afterwards orthe person without power of disposal has obtained the power after concluding acontract, the contract shall be valid.

第五十一条 【无处分权人订立的合同】无处分权的人处分他人财产，经权利人追认或者无处分权的人订立合同后取得处分权的，该合同有效。

Article 52 A contract shall be null and void under any of the followingcircumstances:

(1) a contract is concluded through the use of fraud or coercion by oneparty to damage the interests of the State;

(2) malicious collusion is conducted to damage the interests of the State,a collective or a third party;

(3) an illegitimate purpose is concealed under the guise of legitimateacts;

(4) damaging the public interests;

(5) violating the compulsory provisions of laws and administrativeregulations.

第五十二条 【合同无效的法定情形】有下列情形之一的，合同无效：

(一)一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同，损害国家利益;

(二)恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益;

(三)以合法形式掩盖非法目的;

(四)损害社会公共利益;

(五)违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定。

Article 53 The following exception clauses in a contract shall be null andvoid:

(1) those that cause personal injury to the other party;

(2) those that cause property damages to the other party as result ofdeliberate intent or gross negligence.

第五十三条 【合同免责条款的无效】合同中的下列免责条款无效：

(一)造成对方人身伤害的;

(二)因故意或者重大过失造成对方财产损失的。

Article 54 A party shall have the right to request the people's court oran arbitration institution to modify or revoke the following contracts:

(1) those concluded as a result of significant misconception;

(2) those that are obviously unfair at the time when concluding thecontract.

If a contract is concluded by one party against the other party's trueintentions through the use of fraud, coercion, or exploitation of the otherparty's unfavorable position, the injured party shall have the right to requestthe people's court or an arbitration institution to modify or revoke it.

Where a party requests for modification, the people's court or thearbitration institution may not revoke the contract.

第五十四条 【可撤销合同】下列合同，当事人一方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销：

(一)因重大误解订立的;

(二)在订立合同时显失公平的。

一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下订立的合同，受损害方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销。

当事人请求变更的，人民法院或者仲裁机构不得撤销。

Article 55 The right to revoke a contract shall extinguish under any ofthe following circumstances:

(1) a party having the right to revoke the contract fails to exercise theright within one year from the day that it knows or ought to know the revokingcauses;

(2) a party having the right to revoke the contract explicitly expressesor conducts an act to waive the right after it knows the revoking causes.

第五十五条 【撤销权的消灭】有下列情形之一的，撤销权消灭：

(一)具有撤销权的当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内没有行使撤销权;

(二)具有撤销权的当事人知道撤销事由后明确表示或者以自己的行为放弃撤销权。

Article 56 A contract that is null and void or revoked shall have nolegally binding force ever from the very beginning.

If part of a contract isnull and void without affecting the validity of the other parts, the otherparts shall still be valid.

第五十六条 【合同自始无效与部分有效】无效的合同或者被撤销的合同自始没有法律约束力。

合同部分无效，不影响其他部分效力的，其他部分仍然有效。

Article 57 If a contract is null and void, revoked or terminated, it shallnot affect the validity of the dispute settlement clause which is independentlyexisting in the contract.

第五十七条 【合同解决争议条款的效力】合同无效、被撤销或者终止的，不影响合同中独立存在的有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。

Article 58 The property acquired as a result of a contract shall bereturned after the contract is confirmed to be null and void or has beenrevoked; where the property can not be returned or the return is unnecessary,it shall be reimbursed at its estimated price.

The party at fault shallcompensate the other party for losses incurred as a result therefrom.

If bothparties are fault, each party shall respectively be liable.

第五十八条 【合同无效或被撤销的法律后果】合同无效或者被撤销后，因该合同取得的财产，应当予以返还;不能返还或者没有必要返还的，应当折价补偿。

有过错的一方应当赔偿对方因此所受到的损失，双方都有过错的，应当各自承担相应的责任。

Article 59 If the parties have maliciously conducted collusion to damagethe interests of the State, a collective or a third party, the property thusacquired shall be turned over to the State or returned to the collective or thethird party.

第五十九条 【恶意串通获取财产的返还】当事人恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的，因此取得的财产收归国家所有或者返还集体、第三人。

Chapter 4 Performance of Contracts

第四章 合同的履行

Article 60 Each party shall fully perform its own obligations as agreedupon.

The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith, and performobligations of notification, assistance, and confidentiality, etc.

inaccordance with the nature and purpose of the contract and the transactionpractice.

第六十条 【严格履行与诚实信用】当事人应当按照约定全面履行自己的义务。

当事人应当遵循诚实信用原则，根据合同的性质、目的和交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。

Article 61 Where, after the contract becomes effective, there is noagreement in the contract between the parties on such contents as quality,price or remuneration, or place of performance etc.

, or such agreement isambiguous, the parties may agree upon supplementary terms through consultation;if a supplementary agreement cannot be reached, such terms shall be determinedin accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract or the transactionpractices.

第六十一条 【合同约定不明的补救】合同生效后，当事人就质量、价款或者报酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明确的，可以协议补充;不能达成补充协议的，按照合同有关条款或者交易习惯确定。

Article 62 Where certain contents agreed upon by the parties in thecontract are ambiguous and cannot be determined in accordance with theprovisions in Article 61 of this Law, the following provisions shall beapplied:

(1) if quality requirement is not clear, performance shall be inaccordance with the state standard or industry standard; absent any state orindustry standard, performance shall be in accordance with the customarystandard or any particular standard consistent with the purpose of the contract;

(2) if price or remuneration is not clear, performance shall be inaccordance with the prevailing market price at the place of performance at thetime the contract was concluded, and if adoption of a price commissioned by thegovernment or based on government issued pricing guidelines is required by law,such requirement applies;

(3) where the place of performance is not clear, if the obligation ispayment of money, performance shall be at the place where the payee is located;if the obligation is delivery of immovable property, performance shall be atthe place where the immovable property is located;for any other subject matter,performance shall be effected at the place of location of the party fulfillingthe obligations.

(4) if the time of performance is not clear, the obligor may perform, andthe obligee may require performance, at any time, provided that the other partyshall be given the time required for preparation;

(5) if the method of performance is not clear, performance shall berendered in a manner which is conducive to realizing the purpose of thecontract;

(6) if the responsibility for the expenses of performance is not clear,the party fulfilling the obligations shall bear the expenses.

第六十二条 【合同约定不明时的履行】当事人就有关合同内容约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适用下列规定：

(一)质量要求不明确的，按照国家标准、行业标准履行;没有国家标准、行业标准的，按照通常标准或者符合合同目的的特定标准履行。

(二)价款或者报酬不明确的，按照订立合同时履行地的市场价格履行;依法应当执行政府定价或者政府指导价的，按照规定履行。

(三)履行地点不明确，给付货币的，在接受货币一方所在地履行;交付不动产的，在不动产所在地履行;其他标的，在履行义务一方所在地履行。

(四)履行期限不明确的，债务人可以随时履行，债权人也可以随时要求履行，但应当给对方必要的准备时间。

(五)履行方式不明确的，按照有利于实现合同目的的方式履行。

(六)履行费用的负担不明确的，由履行义务一方负担。

Article 63 Where the government-fixed price or government-directed priceis followed in a contract, if the said price is readjusted within the timelimit for delivery as stipulated in the contract, the payment shall becalculated according to the price at the time of delivery.

Where a party delaysin delivering the subject matter, the original price shall be adopted if theprice rises; and the new price shall be adopted if the price falls.

Where aparty delays in taking delivery of the subject matter or making payment, thenew price shall be adopted if the price rises, and the original price shall beadopted if the price falls.

第六十三条 【交付期限与价格执行】执行政府定价或者政府指导价的，在合同约定的交付期限内政府价格调整时，按照交付时的价格计价。

逾期交付标的物的，遇价格上涨时，按照原价格执行;价格下降时，按照新价格执行。

逾期提取标的物或者逾期付款的，遇价格上涨时，按照新价格执行;价格下降时，按照原价格执行。

Article 64 Where the parties agree that the obligor shall perform theobligations to a third party, and the obligor fails to perform its obligationsto such third party or its performance of the obligations is not in conformitywith the agreement, the obligor shall be liable to the obligee for breach ofcontract.

第六十四条 【向第三人履行合同】当事人约定由债务人向第三人履行债务的，债务人未向第三人履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，应当向债权人承担违约责任。

Article 65 Where the parties agree that a third party performs theobligations to the obligee, and the third party fails to perform theobligations or the performance is not in conformity with the agreement, theobligor shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract.

第六十五条 【第三人不履行合同的责任承担】当事人约定由第三人向债权人履行债务，第三人不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，债务人应当向债权人承担违约责任。

Article 66 Where both parties have obligations toward one another andthere is no order of priority in respect of the performance of obligations, theparties shall perform the obligations simultaneously.

Each party has the rightto reject any demand by the other party for performance prior to theperformance by the other party.

If the performance of the obligations of theparty who is to perform first is not in conformity with the agreement, theparty who is perform later has the right to reject the other party's demand forcorresponding performance.

第六十六条 【同时履行抗辩权】当事人互负债务，没有先后履行顺序的，应当同时履行。

一方在对方履行之前有权拒绝其履行要求。

一方在对方履行债务不符合约定时，有权拒绝其相应的履行要求。

Article 67 Where both parties have obligations toward each other and thereis an order of priority in respect of the performance, and the party who is toperform first fails to perform, the party who is to perform later has the rightto reject the other party's demand for performance.

If the performance of theobligations of the party who is to perform first is not in conformity with the

agreement, the party who is to perform later has the right to reject theother party's demand for corresponding performance.

第六十七条 【先履行义务】当事人互负债务，有先后履行顺序，先履行一方未履行的，后履行一方有权拒绝其履行要求。

先履行一方履行债务不符合约定的，后履行一方有权拒绝其相应的履行要求。

Article 68 The party required to perform first may suspend its performanceif it has conclusive evidence showing that the other party is under any of thefollowing circumstances:

(1) its business has seriously deteriorated;

(2) it has engaged in transfer of assets or withdrawal of funds for thepurpose of evading debts;

(3) it has lost its business creditworthiness;

(4) it is in any other circumstance which will or may cause it to lose itsability to perform.

Where a party suspends performance without conclusive evidence, it shallbe liable for breach of contract.

第六十八条 【不安抗辩权】应当先履行债务的当事人，有确切证据证明对方有下列情形之一的，可以中止履行：

(一)经营状况严重恶化;

(二)转移财产、抽逃资金，以逃避债务;

(三)丧失商业信誉;

(四)有丧失或者可能丧失履行债务能力的其他情形。

当事人没有确切证据中止履行的，应当承担违约责任。

Article 69 If a party suspends its performance in accordance with theprovisions of Article 68 of this Law, it shall timely notify the other party.

If the other party provides appropriate assurance for its performance, theparty shall resume performance.

After performance was suspended, if the otherparty fails to regain its ability to perform and fails to provide appropriateassurance within a reasonable time, the suspending party may terminate thecontract.

第六十九条 【不安抗辩权的行使】当事人依照本法第六十八条的规定中止履行的，应当及时通知对方。

对方提供适当担保时，应当恢复履行。

中止履行后，对方在合理期限内未恢复履行能力并且未提供适当担保的，中止履行的一方可以解除合同。

Article 70 Where the obligee fails to notify the obligor of itsseparation, merger, or change of the domicile, thereby making it difficult forthe obligor to perform its obligations, the obligor may suspend its performanceor escrow the subject matter.

第七十条 【因债权人原因致债务履行困难的处理】债权人分立、合并或者变更住所没有通知债务人，致使履行债务发生困难的，债务人可以中止履行或者将标的物提存。

Article 71 The obligee may reject the obligor's advance performanceof its obligations, except that the advance performance does not harm theobligee's interests.

Any additional expense incurred by the obligee due to the obligor'sadvance performance of its obligations shall be borne by the obligor.

第七十一条 【债务的提前履行】债权人可以拒绝债务人提前履行债务，但提前履行不损害债权人利益的除外。

债务人提前履行债务给债权人增加的费用，由债务人负担。

Article 72 An obligee may reject the obligor's partial performance, exceptthat the partial performance of its obligations does not harm the obligee'sinterests.

Any additional expense incurred by the obligee due to the obligor'spartial performance of its obligations shall be borne by the obligor.

第七十二条 【债务的部分履行】债权人可以拒绝债务人部分履行债务，但部分履行不损害债权人利益的除外。

债务人部分履行债务给债权人增加的费用，由债务人负担。

Article 73 Where the obligor is remiss in exercising its due creditor'sright, thereby harming the obligee's interests, the obligee may petition thePeople's Court for subrogation in its own name,except that the creditor's rightexclusively belongs to the obligor.

The extent to which the subrogation rights can be exercised is limited tothe obligee's rights.

The expenses necessary for the obligee to exercise suchsubrogation rights shall be borne by the obligor.

第七十三条 【债权人的代位权】因债务人怠于行使其到期债权，对债权人造成损害的，债权人可以向人民法院请求以自己的名义代位行使债务人的债权，但该债权专属于债务人自身的除外。

代位权的行使范围以债权人的债权为限。

债权人行使代位权的必要费用，由债务人负担。

Article 74 Where the obligor waives its creditor's right against a thirdparty that is due or assigns its property without reward, thereby harming theobligee's interests, the obligee may petition the People's Court forcancellation of the obligor's act.

Where the obligor assigns its property

at a low price which is manifestly unreasonable, thereby harming theobligee's interests, and the assignee is aware of the situation, the obligeemay also petition the People's Court for cancellation of the obligor's act.

The extent to which the right to cancel can be exercised is limited to therights of the obligee.

The expenses necessary for the obligee to exercise theright to cancel shall be borne by the obligor.

第七十四条 【债权人的撤销权】因债务人放弃其到期债权或者无偿转让财产，对债权人造成损害的，债权人可以请求人民法院撤销债务人的行为。

债务人以明显不合理的低价转让财产，对债权人造成损害，并且受让人知道该情形的，债权人也可以请求人民法院撤销债务人的行为。

撤销权的行使范围以债权人的债权为限。

债权人行使撤销权的必要费用，由债务人负担。

Article 75 The right to cancel shall be exercised within one year form thedate the obligee knows or should have known of the matter for cancellation.

Such right to cancel shall lapse if the obligee fails to exercise such rightswithin five years from the date of the occurrence of such act.

第七十五条 【撤销权的期间】撤销权自债权人知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内行使。

自债务人的行为发生之日起五年内没有行使撤销权的，该撤销权消灭。

Article 76 Once a contract becomes effective, a party may not refuse toperform its obligations thereunder due to a change in its name, or its legalrepresentative, the person in charge, or the person handling the contract.

第七十六条 【当事人变化对合同履行的影响】合同生效后，当事人不得因姓名、名称的变更或者法定代表人、负责人、承办人的变动而不履行合同义务。

Chapter 5 Modification and Assignment of Contracts

第五章 合同的变更和转让

Article 77 A contract may be modified if the parties reach a consensusthrough consultation.

If the laws or administrative regulations so provide, approval andregistration procedures for such modification shall be gone through inaccordance with such provisions.

第七十七条 【合同变更条件】当事人协商一致，可以变更合同。

法律、行政法规规定变更合同应当办理批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。

Article 78 Where an agreement by the parties on the contents of amodification is ambiguous, the contract shall be presumed as not having beenmodified.

第七十八条 【合同变更内容不明的处理】当事人对合同变更的内容约定不明确的，推定为未变更。

Article 79 The obligee may assign its rights under a contract, in whole orin part, to a third party,except under the following circumstances:

(1) such rights may not be assigned in light of the nature of thecontract;

(2) such rights may not be assigned according to the agreement between theparties;

(3) such rights may not be assigned according to the provisions of thelaws.

第七十九条 【债权的转让】债权人可以将合同的权利全部或者部分转让给第三人，但有下列情形之一的除外：

(一)根据合同性质不得转让;

(二)按照当事人约定不得转让;

(三)依照法律规定不得转让。

Article 80 Where the obligee assigns its rights, it shall notify theobligor.

Such assignment will have no effect on the obligor without noticethereof.

A notice by the obligee to assign its rights shall not be revoked, unlesssuch revocation is consented to by the assignee.

第八十条 【债权转让的通知义务】债权人转让权利的，应当通知债务人。

未经通知，该转让对债务人不发生效力。

债权人转让权利的通知不得撤销，但经受让人同意的除外。

Article 81 Where the obligee assigns its right, the assignee shall acquirethe collateral rights related to the principal rights, except that thecollateral rights exclusively belong to the obligee.

第八十一条 【从权利的转移】债权人转让权利的，受让人取得与债权有关的从权利，但该从权利专属于债权人自身的除外。

Article 82 Upon receipt of the notice of assignment of rights, the obligormay assert against the assignee any defenses it has against the assignor.

第八十二条 【债务人的抗辩权】债务人接到债权转让通知后，债务人对让与人的抗辩，可以向受让人主张。

Article 83 Upon receipt by the obligor of the notice of assignment ofrights, the obligor shall have vested rights against the assignor, and if therights of the obligor vest prior to or at the same time as the assigned rights,the obligor may claim an offset against the assignee.

第八十三条 【债务人的抵销权】债务人接到债权转让通知时，债务人对让与人享有债权，并且债务人的债权先于转让的债权到期或者同时到期的，债务人可以向受让人主张抵销。

Article 84 Where the obligor delegates its obligations under a contract inwhole or in part to a third party, such delegation shall be subject to theconsent of the obligee.

第八十四条 【债权人同意】债务人将合同的义务全部或者部分转移给第三人的，应当经债权人同意。

Article 85 Where the obligor delegates its obligation, the new obligor mayexercise any defense that the original obligor had against the obligee.

第八十五条 【承担人的抗辩】债务人转移义务的，新债务人可以主张原债务人对债权人的抗辩。

Article 86 Where the obligor delegates its obligation, the new obligorshall assume the incidental obligations related to the main obligations, exceptthat the obligations exclusively belong to the original obligor.

第八十六条 【从债的转移】债务人转移义务的，新债务人应当承担与主债务有关的从债务，但该从债务专属于原债务人自身的除外。

Article 87 Where the laws or administrative regulations stipulate that theassignment of rights or transfer of obligations shall undergo approval orregistration procedures, such provisions shall be followed.

第八十七条 【合同转让形式要件】法律、行政法规规定转让权利或者转移义务应当办理批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。

Article 88 Upon the consent of the other party, one party may transfer itsrights together with its obligations under contract to a third party.

第八十八条 【概括转让】当事人一方经对方同意，可以将自己在合同中的权利和义务一并转让给第三人。

Article 89 Where the rights and obligations are transferred together, theprovisions in Articles 79,Articles 81 to 83, and Articles 85 to 87 of this Lawshall be applied.

第八十九条 【概括转让的效力】权利和义务一并转让的，适用本法第七十九条、第八十一条至第八十三条、第八十五条至第八十七条的规定。

Article 90 Where a party is merged after the contract has been concluded,the legal person or other organization established after the merger shallexercise the rights and obligations thereunder.

Unless otherwise agreed upon bythe obligor and obligee, the legal persons or other organizations that existafter the division shall jointly enjoy the rights and jointly assume theobligations under the contract.

第九十条 【新当事人的概括承受】当事人订立合同后合并的，由合并后的法人或者其他组织行使合同权利，履行合同义务。

当事人订立合同后分立的，除债权人和债务人另有约定的以外，由分立的法人或者其他组织对合同的权利和义务享有连带债权，承担连带债务。

Chapter 6 Termination of Contractual Rights and Obligations

第六章 合同的权利义务终止

Article 91 The rights and obligations under a contract shall be terminatedunder any of the following circumstances:

(1) the obligations have been performed as agreed upon;

(2) the contract has been rescinded;

(3) the obligations have been offset against each other;

(4) the obligor has escrowed the subject matter accordance with the law;

(5) the obligee has released the obligor of its obligation;

(6) the rights and obligations have vested in one party;

(7) any other circumstances for termination as stipulated by the laws oragreed upon by the parties.

第九十一条 【合同消灭的原因】有下列情形之一的，合同的权利义务终止：

(一)债务已经按照约定履行;

(二)合同解除;

(三)债务相互抵销;

(四)债务人依法将标的物提存;

(五)债权人免除债务;

(六)债权债务同归于一人;

(七)法律规定或者当事人约定终止的其他情形。

Article 92 After the termination of the rights and obligations under thecontract, the parties shall observe the principal of honesty and good faith andperform the obligations of notification,assistance and confidentiality, etc.

inaccordance with relevant transaction practices.

第九十二条 【合同终止后的义务】合同的权利义务终止后，当事人应当遵循诚实信用原则，根据交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。

Article 93 The parties may terminate a contract if they reach a consensusthrough consultation.

The parties may agree upon conditions under which either party mayterminate the contract.

Upon satisfaction of the conditions, the party who hasthe right to terminate may terminate the contract.

第九十三条 【合同约定解除】当事人协商一致，可以解除合同。

当事人可以约定一方解除合同的条件。

解除合同的条件成就时，解除权人可以解除合同。

Article 94 The parties to a contract may terminate the contract under anyof the following circumstances:

(1) it is rendered impossible to achieve the purpose of contract due to anevent of force majeure;

(2) prior to the expiration of the period of performance, the other partyexpressly states, or indicates through its conduct, that it will not performits main obligation;

(3) the other party delayed performance of its main obligation after suchperformance has been demand, and fails to perform within a reasonable period;

(4) the other party delays performance of its obligations, or breaches thecontract in some other manner, rendering it impossible to achieve the purposeof the contract;

(5) other circumstance as provided by law.

第九十四条 【合同的法定解除】有下列情形之一的，当事人可以解除合同：

(一)因不可抗力致使不能实现合同目的;

(二)在履行期限届满之前，当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行主要债务;

(三)当事人一方迟延履行主要债务，经催告后在合理期限内仍未履行;

(四)当事人一方迟延履行债务或者有其他违约行为致使不能实现合同目的;

(五)法律规定的其他情形。

Article 95 Where the laws stipulates or the parties agreed upon the timelimit to exercise the right to terminate the contract, and no party exercisesit when the time limit expires, the said right shall be extinguished.

Where neither the law stipulates nor the parties make an agreement uponthe time limit to exercise the right to terminate the contract, and no partyexercise it within a reasonable time period after being urged, the said rightshall be extinguished.

第九十五条 【解除权消灭】法律规定或者当事人约定解除权行使期限，期限届满当事人不行使的，该权利消灭。

法律没有规定或者当事人没有约定解除权行使期限，经对方催告后在合理期限内不行使的，该权利消灭。

Article 96 A party demanding termination of a contract in accordance withthe provisions of Paragraph 2 of Article 93 and Article 94 of this Law shallnotify the other party.

The contract shall be terminated upon the receipt ofthe notice by the other party.

If the other party objects to such termination,it may petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution to adjudicatethe

validity of the termination of the contract.

Where the laws and administrative regulations so provide, the approval andregistration procedures for the termination of the contract shall be gonethrough in accordance with such laws and regulations.

第九十六条 【解除权的行使】当事人一方依照本法第九十三条第二款、第九十四条的规定主张解除合同的，应当通知对方。

合同自通知到达对方时解除。

对方有异议的，可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构确认解除合同的效力。

法律、行政法规规定解除合同应当办理批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。

Article 97 After the termination of a contract, performance shall cease ifthe contract has not been performed; if the contract has been performed, aparty may, in accordance with the circumstances of performance or the nature ofthe contract, demand the other party to restore such party to its originalstate or adopt other remedial measures, and such party shall have the right todemand compensation for damages.

第九十七条 【解除的效力】合同解除后，尚未履行的，终止履行;已经履行的，根据履行情况和合同性质，当事人可以要求恢复原状、采取其他补救措施、并有权要求赔偿损失。

Article 98 The termination of rights and obligations under a contact shallnot affect the validity of clauses that related to the final settlement ofaccounts and winding-up.

第九十八条 【结算、清理条款效力】合同的权利义务终止，不影响合同中结算和清理条款的效力。

Article 99 Where the parties are liable to one another for obligationsthat are due, and if the type and nature of the subject matter of suchobligations are the same, any party may offset its own obligation against theobligation of the other party, except unless such offset is not allowedaccording to the laws and regulations or cannot be made given the nature of thecontract.

The party who claims such offset shall notify the other party.

The noticeshall become effective when it reaches the other party.

The offset shall not besubject to any condition or time limit.

第九十九条 【债务的抵销及行使】当事人互负到期债务，该债务的标的物种类、品质相同的，任何一方可以将自己的债务与对方的债务抵销，但依照法律规定或者按照合同性质不得抵销的除外。

当事人主张抵销的，应当通知对方。

通知自到达对方时生效。

抵销不得附条件或者附期限。

Article 100 Where the parties have obligations towards one another, andthe type and nature of such obligations are different, the obligations may alsobe offset upon consensus between the parties after consultation.

第一百条 【债务的约定抵销】当事人互负债务，标的物种类、品质不相同的，经双方协商一致，也可以抵销。

Article 101 The obligor may escrow the subject matter under any of thefollowing circumstances which render performance of the obligations difficult:,

(1) the obligee refuses to accept them without justified reasons;

(2) the whereabouts of the obligee are unknown;

(3) the obligee is deceased and the successor has not been determined, orthe obligee has lost civil capacity and a guardian has not been appointed;

(4) other circumstance as provided for in the laws.

Where the subject matter is not fit for escrow, or the cost of escrow isexcessively high, the obligor may auction or sell the subject matter accordingto law, and escrow the proceeds therefrom.

第一百零一条 【提存的要件】有下列情形之一，难以履行债务的，债务人可以将标的物提存：

(一)债权人无正当理由拒绝受领;

(二)债权人下落不明;

(三)债权人死亡未确定继承人或者丧失民事行为能力未确定监护人;

(四)法律规定的其他情形。

标的物不适于提存或者提存费用过高的，债务人依法可以拍卖或者变卖标的物，提存所得的价款。

Article 102 Unless the whereabouts of the obligee are unknown, the obligeeshall notify the obligee, or the successor or guardian of the obligorimmediately after the subject matter has been placed in escrow.

