从《老人与海》中看信念对人生的影响（精选8篇）由网友“运动一下吧”投稿提供，下面是小编给大家带来的从《老人与海》中看信念对人生的影响，以供大家参考，我们一起来看看吧!
篇1：从《老人与海》中看信念对人生的影响
从《老人与海》中看信念对人生的影响
一、前言
自改革开放以来，我国的经济实力不断增强，人们的生活水平也逐渐提高，生活节奏越来越快，承受的压力也与之剧增，简单地说，就是近几年流行起来的网络用语：“鸭梨山大”。所以，在压力如此巨大的这样一种情况下，我们一不留神就可能迷失自我，或放纵，或抑郁，更有甚者，可能一蹶不振。此时，我们就必须持有一种信念，一种坚持的信念，一种追逐的信念，只有拥有这把利剑，我们才可能在这浮华的世界占有一席之地，才有可能成功地到达我们人生的顶峰。
二、《老人与海》中主人公的信念分析
《老人与海》是作家海明威1951年在古巴写的一部中篇小说，小说的背景是在一片波涛汹涌的大海上，描述的是一个老渔夫圣地亚哥在本文由论文联盟收集整理海上捕鱼的经历以及与众鲨鱼搏斗的故事。全篇以一种象征的手法将圣地亚哥的硬汉形象以及他所具备的信念描绘地栩栩如生。
海明威笔下的圣地亚哥，只是一个古巴的老渔夫，他寂寞，寂寞的只有一个小男孩陪着他。他出海84天都没能捕到一条鱼，但是他是否放弃了呢?没有，即使这么多天过去了，他仍然没有收获，但是他始终坚持着，始终容光焕发，终于，机会来了，他抓到了一条巨大的马林鱼，并且与它搏斗了两天两夜，然而厄运越没有结束，在返航途中，出现了各种各样的鲨鱼，它们凶猛，它们可怕，但是老人毫不畏惧，勇敢地与鲨鱼们搏击。虽然捕获的马林鱼被鲨鱼吃掉了，但最终，老人还是战胜了可怕的鲨鱼回到了家中。
在这部作品中，象征意义我们不可忽视。作者用巨大的马林鱼来象征我们人生的理想以及追求的目标。大海则是我们的人生，像海一般，变幻莫测。而鲨鱼却象征了我们无摆脱的悲剧命运。老人则是敢于与命运作斗争的硬汉形象。 “一艘船越过世界的尽头，驶向未知的大海，船头上悬挂着一面虽然饱经风雨剥蚀却依旧艳丽无比的旗帜，旗帜上，舞着云龙一般的四个字闪闪发光—超越极限!”圣地亚哥他不屈服于自己那充满厄运的命运，他敢于向自己的命运挑战，只因他心中有一份坚定不移且不折不挠的信念，所以他才超越了极限，创造了奇迹。
“一个人并不是生来要被打败的，你尽可以把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他。”这就是主人公圣地亚哥的坚持和信念。我们可以被消灭，但是我们不能被打败，我们不能言败，不能屈服于命运，我们必须将勇敢，不屈不挠升级成我们的'信念，只有拥有了这种信念，我们的生活才有目标，才有意义，才不会迷失自我。
老人在小船上孤独地漂泊了两天两夜，为了与那巨大的马林鱼搏斗，他几乎用光了他所有的力气，可是即使筋疲力尽，他也极力地想抱住这条鱼，不让它成为鲨鱼的午餐，所以他一次又一次的抗争，一次又一次的战斗，虽然马林鱼最终只剩下一副残骸，但是圣地亚哥还是胜利了，他没有被打败，没有被鲨鱼打败，没有被那悲哀的命运打败，冲破命运的束缚，打破那可悲的命运，这就是他的信念，这种意念支撑着他战胜一次又一次的困难和挑战。
三、信念对人生的影响
随着改革开放以来，我国的经济实力不断增强，人们无论是在物质生活上或是在精神生活上，都表现出了很高的要求，我们的世界变得丰富多彩，五光十色，大多数的人们都开始追求一种更高的生活品质，在此时，我们绝对不能被这大千世界给迷惑住，不要失去我们的道德准则和我们心中坚守的那份信念。
信念对一个人的未来和成功是绝对有帮助的，一个拥有了信念的人，他就有了目标，有了为之奋斗的动力，他的一生都将为他自己的信念而或，他不会迷失在这复杂的尘世中，他的生活不会乏味，因为他会为他的信念时时奋斗着。反之，一个连信念都没有的人，他能干什么呢?他甚至都不知道他为什么而活着，他这一辈子都在浑浑噩噩中度日，得过且过，也没有目标，只是一天天的等待死亡，这样的人是极度可悲的，因为他连活着的目的都没有。
一个成功的人，必然是一个怀有信念的人，而且他的信念也必然非常强大。温塞特曾经说过：“如果一个人拥有足够的信念，他就能够创造奇迹。”的确如此，在汶川大地震中，有许多人们被埋葬在废墟里，同时，也有许多在废墟中被埋了近100个小时的人，仍然能够活着出来，这是为什么呢?因为信念，当他们身处险境时，有些人被恐惧，害怕所覆盖，他们已经失去了希望，他们也失去了信念，但也有一些人，即使知道自己身在绝境，但是他们心中有一份牵挂，一份信念，他们不愿意就次死去，他们心中燃起了一把火，活下去的信念始终支持着他们，一个小时、十个小时、一百个小时，他们终于等到了救援，他们终于创造了属于他们自己的奇迹。这也是信念创造的奇迹。
四、结语
《老人与海》是一部异常有力、无比简洁的作品，具有一种无可抗拒的美。它以无比简洁而绝不简单的文字，描绘了一个信念强大的硬汉。人性是强大的，人类本身也有着自己的极限，但是因为我们所拥有的信念一次次地向这个极限挑战，去超越极限，所以这个极限又一次次地被扩大，一次次把那些更大的挑战放在我们的面前，圣地亚哥就是这样的，不管他的挑战是成是败，他都用他的信念征服了我们，让我们尊重。
从《老人