第一百零二条 【提存后的通知】标的物提存后，除债权人下落不明的以外，债务人应当及时通知债权人或者债权人的继承人、监护人。

Article 103 Once the subject matter has been placed in escrow, the risk ofdamage to, destruction or loss of the subject matter shall be borne by theobligee.

The obligee shall be entitled to any fruits of the subject matterduring the escrow period.

Escrow expenses shall be borne by the obligee.

第一百零三条 【提存的效力】标的物提存后，毁损、灭失的风险由债权人承担。

提存期间，标的物的孳息归债权人所有。

提存费用由债权人负担。

Article 104 The obligee may claim the subject matter in escrow at any time,except that if the obligee has any due obligations toward the obligor, prior tothe obligee's performance of its obligations or the obligee's provision ofsecurity for its performance, the escrow institution shall, at the request ofthe obligor, refuse the obligee's claim of the escrowed subject matter.

The right of the obligee to reclaim the subject matter in escrow shalllapse if it is not exercised within five years form the date the subject matteris placed in escrow, and the escrowed subject matter shall revert to thenational treasury after the deduction of the escrow costs.

第一百零四条 【提存物的受领及受领权消灭】债权人可以随时领取提存物，但债权人对债务人负有到期债务的，在债权人未履行债务或者提供担保之前，提存部门根据债务人的要求应当拒绝其领取提存物。

债权人领取提存物的权利，自提存之日起五年内不行使而消灭，提存物扣除提存费用后归国家所有。

Article 105 Where an obligee releases the obligor of its own obligations,in whole or in part, the rights and obligations under the contract shallterminate in whole or in part.

第一百零五条 【免除的效力】债权人免除债务人部分或者全部债务的，合同的权利义务部分或者全部终止。

Article 106 If the rights and obligations under a contract vest in oneparty, such rights and obligations thereunder shall terminate, unless theyinvolve the interests of a third party.

第一百零六条 【混同的效力】债权和债务同归于一人的，合同的权利义务终止，但涉及第三人利益的除外。

Chapter 7 Liabilities for Breach of Contracts

第七章 违约责任

Article 107 If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract,or its performance fails to satisfy the terms of the contract, it shall bearthe liabilities for breach of contract such as to continue to perform itsobligations, to take remedial measures, or to compensate for losses.

第一百零七条 【违约责任】当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。

Article 108 Where one party express explicitly or indicates by its conductthat it will not perform its obligations under a contract, the other party maydemand it to bear the liability for the breach of contract before the expiry ofthe performance period.

第一百零八条 【拒绝履行】当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行合同义务的，对方可以在履行期限届满之前要求其承担违约责任。

Article 109 If a party fails to pay the price or remuneration, the otherparty may request it to make the payment.

第一百零九条 【金钱债务的违约责任】当事人一方未支付价款或者报酬的，对方可以要求其支付价款或者报酬。

Article 110 Where a party fails to perform the non-monetary obligations orits performance of non-monetary obligations fails to satisfy the terms of thecontract, the other party may request it to perform it except under any of thefollowing circumstances:

(1) it is unable to be performed in law or in fact;

(2) the subject matter of the obligation is unfit for compulsoryperformance or the performance expenses are excessively high;

(3) the obligee does not require performance within a reasonable time.

第一百一十条 【非金钱债务的违约责任】当事人一方不履行非金钱债务或者履行非金钱债务不符合约定的，对方可以要求履行，但有下列情形之一的除外：

(一)法律上或者事实上不能履行;

(二)债务的标的不适于强制履行或者履行费用过高;

(三)债权人在合理期限内未要求履行。

Article 111 Where the quality fails to satisfy the agreement, the breachof contract damages shall be borne in the manner as agreed upon by the parties.

Where there is no agreement in the contract on the liability for breach ofcontract or such agreement is unclear, nor can it be determined in accordancewith the provisions of Article 61of this Law, the damaged party may, in lightof the nature of the subject matter and the degree of loss, reasonably chooseto request the other party to bear the liabilities for the breach of contractsuch as repairing, substituting, reworking, returning the goods, or reducingthe price or remuneration.

第一百一十一条 【瑕疵履行】质量不符合约定的，应当按照当事人的约定承担违约责任。

对违约责任没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，受损害方根据标的的性质以及损失的大小，可以合理选择要求对方承担修理、更换、重作、退货、减少价款或者报酬等违约责任。

Article 112 Where a party fails to perform its obligations under thecontract or its performance fails to conform to the agreement, and the otherparty still suffers from other damages after the performance of the obligationsor adoption of remedial measures, such party shall compensate the other partyfor such damages.

第一百一十二条 【履行、补救措施后的损失赔偿】当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，在履行义务或者采取补救措施后，对方还有其他损失的，应当赔偿损失。

Article 113 Where a party fails to perform its obligations under thecontract or its performance fails to conform to the agreement and cause lossesto the other party, the amount of compensation for losses shall be equal to thelosses caused by the breach of contract, including the interests receivableafter the performance of the contract, provided not exceeding the probablelosses

caused by the breach of contract which has been foreseen or ought to beforeseen when the party in breach concludes the contract.

The business operator who commits default activities in providing to theconsumer any goods or services shall be liable for paying compensation fordamages in accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China onProtection of Consumer Rights and Interests.

第一百一十三条 【损害赔偿的范围】当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，给对方造成损失的，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失，包括合同履行后可以获得的利益，但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。

经营者对消费者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，依照《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》的规定承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 114 The parties may agree that if one party breaches the contract,it shall pay a certain sum of liquidated damages to the other party in light ofthe circumstances of the breach, and may also agree on a method for thecalculation of the amount of compensation for the damages incurred as a resultof the breach.

Where the amount of liquidated damages agreed upon is lower than thedamages incurred, a party may petition the People's Court or an arbitrationinstitution to make an increase; where the amount of liquidated damages agreedupon are significantly higher than the damages incurred, a party may petitionthe People's Court or an arbitration institution to make an appropriatereduction.

Where the parties agree upon breach of contract damages in respect to thedelay in performance, the party in breach shall perform the obligations afterpaying the breach of contract damages.

第一百一十四条 【违约金】当事人可以约定一方违约时应当根据违约情况向对方支付一定数额的违约金，也可以约定因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。

约定的违约金低于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以增加;约定的违约金过分高于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以适当减少。

当事人就迟延履行约定违约金的，违约方支付违约金后，还应当履行债务。

Article 115 The parties may agree that a party pay a deposit to the otherparty as a guaranty for the obligation in accordance with the Security Law ofthe People's Republic of China.

Upon the obligor has performed its obligation,the deposit shall be offset against the price or refunded to the obligor.

Ifthe party paying the deposit fails to perform its obligations under thecontract, such party has no right to demand for the return of the deposit;where the party accepting the deposit fails to perform its obligations underthe contract, such party shall refund twice the value of the deposit.

第一百一十五条 【定金】当事人可以依照《中华人民共和国担保法》约定一方向对方给付定金作为债权的担保。

债务人履行债务后，定金应当抵作价款或者收回。

给付定金的一方不履行约定的债务的，无权要求返还定金;收受定金的一方不履行约定的债务的，应当双倍返还定金。

Article 116 If the parties agree on both liquidated damages and a deposit,and one party is in breach,the other party may choose to apply either theprovisions for liquidated damages or that for the deposit.

第一百一十六条 【违约金与定金的选择】当事人既约定违约金，又约定定金的，一方违约时，对方可以选择适用违约金或者定金条款。

Article 117 A party who is unable to perform a contract due to forcemajeure is exempted from liability in part or in whole in light of the impactof the event of force majeure, except otherwise provided by law.

Where an eventof force majeure occurs after the party's delay in performance, it is notexempted from such liability.

For purposes of this Law, force majeure means any objective circumstanceswhich are unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable.

第一百一十七条 【不可抗力】因不可抗力不能履行合同的，根据不可抗力的影响，部分或者全部免除责任，但法律另有规定的除外。

当事人迟延履行后发生不可抗力的，不能免除责任。

本法所称不可抗力，是指不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。

Article 118 If a party is unable to perform a contract due to an event offorce majeure, it shall timely notify the other party so as to mitigate thelosses that may be caused to the other party, and shall provide evidence ofsuch event of force majeure within a reasonable period.

第一百一十八条 【不可抗力的通知与证明】当事人一方因不可抗力不能履行合同的，应当及时通知对方，以减轻可能给对方造成的损失，并应当在合理期限内提供证明。

Article 119 Where a party breached the contract, the other party shalltake the appropriate measures to prevent the losses from increasing; where theother party's failure to take appropriate measures results in additionallosses, it cannot demand compensation for the additional losses.

Any reasonable expense incurred by the other party in preventingadditional losses shall be borne by the party in breach.

第一百一十九条 【减损规则】当事人一方违约后，对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大;没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。

当事人因防止损失扩大而支出的合理费用，由违约方承担。

Article 120 If both parties breach a contract, each party shall bear itsown respective liabilities.

第一百二十条 【双方违约的责任】当事人双方都违反合同的，应当各自承担相应的责任。

Article 121 Where a party's breach is attributable to a third party, itshall nevertheless be liable to the other party for breach.

Any dispute betweenthe party and such third party shall be resolved in accordance with the law orthe agreement between the parties.

第一百二十一条 【因第三人的过错造成的违约】当事人一方因第三人的原因造成违约的，应当向对方承担违约责任。

当事人一方和第三人之间的纠纷，依照法律规定或者按照约定解决。

Article 122 Where the breach of contract by one party infringes upon theother party's personal or property rights, the aggrieved party is entitled tochoose to claim the assumption by the violating and infringing party ofliabilities for breach of contract according to this Law, or to claim theassumption by the violating and infringing party of liabilities forinfringement according to other laws.

第一百二十二条 【责任竞合】因当事人一方的违约行为，侵害对方人身、财产权益的，受损害方有权选择依照本法要求其承担违约责任或者依照其他法律要求其承担侵权责任。

Chapter 8 Other Provisions

第八章 其他规定

Article 123 Where other laws provide otherwise in respect of a contract,such provisions shall prevail.

第一百二十三条 【其他规定的适用】其他法律对合同另有规定的，依照其规定。

Article 124 Where there are no explicitly provisions in the SpecificProvisions of this Law or in any other law concerning a certain contract, theprovisions in the General Provisions of this Law shall be applied, andreference may be made to the provisions in the Specific Provisions of this Lawor in any other law that most closely relate to such contract.

第一百二十四条 【无名合同】本法分则或者其他法律没有明文规定的合同，适用本法总则的规定，并可以参照本法分则或者其他法律最相类似的规定。

Article 125 If any disputes arise between the parties over theunderstanding of any clause of the contract, the true meaning thereof shall bedetermined according to the words and sentences used in the contract, therelevant provisions in the contract, the purpose of the contract, thetransaction practices and the principle of good faith.

Where a contract is concluded in two or more languages and it is agreedthat all versions are equally authentic, the words and sentences in eachversion are construed to have the same meaning.

In case of any discrepancy inthe words or sentences used in the different language versions, they shall beinterpreted in light of the purpose of the contract.

第一百二十五条 【合同解释】当事人对合同条款的理解有争议的，应当按照合同所使用的词句、合同的有关条款、合同的.目的、交易习惯以及诚实信用原则，确定该条款的真实意思。

合同文本采用两种以上文字订立并约定具有同等效力的，对各文本使用的词句推定具有相同含义。

各文本使用的词句不一致的，应当根据合同的目的予以解释。

Article 126 Parties to a foreign-related contract may select theapplicable law for resolution of a contractual dispute, except as otherwiseprovided by law.

Where parties to the foreign-related contract fails to selectthe applicable law, the contract shall be governed by the law of the countrywith the closest connection thereto.

For a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture contract, Chinese-foreigncontractual joint venture contract, or a contract for Chinese-foreign jointexploration and development of natural resources which is performed within theterritory of the People's Republic of China, the law of the People's Republicof China shall be applied.

第一百二十六条 【涉外合同】涉外合同的当事人可以选择处理合同争议所适用的法律，但法律另有规定的除外。

涉外合同的当事人没有选择的，适用与合同有最密切联系的国家的法律。

在中华人民共和国境内履行的中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同，适用中华人民共和国法律。

Article 127 Within the scope of their respective duties, theadministrative department of industry and commerce and other relevantdepartments shall, in accordance with the relevant laws and administrativeregulations, be responsible for monitoring and dealing with any illegal actswhich, by taking advantage of contracts, harm the interests of the State or theinterests of the

public and society; where such an act constitutes a crime, criminalliability shall be investigated in accordance with the law.

第一百二十七条 【合同监督机关】工商行政管理部门和其他有关行政主管部门在各自的职权范围内，依照法律、行政法规的规定，对利用合同危害国家利益、社会公共利益的违法行为，负责监督处理;构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

Article 128 The parties may resolve a contractual dispute throughsettlement or mediation.

Where the parties do not wish to, or are unable to, resolve such disputethrough settlement or mediation, the dispute may be submitted to the relevantarbitration institution for arbitration in accordance with the arbitrationagreement between the parties.

Parties to a foreign-related contract may applyto a Chinese arbitration institution or another arbitration institution forarbitration.

Where the parties did not conclude an arbitration agreement, orthe arbitration agreement is invalid, either party may bring a suit to thePeople's Court.

The parties shall perform the judgments, arbitration awards ormediation agreements which have taken legal effect; if a party refuses toperform, the other party may request the People's Court for enforcement.

第一百二十八条 【合同争议的解决】当事人可以通过和解或者调解解决合同争议。

当事人不愿和解、调解或者和解、调解不成的，可以根据仲裁协议向仲裁机构申请仲裁。

涉外合同的当事人可以根据仲裁协议向中国仲裁机构或者其他仲裁机构申请仲裁。

当事人没有订立仲裁协议或者仲裁协议无效的，可以向人民法院起诉。

当事人应当履行发生法律效力的判决、仲裁裁决、调解书;拒不履行的，对方可以请求人民法院执行。

Article 129 For a dispute arising from a contract for the internationalsale of goods or a technology import or export contract, the time limit forbringing a suit or applying for arbitration is four years, calculating from thedate on which the party knows or ought to know the infringement on its rights.

For a dispute arising from any other type of contract, the time limit forbringing a suit or applying for arbitration shall be governed by the relevantlaw.

第一百二十九条 【特殊时效】因国际货物买卖合同和技术进出口合同争议提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的期限为四年，自当事人知道或者应当知道其权利受到侵害之日起计算。

因其他合同争议提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的期限，依照有关法律的规定。

Specific Provisions

分则

Chapter 9 Sales Contracts

第九章 买卖合同

Article 130 A sales contract is a contract whereby the seller transfersthe ownership of a subject matter to the buyer, and the buyer pays the pricefor it.

第一百三十条 【定义】买卖合同是出卖人转移标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。

Article 131 In addition to the terms set forth in Article 12 of this Law,a sales contract may also contain such clauses as package manner, inspectionstandards and method, method of settlement and clearance, language adopted inthe contract and its authenticity.

第一百三十一条 【买卖合同的内容】买卖合同的内容除依照本法第十二条的规定以外，还可以包括包装方式、检验标准和方法、结算方式、合同使用的文字及其效力等条款。

Article 132 The subject matter to be sold shall be owned by the seller orof that the seller shall have the right to dispose.

Where the transfer of a subject matter is prohibited or restricted by lawsor administrative regulation, such provision shall be applied.

第一百三十二条 【标的物】出卖的标的物，应当属于出卖人所有或者出卖人有权处分。

法律、行政法规禁止或者限制转让的标的物，依照其规定。

Article 133 The ownership of a subject matter shall be transferred uponthe delivery of the object, except as otherwise stipulated by law or agreedupon by the parties.

第一百三十三条 【标的物所有权转移时间】标的物的所有权自标的物交付时起转移，但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 134 The parties to a sales contract may agree that the ownershipshall belong to the seller if the buyer fails to pay the price or perform otherobligations.

第一百三十四条 【标的物所有权转移的约定】当事人可以在买卖合同中约定买受人未履行支付价款或者其他义务的，标的物的所有权属于出卖人。

Article 135 The seller shall perform the obligations of delivering to thebuyer the subject matter or handing over the documents for the buyer to takepossession of the subject matter and of transferring the ownership thereto.

第一百三十五条 【出卖人的基本义务】出卖人应当履行向买受人交付标的物或者交付提取标的物的单证，并转移标的物所有权的义务。

Article 136 In addition to the document for taking possession, the sellershall deliver to the buyer the relevant documents and materials in accordancewith the agreement or transaction practices.

第一百三十六条 【有关单证和资料的交付】出卖人应当按照约定或者交易习惯向买受人交付提取标的物单证以外的有关单证和资料。

Article 137 In a sale of any subject matter which contains intellectualproperty such as computer software, etc.

, the intellectual property in thesubject matter does not belong to the buyer, except as otherwise provided bylaw or agreed upon by the parties.

第一百三十七条 【知识产权归属】出卖具有知识产权的计算机软件等标的物的，除法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的以外，该标的物的知识产权不属于买受人。

Article 138 The seller shall deliver the subject matter by the time limitagreed upon.

Where a time period for delivery is agreed upon, the seller maydeliver at any time within the said time period.

第一百三十八条 【交付的时间】出卖人应当按照约定的期限交付标的物。

约定交付期间的，出卖人可以在该交付期间内的任何时间交付。

Article 139 Where the time limit for delivery of the subject matter is notagreed upon between the parties or the agreement is not clear, the provisionsof Article 61 and Item 4 of Article 62 shall be applied.

第一百三十九条 【交付时间的推定】当事人没有约定标的物的交付期限或者约定不明确的，适用本法第六十一条、第六十二条第四项的规定。

Article 140 Where a subject matter has been possessed by the buyer priorto the conclusion of the contract, the delivery time shall be the time when thecontract becomes effective.

第一百四十条 【占有标的物与交付时间】标的物在订立合同之前已为买受人占有的，合同生效的时间为交付时间。

Article 141 The seller shall deliver the subject matter at the agreedplace.

Where there is no agreement between the parties as to the place to deliverthe subject matter or such agreement is not clear, nor can it be determinedaccording to the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the following provisionsshall be applied:

(1) if the subject matter needs carriage, the seller shall deliver thesubject matter to the first carrier so as to hand it over to the buyer;

(2) if the subject matter does not need carriage, and the seller and buyerknow the place of the subject matter when concluding the contract, the sellershall deliver the subject matter at such place; if the place is unknown, thesubject matter shall be delivered at the business place of the seller whenconcluding the contract.

第一百四十一条 【交付的地点】出卖人应当按照约定的地点交付标的物。

当事人没有约定交付地点或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适用下列规定：

(一)标的物需要运输的，出卖人应当将标的物交付给第一承运人以运交给买受人;

(二)标的物不需要运输，出卖人和买受人订立合同时知道标的物在某一地点的，出卖人应当在该地点交付标的物;不知道标的物在某一地点的，应当在出卖人订立合同时的营业地交付标的物。

Article 142 The risk of damage to or loss of a subject matter shall beborne by the seller prior to the delivery of the subject matter and by thebuyer after delivery, except as otherwise stipulated by law or agreed upon bythe parties.

第一百四十二条 【标的物的风险负担】标的物毁损、灭失的风险，在标的物交付之前由出卖人承担，交付之后由买受人承担，但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 143 Where a subject matter cannot be delivered at the agreed timelimit due to any reasons attributable to the buyer, the buyer shall bear therisk of damage to or loss of the subject matter as of the date it breaches theagreement.

第一百四十三条 【买受人违约交付的风险承担】因买受人的原因致使标的物不能按照约定的期限交付的，买受人应当自违反约定之日起承担标的物毁损、灭失的风险。

Article 144 Where the seller sells a subject matter delivered to a carrierfor carriage and is in transit, unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties,the risk of damage to or missing of the subject matter shall be borne by thebuyer as of the time of establishment of the contract.

第一百四十四条 【在途标的物的风险承担】出卖人出卖交由承运人运输的在途标的物，除当事人另有约定的以外，毁损、灭失的风险自合同成立时起由买受人承担。

Article 145 Where there is no agreement between the parties as to theplace of delivery or such agreement is not clearly, and the subject matterneeds carriage according to the provisions of Item 1 of Paragraph 2 of Article141 of this Law, the risk of damage to or missing of the subject matter shallbe borne by the buyer after the seller has delivered the subject matter to thefirst

carrier.

第一百四十五条 【标的物交付给第一承运人后的风险承担】当事人没有约定交付地点或者约定不明确，依照本法第一百四十一条第二款第一项的规定标的物需要运输的，出卖人将标的物交付给第一承运人后，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担。

Article 146 Where the seller has placed the subject matter at the place ofdelivery in accordance with the agreement or in accordance with the provisionsof Item 2 of Paragraph 2 of Article 141 of this Law, while the buyer fails totake delivery in breach of the agreement, the risk of damage to or missing ofthe subject matter shall be borne by the buyer as of the date of breach of the

agreement.

第一百四十六条 【买受人不履行接收标的物义务的风险承担】出卖人按照约定或者依照本法第一百四十一条第二款第二项的规定将标的物置于交付地点，买受人违反约定没有收取的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险自违反约定之日起由买受人承担。

Article 147 The failure of the seller to deliver the documents andmaterials relating to the subject matter as agreed upon shall not affect thepassing of the risk of damage to or missing of the subject matter.

第一百四十七条 【未交付单证、资料与风险承担】出卖人按照约定未交付有关标的物的单证和资料的，不影响标的物毁损、灭失风险的转移。

Article 148 Where the quality of the subject matter does not conform tothe quality requirements, making it impossible to achieve the purpose of thecontract, the buyer may refuse to accept the subject matter or may terminatethe contract.

If the buyer refuses to accept the subject matter or terminatethe contract, the risk of damage to or missing of the subject matter shall beborne by the seller.

第一百四十八条 【标的物的瑕疵担保责任】因标的物质量不符合质量要求，致使不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同。

买受人拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由出卖人承担。

Article 149 Where the risk of damage to or missing of the subjectmatter is borne by the buyer, the buyer's right to demand the seller to bearliability for breach of contract because the seller's performance of itsobligations is not in conformity with the agreement shall not be affected.

Article 150 Unless otherwise provided by law, the seller shall have theobligation to warrant that no third party shall exercise against the buyer anyrights with respect to the delivered subject matter.

第一百四十九条 【风险承担不影响瑕疵担保】标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担的，不影响因出卖人履行债务不符合约定，买受人要求其承担违约责任的权利。

第一百五十条 【标的物权利瑕疵担保】出卖人就交付的标的物，负有保证第三人不得向买受人主张任何权利的义务，但法律另有规定的除外。

Article 151 Where the buyer knows or ought to know, at the time ofconclusion of the contract, that a third party has rights on the subject matterto be sold, the seller does not assume the obligation prescribed in Article 150of this Law.

第一百五十一条 【权利瑕疵担保责任和免除】买受人订立合同时知道或者应当知道第三人对买卖的标的物享有权利的，出卖人不承担本法第一百五十条规定的义务。

Article 152 Where the buyer has conclusive evidence to demonstrate that athird party may claim rights on the subject matter, it may suspend to pay thecorresponding price, except where the seller provides a appropriate guaranty.

第一百五十二条 【中止支付价款权】买受人有确切证据证明第三人可能就标的物主张权利的，可以中止支付相应的价款，但出卖人提供适当担保的除外。

Article 153 The seller shall deliver the subject matter in compliance withthe agreed quality requirements.

Where the seller gives the qualityspecifications for the subject matter, the subject matter delivered shallcomply with the quality requirements set forth therein.

第一百五十三条 【标的物的瑕疵担保】出卖人应当按照约定的质量要求交付标的物。

出卖人提供有关标的物质量说明的，交付的标的物应当符合该说明的质量要求。

Article 154 Where the quality requirements for the subject matter is notagreed between parties or such agreement is not clear, nor can it be determinedaccording to the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the provisions of Item 1of Article 62 of this Law shall be applied.

第一百五十四条 【法定质量担保】当事人对标的物的质量要求没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适用本法第六十二条第一项的规定。

Article 155 If the subject matter delivered by the seller fails to complywith the quality requirements, the buyer may demand the seller to bearliability for breach of contract in accordance with Article 111 of this Law.

第一百五十五条 【承受人权利】出卖人交付的标的物不符合质量要求的，买受人可以依照本法第一百一十一条的规定要求承担违约责任。

Article 156 The seller shall deliver the subject matter packed in theagreed manner.

Where there is no agreement on package manner in the contract orthe agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined according to theprovisions of Article 61 of this Law, the subject matter shall be packed in ageneral manner, and if no general manner, a package manner enough to protectthe subject matter shall be adopted.

第一百五十六条 【标的物包装方式】出卖人应当按照约定的包装方式交付标的物。

对包装方式没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当按照通用的方式包装，没有通用方式的，应当采取足以保护标的物的包装方式。

Article 157 Upon receipt of the subject matter, the buyer shall inspect itwithin the agreed inspection period.

Where no inspection period is agreed, thebuyer shall timely inspect the subject matter.

第一百五十七条 【买受人的检验义务】买受人收到标的物时应当在约定的检验期间内检验。

没有约定检验期间的，应当及时检验。

Article 158 Where the parties have agreed upon an inspection period, thebuyer shall notify the seller of any non-compliance in quantity or quality ofthe subject matter within such inspection period.

Where the buyer delayed innotifying the seller, the quantity or quality of the subject matter is deemedto comply with the contract.

Where no inspection period is agreed, the buyer shall notify the sellerwithin a reasonable period, commencing on the date when the buyer discovered orshould have discovered the quantity or quality non-compliance.

If the buyerfails to notify within a reasonable period or fails to notify within 2 years,commencing on the date when it received the subject matter, the quantity orquality of the subject matter is deemed to comply with the contract, exceptthat if there is a warranty period in respect of the subject matter, thewarranty period applies and supersedes such two year period.

Where the seller knows or ought to know the non-compliance of the subjectmatter, the buyer is not subject to the time limits for notification prescribedin the preceding two paragraphs.

第一百五十八条 【买受人的通知义务及免除】当事人约定检验期间的，买受人应当在检验期间内将标的物的数量或者质量不符合约定的情形通知出卖人。

买受人怠于通知的，视为标的物的数量或者质量符合约定。

当事人没有约定检验期间的，买受人应当在发现或者应当发现标的物的数量或者质量不符合约定的合理期间内通知出卖人。

买受人在合理期间内未通知或者自标的物收到之日起两年内未通知出卖人的，视为标的物的数量或者质量符合约定，但对标的物有质量保证期的，适用质量保证期，不适用该两年的规定。

出卖人知道或者应当知道提供的标的物不符合约定的，买受人不受前两款规定的通知时间的限制。

Article 159 The buyer shall pay the price in the agreed amount.

Where theprice is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, the provisions of Article 61and Item 2 of Article 62 shall be applied.

第一百五十九条 【买受人的基本义务】买受人应当按照约定的数额支付价款。

对价款没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第六十一条、第六十二条第二项的规定。

Article 160 The buyer shall pay the price at the agreed place.

Where theplace of payment is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it bedetermined according to the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the buyershall make payment at the seller's place of business, provided that if theparties agreed that payment shall be conditional upon delivery of the subjectmatter or the document for taking delivery thereof, payment shall be made atthe place where the subject matter, or the document for taking deliverythereof, is delivered.

第一百六十条 【支付价款的地点】买受人应当按照约定的地点支付价款。

对支付地点没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在出卖人的营业地支付，但约定支付价款以交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证为条件的，在交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证的所在地支付。

Article 161 The buyer shall pay the price at the agreed time.

Where thetime for payment is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it bedetermined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, the buyer shall makepayment at the same time it receives the subject matter or the document fortaking delivery thereof.

第一百六十一条 【支付价款的时间】买受人应当按照约定的时间支付价款。

对支付时间没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在收到标的物或者提取标的物单证的同时支付。

Article 162 Where the seller delivers the subject matter in a quantitygreater than that agreed in the contract, the buyer may accept or reject theexcess quantity.

Where the buyer accepts the excess quantity, it shall pay theprice based on the contract rate; where the buyer rejects the excess quantity,it shall timely notify the seller.

第一百六十二条 【多交标的物的处理】出卖人多交标的物的，买受人可以接收或者拒绝接收多交的部分。

买受人接收多交部分的，按照合同的价格支付价款;买受人拒绝接收多交部分的，应当及时通知出卖人。

Article 163 The fruits of the subject matter belong to the seller ifaccrued before delivery, and to the buyer if accrued after delivery.

第一百六十三条 【标的物孳息的归属】标的物在交付之前产生的孳息，归出卖人所有，交付之后产生的孳息，归买受人所有。

Article 164 Where a contract is terminated due to non-compliance of anymain component of the subject matter, the effect of termination extends to theancillary components.

Where the contract is terminated due to non-compliance ofany ancillary component of the subject matter, the effect of termination doesnot extend to the main components.

第一百六十四条 【解除合同与主物的关系】因标的物的主物不符合约定而解除合同的，解除合同的效力及于从物。

因标的物的从物不符合约定被解除的，解除的效力不及于主物。

Article 165 Where the subject matter comprises of a number of components,one of which does not comply with the contract, the buyer may terminate theportion of the contract in respect of such component, provided that ifseverance of such component with the other components will significantlydiminish the value of the subject matter, the party may terminate the contractin respect of such number of components.

第一百六十五条 【数物并存的合同解除】标的物为数物，其中一物不符合约定的，买受人可以就该物解除，但该物与他物分离使标的物的价值显受损害的，当事人可以就数物解除合同。

Article 166 Where the seller is to deliver the subject matter ininstallments, if the seller fails to deliver one installment of the subjectmatter or the delivery fails to satisfy the terms of the contract so that thesaid installment cannot realize the contract purpose, the buyer may terminatethe portion of the contract in respect thereof.

If the seller fails to deliver one installment of the subject matter orthe delivery fails to satisfy the terms of the contract so that the delivery ofthe subsequent installments of subject matter can not realize the contractpurpose, the buyer may terminate the portion of the contract in respect of suchinstallment as well as any subsequent installment.

If the buyer is to terminate the portion of the contract in respect of aparticular installment which is interdependent with all other installments, itmay terminate the contract in respect of all delivered and undeliveredinstallments.

第一百六十六条 【分批交付标的物的合同解除】出卖人分批交付标的物的，出卖人对其中一批标的物不交付或者交付不符合约定，致使该批标的物不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以就该批标的物解除。

出卖人不交付其中一批标的物或者交付不符合约定，致使今后其他各批标的物的交付不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以就该批以及今后其他各批标的物解除。

买受人如果就其中一批标的物解除，该批标的物与其他各批标的物相互依存的，可以就已经交付和未交付的各批标的物解除。

Article 167 In a sale by installment payment, where the buyer fails tomake payments as they became due, If the delinquent amount has reached onefifth of the total price, the seller may require payment of the full price fromthe buyer or terminate the contract.

If the seller terminates the contract, itmay require the buyer to pay a fee for its use of the subject matter.

第一百六十七条 【分期付款买卖中的合同解除】分期付款的买受人未支付到期价款的金额达到全部价款的五分之一的，出卖人可以要求买受人支付全部价款或者解除合同。

出卖人解除合同的，可以向买受人要求支付该标的物的使用费。

Article 168 In a sale by sample, the parties shall place the sample underseal, and may specify the quality of the sample.

The subject matter deliveredby the seller shall comply with the sample as well as the qualityspecifications.

第一百六十八条 【样品买卖】凭样品买卖的当事人应当封存样品，并可以对样品质量予以说明。

出卖人交付的标的物应当与样品及其说明的质量相同。

Article 169 In a sale by sample, if the buyer is not aware of a latentdefect in the sample, the subject matter delivered by the seller shallnevertheless comply with the normal quality standard for a like item, eventhough the subject matter delivered complies with the sample.

第一百六十九条 【样品买卖特殊责任】凭样品买卖的买受人不知道样品有隐蔽瑕疵的，即使交付的标的物与样品相同，出卖人交付的标的物的质量仍然应当符合同种物的通常标准。

Article 170 In a sale by trial, the parties may agree the trial period.

Where a trial period is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it bedetermined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, it shall be determined bythe seller.

第一百七十条 【试用买卖的试用期间】试用买卖的当事人可以约定标的物的试用期间。

对试用期间没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，由出卖人确定。

Article 171 In a sale by trial, the buyer may either purchase or rejectthe subject matter during the trial period.

At the end of the trial period, thebuyer is deemed to have made the purchase if it fails to demonstrate its intentto purchase or reject the subject matter.

第一百七十一条 【买受人对标的物的认可】试用买卖的买受人在试用期内可以购买标的物，也可以拒绝购买。

试用期间届满，买受人对是否购买标的物未作表示的，视为购买。

Article 172 In a sale by tender, matters such as the rights andobligations of the parties and the tendering procedure, etc.

are governed bythe relevant laws and administrative regulations.

第一百七十二条 【招标投标买卖】招标投标买卖的当事人的权利和义务以及招标投标程序等，依照有关法律、行政法规的规定。

Article 173 In a sale by auction, matters such as the rights andobligations of the parties and the auctioning procedure, etc.

are governed bythe relevant laws and administrative regulations.

第一百七十三条 【拍卖】拍卖的当事人的权利和义务以及拍卖程序等，依照有关法律、行政法规的规定。

Article 174 If there are provisions in the law for other non-gratuitouscontracts, such provisions shall apply; in the absence of such provisions,reference shall be made to the relevant provision on sales contract.

第一百七十四条 【买卖合同准用于有偿合同】法律对其他有偿合同有规定的，依照其规定;没有规定的，参照买卖合同的有关规定。

Article 175 Where the parties agree on a barter transaction involvingtransfer of title to the subject matters, such transaction shall be governed byreference to the relevant provisions on sales contracts.

第一百七十五条 【互易合同】当事人约定易货交易，转移标的物的所有权的，参照买卖合同的有关规定。

Chapter 10 Contracts for Supply of Power, Water, Gas, Or Heat

第十章 供用电、水、气、热力合同

Article 176 A power supply contract is a contract whereby the powersupplier supplies power to the power customer, and the power consumer pay anelectricity fee.

第一百七十六条 【定义】供用电合同是供电人向用电人供电，用电人支付电费的合同。

Article 177 The contents of a power supply contract include terms such asthe method, quality, and time of power supply, and the capacity, location andnature of power use, and the metering method, electricity rate, the method ofsettlement of electricity fees, and the responsibility for maintenance of thepower supply and use facilities, etc.

.

第一百七十七条 【主要条款】供用电合同的内容包括供电的方式、质量、时间，用电容量、地址、性质，计量方式，电价、电费的结算方式，供用电设施的维护责任等条款。

Article 178 The place of performance of a power supply contract shall bethe place agreed upon by the parties, and if there is no agreement or theagreement is not clear, the place of performance shall be the boundary whereownership of the power supply facilities is divided.

第一百七十八条 【履行地】供用电合同的履行地点，按照当事人约定;当事人没有约定或者约定不明确的，供电设施的产权分界处为履行地点。

Article 179 The power supplier shall supply power in a safe manner inaccordance with the standards for power supply stipulated by the State and withthe terms of the contract.

Where the power supplier fails to supply power in asafe manner in accordance with the standards for power supply stipulated by theState and with the terms of the contract, thereby causing losses to the powercustomer, it shall be liable for damages.

第一百七十九条 【安全供电义务及责任】供电人应当按照国家规定的供电质量标准和约定安全供电。

供电人未按照国家规定的供电质量标准和约定安全供电，造成用电人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 180 Where the power supplier needs to suspend the power supply dueto reasons such as planned maintenance or provisional inspection and repair ofthe power supply facilities, legally restriction on power, or illegal use ofpower by the power customer, etc.

, it shall notify the power customer inadvance in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State.

Where thepower supplier suspends power supply without notifying the power customer in advance,thereby causing losses to the power customer, it shall be liable for damages.

第一百八十条 【中断供电的通知义务】供电人因供电设施计划检修、临时检修、依法限电或者用电人违法用电等原因，需要中断供电时，应当按照国家有关规定事先通知用电人。

未事先通知用电人中断供电，造成用电人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 181 Where the power supply is suspended due to a natural disasteror other causes, the power supplier shall make prompt repairs in accordancewith the relevant provisions of the State.

Where the power supplier fails tomake prompt repair, thereby causing loss to the power customer, it shall beliable for damages.

第一百八十一条 【不可抗力断电的抢修义务】因自然灾害等原因断电，供电人应当按照国家有关规定及时抢修。

未及时抢修，造成用电人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 182 The power customer shall timely pay the electricity fees inaccordance with the relevant provisions of the State and with the terms of thecontract.

Where the power customer delays in paying the electricity fees, itshall pay breach of contract damages in accordance with the contract.

Where thepower customer fails to pay the electricity fees and breach of contract damageswithin a reasonable time limit after receiving demand for payment, the powersupplier may shut off the power supply in accordance with the procedureprescribed by the state.

第一百八十二条 【用电人交付电费义务】用电人应当按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定及时交付电费。

用电人逾期不交付电费的，应当按照约定支付违约金。

经催告用电人在合理期限内仍不交付电费和违约金的，供电人可以按照国家规定的程序中止供电。

Article 183 The power customer shall use power in a safe manner inaccordance with the relevant provisions of the State and with the terms of thecontract.

Where the power customer fails to use power in a safe manner inaccordance with the relevant provisions of the State and with the terms of thecontract, thereby causing losses to the power supplier, it shall be liable fordamages.

第一百八十三条 【安全用电义务】用电人应当按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定安全用电。

用电人未按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定安全用电，造成供电人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 184 A contract for the supply of water, gas or heat shall begoverned by reference to the relevant provisions on power supply contracts.

第一百八十四条 【供用水、气、热力合同】供用水、供用气、供用热力合同，参照供用电合同的有关规定。

Chapter 11 Gift Contracts

第十一章 赠与合同

Article 185 A gift contract is a contract whereby the donor conveys hisproperty to the donee gratuitously and the donee expresses his acceptance of thegift.

第一百八十五条 【定义】赠与合同是赠与人将自己的财产无偿给予受赠人，受赠人表示接受赠与的合同。

Article 186 Prior to the transfer of rights to the gift property, thedonor may revoke the gift.

The provisions of the preceding paragraph does not apply to any giftcontract the nature of which serves the public interests or fulfills a moralobligation, such as disaster relief, poverty relief, etc.

, or any gift contractwhich has been notarized.

第一百八十六条 【赠与合同的任意撤销与限制】赠与人在赠与财产的权利转移之前可以撤销赠与。

具有救灾、扶贫等社会公益、道德义务性质的赠与合同或者经过公证的赠与合同，不适用前款规定。

Article 187 Where conveyance of the gifted property is subject to suchprocedures as registration according to law, the relevant procedures shall becarried out.

第一百八十七条 【赠与的登记等手续】赠与的财产依法需要办理登记等手续的，应当办理有关手续。

Article 188 In the case of a gift contract the nature of which serves thepublic interests or fulfills a moral obligation, such as disaster relief,poverty relief, etc.

, or a gift contract which has been notarized, if the donorfails to deliver the gift property, the donee may require delivery.

第一百八十八条 【受赠人的交付请求权】具有救灾、扶贫等社会公益、道德义务性质的赠与合同或者经过公证的赠与合同，赠与人不交付赠与的财产的，受赠人可以要求交付。

Article 189 Where the gifted property is damaged or lost due to anyintentional misconduct or gross negligence of the donor, he shall be liable fordamages.

第一百八十九条 【赠与人责任】因赠与人故意或者重大过失致使赠与的财产毁损、灭失的，赠与人应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 190 A gift may be conditioned on an obligation.

Where the gift is conditioned on an obligation, the donee shall performhis obligations in accordance with the contract.

第一百九十条 【附义务赠与】赠与可以附义务。

赠与附义务的，受赠人应当按照约定履行义务。

Article 191 The donor is not liable for any defect in the gifted property.

Where the gift is conditioned on an obligation, and the gifted property isdefective, the donor has the same warranty obligations as a seller to theextent of the prescribed obligations.

Where the donor intentionally omits to inform the donee of the defect orwarranted the absence of any defect, thereby causing losses to the donee, heshall be liable for damages.

第一百九十一条 【赠与的瑕疵担保责任】赠与的财产有瑕疵的，赠与人不承担责任。

附义务的赠与，赠与的财产有瑕疵的，赠与人在附义务的限度内承担与出卖人相同的责任。

赠与人故意不告知瑕疵或者保证无瑕疵，造成受赠人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 192 Where the donee is in any of the following circumstances, thedonor may revoke the gift:

(1) seriously harming the donor or any immediate family member thereof;

(2) failing to perform support obligations owed to the donor;

(3) failing to perform the obligations under the gift contract.

The donor shall exercise its revocation right within one year after heknows, or ought to know, the cause for revocation.

第一百九十二条 【赠与的法定撤销】受赠人有下列情形之一的，赠与人可以撤销赠与：

(一)严重侵害赠与人或者赠与人的近亲属;

(二)对赠与人有扶养义务而不履行;

(三)不履行赠与合同约定的义务。

赠与人的撤销权，自知道或者应当知道撤销原因之日起一年内行使。

Article 193 Where the donor is deceased or incapacitated due to thedonee's illegal act, his heir or legal agent may revoke the gift.

The heir or legal agent of the donor shall exercise the right ofrevocation within six months after he knows, or ought to know, the cause forrevocation.

第一百九十三条 【赠与人的继承人或法定代理人的撤销权】因受赠人的违法行为致使赠与人死亡或者丧失民事行为能力的，赠与人的继承人或者法定代理人可以撤销赠与。

赠与人的继承人或者法定代理人的撤销权，自知道或者应当知道撤销原因之日起六个月内行使。

Article 194 Upon revocation of the gift, the person with the revocationright may claim restitution of the gifted property from the donee.

第一百九十四条 【赠与财产的返还】撤销权人撤销赠与的，可以向受赠人要求返还赠与的财产。

Article 195 If the donor's economic situation is deterioratedsignificantly, thereby seriously impacting on his business operation or familylife, he may no longer perform the gift obligations.

第一百九十五条 【赠与义务的免除】赠与人的经济状况显著恶化，严重影响其生产经营或者家庭生活的，可以不再履行赠与义务。

Chapter 12 Contracts for Loan of Money

第十二章 借款合同

Article 196 A contract for loan of money is a contract whereby theborrower borrows a sum of money from the lender, and repays the borrowed moneywith interest thereon when it becomes due.

第一百九十六条 【定义】借款合同是借款人向贷款人借款，到期返还借款并支付利息的合同。

Article 197 A contract for loan of money shall be in writing, except wherethe loan is between natural persons who have agreed otherwise.

The contents of a contract for loan of money include the terms such as theloan's type, currency, purpose, amount, interest rate, term and method ofrepayment, etc.

第一百九十七条 【合同形式及主要条款】借款合同采用书面形式，但自然人之间借款另有约定的除外。

借款合同的内容包括借款种类、币种、用途、数额、利率、期限和还款方式等条款。

Article 198 In entering into a contract for loan of money, the lender mayrequire the borrower to provide a guaranty.

The guaranty shall conform to theprovisions of the Security Law of the People's Republic of China.

第一百九十八条 【合同的担保】订立借款合同，贷款人可以要求借款人提供担保。

担保依照《中华人民共和国担保法》的规定。

Article 199 In entering into a contract for loan of money, the borrowershall provide true information concerning its business operation and financialcondition in connection with the loan as required by the lender.

第一百九十九条 【借款人提供其真实情况的义务】订立借款合同，借款人应当按照贷款人的要求提供与借款有关的业务活动和财务状况的真实情况。

Article 200 No interest shall be deducted from the principal in advance.

Where any interest amount is deducted from the principal in advance, therepayment of principal and calculation of interest shall be based on the actualamount borrowed.

第二百条 【利息的预先扣除】借款的利息不得预先在本金中扣除。

利息预先在本金中扣除的，应当按照实际借款数额返还借款并计算利息。

Article 201 Where the lender fails to make the loan amount available onthe agreed date and in the agreed amount, thereby causing losses to theborrower, it shall pay damages.

Where the borrower fails to draw down on the agreed date and in the agreedamount, it shall nevertheless pay the interest on the agreed date and in theagreed amount.

第二百零一条 【贷款违约责任】贷款人未按照约定的日期、数额提供借款，造成借款人损失的，应当赔偿损失。

借款人未按照约定的日期、数额收取借款的，应当按照约定的日期、数额支付利息。

Article 202 The lender may examine and monitor the application of theproceeds in accordance with the contract.

The borrower shall periodicallyprovide the lender with materials such as related financial and accountingreports, etc.

in accordance with the contract.

第二百零二条 【贷款人的检查、监督权】贷款人按照约定可以检查、监督借款的使用情况。

借款人应当按照约定向贷款人定期提供有关财务会计报表等资料。

Article 203 Where the borrower fails to use the proceeds for theprescribed purpose, the lender may withhold funding, call the loan, orterminate the contract.

第二百零三条 【借款使用的限制】借款人未按照约定的借款用途使用借款的，贷款人可以停止发放借款、提前收回借款或者解除合同。

Article 204 The interest rate on the loan provided by a financialinstitution engaged in lending operation shall be determined between theminimum and maximum rates fixed by the People's Bank of China.

第二百零四条 【利率】办理贷款业务的金融机构贷款的利率，应当按照中国人民银行规定的贷款利率的上下限确定。

Article 205 The borrower shall pay the interest at the agreed time.

Wherethe time of interest payment is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, norcan it be determined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, if the loanterm is less than one year, the interest shall be paid together with theprincipal at the time of repayment; if the loan term is one year or longer, theinterest shall be paid at the end of each annual period, and where the remainingperiod is less than one year, the interest shall be paid together with theprincipal at the time of repayment.

第二百零五条 【利息的支付】借款人应当按照约定的期限支付利息。

对支付利息的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定，借款期间不满一年的，应当在返还借款时一并支付;借款期间一年以上的，应当在每届满一年时支付，剩余期间不满一年的，应当在返还借款时一并支付。

Article 206 The borrower shall repay the principal at the agreed time.

Where the time of repayment is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, norcan it be determined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, the borrowermay repay at any time; and the lender may demand repayment from the borrowerwithin a reasonable time limit.

第二百零六条 【借款的返还期限】借款人应当按照约定的期限返还借款。

对借款期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，借款人可以随时返还;贷款人可以催告借款人在合理期限内返还。

Article 207 Where the borrower fails to repay the loan at the agreed time,it shall pay delayed repayment interest in accordance with the contract or therelevant provisions of the State.

第二百零七条 【逾期利息】借款人未按照约定的期限返还借款的，应当按照约定或者国家有关规定支付逾期利息。

Article 208 Where the borrower prepays the loan, unless otherwise agreedby the parties, the interest shall be calculated based on the actual period ofloan.

第二百零八条 【提前偿还借款的利息计算】借款人提前偿还借款的，除当事人另有约定的以外，应当按照实际借款的期间计算利息。

Article 209 The borrower may apply to the lender for extension of the loanterm before its maturity.

Upon consent by the lender, the loan term may beextended.

第二百零九条 【借款展期】借款人可以在还款期限届满之前向贷款人申请展期。

贷款人同意的，可以展期。

Article 210 A contract for loan of money between natural persons becomeseffective at the time the lender makes the loan amount available.

第二百一十条 【自然人间借款合同的生效时间】自然人之间的借款合同，自贷款人提供借款时生效。

Article 211 Under a contract for loan of money between natural persons, ifpayment of interest is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, the loan isdeemed interest free.

Under a contract for loan of money between natural persons, the interestrate on the loan may not contravene the relevant provisions of the Stateconcerning limit on loan interest rate.

第二百一十一条 【自然人间借款合同的利率】自然人之间的借款合同对支付利息没有约定或者约定不明确的，视为不支付利息。

自然人之间的借款合同约定支付利息的，借款的利率不得违反国家有关限制借款利率的规定。

Chapter 13 Leasing Contracts

第十三章 租赁合同

Article 212 A leasing contract is a contract whereby the lessor deliversto the lessee the lease item for it to use or accrue benefit from, and thelessee pays the rent.

第二百一十二条 【定义】租赁合同是出租人将租赁物交付承租人使用、收益，承租人支付租金的合同。

Article 213 The contents of a leasing contract include terms such as thename, quantity and purpose of the lease item, lease term, amount of rent, timeand method of rent payment, as well as maintenance and repair of the leaseitem, etc.

第二百一十三条 【合同的主要条款】租赁合同的内容包括租赁物的名称、数量、用途、租赁期限、租金及其支付期限和方式、租赁物维修等条款。

Article 214 The lease term may not exceed twenty years.

If the lease termexceeds twenty years, the portion of the lease term beyond the initial twentyyear period is invalid.

At the end of the lease term, the parties may renew the lease, providedthat the renewed term may not exceed twenty years commencing on the date ofrenewal.

第二百一十四条 【租赁期限】租赁期限不得超过二十年。

超过二十年的，超过部分无效。

租赁期间届满，当事人可以续订租赁合同，但约定的租赁期限自续订之日起不得超过二十年。

Article 215 Where the lease term is six months or longer, the lease shallbe in writing.

If the parties fail to adopt a writing form, the lease is deemeda non-term lease.

第二百一十五条 【租赁合同的形式】租赁期限六个月以上的，应当采用书面形式。

当事人未采用书面形式的，视为不定期租赁。

Article 216 The lessor shall deliver the lease item to the lessee inaccordance with the contract and shall, during the lease term, keep the leaseitem fit for the agreed purpose.

第二百一十六条 【出租人基本义务】出租人应当按照约定将租赁物交付承租人，并在租赁期间保持租赁物符合约定的用途。

Article 217 The lessee shall use the lease item in the agreed manner.

Where the manner of use of the lease item is not agreed or the agreement is notclear, nor can it be determined in accordance with Article 61of this Law, thelease item shall be used in a manner consistent with its nature.

第二百一十七条 【承租人基本义务】承租人应当按照约定的方法使用租赁物。

对租赁物的使用方法没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当按照租赁物的性质使用。

Article 218 Where the lessee uses the lease item in the agreed manner orin a manner consistent with its nature, thereby causing wear and tear to thelease item, it is not liable for damages.

第二百一十八条 【正当使用租赁物的责任】承租人按照约定的方法或者租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致使租赁物受到损耗的，不承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 219 Where the lessee fails to use the lease item in the agreedmanner or in a manner consistent with its nature, thereby causing damage to it,the lessor may terminate the contract and claim damages.

第二百一十九条 【未正当使用租赁物的责任】承租人未按照约定的方法或者租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致使租赁物受到损失的，出租人可以解除合同并要求赔偿损失。

Article 220 The lessor shall perform the obligations of maintenance andrepair of the lease item, except otherwise agreed by the parties.

第二百二十条 【租赁物的维修】出租人应当履行租赁物的维修义务，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 221 Where the lease item needs maintenance or repair, the lesseemay require the lessor to perform maintenance or repair within a reasonabletime limit.

If the lessor fails to fulfill its obligations of maintenance or repair,the lessee may maintain or repair the lease item on its own at the lessor'sexpense.

Where the lessee's use of the lease item is impaired due tomaintenance or repair thereof, the rent shall be reduced or the lease termshall be extended accordingly.

第二百二十一条 【出租人履行维修义务】承租人在租赁物需要维修时可以要求出租人在合理期限内维修。

出租人未履行维修义务的，承租人可以自行维修，维修费用由出租人负担。

因维修租赁物影响承租人使用的，应当相应减少租金或者延长租期。

Article 222 The lessee shall keep the lease item with due careand shall be liable for damages if the lease item is damaged or lost due toimproper care.

第二百二十二条 【租凭物的保管】承租人应当妥善保管租赁物，因保管不善造成租赁物毁损、灭失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 223 Subject to consent of the lessor, the lessee may makeimprovement on or addition to the lease item.

If the lessee makes improvement on or addition to the lease item withoutconsent of the lessor, the lessor may require the lessee to restore the leaseitem to its original condition or claim compensation for the losses.

第二百二十三条 【租赁物的改善】承租人经出租人同意，可以对租赁物进行改善或者增设他物。

承租人未经出租人同意，对租赁物进行改善或者增设他物的，出租人可以要求承租人恢复原状或者赔偿损失。

Article 224 Subject to consent of the lessor, the lessee may sublease thelease item to a third party.

Where the lessee subleases the lease item, theleasing contract between the lessee and the lessor remains valid, and if thethird party causes damage to the lease item, the lessee shall compensate forthe losses.

Where the lessee subleases the lease item without the consent of thelessor, the lessor may terminate the contract.

第二百二十四条 【转租】承租人经出租人同意，可以将租赁物转租给第三人。

承租人转租的，承租人与出租人之间的租赁合同继续有效，第三人对租赁物造成损失的，承租人应当赔偿损失。

承租人未经出租人同意转租的，出租人可以解除合同。

Article 225 During the lease term, any benefit accrued from the possessionor use of the lease item belongs to the lessee, except otherwise agreed by theparties.

第二百二十五条 【租赁物的收益】在租赁期间因占有、使用租赁物获得的收益，归承租人所有，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 226 The lessee shall pay the rent at the agreed time.

Where thetime of payment is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it bedetermined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, the rent shall be paid atthe end of the lease term if it is less than one year; if the lease term is oneyear or longer, the rent shall be paid at the end of each annual period, andwhere the remaining period is less than one year, the rent shall be paid at theend of the lease term.

第二百二十六条 【支付租金的期限】承租人应当按照约定的期限支付租金。

对支付期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定，租赁期间不满一年的，应当在租赁期间届满时支付;租赁期间一年以上的，应当在每届满一年时支付，剩余期间不满一年的，应当在租赁期间届满时支付。

Article 227 Where the lessee fails to pay or delays in paying the rentwithout any reason, the lessor may require the lessee to pay the rent within areasonable time limit.

If the lessee fails to pay the rent at the end of suchtime limit, the lessor may terminate the contract.

第二百二十七条 【租金的未支付、迟延支付和逾期不支付】承租人无正当理由未支付或者迟延支付租金的，出租人可以要求承租人在合理期限内支付。

承租人逾期不支付的，出租人可以解除合同。

Article 228 If due to any claim by a third party, the lessee is unable touse or accrue benefit from the lease item, the lessee may require reduction inrent or refuse to pay rent.

In case of any claim by a third party, the lessee shall timely notify thelessor.

第二百二十八条 【租赁物的权利瑕疵】因第三人主张权利，致使承租人不能对租赁物使用、收益的，承租人可以要求减少租金或者不支付租金。

第三人主张权利的，承租人应当及时通知出租人。

Article 229 Any change of ownership to the lease item does not affect thevalidity of the leasing contract.

第二百二十九条 【所有权变动后的合同效力】租赁物在租赁期间发生所有权变动的，不影响租赁合同的效力。

Article 230 Where the lessor is to sell a dwelling unit under a lease, itshall give the lessee a notice within a reasonable time limit before the sale,and the lessee has the right of first refusal under the same conditions.

第二百三十条 【优先购买权】出租人出卖租赁房屋的，应当在出卖之前的合理期限内通知承租人，承租人享有以同等条件优先购买的权利。

Article 231 Where the lease item is damaged or lost in part or in wholedue to any reason not attributable to the lessee, the lessee may requirereduction in rent or refuse to pay rent; where the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved due to damage to or loss of the lease item in part or in whole,the lessee may terminate the contract.

第二百三十一条 【租赁物的灭失】因不可归责于承租人的事由，致使租赁物部分或者全部毁损、灭失的，承租人可以要求减少租金或者不支付租金;因租赁物部分或者全部毁损、灭失，致使不能实现合同目的的，承租人可以解除合同。

Article 232 Where the term of a lease is not agreed or the agreement isnot clear, nor can it be determined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law,such lease is deemed a non-term lease.

Either party may terminate the contractat any time, provided that the lessor shall give the lessee a reasonableadvance notice before it terminates the contract.

第二百三十二条 【租期不明的处理】当事人对租赁期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，视为不定期租赁。

当事人可以随时解除合同，但出租人解除合同应当在合理期限之前通知承租人。

Article 233 Where the lease item endangers the safety or health of thelessee, the lessee may terminate the contract at any time even if the lesseeknows the lease item does not meet the quality requirements when concluding thecontract.

第二百三十三条 【租赁物的瑕疵担保】租赁物危及承租人的安全或者健康的，即使承租人订立合同时明知该租赁物质量不合格，承租人仍然可以随时解除合同。

Article 234 Where the lessee is deceased during the term of a dwellingunit lease, the person jointly living in the unit with the lessee while thelessee is alive may continue leasing it on the terms of the original leasingcontract.

第二百三十四条 【共同居住人的居住权】承租人在房屋租赁期间死亡的，与其生前共同居住的人可以按照原租赁合同租赁该房屋。

Article 235 The lessee shall return the lease item at the end of the leaseterm.

The returned lease item shall be in a condition resulting from its use inthe agreed manner or in a manner consistent with its nature.

第二百三十五条 【租赁物的返还】租赁期间届满，承租人应当返还租赁物。

返还的租赁物应当符合按照约定或者租赁物的性质使用后的状态。

Article 236 Upon expiration of the lease term, if the lessee continues touse the lease item without objection by the lessor, the original leasingcontract remains effective, provided that it becomes a non-term lease.

第二百三十六条 【续租】租赁期间届满，承租人继续使用租赁物，出租人没有提出异议的，原租赁合同继续有效，但租赁期限为不定期。

Chapter 14 Financial Leasing Contracts

第十四章 融资租赁合同

Article 237 A financial leasing contract is a contract whereby the lessor,upon purchase of the lessee-selected lease item from a lessee-selected seller,provides the lease item to the lessee for its use, and the lessee pays therent.

第二百三十七条 【定义】融资租赁合同是出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择，向出卖人购买租赁物，提供给承租人使用，承租人支付租金的合同。

Article 238 The contents of a financial leasing contract include termssuch as the name, quantity, specifications, technical performance, and methodof inspection of the lease item, the lease term, the rental components and thetime, method and currency of payment, as well as the ownership of the leaseitem at the end of the lease term, etc.

A financial leasing contract shall be concluded in writing.

第二百三十八条 【合同的主要条款及形式】融资租赁合同的内容包括租赁物名称、数量、规格、技术性能、检验方法、租赁期限、租金构成及其支付期限和方式、币种、租赁期间届满租赁物的归属等条款。

融资租赁合同应当采用书面形式。

Article 239 Under the sales contract concluded by the lessor according tothe lessee's selection of the seller and the lease item, the seller shalldeliver the subject matter to the lessee in accordance with the contract, andthe lessee enjoys the rights of the buyer in respect of taking delivery of thesubject matter.

第二百三十九条 【租赁物的购买】出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合同，出卖人应当按照约定向承租人交付标的物，承租人享有与受领标的物有关的买受人的权利。

Article 240 The lessor, the seller and the lessee may agree that any claimarising from the seller's failure in the performance of its obligations underthe sales contract will be made by the lessee.

Where the lessee makes such aclaim, the lessor shall provide assistance.

第二百四十条 【索赔权】出租人、出卖人、承租人可以约定，出卖人不履行买卖合同义务的，由承租人行使索赔的权利。

承租人行使索赔权利的，出租人应当协助。

Article 241 Without the consent of the lessee, the lessor may not amendany lessee-related term in the sales contract concluded by it according to thelessee's selection of the seller and the lease item.

第二百四十一条 【买卖合同的变更】出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合同，未经承租人同意，出租人不得变更与承租人有关的合同内容。

Article 242 The lessor shall be entitled to the ownership of the leaseitem.

In case the lessee goes bankruptcy, the lease item is not part of itsbankruptcy assets.

第二百四十二条 【租赁物所有权】出租人享有租赁物的所有权。

承租人破产的，租赁物不属于破产财产。

Article 243 Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the rent under afinancial leasing contract shall be determined based on the major portion of orfull costs of purchasing the lease item and the lessor's reasonable profit.

第二百四十三条 【租金的确定】融资租赁合同的租金，除当事人另有约定的以外，应当根据购买租赁物的大部分或者全部成本以及出租人的合理利润确定。

Article 244 Where the lease item does not comply with the contract or isnot fit for the intended purpose, the lessor is not liable, except where thelessee relies on the skills of the lessor in selecting the lease item or thelessor interferes with the selection thereof.

第二百四十四条 【租赁物的瑕疵担保责任】租赁物不符合约定或者不符合使用目的的，出租人不承担责任，但承租人依赖出租人的技能确定租赁物或者出租人干预选择租赁物的除外。

Article 245 The lessor shall give warranty in respect of the lessee'spossession and use of the lease item.

第二百四十五条 【租赁物的占有和使用】出租人应当保证承租人对租赁物的占有和使用。

Article 246 If in the possession of the lessee, the lease item causespersonal injury or property damage to a third party, the lessor is not liable.

第二百四十六条 【租赁物造成的损害责任】承租人占有租赁物期间，租赁物造成第三人的人身伤害或者财产损害的，出租人不承担责任。

Article 247 The lessee shall keep and use the lease item with due care.

While in possession of the lease item, the lessee shall perform the obligationsof maintenance and repair thereof.

第二百四十七条 【租赁物的保管、使用、维修】承租人应当妥善保管、使用租赁物。

承租人应当履行占有租赁物期间的维修义务。

Article 248 The lessee shall pay the rent in accordance with the contract.

Where the lessee fails to pay the rent within a reasonable time limit afterreceiving the demand for payment from the lessor, the lessor may requirepayment of the full rent; or it may terminate the contract and take back thelease item.

第二百四十八条 【承租人拒付租金责任】承租人应当按照约定支付租金。

承租人经催告后在合理期限内仍不支付租金的，出租人可以要求支付全部租金;也可以解除合同，收回租赁物。

Article 249 Where the parties agree that the lease item shall belong tothe lessee at the expiry of the lease term, the lessee has paid the majority ofthe rent but is unable to pay the remaining rent, and the lessor terminates thecontract for this reason and takes back the lease item, if the value of thelease item taken back exceeds the rent and other expenses which the lessee owesto the lessor, the lessee may request the lessor to return a certain part.

第二百四十九条 【租赁物价值的部分返还权】当事人约定租赁期间届满租赁物归承租人所有，承租人已经支付大部分租金，但无力支付剩余租金，出租人因此解除合同收回租赁物的，收回的租赁物的价值超过承租人欠付的租金以及其他费用的，承租人可以要求部分返还。

Article 250 The lessor and the lessee may agree on the ownership of thelease item at the expiry of the lease term.

Where ownership of the lease itemis not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined inaccordance with Article 61 of this Law, the ownership of the lease item shallbelong to the lessor.

第二百五十条 【租赁期满租赁物归属】出租人和承租人可以约定租赁期间届满租赁物的归属。

对租赁物的归属没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，租赁物的所有权归出租人。

Chapter 15 Contracts for Work

第十五章 承揽合同

Article 251 A contract for work is a contract whereby the contractorshall, in light of the requirements of the ordering party, complete certainwork and deliver the results therefrom, and the ordering party pays theremuneration therefor.

Work includes processing, ordering, repairing, duplicating, testing,inspecting, etc.

.

第二百五十一条 【定义】承揽合同是承揽人按照定作人的要求完成工作，交付工作成果，定作人给付报酬的合同。

承揽包括加工、定作、修理、复制、测试、检验等工作。

Article 252 The contents of a contract for work shall contain such clausesas the subject matter, quantity, quality, remuneration, method of the work,supply of materials, term of performance, standards and method of inspection.

第二百五十二条 【合同的主要条款】承揽合同的内容包括承揽的标的、数量、质量、报酬、承揽方式、材料的提供、履行期限、验收标准和方法等条款。

Article 253 The contractor shall use its own equipment, skills and laborto complete the main part of the work, except as otherwise agreed upon by theparties.

Where the contractor assigns the contracted work to a third party forcompletion, the contractor shall be responsible to the ordering party inrespect of the work results completed by the ordering party.

Where theassignment is not approved by the ordering party, the ordering party mayterminate the contract.

第二百五十三条 【承揽工作的完成】承揽人应当以自己的设备、技术和劳力，完成主要工作，但当事人另有约定的除外。

承揽人将其承揽的主要工作交由第三人完成的，应当就该第三人完成的工作成果向定作人负责;未经定作人同意的，定作人也可以解除合同。

Article 254 The contractor may assign some ancillary work contracted to athird party for completion.

Where the contractor assigns some ancillary work to a third party forcompletion, the contractor hall be responsible to the ordering party for thework result completed by a third party.

第二百五十四条 【承揽人对辅助性工作的责任】承揽人可以将其承揽的辅助工作交由第三人完成。

承揽人将其承揽的辅助工作交由第三人完成的，应当就该第三人完成的工作成果向定作人负责。

Article 255 Where the contractor is to supply the materials, thecontractor shall select the materials in accordance with the contract and shallmake such materials available for inspection by the ordering party.

第二百五十五条 【承揽人提供材料的义务】承揽人提供材料的，承揽人应当按照约定选用材料，并接受定作人检验。

Article 256 Where the ordering party is to supply the materials, it shallsupply the materials in accordance with the contract.

The contractor shalltimely inspect the materials supplied by the ordering party, and if itdiscovers that they do not conform to the agreement in the contract, it shalltimely notify the ordering party to replace them or supply what is lacking ortake other remedial measures.

The contractor may not replace the materials supplied by the orderingparty without authorization, and may not replace any components which do notneed to be repaired.

第二百五十六条 【定作人提供材料及双方义务】定作人提供材料的，定作人应当按照约定提供材料。

承揽人对定作人提供的材料，应当及时检验，发现不符合约定时，应当及时通知定作人更换、补齐或者采取其他补救措施。

承揽人不得擅自更换定作人提供的材料，不得更换不需要修理的零部件。

Article 257 Where the contractor discovers that the drawings or technicalrequirements provided by the ordering party are unreasonable, it shall timelynotify the ordering party.

Where any losses are caused to the contractor due tothe indolent reply of the ordering party and other reasons, the ordering partyshall be liable for making compensation.

第二百五十七条 【承揽人的通知义务】承揽人发现定作人提供的图纸或者技术要求不合理的，应当及时通知定作人。

因定作人怠于答复等原因造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。

Article 258 Where the ordering party changes its requirements for thecontracted work while the work is under way, thereby causing losses to thecontractor, the ordering party shall be liable for making compensation.

第二百五十八条 【中途变更工作要求的责任】定作人中途变更承揽工作的要求，造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。

Article 259 Where the performance of the contracted work requiresassistance of the ordering party, the ordering party shall have the obligationto provide assistance.

Where the contracted work is unable to be completed dueto the ordering party's failure in fulfilling its obligation of assistance, thecontractor may urge the ordering party to perform its obligation within a

reasonable time limit and may extend the term of its performance; wherethe ordering party fails to perform such obligation within the time limit, thecontractor may terminate the contract.

第二百五十九条 【定作人的协助义务】承揽工作需要定作人协助的，定作人有协助的义务。

定作人不履行协助义务致使承揽工作不能完成的，承揽人可以催告定作人在合理期限内履行义务，并可以顺延履行期限;定作人逾期不履行的，承揽人可以解除合同。

Article 260 In the period of working, the contractor shall accept thenecessary supervision over and inspection of the work by the ordering party.

The ordering party may not obstruct the normal work of the contractor with thesupervision and inspection.

第二百六十条 【承揽人接受监督检查的义务】承揽人在工作期间，应当接受定作人必要的监督检验。

定作人不得因监督检验妨碍承揽人的正常工作。

Article 261 Upon the completion of the contracted work, the contractorshall deliver the work results to the ordering party and shall submit necessarytechnical materials and the relevant quality certificate.

The ordering partyshall conduct acceptance inspection of the work results.

第二百六十一条 【验收质量保证】承揽人完成工作的，应当向定作人交付工作成果，并提交必要的技术资料和有关质量证明。

定作人应当验收该工作成果。

Article 262 Where the work results delivered by the contractor fail tomeet the quality requirements, the ordering party may request the contractor tobear the liabilities for the breach of contract by way of repairing, remaking,reducing remuneration, or making compensation.

第二百六十二条 【质量不合约定的责任】承揽人交付的工作成果不符合质量要求的，定作人可以要求承揽人承担修理、重作、减少报酬、赔偿损失等违约责任。

Article 263 The ordering party shall pay the remuneration at the agreedtime limit.

Where the time limit of payment is not agreed or the agreement isnot clear, nor can it be determined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law,the ordering party shall pay it at the time when the contractor delivers thework results; where the work results are partially delivered, the orderingparty shall make payment accordingly.

第二百六十三条 【支付报酬期限】定作人应当按照约定的期限支付报酬。

对支付报酬的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，定作人应当在承揽人交付工作成果时支付;工作成果部分交付的，定作人应当相应支付。

Article 264 Where the ordering party fails to pay the remuneration or costfor the materials, etc.

to the contractor, the contractor is entitled to lienupon the work results, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties.

第二百六十四条 【承揽人的留置权】定作人未向承揽人支付报酬或者材料费等价款的，承揽人对完成的工作成果享有留置权，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 265 The contractor shall keep the materials supplied by theordering party and the completed work results with due care, and shall beliable for damages in case of any damage or losses due to improper care.

第二百六十五条 【材料的保管】承揽人应当妥善保管定作人提供的材料以及完成的工作成果，因保管不善造成毁损、灭失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 266 The contractor shall keep the relevant informationconfidential as required by the ordering party, and may not retain any replicaor technical material without permission of the ordering party.

第二百六十六条 【承揽人的保密义务】承揽人应当按照定作人的要求保守秘密，未经定作人许可，不得留存复制品或者技术资料。

Article 267 Joint contractors are jointly and severally liable to theordering party, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties.

第二百六十七条 【共同承揽】共同承揽人对定作人承担连带责任，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 268 The ordering party may terminate the contract at any time, butit shall bear the liability for making compensation for losses, if thecontractor suffers losses therefrom.

第二百六十八条 【定作人的解除权】定作人可以随时解除承揽合同，造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。

Chapter 16 Contracts for Construction Projects

第十六章 建设工程合同

Article 269 A contract for construction project is a contract whereby thecontractor performs project construction, and the developer pays the price.

Contracts for construction projects include contracts for survey, design,and construction.

第二百六十九条 【定义】建设工程合同是承包人进行工程建设，发包人支付价款的合同。

建设工程合同包括工程勘察、设计、施工合同。

Article 270 A contract for construction project shall be in written form.

第二百七十条 【合同形式】建设工程合同应当采用书面形式。

Article 271 Tendering for a construction project shall be conducted in anopen, fair and impartial manner in accordance with the relevant laws.

第二百七十一条 【招标投标】建设工程的招标投标活动，应当依照有关法律的规定公开、公平、公正进行。

Article 272 The developer may enter into a contract for constructionproject with a prime contractor, or enter into contracts for survey, design,and construction with the surveyor, designer, and constructor respectively.

The developer may not divide a construction project which should becompleted by one contractor into several parts and contract them out to severalcontractors.

Subject to consent by the developer, the prime contractor or thecontractor for survey, design, or construction may delegate part of thecontracted work to a third party.

The third party and the prime contractor orthe contractor for survey, design, or construction shall be jointly andseverally liable to the developer in respect of the work product completed bysuch third party.

The contractor may not assign in whole to any third party thecontracted construction project, or divide the whole contracted constructionproject into several parts and separately assign each part to a third partyunder the guise of sub-contracting.

The contractor is prohibited from sub-contracting any part of the projectto an entity not appropriately qualified.

A sub-contractor is prohibited fromfurther sub-contracting its contracted work.

The main structure of theconstruction project must be constructed by the contractor itself.

第二百七十二条 【总包与分包】发包人可以与总承包人订立建设工程合同，也可以分别与勘察人、设计人、施工人订立勘察、设计、施工承包合同。

发包人不得将应当由一个承包人完成的建设工程肢解成若干部分发包给几个承包人。

总承包人或者勘察、设计、施工承包人经发包人同意，可以将自己承包的部分工作交由第三人完成。

第三人就其完成的工作成果与总承包人或者勘察、设计、施工承包人向发包人承担连带责任。

承包人不得将其承包的全部建设工程转包给第三人或者将其承包的全部建设工程肢解以后以分包的名义分别转包给第三人。

禁止承包人将工程分包给不具备相应资质条件的单位。

禁止分包单位将其承包的工程再分包。

建设工程主体结构的施工必须由承包人自行完成。

Article 273 A contract for a major state construction project shall beconcluded in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the state and incompliance with the state-approved documents such as the investment plan andfeasibility studies report, etc.

第二百七十三条 【重大建设工程合同的订立】国家重大建设工程合同，应当按照国家规定的程序和国家批准的投资计划、可行性研究报告等文件订立。

Article 274 A contract for survey or design includes terms such as thetime limit for submission of the relevant basic information and documents(including budget estimate), the quality requirements, fees, and otherconditions of cooperation, etc.

第二百七十四条 【勘察、设计合同主要内容】勘察、设计合同的内容包括提交有关基础资料和文件(包括概预算)的期限、质量要求、费用以及其他协作条件等条款。

Article 275 A construction contract includes terms such as the scope ofthe project, the construction period, the time for commencement and completionof any work to be commissioned in the interim, the quality of the project, thecost of the project, the time for delivery of technical materials, theresponsibilities for the supply of materials and equipment, the appropriationof

funds and settlement of account, inspection upon completion of theproject, the scope and period of quality warranty, and cooperation between theparties, etc.

第二百七十五条 【施工合同主要条款】施工合同的内容包括工程范围、建设工期、中间交工工程的开工和竣工时间、工程质量、工程造价、技术资料交付时间、材料和设备供应责任、拨款和结算、竣工验收、质量保修范围和质量保证期、双方相互协作等条款。

Article 276 Where the construction project is subject to supervision, thedeveloper shall enter into an agency appointment contract for projectsupervision with a project supervisor in writing.

The rights, obligations andassociated legal liabilities of the developer and supervisor shall be prescribedin accordance with the provisions hereof concerning agency appointmentcontracts and the provisions of other relevant laws and administrativeregulations.

第二百七十六条 【建设工程监理】建设工程实行监理的，发包人应当与监理人采用书面形式订立委托监理合同。

发包人与监理人的权利和义务以及法律责任，应当依照本法委托合同以及其他有关法律、行政法规的规定。

Article 277 Provided that the developer does not interfere with the normaloperation of the contractor, it may inspect the progress and quality of thework at any time.

第二百七十七条 【发包人检查权】发包人在不妨碍承包人正常作业的情况下，可以随时对作业进度、质量进行检查。

Article 278 In the case of concealed work, the contractor shall give thedeveloper notice for inspection prior to concealment.

Where the developer failsto timely conduct inspection, the contractor may extend the relevant projectmilestones, and is entitled to claim damages for work stoppage or workslowdown, etc.

第二百七十八条 【隐蔽工程的验收】隐蔽工程在隐蔽以前，承包人应当通知发包人检查。

发包人没有及时检查的，承包人可以顺延工程日期，并有权要求赔偿停工、窝工等损失。

Article 279 Upon completion of the construction project, the developershall conduct acceptance inspection according to the construction drawings andspecifications, and in accordance with the rules of construction inspection andquality inspection standard prescribed by the state.

Once the constructionproject has passed the acceptance inspection, the developer shall pay the

prescribed price and accept the construction project.

The completed construction project may be put into use only after it haspassed the acceptance inspection; if the construction project has not beeninspected or has failed the inspection, it may not be put into use.

第二百七十九条 【竣工验收】建设工程竣工后，发包人应当根据施工图纸及说明书、国家颁发的施工验收规范和质量检验标准及时进行验收。

验收合格的，发包人应当按照约定支付价款，并接收该建设工程。

建设工程竣工经验收合格后，方可交付使用;未经验收或者验收不合格的，不得交付使用。

Article 280 Where the developer sustains any loss from construction delaydue to non-compliance of the survey or design or due to delayed delivery of thesurvey or design documents, the surveyor or the designer shall continue toimprove the survey or design, reduce or forgo the survey fee or design fee, andpay damages.

第二百八十条 【勘察、设计人质量责任】勘察、设计的质量不符合要求或者未按照期限提交勘察、设计文件拖延工期，造成发包人损失的，勘察人、设计人应当继续完善勘察、设计，减收或者免收勘察、设计费并赔偿损失。

Article 281 Where the construction project fails to meet the prescribedquality requirements due to any reason attributable to the constructor, thedeveloper is entitled to require the constructor to repair, re-construct ormake alteration free of charge within a reasonable time.

Where delivery

of the project is delayed due to such repair, re-construction oralteration, the constructor shall be liable for breach of contract.

第二百八十一条 【施工人的质量责任】因施工人的原因致使建设工程质量不符合约定的，发包人有权要求施工人在合理期限内无偿修理或者返工、改建。

经过修理或者返工、改建后，造成逾期交付的，施工人应当承担违约责任。

Article 282 Where the construction project caused personal injury andproperty damage during its reasonable usage period due to any reasonattributable to the contractor, the contractor shall be liable for damages.

第二百八十二条 【质量保证责任】因承包人的原因致使建设工程在合理使用期限内造成人身和财产损害的，承包人应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 283 Where the developer fails to provide raw materials, equipment,site, funds, or technical information at the prescribed time and in accordancewith the contractual requirements, the contractor may extend the relevantproject milestones, and is entitled to claim damages for work stoppage orslowdown, etc.

第二百八十三条 【发包人违约责任】发包人未按照约定的时间和要求提供原材料、设备、场地、资金、技术资料的，承包人可以顺延工程日期，并有权要求赔偿停工、窝工等损失。

Article 284 If an ongoing project is stopped or delayed due to any reasonattributable to the developer, the developer shall take the appropriatemeasures to make up or mitigate the loss, and shall indemnify the contractorfor its loss and out-of-pocket expenses arising from resulting work stoppage,slowdown, reshipment, re-dispatch of mechanical equipment, and excess inventoryof materials and assemblies, etc.

第二百八十四条 【发包人原因致工程停建、缓建的责任】因发包人的原因致使工程中途停建、缓建的，发包人应当采取措施弥补或者减少损失，赔偿承包人因此造成的停工、窝工、倒运、机械设备调迁、材料和构件积压等损失和实际费用。

Article 285 Where in the course of survey or design, any repeating work,work stoppage or change of design occurs due to the developer's change of plan,the incorrect information provided by it, or its failure to provide the workingconditions necessary for the survey or design at the prescribed time, thedeveloper shall increase the fees in light of the actual amount of work done

by the surveyor or designer.

第二百八十五条 【发包人的原因致勘察、设计、返工、停工或修改设计的责任】因发包人变更计划，提供的资料不准确，或者未按照期限提供必需的勘察、设计工作条件而造成勘察、设计的返工、停工或者修改设计，发包人应当按照勘察人、设计人实际消耗的工作量增付费用。

Article 286 If the developer failed to pay the price in accordance withthe contract, the contractor may demand payment from the developer within areasonable period.

Where the developer fails to pay the price at the end ofsuch period, the contractor may enter into an agreement with the developer toliquidate the project, and may also petition the People's Court to auction the

project in accordance with the law, unless such project is not fit forliquidation or auction in light of its nature.

The construction project price shall be paid in priority out of proceedsfrom the liquidation or auction of the project.

第二百八十六条 【工程价款的支付】发包人未按照约定支付价款的，承包人可以催告发包人在合理期限内支付价款。

发包人逾期不支付的，除按照建设工程的性质不宜折价、拍卖的以外，承包人可以与发包人协议将该工程折价，也可以申请人民法院将该工程依法拍卖。

建设工程的价款就该工程折价或者拍卖的价款优先受偿。

Article 287 A matter not provided for in this Chapter shall be governed bythe relevant provision governing contracts of hired works.

第二百八十七条 【适用承揽合同的规定】本章没有规定的，适用承揽合同的有关规定。

Chapter 17 Transportation Contracts

第十七章 运输合同

Section One General Provisions

第一节 一般规定

Article 288 A transportation contract is a contract whereby the carriercarries passengers or cargoes from the starting place of carriage to the agreeddestination, and the passenger, consignor or consignee pays for the ticket-fareor freight.

第二百八十八条 【定义】运输合同是承运人将旅客或者货物从起运地点运输到约定地点，旅客、托运人或者收货人支付票款或者运输费用的合同。

Article 289 A carrier engaged in public transportation may not refuse thenormal and reasonable carriage request of a passenger or consignor.

第二百八十九条 【公共运输承运人】从事公共运输的承运人不得拒绝旅客、托运人通常、合理的运输要求。

Article 290 The carrier shall safely carry the passengers or cargoes tothe agreed destination within the agreed time or within a reasonable time.

第二百九十条 【按约定期间运输义务】承运人应当在约定期间或者合理期间内将旅客、货物安全运输到约定地点。

Article 291 The carrier shall carry the passengers or cargoes to theagreed destination via the agreed route or the customary carriage route.

第二百九十一条 【按约定路线运输义务】承运人应当按照约定的或者通常的运输路线将旅客、货物运输到约定地点。

Article 292 A passenger, a consignor or a consignee shall pay theticket-fare or freight.

Where the carrier fails to carry the passengers or thecargoes via the agreed or customary carriage route, thereby increasing theticket-fare or freight, the passenger, consignor or consignee may refuse to payany increased portion thereof.

第二百九十二条 【旅客、托运人或收货人基本义务】旅客、托运人或者收货人应当支付票款或者运输费用。

承运人未按照约定路线或者通常路线运输增加票款或者运输费用的，旅客、托运人或者收货人可以拒绝支付增加部分的票款或者运输费用。

Section Two Passenger Transportation contracts

第二节 客运合同

Article 293 A passenger transportation contract is established upon thecarrier's delivery of the passenger ticket to the passenger, except asotherwise agreed upon by the parties or there are other transaction practices.

第二百九十三条 【合同的成立】客运合同自承运人向旅客交付客票时成立，但当事人另有约定或者另有交易习惯的除外。

Article 294 The passenger shall board the means of transportation with avalid passenger ticket.

If the passenger boards without a ticket, exceeds thedistance paid for, takes a higher class or higher berth than booked, or boardswith an invalid ticket, he shall make up the payment for an appropriate ticket,and the carrier may charge an additional payment in accordance with therelevant provisions.

Where the passenger fails to pay the ticket-fare, thecarrier may refuse to carry.

第二百九十四条 【持有效客票乘运义务】旅客应当持有效客票乘运。

旅客无票乘运、超程乘运、越级乘运或者持失效客票乘运的，应当补交票款，承运人可以按照规定加收票款。

旅客不交付票款的，承运人可以拒绝运输。

Article 295 Where the passenger is unable to board the means oftransportation at the time stated on the passenger ticket due to any reasonattributable to himself, he shall undergo the formalities for ticketcancellation and refund or for ticket modification within the agreed period.

Where the passenger fails to do so within the time period, the carrier mayrefuse to refund the ticket-fare, and no longer bear the obligation ofcarriage.

第二百九十五条 【退票与变更】旅客因自己的原因不能按照客票记载的时间乘坐的，应当在约定的时间内办理退票或者变更手续。

逾期办理的，承运人可以不退票款，并不再承担运输义务。

Article 296 In the course of carriage, the passenger's carry-on luggageshall be within the agreed limit of quantity.

Where the luggage exceeds theagreed limit of quantity, the additional luggage shall be checked in.

第二百九十六条 【按约定限量携带行李义务】旅客在运输中应当按照约定的限量携带行李。

超过限量携带行李的，应当办理托运手续。

Article 297 The passenger may not bring with him or pack in the luggagesuch dangerous articles as are flammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, orradioactive as well as those that might endanger the safety of life andproperty on board the means of transportation or other contraband articles.

Where the passenger violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph,the carrier may unload, destroy or turn over to the relevant authority thecontraband articles.

Where the passenger insists on carrying in person orplacing in his luggage the contraband articles, the carrier shall refuse tocarry.

第二百九十七条 【违禁品或危险物品的携带禁止】旅客不得随身携带或者在行李中夹带易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性以及有可能危及运输工具上人身和财产安全的危险物品或者其他违禁物品。

旅客违反前款规定的，承运人可以将违禁物品卸下、销毁或者送交有关部门。

旅客坚持携带或者夹带违禁物品的，承运人应当拒绝运输。

Article 298 The carrier shall timely inform the passenger of any majorcauses hindering the normal carriage and the matters which shall be noted forpurpose of safety carriage.

第二百九十八条 【承运人告知重要事项义务】承运人应当向旅客及时告知有关不能正常运输的重要事由和安全运输应当注意的事项。

Article 299 The carrier shall carry the passenger according to the timeand the carriage schedule stated on the passenger ticket.

Where the carrierdelays in carriage, it shall, upon request by the passenger, either arrange thepassenger to take other flights or numbers or refund the ticket-fare.

第二百九十九条 【承运人迟延运输】承运人应当按照客票载明的时间和班次运输旅客。

承运人迟延运输的，应当根据旅客的要求安排改乘其他班次或者退票。

Article 300 Where the carrier unilaterally changes the means oftransportation, thereby lowering the standards of service, it shall, uponrequest by the passenger, refund the ticket-fare or lower the price of theticket; where the service standards are enhanced, no additional ticket-fare

shall be charged.

第三百条 【承运人变更运输工具】承运人擅自变更运输工具而降低服务标准的，应当根据旅客的要求退票或者减收票款;提高服务标准的，不应当加收票款。

Article 301 In the course of carriage, the carrier shallgives its best efforts to assist the passenger who is seriously ill, or who isgiving birth to a child or whose life is at risk.

第三百零一条 【对旅客的救助义务】承运人在运输过程中，应当尽力救助患有急病、分娩、遇险的旅客。

Article 302 The carrier shall be liable for damages in case of injury ordeath of the passenger in the course of carriage, except where such injury ordeath is attributable to the passenger's own health, or the carrier proves thatsuch injury or death is caused by the passenger's intentional misconduct orgross negligence.

The provisions in the preceding paragraph apply to a passenger who isexempted from buying a ticket or holds a preferential ticket pursuant to therelevant provisions, or who is permitted by the carrier to be on board withouta ticket.

第三百零二条 【旅客伤亡的损害赔偿责任】承运人应当对运输过程中旅客的伤亡承担损害赔偿责任，但伤亡是旅客自身健康原因造成的或者承运人证明伤亡是旅客故意、重大过失造成的除外。

前款规定适用于按照规定免票、持优待票或者经承运人许可搭乘的无票旅客。

Article 303 Where an article that the passenger takes with him on board isdamaged or destroyed during the period of carriage, the carrier shall be liablefor the damage if it has committed faults.

Where the passenger's check-in luggage is damaged or lost, the relevantprovisions on the carriage of cargoes shall be applied.

第三百零三条 【对行李的赔偿责任】在运输过程中旅客自带物品毁损、灭失，承运人有过错的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

旅客托运的行李毁损、灭失的，适用货物运输的有关规定。

Section Three Cargo Transportation contracts

第三节 货运合同

Article 304 In undergoing the formalities for cargoes, the consignor shallprecisely indicate to carrier the name of the consignee or the consignee byorder, the name, nature weight, amount and the place for taking delivery of thecargoes, and other information necessary for cargo carriage.

Where the carrier suffers from damage due to untrue declaration oromission of important information by the consignor, the consignor shall beliable for damages.

第三百零四条 【托运人告知义务】托运人办理货物运输，应当向承运人准确表明收货人的名称或者姓名或者凭指示的收货人，货物的名称、性质、重量、数量，收货地点等有关货物运输的必要情况。

因托运人申报不实或者遗漏重要情况，造成承运人损失的，托运人应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 305 Where carriage of the cargo is subject to such procedures asexamination and approval or inspection, the consignor shall submit to thecarrier the documents of fulfillment of the relevant procedure.

第三百零五条 【托运人提交文件义务】货物运输需要办理审批、检验等手续的，托运人应当将办理完有关手续的文件提交承运人。

Article 306 The consignor shall pack the cargo in the agreed manner.

Wherethe packing manner is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, the provisionsof Article 156 of this Law shall be applied.

Where the consignor violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph,the carrier may refuse to carry.

第三百零六条 【托运人的包装义务】托运人应当按照约定的方式包装货物。

对包装方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第一百五十六条的规定。

托运人违反前款规定的，承运人可以拒绝运输。

Article 307 In consigning any dangerous articles which are inflammable,explosive, toxic, corrosive, or radioactive, the consignor shall, in accordancewith the provisions of the State on the carriage of dangerous articles,properly pack the dangerous articles and affix thereon signs and labels fordangerous articles, and shall submit the written papers relating to the numberand measures of precaution to the carrier

If the consignor violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, thecarrier may refuse to carry, and may also take corresponding measures to avoidlosses, expenses thus caused shall be borne by the consignor .

第三百零七条 【托运人运送危险货物的义务】托运人托运易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性等危险物品的，应当按照国家有关危险物品运输的规定对危险物品妥善包装，作出危险物标志和标签，并将有关危险物品的名称、性质和防范措施的书面材料提交承运人。

托运人违反前款规定的，承运人可以拒绝运输，也可以采取相应措施以避免损失的发生，因此产生的费用由托运人承担。

Article 308 Prior to carrier's delivery of the cargoes to the consignee,the consignor may request the carrier to suspend the carriage, return thecargoes, change the destination or deliver the cargoes to another consignee,but it shall compensate the carrier for any losses thus caused.

第三百零八条 【托运人请求变更的权利】在承运人将货物交付收货人之前，托运人可以要求承运人中止运输、返还货物、变更到达地或者将货物交给其他收货人，但应当赔偿承运人因此受到的损失。

Article 309 Upon arrival of the cargoes, if the carrier has the knowledgeof the consignee, it shall timely notify the consignee and the consignee shalltimely take delivery.

Where the consignee takes delivery exceeding the timelimit, it shall pay such expenses as storage of the goods, etc.

第三百零九条 【承运人的通知义务及收货人及时提货义务】货物运输到达后，承运人知道收货人的，应当及时通知收货人，收货人应当及时提货。

收货人逾期提货的，应当向承运人支付保管费等费用。

Article 310 Upon taking delivery of the cargoes, the consignee shallinspect the cargoes at the agreed time.

Where the time for inspection is notagreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined in accordancewith Article 61 of this Law, the consignee shall inspect the cargo within areasonable time limit.

The consignee's failure to raise any objection on thequantity of, or any damage to, the cargoes within the agreed time limit orwithin a reasonable time limit is deemed prima facie evidence of delivery bythe carrier in compliance with the description in the transportation documents.

第三百一十条 【收货人对货物的检验】收货人提货时应当按照约定的期限检验货物。

对检验货物的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当在合理期限内检验货物。

收货人在约定的期限或者合理期限内对货物的数量、毁损等未提出异议的，视为承运人已经按照运输单证的记载交付的初步证据。

Article 311 The carrier is liable for damages in case of damage to or lossof the cargoes in the course of carriage, provided that it is not liable fordamages if it proves that such damage to or loss of the cargoes is caused byforce majeure, the intrinsic characteristics of the cargoes,reasonabledepletion, or the fault of the consignor or consignee.

第三百一十一条 【承运人的赔偿责任】承运人对运输过程中货物的毁损、灭失承担损害赔偿责任，但承运人证明货物的毁损、灭失是因不可抗力、货物本身的自然性质或者合理损耗以及托运人、收货人的过错造成的，不承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 312 Where the parties agree on the amount of damages in case ofdamage to or loss of the cargoes, the damages payable is the agreed amount; ifthe amount of damages is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can itbe determined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, it shall be calculatedon the basis of the prevailing market price at the destination when the cargoesare or ought to be delivered.

Where a law or administrative regulation providesotherwise in respect of the measures for the calculation of damages and of theceiling of the amount of damages, these provisions shall be applied.

第三百一十二条 【确定货损额的方法】货物的毁损、灭失的赔偿额，当事人有约定的，按照其约定;没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，按照交付或者应当交付时货物到达地的市场价格计算。

法律、行政法规对赔偿额的计算方法和赔偿限额另有规定的，依照其规定。

Article 313 Where two or more carriers jointly carry the cargoes using thesame means of transportation, the carrier contracting with the consignor shallbe responsible for the whole course of carriage.

Where the losses occurred at aparticular segment, the carrier contracting with the consignor and the carrierfor such segment are jointly and severally liable.

第三百一十三条 【相继运输的责任承担】两个以上承运人以同一运输方式联运的，与托运人订立合同的承运人应当对全程运输承担责任。

损失发生在某一运输区段的，与托运人订立合同的承运人和该区段的承运人承担连带责任。

Article 314 Where the cargoes are lost in the course of carriage due toforce majeure, if the freight has not been collected, the carrier may notrequest the payment thereof; if the freight has been collected, the consignormay request the refund of the freight.

第三百一十四条 【货物的灭失与运费的处理】货物在运输过程中因不可抗力灭失，未收取运费的，承运人不得要求支付运费;已收取运费的，托运人可以要求返还。

Article 315 Where the consignor or consignee fails to pay the freight,storage fees and other carriage expenses, the carrier is entitled to lien onthe relevant carried cargoes, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties.

第三百一十五条 【运送物的留置】托运人或者收货人不支付运费、保管费以及其他运输费用的，承运人对相应的运输货物享有留置权，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 316 Where the consignee is not clear or refuses to take deliveryof the cargoes without justified reasons, the carrier may place the cargo inescrow according to the provisions of Article 101 of this Law.

第三百一十六条 【货物的提存】收货人不明或者收货人无正当理由拒绝受领货物的，依照本法第一百零一条的规定，承运人可以提存货物。

Section Four Multi-modal Transportation contract

第四节 多式联运合同

Article 317 A multi-modal carriage operator is responsible for performing,or arranging for performance of, the multi-modal transportation contract, andit enjoys the rights and assumes the obligations of a carrier throughout thecourse of carriage.

第三百一十七条 【多式联运经营人的权利义务】多式联运经营人负责履行或者组织履行多式联运合同，对全程运输享有承运人的权利，承担承运人的义务。

Article 318 The multi-modal carriage operator and the segment carriers mayenter into agreements on their respective duties concerning each segment,provided that the obligations of the multi-modal carriage operator with respectto the entire course of carriage are not affected by any such agreement.

第三百一十八条 【多式联运的责任制度】多式联运经营人可以与参加多式联运的各区段承运人就多式联运合同的各区段运输约定相互之间的责任，但该约定不影响多式联运经营人对全程运输承担的义务。

Article 319 Upon receipt of the cargo delivered by the consignor, themulti-modal carriage operator shall issue thereto a multi-modal carriagedocument.

The multi-modal carriage document may either be assignable ornon-assignable as required by the consignor.

第三百一十九条 【联运单据的转让】多式联运经营人收到托运人交付的货物时，应当签发多式联运单据。

按照托运人的要求，多式联运单据可以是可转让单据，也可以是不可转让单据。

Article 320 Where the multi-modal carriage operator sustains any loss dueto the fault of the consignor in the course of consigning the cargo, theconsignor shall be liable for damages notwithstanding its subsequent assignmentof the multi-modal carriage document.

第三百二十条 【托运人的损害赔偿责任】因托运人托运货物时的过错造成多式联运经营人损失的，即使托运人已经转让多式联运单据，托运人仍然应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 321 Where damage to or loss of the cargo occurred within aparticular segment of the course of a multi-modal carriage, the multi-modalcarriage operator's liability for damages and any limitation thereon aregoverned by the applicable transportation law of the jurisdiction which suchsegment is under.

Where the segment in which the cargo is damaged or lostcannot be determined, the liability for damages shall be borne in accordancewith the provisions of this Chapter.

第三百二十一条 【赔偿责任适用法律的规定】货物的毁损、灭失发生于多式联运的某一运输区段的，多式联运经营人的赔偿责任和责任限额，适用调整该区段运输方式的有关法律规定。

货物毁损、灭失发生的运输区段不能确定的，依照本章规定承担损害赔偿责任。

Chapter 18 Technology Contracts

第十八章 技术合同

Section One General Provisions

第一节 一般规定

Article 322 A technology contract is a contract the parties conclude forestablishing their rights and obligations in respect of the development ortransfer of technology, or in respect of technical consulting or service.

第三百二十二条 【定义】技术合同是当事人就技术开发、转让、咨询或者服务订立的确立相互之间权利和义务的合同。

Article 323 The conclusion of a technology contract shall be conducive tothe advancement of science and technology, and expedite the conversion,application and dissemination of scientific and technological achievements.

第三百二十三条 【订立技术合同的原则】订立技术合同，应当有利于科学技术的进步，加速科学技术成果的转化、应用和推广。

Article 324 The contents of a technology contract shall be agreed upon bythe parties, and shall contain the following clauses in general:

(1) project name;

(2) contents, scope and requirement of the subject matter;

(3) the plan, schedule, period, place, territory and method ofperformance;

(4) confidentiality of technical information and materials;

(5) allocation of responsibilities for risks;

(6) ownership of the technology and allocation of benefits accruedtherefrom;

(7) standard applicable to and method of acceptance test;

(8) price, remuneration or licensing fee and the method of payment;

(9) liquidated damages or method for calculation of damages;

(10) method of dispute resolution;

(11) definition of terms and phrases.

The parties may agree to include the following materials relating to theperformance of the contract as an integral part thereof: technical backgroundinformation, feasibility studies and technical evaluation report, project taskmatrix and project plan, technical standard, technical specifications, originaldesign and technique documents, as well as other technical documentation.

Where the technology contract involves any patent, it shall set forth thename of the invention or innovation, the patent applicant and the patentee, thedate of application, the application number, patent number and the term of thepatent.

第三百二十四条 【技术合同的主要条款】技术合同的内容由当事人约定，一般包括以下条款：

(一)项目名称;

(二)标的的内容、范围和要求;

(三)履行的计划、进度、期限、地点、地域和方式;

(四)技术情报和资料的保密;

(五)风险责任的承担;

(六)技术成果的归属和收益的分成办法;

(七)验收标准和方法;

(八)价款、报酬或者使用费及其支付方式;

(九)违约金或者损失赔偿的计算方法;

(十)解决争议的方法;

(十一)名词和术语的解释。

与履行合同有关的技术背景资料、可行性论证和技术评价报告、项目任务书和计划书、技术标准、技术规范、原始设计和工艺文件，以及其他技术文档，按照当事人的约定可以作为合同的组成部分。

技术合同涉及专利的，应当注明发明创造的名称、专利申请人和专利权人、申请日期、申请号、专利号以及专利权的有效期限。

Article 325 The method for payment of the price, remuneration or licensingfee under a technology contract shall be agreed upon by the parties, who mayagree upon lump-sum payment based on one-time calculation or installmentpayment based on one-time calculation, and may also agree upon royalty paymentor royalty payment plus advance payment of initial fee.

Where a royalty payment method is agreed upon, the royalty may becalculated as a percentage of the product price, any increase in product valueresulting from exploitation of the patent or use of the technical secret,profit, or product sales, and may also be calculated by any other method agreedupon by the parties.

The royalty rate may be fixed or subject to annualincrease or decrease.

Where a royalty payment is agreed, the parties shall agree in the contracta method for inspection of the relevant accounting books.

第三百二十五条 【技术合同价款、报酬或使用费】技术合同价款、报酬或者使用费的支付方式由当事人约定，可以采取一次总算、一次总付或者一次总算、分期支付，也可以采取提成支付或者提成支付附加预付入门费的方式。

约定提成支付的，可以按照产品价格、实施专利和使用技术秘密后新增的产值、利润或者产品销售额的一定比例提成，也可以按照约定的其他方式计算。

提成支付的比例可以采取固定比例、逐年递增比例或者逐年递减比例。

约定提成支付的，当事人应当在合同中约定查阅有关会计帐目的办法。

Article 326 Where the right to use and the right to transfer job-relatedtechnology belong to a legal person or an organization of any other nature, thelegal person or organization may enter into a technology contract in respect ofsuch job-related technology.

The legal person or organization shall reward orremunerate the individual(s) who developed the technology with a percentage of

the benefits accrued from the use and transfer of the job-relatedtechnology.

Where the legal person or organization is to enter into atechnology contract for the transfer of the job-related technology, theindividual who accomplished this technological achievement shall have thepriority to be the transferee under the same conditions.

A job-related technology is a technology developed in the course ofcompleting a task assigned by a legal person or an organization of any othernature, or developed by primarily utilizing the material and technicalresources thereof.

第三百二十六条 【职务技术成果的经济权属】职务技术成果的使用权、转让权属于法人或者其他组织的，法人或者其他组织可以就该项职务技术成果订立技术合同。

法人或者其他组织应当从使用和转让该项职务技术成果所取得的收益中提取一定比例，对完成该项职务技术成果的个人给予奖励或者报酬。

法人或者其他组织订立技术合同转让职务技术成果时，职务技术成果的完成人享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。

职务技术成果是执行法人或者其他组织的工作任务，或者主要是利用法人或者其他组织的物质技术条件所完成的技术成果。

Article 327 The right to use and the right to transfer non-job-relatedtechnology belong to the individual developer, who may enter into a technologycontract in respect thereof.

第三百二十七条 【非职务技术成果的经济权属】非职务技术成果的使用权、转让权属于完成技术成果的个人，完成技术成果的个人可以就该项非职务技术成果订立技术合同。

Article 328 The individual who developed the technology is entitled toidentify himself as the developer in the documentation related thereto, and toreceive honor certificate and reward.

第三百二十八条 【技术成果的精神权属】完成技术成果的个人有在有关技术成果文件上写明自己是技术成果完成者的权利和取得荣誉证书、奖励的权利。

Article 329 A technology contract which illegally monopolizes technology,impairs technological advancement or infringes on the technology of a thirdparty is invalid.

第三百二十九条 【技术合同的无效】非法垄断技术、妨碍技术进步或者侵害他人技术成果的技术合同无效。

Section Two Technology Development Contract

第二节 技术开发合同

Article 330 A technology development contract is a contract concluded inrespect of the development of a new technology, product, technique or materialand the associated system.

Technology development contracts include commissioned developmentcontracts and cooperative development contracts.

A technology development contract shall be in written form.

A contract on the conversion of a scientific achievement with potentialfor industrial application is governed by reference to the provisions ontechnology development contracts.

第三百三十条 【定义及合同形式】技术开发合同是指当事人之间就新技术、新产品、新工艺或者新材料及其系统的研究开发所订立的合同。

技术开发合同包括委托开发合同和合作开发合同。

技术开发合同应当采用书面形式。

当事人之间就具有产业应用价值的科技成果实施转化订立的合同，参照技术开发合同的规定。

Article 331 The commissioning party under a commissioned developmentcontract shall, in accordance with the contract, provide development funds andpay remuneration; supply technical materials and original data; complete itstasks of cooperation; and accept the developed technology.

第三百三十一条 【委托人义务】委托开发合同的委托人应当按照约定支付研究开发经费和报酬;提供技术资料、原始数据;完成协作事项;接受研究开发成果。

Article 332 The developer under a commissioned development contract shall,in accordance with the contract, prepare and implement the development plan; usedevelopment funds in a reasonable manner; timely complete the development anddeliver the developed technology, as well as provide the relevant technicalmaterials and necessary technical guidance so as to help the commissioningparty master the technology developed.

第三百三十二条 【受托人义务】委托开发合同的研究开发人应当按照约定制定和实施研究开发计划;合理使用研究开发经费;按期完成研究开发工作，交付研究开发成果，提供有关的技术资料和必要的技术指导，帮助委托人掌握研究开发成果。

Article 333 Where the commissioning party breaches the contract, therebycausing stoppage, delay or failure of the development, it shall be liable forthe breach of contract.

第三百三十三条 【委托人的违约责任】委托人违反约定造成研究开发工作停滞、延误或者失败的，应当承担违约责任。

Article 334 Where the developer breaches the contract, thereby causingstoppage, delay or failure of the development, it shall be liable for thebreach of contract.

第三百三十四条 【受托人的违约责任】研究开发人违反约定造成研究开发工作停滞、延误或者失败的，应当承担违约责任。

Article 335 Parties to a cooperative development contract shall, inaccordance with the contract, make investment, including investment in the formof technology; participate in the development by performing their respectivetasks; and cooperate with each other in the development.

第三百三十五条 【合作开发各方的主要义务】合作开发合同的当事人应当按照约定进行投资，包括以技术进行投资;分工参与研究开发工作;协作配合研究开发工作。

Article 336 Where a party to a cooperative development contract breachesthe contract, thereby causing stoppage, delay or failure of the development, itshall be liable for the breach of contract.

第三百三十六条 【合作开发各方的违约责任】合作开发合同的当事人违反约定造成研究开发工作停滞、延误或者失败的，应当承担违约责任。

Article 337 Where the technology which is the subject matter of atechnology development contract is made public by a third party, thereby makingthe performance of the technology development contract meaningless, the partiesmay terminate the contract.

第三百三十七条 【合同的解除】因作为技术开发合同标的的技术已经由他人公开，致使技术开发合同的履行没有意义的，当事人可以解除合同。

Article 338 If, in the course of implementing a technology developmentcontract, the development is failed in whole or in part due to anyinsurmountable technical difficulty, allocation of the responsibility for suchrisk shall be agreed upon by the parties.

Where the allocation ofresponsibility for such risk is not agreed upon or the agreement is not clear,nor can it be determined in accordance with Article 61of this Law, it shall beshared by the parties in a reasonable manner.

Where a party discovers any circumstance which may lead to the failure ofthe development in whole or in part as described in the preceding paragraph, itshall timely notify the other party and take the appropriate measures tomitigate loss; where the party fails to timely notify the other party and takethe appropriate measures, thereby enlarging the losses, it shall be liable forthe enlarged losses.

第三百三十八条 【风险负担及通知义务】在技术开发合同履行过程中，因出现无法克服的技术困难，致使研究开发失败或者部分失败的，该风险责任由当事人约定。

没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，风险责任由当事人合理分担。

当事人一方发现前款规定的可能致使研究开发失败或者部分失败的情形时，应当及时通知另一方并采取适当措施减少损失。

没有及时通知并采取适当措施，致使损失扩大的，应当就扩大的损失承担责任。

Article 339 Unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, the right toapply for patent on the invention or innovation resulting from a commissioneddevelopment belongs to the developer.

Where the developer is granted a patent,the commissioning party may exploit such patent free of charge.

Where the developer is to assign the right to apply for patent on theInvention or innovation resulting from the commissioned development, thecommissioning party shall have the right to priority in acquiring such rightunder the same conditions.

第三百三十九条 【技术成果的归属】委托开发完成的发明创造，除当事人另有约定的以外，申请专利的权利属于研究开发人。

研究开发人取得专利权的，委托人可以免费实施该专利。

研究开发人转让专利申请权的，委托人享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。

Article 340 Unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, the right toapply for patent on the invention or innovation resulting from a cooperativedevelopment belongs to the parties therein jointly.

Where a party is to assignits joint patent application right, the other parties shall have the right topriority in acquiring such right under the same conditions.

Where a party in the cooperative development s a waiver of its jointpatent

application right, the other party may apply by itself, or the otherparties may jointly apply,as the case may be.

Where a patent is granted on theinvention or innovation, the party waiving its patent application right mayexploit such patent free of charge.

If a party in the cooperative development does not consent to theapplication for patent, the other party or parties may not apply for patent.

第三百四十条 【合作开发技术成果的归属】合作开发完成的发明创造，除当事人另有约定的以外，申请专利的权利属于合作开发的当事人共有。

当事人一方转让其共有的专利申请权的，其他各方享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。

合作开发的当事人一方声明放弃其共有的专利申请权的，可以由另一方单独申请或者由其他各方共同申请。

申请人取得专利权的，放弃专利申请权的一方可以免费实施该专利。

合作开发的当事人一方不同意申请专利的，另一方或者其他各方不得申请专利。

Article 341 The right to use and transfer the technical secret resultingfrom a commissioned or cooperative development, and the method for allocationof benefits accrued therefrom shall be agreed upon by the parties.

Where suchmatters are not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can they bedetermined in accordance Article 61 of this Law, all of the parties areentitled to use and transfer the technology, provided that the developer in acommissioned development may not transfer the technology to a third partybefore it delivers the technology to the commissioning party.

第三百四十一条 【技术秘密成果的归属与分享】委托开发或者合作开发完成的技术秘密成果的使用权、转让权以及利益的分配办法，由当事人约定。

没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，当事人均有使用和转让的权利，但委托开发的研究开发人不得在向委托人交付研究开发成果之前，将研究开发成果转让给第三人。

Section Three Technology Transfer Contracts

第三节 技术转让合同

Article 342 Technology transfer contracts include contracts for theassignment of patent, assignment of patent application right, transfer oftechnical secrets, and patent licensing.

A technology transfer contract shall be in written form.

第三百四十二条 【内容及形式】技术转让合同包括专利权转让、专利申请权转让、技术秘密转让、专利实施许可合同。

技术转让合同应当采用书面形式。

Article 343 A technology transfer contract may set forth the scope ofexploitation of the patent or the use of the technical secret by the transferorand the transferee, provided that it may not restrict technological competitionand technological development.

第三百四十三条 【技术转让范围的约定】技术转让合同可以约定让与人和受让人实施专利或者使用技术秘密的范围，但不得限制技术竞争和技术发展。

Article 344 A patent licensing contract is only valid during the term ofthe patent.

Where the term of the patent expires or the patent is invalidated,the patentee may not enter into a patent licensing contract with any otherperson in respect thereof.

第三百四十四条 【专利实施许可合同的限制】专利实施许可合同只在该专利权的存续期间内有效。

专利权有效期限届满或者专利权被宣布无效的，专利权人不得就该专利与他人订立专利实施许可合同。

Article 345 The transferor under a patent licensing contract shall, inaccordance with the contract, license the patent to the transferee, deliver thetechnical materials related to the exploitation of the patent, and provide thenecessary technical guidance.

第三百四十五条 【专利实施许可合同让与人主要义务】专利实施许可合同的让与人应当按照约定许可受让人实施专利，交付实施专利有关的技术资料，提供必要的技术指导。

Article 346 The transferee under a patent licensing contract shall exploitthe patent in accordance with the contract and may not license the patent toany third party except as provided for in the contract; and shall pay thelicensing fee in accordance with the contract.

第三百四十六条 【专利实施许可合同受让人主要义务】专利实施许可合同的受让人应当按照约定实施专利，不得许可约定以外的第三人实施该专利;并按照约定支付使用费。

Article 347 The transferor under a contract for transfer of technicalsecret shall, in accordance with the contract, supply the technical materials,provide technical guidance, and warrant the practical applicability andreliability of the technology, and shall abide by its confidentialityobligations.

第三百四十七条 【技术秘密转让合同让与人的义务】技术秘密转让合同的让与人应当按照约定提供技术资料，进行技术指导，保证技术的实用性、可靠性，承担保密义务。

Article 348 The transferee under a contract for transfer of technicalsecret shall, in accordance with the contract, use the technology, pay thelicensing fee and abide by its confidentiality obligations.

第三百四十八条 【技术秘密转让合同的受让人义务】技术秘密转让合同的受让人应当按照约定使用技术，支付使用费，承担保密义务。

Article 349 The transferor under a technology transfer contract shallwarrant that it is the lawful owner of the technology provided, and shallwarrant that the technology provided is complete, free from error, effective,and capable of achieving the prescribed goals.

第三百四十九条 【技术转让合同让与人基本义务】技术转让合同的让与人应当保证自己是所提供的技术的合法拥有者，并保证所提供的技术完整、无误、有效，能够达到约定的目标。

Article 350 The transferee under a technology transfer contract shall, inconformity with the scope and the time period as agreed upon in the contract,abide by its confidentiality obligations in respect of the non-public andsecret portion of the technology provided by the transferor.

第三百五十条 【技术转让合同受让人技术保密义务】技术转让合同的受让人应当按照约定的范围和期限，对让与人提供的技术中尚未公开的秘密部分，承担保密义务。

Article 351 Where the transferor fails to transfer technology inaccordance with the contract, it shall refund the licensing fee in part or inwhole, and shall be liable for the breach of contract; where the transferorexploits the patent or uses the technical secret beyond the agreed scope, orunilaterally allows the patent to be exploited or the technical secret to beused by a third

party in breach of the contract, it shall cease the breach and be liablefor the breach of contract; where the transferor breaches any agreedconfidentiality obligation, it shall be liable for the breach of contract.

第三百五十一条 【让与人违约责任】让与人未按照约定转让技术的，应当返还部分或者全部使用费，并应当承担违约责任;实施专利或者使用技术秘密超越约定的范围的，违反约定擅自许可第三人实施该项专利或者使用该项技术秘密的，应当停止违约行为，承担违约责任;违反约定的保密义务的，应当承担违约责任。

Article 352 Where the transferee fails to pay the agreed licensing fee, itshall pay the overdue licensing fee and pay breach of contract damages inaccordance with the contract; where it fails to pay the overdue licensing feeand breach of contract damages, it shall cease exploitation of the patent oruse of the technical secret, return the technical materials, and be liable forthe breach of contract; where the transferee exploits the patent or uses thetechnical secret beyond the agreed scope, or allows the patent to be exploitedor the technical secret to be used by a third party without consent of thetransferor in breach of the contract, it shall cease the breach and be liablefor the breach of contract; where the transferee breaches any agreedconfidentiality obligation, it shall be liable for the breach of contract.

第三百五十二条 【受让人违约责任】受让人未按照约定支付使用费的，应当补交使用费并按照约定支付违约金;不补交使用费或者支付违约金的，应当停止实施专利或者使用技术秘密，交还技术资料，承担违约责任;实施专利或者使用技术秘密超越约定的范围的，未经让与人同意擅自许可第三人实施该专利或者使用该技术秘密的，应当停止违约行为，承担违约责任;违反约定的保密义务的，应当承担违约责任。

Article 353 Where the exploitation of the patent or the use of the technicalsecret by the transferee in accordance with the contract infringes on thelawful interests of any other person, the liability shall be borne by thetransferor, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties.

第三百五十三条 【技术合同让与人侵权责任】受让人按照约定实施专利、使用技术秘密侵害他人合法权益的，由让与人承担责任，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 354 The parties may, on the basis of mutual benefit, provide inthe technology transfer contract for the method of sharing any subsequentimprovement resulting from the exploitation of the patent or use of the technicalsecret.

If such method is not agreed or the agreement is not

clear, nor can it be determined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law,neither party is entitled to share any subsequent improvement made by the otherparty.

第三百五十四条 【后续技术成果的归属与分享】当事人可以按照互利的原则，在技术转让合同中约定实施专利、使用技术秘密后续改进的技术成果的分享办法。

没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，一方后续改进的技术成果，其他各方无权分享。

Article 355 Where the relevant laws or administrative regulations provideotherwise in respect of technology import or export contracts or in respect ofpatent contracts or contracts for patent application, such provisions shallprevail.

第三百五十五条 【技术进出口合同的法律适用】法律、行政法规对技术进出口合同或者专利、专利申请合同另有规定的，依照其规定。

Section Four Technical Consulting Contracts and Technical ServiceContracts

第四节 技术咨询合同和技术服务合同

Article 356 Technical consulting contracts include contracts for provisionof feasibility studies, technical forecast, specialized technicalinvestigation, and analysis and evaluation report, etc.

in respect of aparticular technical project.

A technical service contract means a contract whereby one party solves aparticular technical problem for the other party by utilizing its technicalknowledge, excluding a contract for construction project or a contract of hiredwork.

第三百五十六条 【内容】技术咨询合同包括就特定技术项目提供可行性论证、技术预测、专题技术调查、分析评价报告等合同。

技术服务合同是指当事人一方以技术知识为另一方解决特定技术问题所订立的合同，不包括建设工程合同和承揽合同。

Article 357 The client under a technical consulting contract shall, inaccordance with the contract, describe the problem on which consultancy issought, provide the technical background information as well as relatedtechnical materials and data; and accept the work product from, and pay theremuneration to, the consultant.

第三百五十七条 【技术咨询合同委托人主要义务】技术咨询合同的委托人应当按照约定阐明咨询的问题，提供技术背景材料及有关技术资料、数据;接受受托人的工作成果，支付报酬。

Article 358 The consultant under a technical consulting contract shallcomplete the consulting report or answer the question within the agreed period;the consulting report submitted shall comply with the requirements set forth inthe contract.

第三百五十八条 【技术咨询合同受托人主要义务】技术咨询合同的受托人应当按照约定的期限完成咨询报告或者解答问题;提出的咨询报告应当达到约定的要求。

Article 359 Where the client under a technical consulting contract failsto provide the necessary materials and data in accordance with the contract,thereby impairing the progress and quality of the work, or fails to accept ordelays in accepting the work result, it may not claim refund of theremuneration paid, and shall pay any unpaid remuneration.

Where the consultant under the technical consulting contract fails toprovide the consulting report within the agreed period or the consulting reportsubmitted does not comply with the contract, it shall be liable for the breachof contract by way of reducing or foregoing the remuneration, etc.

The client under a technical consulting contract shall compensate the lossresulting from any decision made by it based on the complying consulting reportand opinion provided by the consultant, except as otherwise agreed upon by theparties.

第三百五十九条 【委托人与受托人的违约责任】技术咨询合同的委托人未按照约定提供必要的资料和数据，影响工作进度和质量，不接受或者逾期接受工作成果的，支付的报酬不得追回，未支付的报酬应当支付。

技术咨询合同的受托人未按期提出咨询报告或者提出的咨询报告不符合约定的，应当承担减收或者免收报酬等违约责任。

技术咨询合同的委托人按照受托人符合约定要求的咨询报告和意见作出决策所造成的损失，由委托人承担，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 360 The client under a technical service contract shall, inaccordance with the contract, provide the working conditions and complete itstasks of cooperation; accept the work results and pay the remuneration.

第三百六十条 【技术服务合同委托人义务】技术服务合同的委托人应当按照约定提供工作条件，完成配合事项;接受工作成果并支付报酬。

Article 361 The service provider under a technical service contract shall,in accordance with the contract, complete the services, solve the technicalproblem, warrant the quality of its work,and communicate the knowledge forsolving the technical problem.

第三百六十一条 【技术服务合同受托人义务】技术服务合同的受托人应当按照约定完成服务项目，解决技术问题，保证工作质量，并传授解决技术问题的知识。

Article 362 Where the client under a technical service contract fails toperform its contractual obligations, or the performance is not in conformitywith the contract, thereby impairing the progress and quality of the work, orfails to accept or delays in accepting the work results, it may not claimrefund of the remuneration paid, and shall pay any unpaid remuneration.

Where the service provider under a technical service contract fails tocomplete services in accordance with the contract, it shall be liable for thebreach of contract by way of forgoing the remuneration, etc.

第三百六十二条 【技术服务合同双方当事人的违约责任】技术服务合同的委托人不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，影响工作进度和质量，不接受或者逾期接受工作成果的，支付的报酬不得追回，未支付的报酬应当支付。

技术服务合同的受托人未按照合同约定完成服务工作的，应当承担免收报酬等违约责任。

Article 363 In the course of performing a technical consulting contract ora technical service contract, any new technology developed by the consultant orservice provider utilizing the technical materials and working conditionsprovided by the client belongs to the consultant or service provider.

Any newtechnology developed by the client utilizing the work results provided by theconsultant or service provider belongs to the client.

However, if the partiesagree otherwise in the contract, such provisions shall prevail.

第三百六十三条 【新创技术成果的归属和分享】在技术咨询合同、技术服务合同履行过程中，受托人利用委托人提供的技术资料和工作条件完成的新的技术成果，属于受托人。

委托人利用受托人的工作成果完成的新的技术成果，属于委托人。

当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。

Article 364 Where a relevant law or administrative regulation providesotherwise in respect of technology intermediary service contracts or technicaltraining contracts, such provisions shall prevail.

第三百六十四条 【技术培训合同、技术中介合同的法律适用】法律、行政法规对技术中介合同、技术培训合同另有规定的，依照其规定。

Chapter 19 Storage Contracts

第十九章 保管合同

Article 365 A storage contract is a contract whereby the depository keepsthe deposit delivered by the depositor, and eventually returns it thereto.

第三百六十五条 【定义】保管合同是保管人保管寄存人交付的保管物，并返还该物的合同。

Article 366 The depositor shall pay the storage fee to the depository inaccordance with the contract.

Where the storage fee is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor canit be determined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, the storage shall befor free.

第三百六十六条 【保管费的支付】寄存人应当按照约定向保管人支付保管费。

当事人对保管费没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，保管是无偿的。

Article 367 A storage contract is established upon delivery of thedeposit, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties.

第三百六十七条 【保管合同的成立】保管合同自保管物交付时成立，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 368 Upon the depositor's delivery of the deposit to thedepository, the depository shall issue a deposit voucher thereto, except asotherwise practised in transaction.

第三百六十八条 【保管凭证】寄存人向保管人交付保管物的，保管人应当给付保管凭证，但另有交易习惯的除外。

Article 369 The depository shall keep the deposit with due care.

The parties may agree the place and manner of storage.

The place andmanner of storage may not be changed without authorization, except in anemergency situation or for the purpose of protecting the depositor's interests.

第三百六十九条 【保管行为的要求】保管人应当妥善保管保管物。

当事人可以约定保管场所或者方法。

除紧急情况或者为了维护寄存人利益的以外，不得擅自改变保管场所或者方法。

Article 370 Where the deposit delivered by the depositor has defects orrequires special storage measures in light of its nature, the depositor shallinform the depository of the relevant situation.

Where the depositor fails toinform, thereby causing damage to the deposit, the depository is not liable fordamages; where the depository sustains any loss as a result, the depositorshall be liable for damages, except where the depository is, or ought to be,aware of the situation and fails to take remedial measures.

第三百七十条 【保管物有瑕疵或需特殊保管时寄存人的义务】寄存人交付的保管物有瑕疵或者按照保管物的性质需要采取特殊保管措施的，寄存人应当将有关情况告知保管人。

寄存人未告知，致使保管物受损失的，保管人不承担损害赔偿责任;保管人因此受损失的，除保管人知道或者应当知道并且未采取补救措施的以外，寄存人应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 371 The depository may not delegate storage of the deposit to athird party, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties.

Where the depository delegated storage of the deposit to a third party inviolation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph, thereby causing damageto the deposit, the depository shall be liable for damages.

第三百七十一条 【第三人代为保管】保管人不得将保管物转交第三人保管，但当事人另有约定的除外。

保管人违反前款规定，将保管物转交第三人保管，对保管物造成损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 372 The depository may not use, or allow the use of, the deposit,except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties.

第三百七十二条 【保管人不得使用保管物的义务】保管人不得使用或者许可第三人使用保管物，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 373 Where a third party makes a claim on the deposit, thedepository shall perform its obligation of returning the deposit to thedepositor, except where an order of preservation or enforcement is carried outin respect of the deposit in accordance with the law.

Where a third party brings a lawsuit against the depository or applies forattachment of the deposit, the depository shall timely notify the depositor.

第三百七十三条 【第三人主张权利的返还】第三人对保管物主张权利的，除依法对保管物采取保全或者执行的以外，保管人应当履行向寄存人返还保管物的义务。

第三人对保管人提起诉讼或者对保管物申请扣押的，保管人应当及时通知寄存人。

Article 374 If the deposit is damaged or lost due to improper storage bythe depository during the deposit period, the depository shall be liable fordamages, provided that if the storage is provided for free, and the depositoryproves that it has no gross negligence, it shall be not liable for damages.

第三百七十四条 【保管物的毁损灭失与保管人责任】保管期间，因保管人保管不善造成保管物毁损、灭失的，保管人应当承担损害赔偿责任，但保管是无偿的，保管人证明自己没有重大过失的，不承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 375 Where the depositor is to deposit money, securities, or anyother valuable item for storage, it shall make a declaration to the depositoryon such item, which shall be inspected or sealed by the depository.

Where thedepositor fails to make such declaration and the article is damaged, destroyedor lost afterwards, the depository may compensate for it as it is an ordinaryarticle.

第三百七十五条 【寄存人的告示义务】寄存人寄存货币、有价证券或者其他贵重物品的，应当向保管人声明，由保管人验收或者封存。

寄存人未声明的，该物品毁损、灭失后，保管人可以按照一般物品予以赔偿。

Article 376 The depositor may retrieve the deposit at any time.

Where a deposit period is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, thedepository may require the depositor to retrieve the deposit at any time; wherea deposit period is agreed,without special reason, the depository may notrequire the depositor to retrieve the deposit before the expiry of the depositperiod.

第三百七十六条 【保管物领取】寄存人可以随时领取保管物。

当事人对保管期间没有约定或者约定不明确的，保管人可以随时要求寄存人领取保管物;约定保管期间的，保管人无特别事由，不得要求寄存人提前领取保管物。

Article 377 At the expiry of the deposit period, or if the depositorretrieves the deposit before the expiry of the deposit period, the depositoryshall return the original item together with any fruit thereof to thedepositor.

第三百七十七条 【保管物的返还】保管期间届满或者寄存人提前领取保管物的，保管人应当将原物及其孳息归还寄存人。

Article 378 Where the depository keeps money deposit, it may return moneyof the same type and quantity.

Where the depository keeps any other fungibleitem, it may return any item of the same type, quality and quantity inaccordance with the contract.

第三百七十八条 【货币等的返还】保管人保管货币的，可以返还相同种类、数量的货币。

保管其他可替代物的，可以按照约定返还相同种类、品质、数量的物品。

Article 379 Under a storage contract for value, the depositor shall pay tothe depository the storage fee at the agreed time.

Where the time of payment of the storage fee is not agreed or theagreement is not clear, nor can it be determined in accordance with Article 61of this Law, the storage fee shall be paid at the same time the deposit isretrieved.

第三百七十九条 【保管费支付期限】有偿的保管合同，寄存人应当按照约定的期限向保管人支付保管费。

当事人对支付期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当在领取保管物的同时支付。

Article 380 Where the depositor fails to pay the storage fee and otherexpenses, the depository is entitled to lien on the deposit, unless asotherwise agreed upon by the parties.

第三百八十条 【保管人的留置权】寄存人未按照约定支付保管费以及其他费用的，保管人对保管物享有留置权，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Chapter 20 Warehousing Contracts

第二十章 仓储合同

Article 381A warehousing contract is a contract whereby the safekeepingparty stores the goods delivered by the depositor, and the depositor pays thewarehousing fee.

第三百八十一条 【定义】仓储合同是保管人储存存货人交付的仓储物，存货人支付仓储费的合同。

Article 382 A warehousing contract becomes effective upon its formation.

第三百八十二条 【仓储合同生效时间】仓储合同自成立时生效。

Article 383 Where the depositor intends to store any dangerous articlewhich is inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, or radioactive, etc.

, or anymaterial susceptible to deterioration, it shall indicate the nature of thegoods and provide the relevant information.

Where the depositor violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph,the safekeeping party may reject the goods and may also take the appropriatemeasures to avoid losses, the cost consequently incurred shall be borne by thedepositor.

Where the safekeeping party is to store any dangerous article that isinflammable, explosive,toxic, corrosive, or radioactive, etc.

, it shall beequipped with the appropriate safekeeping conditions.

第三百八十三条 【危险物品的储存】储存易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性等危险物品或者易变质物品，存货人应当说明该物品的性质，提供有关资料。

存货人违反前款规定的，保管人可以拒收仓储物，也可以采取相应措施以避免损失的发生，因此产生的费用由存货人承担。

保管人储存易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性等危险物品的，应当具备相应的保管条件。

Article 384 The safekeeping party shall, in accordance with the contract,conduct warehouse-in inspection of the goods.

Where in the course of suchinspection, the safekeeping party discovers that the goods are not inconformity with the terms of the contract, it shall timely notify thedepositor.

After inspection and acceptance by the safekeeping party, if it isdiscovered that the category, quantity or quality of the warehousing goods arenot in conformity with the terms of the contract, the safekeeping party shallbe liable for damages.

第三百八十四条 【仓储物的验收】保管人应当按照约定对入库仓储物进行验收。

保管人验收时发现入库仓储物与约定不符合的，应当及时通知存货人。

保管人验收后，发生仓储物的品种、数量、质量不符合约定的，保管人应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 385 Upon the depositor's delivery of the goods, the safekeepingparty shall issue a warehouse receipt.

第三百八十五条 【仓单】存货人交付仓储物的，保管人应当给付仓单。

Article 386 The safekeeping party shall sign or affix a seal on thewarehouse receipt.

The warehouse receipt shall contain the following items:

(1) name and domicile of the depositor;

(2) category, quantity, quality, and package, number of pieces and marksof the warehousing goods;

(3) standards of spoilage of the warehousing goods;

(4) place of storage;

(5) time period of storage;

(6) warehousing fee;

(7) if the goods have been insured, the insured amount, term of insuranceand the name of the insurer;

(8) name of the person issuing the warehouse receipt, the place and thedate of issuance.

第三百八十六条 【仓单应载事项】保管人应当在仓单上签字或者盖章。

仓单包括下列事项：

(一)存货人的名称或者姓名和住所;

(二)仓储物的品种、数量、质量、包装、件数和标记;

(三)仓储物的损耗标准;

(四)储存场所;

(五)储存期间;

(六)仓储费;

(七)仓储物已经办理保险的，其保险金额、期间以及保险人的名称;

(八)填发人、填发地和填发日期。

(相关资料: 条文释义 相关论文6篇 实务指南)

Article 387 The warehouse receipt is the voucher for retrieving the goods.

Where the depositor or holder of the warehouse receipt has endorsed thewarehouse receipt and the safekeeping party has signed or sealed thereon, theright to retrieve the goods may be assigned.

第三百八十七条 【仓单的背书及其效力】仓单是提取仓储物的凭证。

存货人或者仓单持有人在仓单上背书并经保管人签字或者盖章的，可以转让提取仓储物的权利。

Article 388 Upon request of the depositor or the holder of the warehousereceipt, the safekeeping party shall allow the person to inspect the goods ortake samples therefrom.

第三百八十八条 【检查权】保管人根据存货人或者仓单持有人的要求，应当同意其检查仓储物或者提取样品。

Article 389 Where the safekeeping party discovers that the warehousedgoods are deteriorating or are otherwise damaged, it shall timely notify thedepositor or holder of the warehouse receipt.

第三百八十九条 【保管人的通知义务】保管人对入库仓储物发现有变质或者其他损坏的，应当及时通知存货人或者仓单持有人。

Article 390 Where the safekeeping party discovers that the warehousedgoods are deteriorating or are otherwise damaged, thereby endangering thesafety and normal safekeeping of other warehoused goods, it shall demanddisposal of the goods by the depositor or the holder of the warehouse receiptas necessary.

In an emergency situation, the safekeeping party may dispose ofthe goods as necessary, but shall timely notify the depositor or holder of the warehousereceipt of the situation.

第三百九十条 【保管人的催告义务】保管人对入库仓储物发现有变质或者其他损坏，危及其他仓储物的安全和正常保管的，应当催告存货人或者仓单持有人作出必要的处置。

因情况紧急，保管人可以作出必要的处置，但事后应当将该情况及时通知存货人或者仓单持有人。

Article 391 Where the warehousing period is not agreed or the agreement isnot clear, the depositor or holder of the warehouse receipt may retrieve thegoods at any time, and the safekeeping party may require the depositor orholder of the warehouse receipt to retrieve the goods at any time, providedthat the other party shall be given the time required for preparation.

第三百九十一条 【仓储物提取时间】当事人对储存期间没有约定或者约定不明确的，存货人或者仓单持有人可以随时提取仓储物，保管人也可以随时要求存货人或者仓单持有人提取仓储物，但应当给予必要的准备时间。

Article 392 At the expiry of the warehousing period, the depositor orholder of the warehouse receipt shall retrieve the goods by presenting thewarehouse receipt to the safekeeping party.

Where the depositor or holder ofthe warehouse receipt fails to claim the goods, additional warehousing feeshall be charged; where the goods are retrieved before the expiry thewarehousing period, the warehousing fee shall not be reduced.

第三百九十二条 【仓单持有人提取仓储物】储存期间届满，存货人或者仓单持有人应当凭仓单提取仓储物。

存货人或者仓单持有人逾期提取的，应当加收仓储费;提前提取的，不减收仓储费。

Article 393 At the expiry of the warehousing period, if the depositor orholder of the warehouse receipt fails to retrieve the goods, the safekeepingparty may demand retrieval within a reasonable period, and if the goods are notretrieved at the expiry of such period, the safekeeping party may place thegoods in escrow.

第三百九十三条 【保管人的提存权】储存期间届满，存货人或者仓单持有人不提取仓储物的，保管人可以催告其在合理期限内提取，逾期不提取的，保管人可以提存仓储物。

Article 394 Where the goods are damaged or lost during the warehousingperiod due to improper safekeeping by the safekeeping party, it shall be liablefor damages.

If the goods are deteriorated or damaged due to unconformity ofthe nature of the warehoused goods or of the packing with the terms of thecontract, or the fact that the goods exceed the valid storage period, thesafekeeping party is not liable for damages.

第三百九十四条 【保管人违约责任】储存期间，因保管人保管不善造成仓储物毁损、灭失的，保管人应当承担损害赔偿责任。

因仓储物的性质、包装不符合约定或者超过有效储存期造成仓储物变质、损坏的，保管人不承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 395 Matters not provided for in this Chapter shall be governed bythe relevant provision on storage contracts.

第三百九十五条 【仓储合同的法律适用】本章没有规定的，适用保管合同的有关规定。

Chapter 21 Commission Contracts

第二十一章 委托合同

Article 396 A commission contract is a contract whereby the principal andthe agent agree that the agent will handle the principal's affairs.

第三百九十六条 【定义】委托合同是委托人和受托人约定，由受托人处理委托人事务的合同。

Article 397 The principal may specifically appoint the agent to handle oneor more of its affairs, or generally appoint the agent to handle all of itsaffairs.

第三百九十七条 【委托范围】委托人可以特别委托受托人处理一项或者数项事务，也可以概括委托受托人处理一切事务。

Article 398 The principal shall prepay the expenses for handling thecommissioned affair.

Any expense necessary for handling the commissioned affairadvanced by the agent shall be repaid with interest by the principal.

第三百九十八条 【委托费用】委托人应当预付处理委托事务的费用。

受托人为处理委托事务垫付的必要费用，委托人应当偿还该费用及其利息。

Article 399 The agent shall handle the commissioned affair in accordancewith the instruction of the principal.

Any required deviation from theprincipal's instruction is subject to consent by the principal; in an emergencywhere the agent has difficulty in contacting the principal, the agent shallproperly handle the commissioned affair, provided that thereafter the agentshall timely

notify the principal of the situation.

第三百九十九条 【受托人服从指示的义务】受托人应当按照委托人的指示处理委托事务。

需要变更委托人指示的，应当经委托人同意;因情况紧急，难以和委托人取得联系的，受托人应当妥善处理委托事务，但事后应当将该情况及时报告委托人。

Article 400 The agent shall personally handle the commissioned affair.

Subject to consent by the principal, the agent may delegate the agency to athird party.

If the delegation is approved, the principal may issueinstructions concerning the commissioned affair directly to the delegate, and

the agent is only responsible for its selection of the delegate or its owninstruction thereto.

Where the agency is delegated without consent, the agentshall be liable for any act of the delegate, except in an emergency where theagent needs to delegate the agency in order to safeguard the interests of theprincipal.

第四百条 【亲自处理及转委托】受托人应当亲自处理委托事务。

经委托人同意，受托人可以转委托。

转委托经同意的，委托人可以就委托事务直接指示转委托的第三人，受托人仅就第三人的选任及其对第三人的指示承担责任。

转委托未经同意的，受托人应当对转委托的第三人的行为承担责任，但在紧急情况下受托人为维护委托人的利益需要转委托的除外。

Article 401 Upon request by the principal, the agent shall report on theprogress of the commissioned affair.

Upon discharge of the commission contract,the agent shall render an account of the commissioned affair.

第四百零一条 【受托人的报告义务】受托人应当按照委托人的要求，报告委托事务的处理情况。

委托合同终止时，受托人应当报告委托事务的结果。

Article 402 Where the agent, acting within the scope of authority grantedby the principal, enter into a contract in its own name with a third party whois aware of the agency relationship between the principal and agent, thecontract is directly binding upon the principal and such third party, exceptwhere there is conclusive evidence establishing that the contract is onlybinding upon the agent and such third party.

第四百零二条 【委托人的介入权】受托人以自己的名义，在委托人的授权范围内与第三人订立的合同，第三人在订立合同时知道受托人与委托人之间的代理关系的，该合同直接约束委托人和第三人，但有确切证据证明该合同只约束受托人和第三人的除外。

Article 403 Where the agent enter into a contract in its own name with athird party who is not aware of the agency relationship between the agent andthe principal, if the agent fails to perform its obligation toward theprincipal due to any reason attributable to such third party, the agent shalldisclose the third party to the principal, allowing it to exercise the agent'srights against such third party, except where the third party will not enterinto the contract with the agent if he knows the identity of the principal atthe time of entering into the contract.

Where the agent fails to perform its obligation toward the third party dueto any reason attributable to the principal, the agent shall disclose theprincipal to the third party, allowing the third party to select in alternativeeither the principal or the agent as the other contract party against whom tomake a claim, provided that the third party may not subsequently change itsselection of the contract party.

Where the principal exercises the rights of the agent against the thirdparty, the third party may avail itself of any defense it has against theagent.

Where the third party selects the principal as the other party to thecontract, the principal may avail itself of any defense it has against theagent as well as any defense the agent has against the third party.

第四百零三条 【委托人对第三人的权利及第三人选择相对人的权利】受托人以自己的名义与第三人订立合同时，第三人不知道受托人与委托人之间的代理关系的，受托人因第三人的原因对委托人不履行义务，受托人应当向委托人披露第三人，委托人因此可以行使受托人对第三人的权利，但第三人与受托人订立合同时如果知道该委托人就不会订立合同的除外。

受托人因委托人的原因对第三人不履行义务，受托人应当向第三人披露委托人，第三人因此可以选择受托人或者委托人作为相对人主张其权利，但第三人不得变更选定的相对人。

委托人行使受托人对第三人的权利的，第三人可以向委托人主张其对受托人的抗辩。

第三人选定委托人作为其相对人的，委托人可以向第三人主张其对受托人的抗辩以及受托人对第三人的抗辩。

Article 404 Any property acquired by the agent in the course of handlingthe commissioned affair shall be turned over to the principal.

第四百零四条 【受托人交付财产义务】受托人处理委托事务取得的财产，应当转交给委托人。

Article 405 Upon completion of the commissioned affair by the agent, theprincipal shall pay the remuneration thereto.

Where the agency appointmentcontract is terminated or the commissioned affair is not capable of beingcompleted due to any reason not attributable to the agent, the principal shallpay to the agent an appropriate amount of remuneration.

If the parties agreesotherwise, such agreement shall prevail.

第四百零五条 【委托人支付报酬的义务】受托人完成委托事务的，委托人应当向其支付报酬。

因不可归责于受托人的事由，委托合同解除或者委托事务不能完成的，委托人应当向受托人支付相应的报酬。

当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。

Article 406 Under a commission contract for value, if the principalsustains any loss due to the fault of the agent, the principal may claimdamages.

Under a gratuitous agency appointment contract, if the principalsustains any loss due to the agent's intentional misconduct or grossnegligence, the principal may claim damages.

Where the agent acts beyond the scope of authorization, thereby causingloss to the principal, it shall pay damages.

第四百零六条 【受托人的损害赔偿责任】有偿的委托合同，因受托人的过错给委托人造成损失的，委托人可以要求赔偿损失。

无偿的委托合同，因受托人的故意或者重大过失给委托人造成损失的，委托人可以要求赔偿损失。

受托人超越权限给委托人造成损失的，应当赔偿损失。

Article 407 In the course of handling the commissioned affair, if theagent sustains any loss due to a reason not attributable to itself, the agentmay seek indemnification from the principal.

第四百零七条 【委托人的赔偿责任】受托人处理委托事务时，因不可归责于自己的事由受到损失的，可以向委托人要求赔偿损失。

Article 408 Subject to consent by the agent, the principal may, inaddition to appointing the agent, also appoint a third party to handle thecommissioned affair.

If such appointment results in loss to the agent, it mayseek indemnification from the principal.

第四百零八条 【另行委托】委托人经受托人同意，可以在受托人之外委托第三人处理委托事务。

因此给受托人造成损失的，受托人可以向委托人要求赔偿损失。

Article 409 Where two or more agents jointly handle the commissionedaffair, they are jointly and severally liable to the principal.

第四百零九条 【受托人的连带责任】两个以上的受托人共同处理委托事务的，对委托人承担连带责任。

Article 410 Either the principal or the agent may terminate the agencyappointment contract at any time.

Where the other party sustains any loss dueto termination of the contract, the terminating party shall indemnify the otherparty, unless such loss is due to a reason not attributable to the terminatingparty.

第四百一十条 【任意解除权】委托人或者受托人可以随时解除委托合同。

因解除合同给对方造成损失的，除不可归责于该当事人的事由以外，应当赔偿损失。

Article 411 A commission contract is discharged when either the principalor the agent is deceased or incapacitated or enters into bankruptcy, exceptwhere the parties agree otherwise, or where discharge is inappropriate in lightof the nature of the commissioned affair.

第四百一十一条 【委托合同的终止】委托人或者受托人死亡、丧失民事行为能力或者破产的，委托合同终止，但当事人另有约定或者根据委托事务的性质不宜终止的除外。

Article 412 Where discharge of the commission contract due to the death,incapacitation or bankruptcy of the principal will harm the principal'sinterests, the agent shall continue to handle the commissioned affair before anheir, legal agent or liquidation team thereof takes over the commissionedaffair.

第四百一十二条 【委托人的后合同义务】因委托人死亡、丧失民事行为能力或者破产，致使委托合同终止将损害委托人利益的，在委托人的继承人、法定代理人或者清算组织承受委托事务之前，受托人应当继续处理委托事务。

Article 413 If the commission contract is discharged as a result of thedeath, incapacitation or bankruptcy of the agent, the heir, legal agent orliquidation team thereof shall timely notify the principal.

Where discharge ofthe agency contract will harm the principal's interests, before the principalmakes any care-taking arrangement, the heir, legal agent or liquidation team ofthe agent shall take the necessary measures.

第四百一十三条 【受托人死亡后其继承人等的义务】因受托人死亡、丧失民事行为能力或者破产，致使委托合同终止的，受托人的继承人、法定代理人或者清算组织应当及时通知委托人。

因委托合同终止将损害委托人利益的，在委托人作出善后处理之前，受托人的继承人、法定代理人或者清算组织应当采取必要措施。

Chapter 22 Contracts of Commission Agency

第二十二章 行纪合同

Article 414 A contract of commission agency is a contract whereby thecommission agent conducts trading activities in its own name for the principal,and the principal pays the remuneration.

第四百一十四条 【定义】行纪合同是行纪人以自己的名义为委托人从事贸易活动，委托人支付报酬的合同。

Article 415 The expenses incurred by the commission agent in the course ofhandling the commissioned affair shall be borne by the commission agent, exceptas otherwise agreed upon by the parties.

第四百一十五条 【处理委托事务的费用承担】行纪人处理委托事务支出的费用，由行纪人负担，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 416 Where the commission agent is in possession of the entrusteditem, it shall keep the entrusted item with due care.

第四百一十六条 【行纪人对委托物的保管义务】行纪人占有委托物的，应当妥善保管委托物。

Article 417 If an entrusted item is defective, perishable or susceptibleto deterioration at the time it was delivered to the commission agent, uponconsent by the principal, the commission agent may dispose of the item; wherethe trustee-trader is unable to contact the principal in time, it may disposeof the entrusted item in a reasonable manner.

第四百一十七条 【委托物的处理】委托物交付给行纪人时有瑕疵或者容易腐烂、变质的，经委托人同意，行纪人可以处分该物;和委托人不能及时取得联系的，行纪人可以合理处分。

Article 418 Where the commission agent is to sell the entrusted itembelow, or buy the entrusted item above, the price designated by the principal,it shall obtain consent from the principal.

If such sale is effected withoutconsent by the principal, and the commission agent makes up the deficiency onits own, it is binding on the principal.

Where the commission agent sells the entrusted item above, or purchasesthe entrusted item below, the price designated by the principal, theremuneration may be increased in accordance with the contract.

Where suchmatter is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined inaccordance with Article 61of this Law, the benefit belongs to the principal.

Where the principal gives special pricing instruction, the commissionagent may not make any sale or purchase in contravention thereof.

第四百一十八条 【未按指示进行行纪活动的后果】行纪人低于委托人指定的价格卖出或者高于委托人指定的价格买入的，应当经委托人同意。

未经委托人同意，行纪人补偿其差额的，该买卖对委托人发生效力。

行纪人高于委托人指定的价格卖出或者低于委托人指定的价格买入的，可以按照约定增加报酬。

没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，该利益属于委托人。

委托人对价格有特别指示的，行纪人不得违背该指示卖出或者买入。

Article 419 Where the commission agent is to sell or purchase a commoditythe price of which is fixed by the market, the commission agent may act as thepurchaser or seller itself, unless the principal expresses otherwise.

Where the commission agent is under the situation prescribed in thepreceding paragraph, it may still require payment of remuneration from theprincipal.

第四百一十九条 【行纪人的介入权】行纪人卖出或者买入具有市场定价的商品，除委托人有相反的意思表示的以外，行纪人自己可以作为买受人或者出卖人。

行纪人有前款规定情形的，仍然可以要求委托人支付报酬。

Article 420 Once the commission agent purchases the entrusted item inaccordance with the contract, the principal shall timely take delivery.

Whereafter receiving demand from the commission agent, the principal refuses to takedelivery without cause, the commission agent may place the entrusted item inescrow in accordance with Article 101 of this Law.

Where the entrusted item fails to be sold or the principal withdraws itfrom sale, the commission agent may place the entrusted item in escrow inaccordance with Article 101 of this Law if the principal fails to retrieve ordispose of it after receiving such demand from commission agent.

第四百二十条 【委托物的处置】行纪人按照约定买入委托物，委托人应当及时受领。

经行纪人催告，委托人无正当理由拒绝受领的，行纪人依照本法第一百零一条的规定可以提存委托物。

委托物不能卖出或者委托人撤回出卖，经行纪人催告，委托人不取回或者不处分该物的，行纪人依照本法第一百零一条的规定可以提存委托物。

Article 421 Where the commission agent enters into a contract with a thirdparty, it directly enjoys the rights and assumes the obligations thereunder.

Where the third party fails to perform its obligations, thereby causingdamage to the principal, the commission agent shall be liable for damages,except as otherwise agreed upon by the commission agent and the principal.

第四百二十一条 【行纪人与第三人的关系】行纪人与第三人订立合同的，行纪人对该合同直接享有权利、承担义务。

第三人不履行义务致使委托人受到损害的，行纪人应当承担损害赔偿责任，但行纪人与委托人另有约定的除外。

Article 422 Where the commission agent has completed the entrusted matteror has partially completed the entrusted matter, the principal shall pay theappropriate remuneration thereto.

Where the principal fails to pay theremuneration within the prescribed period, the commission agent is entitled tolien on the entrusted item, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties.

第四百二十二条 【行纪人的报酬请求权及留置权】行纪人完成或者部分完成委托事务的，委托人应当向其支付相应的报酬。

委托人逾期不支付报酬的，行纪人对委托物享有留置权，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 423 Matters not prescribed in this Chapter shall be governed bythe relevant provision on commission contracts.

第四百二十三条 【对委托合同的适用】本章没有规定的，适用委托合同的有关规定。

Chapter 23 Intermediation contracts

第二十三章 居间合同

Article 424 A intermediation contract is a contract whereby the brokerpresents to the client an opportunity for entering into a contract or providesthe client with intermediary services in connection with the conclusionthereof, and the client pays the remuneration.

第四百二十四条 【定义】居间合同是居间人向委托人报告订立合同的机会或者提供订立合同的媒介服务，委托人支付报酬的合同。

Article 425 The broker shall provide true information concerning mattersrelevant to the conclusion of the proposed contract.

Where the broker intentionally conceals any material fact or providedfalse information in connection with the conclusion of the proposed contract,thereby harming the client's interests, it may not require payment of anyremuneration and shall be liable for damages.

第四百二十五条 【居间人如实报告义务】居间人应当就有关订立合同的事项向委托人如实报告。

居间人故意隐瞒与订立合同有关的重要事实或者提供虚假情况，损害委托人利益的，不得要求支付报酬并应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 426 Once the broker facilitates the formation of the proposedcontract, the client shall pay the remuneration in accordance with theintermediation contract.

Where remuneration to the broker is not agreed or theagreement is not clear, nor can it be determined in accordance with Article 61

of this Law, it shall be reasonably fixed in light of the amount of laborexpended by the broker.

Where the broker facilitates the formation of theproposed contract by providing intermediary services in connection therewith,the remuneration paid to the broker shall be equally borne by parties thereto.

Where the broker facilitates the formation of the proposed contract, thebrokerage expenses shall be borne by itself.

第四百二十六条 【居间人的报酬请求权】居间人促成合同成立后，委托人应当按照约定支付报酬。

对居间人的报酬没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，根据居间人的劳务合理确定。

因居间人提供订立合同的媒介服务而促成合同成立的，由该合同的当事人平均负担居间人的报酬。

居间人促成合同成立的，居间活动的费用，由居间人负担。

Article 427 Where the broker fails to facilitate the formation of theproposed contract, it may not require payment of remuneration, provided that itmay require the client to reimburse the necessary brokerage expenses incurred.

第四百二十七条 居间人未促成合同成立的，不得要求支付报酬，但可以要求委托人支付从事居间活动支出的必要费用。

Supplementary Provisions

附则

Article 428 This Law shall take effect as of October 1, , andthe Economic Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, theForeign-related Economic Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, andthe Technology Contract Law of the People's Republic of China shall be repealedsimultaneously.

第四百二十八条 本法自10月1日起施行，《中华人民共和国经济合同法》、《中华人民共和国涉外经济合同法》、《中华人民共和国技术合同法》同时废止。

篇5：柏拉图名言中英文对照

1、懒惰是怯懦的儿子，而疏忽是懒惰的儿子。

Idleness is the son of cowardice, and the neglect of laziness.

2、衡量一个人的价值就看他拥有权力时的所作所为。

The measure of a man's worth is what he does when he has power.

3、当碰到了爱情，每个人都成了诗人。

When it comes to love, everyone becomes a poet.

4、有一天那人走进了你的生命，你就会明白，真爱总是值得等待的。

One day someone will walk into your life, then you realize love was always worth waiting for.

5、用体育锻炼身体，用音乐陶冶灵魂。

With physical exercise, with music to cultivate the soul.

6、等待是苦的;是辛酸的;是委屈的;是无怨无悔的，在等待中，人们学会坚强学会乐观，而这一切，是因为爱。

Patience is bitter; bitter; wronged; is no regrets, waiting for people to learn a strong, optimistic, and all this is because of love.

7、睿智的人说话，是因为有话要说，蠢蛋说话，是因为得说些话。

Wise people talk because they have something to say, it is because the dumbass talk, say something.

8、真正的恋爱婚姻，无论形式如何简便，总之是神圣的婚姻。

True love marriage, no matter how simple form, in short, is a sacred marriage.

9、青春一经典当即永不再赎。

A classic youth never redeem.

10、人是一切事的尺度，是存在者之存在，不存在者之不存在的尺度。

Man is the measure of all things, the existence of the existence, the scale of the non existence.

11、问候不一定要慎重其事，但一定要真诚感人。

The greeting is not necessarily very careful, but must be sincere.

12、意志不纯正，则学识足以为害。

If the will is not pure, the knowledge is sufficient.

13、你如果真正是一个善良而正直的人，那么，当你行仁守义的时候，永远不会遇到伤害。

If you are really a kind and honest person, then, when you do benevolence righteousness, will never hurt.

14、哲学家毕生都在为死做准备。

Philosophers have been preparing for life.

15、爱情，并不是唯一的，他只是见证了两人从相知相识到最后的过程。

Love is not the only, he just saw two people from the acquaintance to the end of the process.

16、制造不公比承受不公更可耻。

Manufacturing than to suffer more shameful injustice.

17、只有驱遣人以高尚的方式相爱的那种爱神才是美，才值得颂扬。

The kind of love only love Stefan with noble style is beautiful, it is worth celebrating.

18、上帝永远将一切几何化。

God will always be all geometry.

19、有希望在的地方，痛苦也成欢乐。

Where there is hope, there is joy in pain.

20、美德大都包含在良好的习惯之内。

Virtue is mostly contained in good habits.

21、要克服生活的焦虑和沮丧，得先学会做自己的主人。

If you want to overcome the anxiety and depression in life, you must first learn to be your own master.

22、在短暂的生命里寻找永恒。

Searching for eternity in a short life.

23、得意时应善待他人，因为你失意时会需要他们。

Treat others kindly when you are self satisfied, because you will need them when you are frustrated.

24、好人不需要法律告知他们负起责任，恶人总是绕法律边缘而行。

Good people don't need the law to tell them to take responsibility.

25、为着品德而去眷恋一个人，总是一件很美的事。

It is always a beautiful thing to love a person for virtue.

26、爱情，本就是件宁缺勿滥的事，急不得。有爱情，便全心对待，没有爱情，也一个人惬意。

Love, this is something Ningquewulan, not urgent. There is love, then the whole heart, no love, but also a person comfortable.

27、我们的生活有太多无奈，我们也无法改变，也无力改变，更糟的是，我们失去了改变的想法。

There are so many things in our lives that we can't change, we can't change, and what's worse, we lost the idea of change.

28、天才是百分之一的灵感加上百分之九十九的努力。

Genius is one percent inspiration and an effort of ninety-nine percent.

29、抱最大的希望，为最大的努力，做最坏的打算。

Hope for the best, try for the best and prepare for the worst.

30、稍忍须臾是压制恼怒的最好办法。

Which is the best way to suppress but slightly angry.

31、上帝是几何学家。

God is a geometer.

32、一般人的勇敢都是出于害怕。他们放弃某些享乐因为他们贪图着另一种享乐，他们的自我节制出于自我放纵。

Ordinary people are brave out of fear. They give up some pleasure because they covet another pleasure, and their self-control is self indulgent.

33、因害怕失败而不敢放手一搏，永远不会成功。

Because of the fear of defeat, will never succeed.

34、爱情和幸福是同义词。

Love and happiness are synonyms.

35、任何一种快乐都不如肉体的爱来得更巨大、更强烈，但再没有什么比这更缺乏理性了。

Any kind of happiness is not as big and strong as the love of the flesh, but nothing is more rational than this.

36、心中充满旋律能渗透到人们的心灵深处。

Full of melody can penetrate into the hearts of people.

37、教育非他，乃心灵的转向。

Education is not him, but the turning of the heart.

38、那些能够看穿幕后阴影、看穿他们文化中的谎言的人们，从来得不到大众的理解，所以，别管大众信不信了。

Who can see the shadow behind the scenes, through their culture lies in the people, never got popular understanding, so, don't believe the public.

39、失去了真，同时也就失去了美。

Lost the truth, but also lost the United states.

40、初期教育应是一种娱乐，这样才更容易发现一个人天生的爱好。

Early education should be a kind of entertainment, so that it is easier to find a person's natural hobby.

41、你不求回报的伟大，注定我们悲剧的结局。

You do not ask for the return of the great, doomed to our tragic ending.

42、快乐不是因为拥有的多而是计较的少。

Happiness is not because you have more but less care.

43、那些曾经以为念念不忘的事情就在我们念念不忘的过程里，被我们遗忘了。

Who have been obsessed with the things we never forget the process, we were forgotten.

44、时间带走一切，长年累月会把你的名字、外貌、性格、命运都改变。

Take away all the time, Months and years pass by. will put your name, appearance, character, destiny has changed.

45、有勇气并不表示恐惧不存在，而是敢面对恐惧、克服恐惧。

Courage is not the absence of fear, but the courage to face it and overcome it.

46、不进行仔细考虑安排的生活，不值得一活。

Life is not worth living without careful consideration.

47、游手好闲会使人心智生锈。

Nothing will make the rust of the mind.

48、我真想化作星空，用无数双眼睛望着你。

I really want to become a star, with countless eyes looking at you.

49、其实我一直在你身边守候，等你靠在我肩上诉说，会不会有那么一天，你的温柔都属于我，我不会再让你难过，让你的泪再流!

In fact, I have been waiting for you, waiting for you to lean on my shoulder to tell, there will be a day, you are gentle belong to me, I will not let you sad, let your tears flow again!

50、温暖的怀抱不再拥有，从此你消失得一干二净。

No longer has a warm embrace, then you disappear completely.

51、好好扮演自己的角色，做自己该做的事。

Play your part and do what you have to do.

52、唯一的好是知识，唯一的恶是无知。

The only good is knowledge, the only evil is ignorance.

53、自己要先看得起自己，别人才会看得起你。

Respect yourself, others will respect you.

54、淋过雨的空气，疲倦了的伤心，我记忆里的童话已经慢慢的融化。

The rain drenched air, tired of the sad, I remember the fairy tale has been slowly melting.

55、我想牵你的手，从心动，到古稀。

I want to hold your hand, from the heart, to seventy.

56、一切研究，一切学习都只不过是回忆罢了。

All research, all learning is just memories.

57、愚者用肉体监视心灵，智者用心灵监视肉体。

Fool soul with physical surveillance, physical surveillance wise heart.

58、开始是工作的最重要部分。

The beginning is the most important part of the job.

59、如你想要拥有完美无暇的友谊，可能一辈子找不到朋友。

If you want to have the perfect friendship, you may never find a friend.

60、凡具有知识者皆较诸缺少知识者为猛敢;且其人于既学习以后则较诸其在未学习以前为更猛敢。

Where there is a knowledge of the lack of knowledge than those who dare to dare; and the person after the study is more than they did not learn before the more fierce.

篇6：[中英文对照]名言集萃

IDEAL 理想篇

Do not , for one repulse , give up the purpose that you resolved to effect .(William Shakespeare , British dramatist)

不要只因一次失败，就放弃你原来决心想达到的目的。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚.W.)

Don't part with your illusions . When they are gone you may still exist , but you have ceased to live. (Mark Twain , American writer)

不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。（(美国作家 马克吐温)

I want to bring out the secrets of nature and apply them for the happiness of man . I don't know of any better service to offer for the short time we are in the world .(Thomas Edison , American inventor)

我想揭示大自然的秘密，用来造福人类。我认为，在我们的短暂一生中，最好的贡献莫过于此了。 (美国发明家 爱迪生. T.)

Ideal is the beacon. Without ideal , there is no secure direction ; without direction , there is no life .( Leo Tolstoy , Russian writer)

理想是指路明灯。没有理想，就没有坚定的方向；没有方向，就没有生活。

(俄国作家 托尔斯泰. L .)

If winter comes , can spring be far behind ?( P. B. Shelley , British poet )

冬天来了，春天还会远吗？( 英国诗人, 雪莱. P. B.)

If you doubt yourself , then indeed you stand on shaky11 ground .(

Ibsen , Norwegian dramatist )

如果你怀疑自己，那么你的立足点确实不稳固了。 (挪威剧作家 易卜生)

If you would go up high , then use your own legs ! Do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other people's backs and heads . (F. W . Nietzsche , German Philosopher)

如果你想走到高处，就要使用自己的两条腿！不要让别人把你抬到高处；不要坐在别人的背上和头上。(德国哲学家 尼采. F. W.)

It is at our mother's knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest , but there is seldom any money in them.( Mark Twain , American writer )

就是在我们母亲的膝上，我们获得了我们的最高尚、最真诚和最远大的理想，但是里面很少有任何金钱。(美国作家 马克吐温)

Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.

Alexander Dumas (Davy de La Pailleterie, French Writer)

生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。 (法国作家 大仲马. A.)

The ideals which have lighted my way , and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully 19 have been kindness , beauty and truth .(Albert Einstein , American scientist)

有些理想曾为我们引过道路，并不断给我新的勇气以欣然面对人生，那些理想就是--真、善、美。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦 . A .)

The important thing in life is to have a great aim , and the determination to attain it. (Johan Wolfgang von Goethe , German Poet and dramatist)

人生重要的事情就是确定一个伟大的目标，并决心实现它。(德国诗人、戏剧家 歌德 . J . M .)

The man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds .(Mark Twain , American writer)

具有新想法的人在其想法实现之前是个怪人。 (美国作家 马克吐温)

The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today .(Franklin Roosevelt , American president)

实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。 (美国总统 罗斯福. F .)

When an end is lawful and obligatory, the indispensable means to is are also lawful and obligatory .(Abraham Lincoln , American statesman)

如果一个目的是正当而必须做的，则达到这个目的的必要手段也是正当而必须采取的。(美国政治家 林肯. A.)

STRUGGLE

奋斗篇

Genius only means hard-working all one's life .( Mendeleyer , Russian Chemist)

天才只意味着终身不懈的努力。 (俄国化学家 门捷列耶夫)

I have nothing to offer but blood , toil tears and sweat . (Winston Churchill, British Politician)

我所能奉献的没有其它，只有热血、辛劳、眼泪与汗水。(英国政治家 丘吉尔 . W.)

Man errs so long as he strives. (Johan Wolfgang Goethe , German poet and dramatist)

人只要奋斗就会犯错误。 (德国诗人、剧作家 歌德. J. W.)

My fellow Americans , ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country . My fellow citizens of the world ; ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man . (John Kennedy , American President )

美国同胞们，不要问国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们能为国家做些什么。全世界的公民们，不要问美国将为你们做些什么，而要问我们共同能为人类的自由做些什么。 (美国总统 肯尼迪. J.)

Our destiny offers not the cup of despair , but the chalice of opportunity . (Richard Nixon, American President )

命运给予我们的不是失望之酒，而是机会之杯。(美国总统 尼克松 . R.)

Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet . (Jean Jacques Rousseau , French thinker)

忍耐是痛苦的，但它的果实是甜蜜的。 (法国思想家 卢梭. J. J.)

Progress is the activity of today and the assurance of tomorrow .

(Emerson, American thinker )

进步是今天的活动、明天的保证。 (美国思想家 家默生)

The world can be changed by man's endeavor, and that this endeavor can lead to something new and better .No man can sever the bonds that unite him to his society simply by averting his eyes . He must ever be receptive and sensitive to the new ; and have sufficient courage and skill to novel facts and to deal with them . (Franklin Roosevelt , American President )

人经过努力可以改变世界，这种努力可以使人类达到新的、更美好的境界。没有人仅凭闭目、不看社会现实就能割断自己与社会的联系。他必须敏感，随时准备接受新鲜事物；他必须有勇气与能力去面对新的事实，解决新问题。(美国总统 罗斯福建. F.)

There is no royal road to science ,and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of gaining its numinous summits . (Karl Marx, German revolutionary )

在科学上没有平坦的大道，只有不畏劳苦沿着其崎岖之路攀登的人，才有希望达到它光辉的顶点。( 德国革命家 马克思. K .)

The man who has made up his mind to win will never say “impossible ”.

(Bonaparte Napoleon ,French emperor )

凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。( 法国皇帝 拿破仑. B.)

To do whatever needs to be done to preserve this last and greatest bastion of freedom .(Ronald Reagan , American President )

为了保住这最后的、最伟大的自由堡垒，我们必须尽我们所能。(美国总统 里根. R.)

We cannot always build the future for our youth , but we can build our youth for the future . (Franklin Roosevelt , American president )

我们不能总是为我们的青年造就美好未来，但我们能够为未来造就我们的青年一代。 (美国总统 罗斯福. F.)

Where there is a will , there is a way .( Thomas Edison , American inventor )

有志者，事竟成。 (美国发明家 爱迪生. T.)

SUCCESS

成功篇

Achievement provides the only real pleasure in life .( Thomas Edison , American inventor)

有所成就是人生唯一的真正乐趣。( 美国发明家 爱迪生. T. )

But has the last word been said ? Is all hope to be lost ? Is the defeat final No !(Charles De Gaulle , French president )

但是难道败局已定，胜利已经无望？不，不能这样说！ (法国总统 戴高乐. C.)

I succeeded because I willed it ; I never hesitated .(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor )

我成功是因为我有决心，从不踌躇 。 (法国皇帝 拿破仑. B .)

If you wish to succeed , you should use persistence as your good friend , experience as your reference , prudence as your brother and hope as your sentry. (Thomas Edison , American inventor )

如果你希望成功，当以恒心为良友、以经验为参谋、以谨慎为兄弟、以希望为哨兵。 (美国发明家 爱迪生. T.)

Only those who have the patience to do simple things perfectly ever acquire the skill to do difficult things easily . (Friedrich Schiller , German Dramatist and poet).

只有有耐心圆满完成简单工作的人，才能够轻而易举地完成困难的事。(德国剧作家、诗人 席勒. F.)

Power invariably means both responsibility and danger .(Theodore Roosevelt , American president)

实力永远意味着责任和危险。 (美国总统 罗斯福. T.)

Success covers a multitude of blunders .(George Bernard Shaw , British Dramatist)

成功由大量的失望铸就。( 英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.)

The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want , and if they cannot find them .they make them.(George Bernard Shaw , British dramatist )

在这个世界上，取得成功的人是那些努力寻找他们想要机会的人，如果找不到机会，他们就去创造机会。( 英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.)

You have to believe in yourself . That's the secret of success .(Charles Chaplin , American actor )

人必须相信自己，这是成功的秘诀。 (美国演员 卓别林. C.)

HEALTH

健康篇

A light heart lives long .( William Shakespeare , British dramatist )

豁达者长寿。 (英国剧作家 莎士比亚. W.)

Early to bed and early to rise , makes a man healthy , wealthy and wise .(Benjamin Franklin , American president )

早睡早起会使人健康、富有和聪明。 (美国总统 富兰克林. B.)

Sloth , like rust , consumes faster than labor wears .(Benjamin Franklin , American president)

懒惰像生锈一样，比操劳更能消耗身体。 (美国总统 富兰克林. B.)

The first wealth is health .( Ralph Waldo Emerson , American thinker )

健康是人生第一财富。 (美国思想家 爱默生. R. W.)

WEALTH

财富篇

All the splendor 1 in the world is not worth a good friend .(Voltaire , French thinker)

人世间所有的荣华富贵不如一个好朋友。 (法国思想家 伏尔泰)

Creditors 4 have better memories than debtors . (Benjamin Franklin , American president )

放债的比借债的记忆好。( 美国总统 富兰克林. B.)

If you would know the value of money , go and try to borrow some .

(Benjamin Franklin , American president )

要想知道钱的价值，就想办法去借钱试试。( 美国总统 富兰克林. B.)

If your Riches are yours , why don't you take them with you to the other world ?(Benjamin Franklin , American president )

如果财富是你的，那么你为什么不把它们和你一起带到另一个世界去呢？(

美国总统 富兰克林. B.)

Money is a good servant and a bad master .(Francis Bacon , British philosopher )

金钱是善仆，也是恶主。( 英国哲学家 培根. F. )

Money is like muck , not good except it be spread .(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)

金钱好比粪肥，只有撒到在大地才是有用之物。(英国哲学家 培根. F.)

No country , however rich , can afford the waste of its human resources .(Franklin Roosevelt , American president)

任何一个国家，不管它多么富裕，都浪费不起人力资源。(美国总统 罗斯富. F.)

Sometimes one pays most for the things one gets for nothing .(Albert Einstein , American scientist )

有时候一个人为不花钱得到的东西付出的代价最高。(美国科学家 爱因斯坦. A.)

HAPPINESS

幸福篇

A lifetime of happiness ! No man alive could bear it ; it would be hell on earth .(G. Bernard Shaw ,British dramatist )

终身幸福！这是任何活着的人都无法忍受的，那将是人间地狱。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.)

Happiness is form courage .( H. Jackson , British writer )

幸福是勇气的一种形式。 (英国作家 杰克逊. H.)

Happy is the man who is living by his hobby .(G. Bernard Shaw , British dramatist )

醉心于某种癖好的人是幸福的。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G .)

Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money ; it lies in the joy of achievement , in the thrill of creative effort .(Franklin Roosevelt , American president )

幸福不在于拥有金钱，而在于获得成就时的喜悦以及产生创造力的激情。(美国总统 罗斯福. F.)

Human felicity is produced not so much by great pieces of good fortune that seldom happen , as by little advantages that occur every day .(

Benjamin Franklin ,American president).

与其说人类的幸福来自偶尔发生的鸿运，不如说来自每天都有的小实惠。(美国总统 富兰克林. B.)

Most folks are about as happy as they make up their minds to be .(Abraham Lincoln ,American president )

对于大多数人来说，他们认定自己有多幸福，就有多幸福。(美国总统 林肯. A.)

The secret of being miserable is to have leisure to bother about whether you are happy or not . (George Bernard Shaw , British dramatist )

痛苦的秘密在于有闲功夫担心自己是否幸福。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳 . G .)

The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved .(

Victor Hugo , French novelist )

生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。( 法国小说家 雨果. V .)

There is no paradise on earth equal to the union of love and innocence .(Jean Jacques Rousseau, French thinker )

人间最大的幸福莫如既有爱情又清白无暇。( 法国思想家 卢梭. J . J. )

To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune .(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor )

要真正了解一个人，需在不幸中考察他。 (法国皇帝 拿破仑. B .)

We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it . (George Bernard Shaw , British dramatist)

正像我们无权只享受财富而不创造财富一样，我们也无权只享受幸福而不创造幸福。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G. )

TIME

时间篇

At twenty years of age , the will reigns; at thirty , the wit ; and at forty , the judgment .(Benjamin Franklin ,American president)

二十岁时起支配作用的是意志,三十岁时是机智,四十岁时是判断。(美国总统 富兰克林 . B.)

Do you love life ? Then do not squander time ; for that's the stuff5 life is made of .(Benjamin Franklin , American president )

你热爱生命吗？那么，别浪费时间，因为生命是由时间组成的。(美国总统 富兰克林. B.)

Each moment in history is a fleeting time , precious and unique .(

Richard Nixon , American president )

历史巨轮飞转，分分秒秒的时间都十分宝贵，也独具意义。(美国总统 尼克松. R.)

Fish and visitors smell three days .( Franklin Benjamin , American president )

鱼放三天发臭，客住三天讨嫌。 (美国总统 富兰克林. B.)

I am a slow walker , but I never walk backwards .(Abraham Lincoln , American president)

我走得很慢，但是我从来不会后退。 (美国总统 林肯. A.)

If you want to understand today , you have to search yesterday .(

Pearl Buck , American female writer )

想要懂得今天，就必须研究昨天。(美国女作家 赛珍珠)

In delay there lies no plenty , Then come kiss me , sweet and twenty , Youth's a stuff that will not endure . (William Shakespeare , British dramatist)

迁延蹉跎，来日无多，二十丽姝，请来吻我，衰草枯杨，青春易过。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚. W.)

Never leave that until tomorrow , which you can do today . (Benjamin Franklin , American president )

今天的事不要拖到明天。 (美国总统 富兰克林. B. )

Ordinary people merely think how they shall spend their time ; a man of talent tries to use it . (Arthur Schopenhauer , German philosopher )

普通人只想到如何度过时间，有才能的人设法利用时间。(德国哲学家 叔本华. A. )

The golden age is before us , not behind us . (Mark Twain , American writer )

黄金时代在我们面前而不在我们背后。( 美国作家 马克吐温)

The time of life is short ; to spend that shortness basely, it would be too long . (William Shakespeare , British dramatist )

人生苦短，若虚度年华，则短暂的人生就太长了。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚. W.)

Time is money .( Benjamin Franklin , American president)

时间就是金钱。(美国总统 富兰克林. B.)

To choose time is to save time .( Francis Bacon , British philosopher )

合理安排时间就是节约时间 。( 英国哲学家 培根. F.)

We always have time enough , if we will but use it aright. (Johan Wolfgang von Goethe , German poet )

只要我们能善用时间,就永远不愁时间不够用。(德国诗人歌德. J.W.)

Weep no more , no sigh , nor groan. Sorrow calls no time that's gone .(John Fletcher , British dramatist )

别哭泣，别叹息，别呻吟；悲伤唤不回流逝的时光。(英国剧作家 弗莱沏. J.)

STUDY

学习篇

Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation . (Franklin Roosevelt , American president )

E永恒的真理如果不在新的社会形势下赋予新的意义,要么就不是真理,要么就不是永恒的。 (美国总统 罗斯福 . F.)

Histories make men wise ; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep ; moral grave ; logic and rhetoric able to contend .

(Francis Bacon , British philosopher )

历史使人明智；诗词使人灵秀；数学使人周密；自然哲学使人深刻；伦理使人庄重；逻辑修辞学使人善辨。( 英国哲学家 培根. F.)

If you don't learn to think when you are young , you may never learn .(Thomas Edison , American inventor )

如果你年轻时就没有学会思考，那么就永远学不会思考。(美国发明家 爱迪生 . T.)

Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study.

(Francis Bacon , British philosopher )

天生的才干如同天生的植物一样，需要靠学习来修剪。(英国哲学家 培根 . F.)

WORK

工作篇

Don't gild the lily.

不要给百合花镀金/画蛇添足。 (英国剧作家 莎士比亚 . W .)

I can live for two months on a good compliment. (Mark Twain , American writer)

只凭一句赞美的话我就可以充实地活上两个月。(美国作家 马克吐温)

It is no use doing what you like ; you have got to like what you do .

(Winston Churchill , British prime minister)

不能爱哪行才干哪行，要干哪行爱哪行。 (美国首相 丘吉尔. W.)

My philosophy of life is work . (Thomas Alva Edison , American inventor)

我的人生哲学就是工作。 (美国发明家 爱迪生 . T . A .)

When work is a pleasure , life is joy ! When work is duty , life is slavery .(Maxim Gorky , Russian writer )

工作是一种乐趣时，生活是一种享受！工作是一种义务时，生活则是一种苦役。

(俄国作家 高尔基. M.)

Work banishes those three great evils : boredom , vice, and poverty.

(Voltaire , French philosopher )

工作撵跑三个魔鬼：无聊、堕落和贫穷。 (法国哲学家 伏尔基泰)

KNOWLEDGE

知识篇

Activity is the only road to knowledge .

(George Bernard Shaw , British dramatist)

行动是通往知识的唯一道路 。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.)

A free man obtains knowledge from many sources 1 besides books .

(Thomas Jefferson , American president)

一个自由的人除了从书本上获取知识外，还可以从许多别的来源获得知识。(

美国总统 杰斐逊 . T.)

A great part to the information I have was acquired by looking up something and finding something else on the way .(Adams Franklin , American humorist )

我的大部分知识都是这样获得的：在寻找某个资料时意外的发现了另上的资料。

(美国幽默作家 富兰克林. A.)

If a man empties his purse into his head , no man can take it away from him , an investment in knowledge always pays the best interest .

(Benjamin Franklin , American president )

倾已所有追求知识，没有人能夺走它；向知识投资，收益最佳。(美国总统 富兰克林. B.)

Imagination is more important than knowledge .(Albert Einstein , American scientist )

想象力比知识更为重要。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. A. )

Knowledge is power . (Francis Bacon , British philosopher )

知识就是力量。 (英国哲学家 培根. F.)

The empty vessels make the greatest sound . (William Shakespeare , British dramatist )

满瓶不响，半瓶咣当。 (英国剧作家 莎士比亚. W.)

EDUCATION

教育篇

And gladly would learn , and gladly teach .( Chaucer , British poet)

勤于学习的人才能乐意施教。(英国诗人, 乔叟)

Better be unborn than untaught , for ignorance is the root of misfortune .(Plato , Ancient Greek philosopher)

与其不受教育,不如不生,因为无知是不幸的根源.(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)

Genius17 without education is like silver in the mine. (Benjamin Franklin , American president )

未受教育的天才，犹如矿中之银。 (美国总统 富兰克. B.)

The roots of education are bitter , but the fruit is sweet .(Aristotle , Ancient Greek philosopher )

教育的根是苦的，但其果实是甜的。( 古希腊哲学家 亚里士多德)

CULTURE

文化篇

A great poem is a fountain forever overflowing with the waters of wisdom and delight .(P. B. Shelley , British poet )

伟大的诗篇即是永远喷出智慧和欢欣之水的喷泉。(英国诗人 雪莱. P. B)

A novel is a mirror walking along a main road .( Stendhcl , French writer )

一部小说犹如一面在大街上走的镜子。 (法国作家 司汤达)

Art is a lie that tells the truth .( Picasso , Spanish painter )

美术是揭示真理的谎言。 (西班牙画家 毕加索)

Humor has been well defined as thinking in fun while feeling in earnest. (Mark Twain , American novelist )

幽默被人正确地解释为“以诚挚表达感受，寓深思于嬉笑”。(美国小说家 马克吐温)

The decline of literature indicates the decline of a nation ; the two keep in their downward tendency.( Johan Wolfgang von Goethe , German poet )

文学的衰落表明一个民族的衰落。这两者走下坡路的时间是齐头并进的。(德国诗人 歌德 . J . W .)

When one loves one's art no service seems too hard .( O. Henry, American novelist )

一旦热爱艺术，什么奉献也不难。 (美国小说家 欧亨利)

篇7：中英文对照教育名言

倾注心血的爱能使孩子们早日鲜花绽放!

Dedicated efforts of love can make the children early flower.

名副其实的教育，本质上就是品格教育。

Real education, education is essentially a character.

让我走进童心世界，和孩子们一起成长。

Let me into the childlike innocence of the world, and the children grow up together.

严是爱，宽是害。宽严适度，和诣永远。

Yan is love, is wide. Resulting in moderation, and notions of forever.

师生之间心与心的交汇之处是爱的圣地。

Between teachers and students of the heart and heart is where the love of the holy land.

把一切知识教给一切人。

Teach all knowledge to all people.

先学会做人，再学会知识。

Learning life, and then to learn knowledge.

老老实实做人，认认真真教书。

An honest personhood, conscientious teaching.

不尊重学生，就是不尊重自己。

Don't respect students, just don't respect myself.

事实上教育便是一种早期的习惯。

In fact early education is a kind of habit.

爱就是教育，没有爱便没有教育。

Love is education, no love, no education.

用千百倍的耕耘，换来桃李满园香。

With one thousand times for the peach garden sweet.

才有肝胆人共事，从无字句处读书。

Just have courage work with people, from WuZiGou reading.

给学生一个世界，给老师一片天空。

Give students a world, a piece of the sky to the teacher.

篇8：中英文对照教育名言

用千百倍的耕耘，换来桃李满园香。

With one thousand times for the peach garden sweet.

平凡的脚步也可以走完伟大的行程。

Ordinary steps can also through the great trip.

要做孩子的老师，先做孩子的朋友。

Do your child's teacher, do the child's friend first.

多一份赏识，就多一份成功的希望。

More appreciated, means more than a hope of success.

每天都抽出时间和孩子单独在一起。

Time alone with their children together every day.

给学生一个世界，给老师一片天空。

Give students a world, a piece of the sky to the teacher.

培养人，就是培养他对前途的希望。

Train a person, is to cultivate his hope for the future.

博学耐心宽容，是教师最基本的素质。

Learned patience, tolerance, is the most basic quality teachers.

认真对待孩子提出的正经问题和看法。

Seriously treat the child put forward views and serious problem.

前后不一致是教育中最严重错误之一。

Inconsistent is one of the most serious mistakes in education.

做本真教师，教本色语文，育世纪人才。

Be true teacher, teach nature language, century talents.

我要像红烛一样，燃烧自己，照亮别人。

I want to be like a red candle, burn yourself out to give light to others.

千教万教教书求真，千学万学学做真人。

Thousand teach teach all truth, and learn how to make Wan Xuexue reality.

教师最大的幸福就是看到孩子们在成长!

Teacher's biggest happiness is to see the children to grow up!

教师是孩子的镜子，孩子是老师的影子。

Teacher is the mirror of the child, the child is the shadow of the teacher.

是宽容而不是纵容，是诱导而不是命令。

Tolerance is not indulgence, induction, rather than command.

★ 名人名言的中英对照

★ 关于时间的经典名言【中英文对照】

★ 名人名言中英文对照

★ 励志名人名言中英文对照

★ [中英文对照]名言警句-道德篇

★ 高考励志标语（中英文对照）

★ 事业励志座右铭

★ 十大中英文励志名言

★ 励志名言中英文结合

★ 青春励志演讲稿中英文

《歌德名言中英文对照版.doc》

将本文的Word文档下载到电脑，方便收藏和打印

推荐度：

点击下载文档

【歌德名言中英文对照版（精选8篇）】相关文章：

英文关于兴趣的名言2023-01-29

体育励志名言英文句子2022-10-30

梦想的英文名言名句2022-09-12

关于励志的中英文格言2023-11-01

成功激励自己的英文名言2024-01-29

七年级语文上册第三单元测试卷2022-11-01

学习的重要性600字作文2023-08-06

读书名言92023-09-09

读书的名言92022-08-02

高考英文励志名言精选2022-11-03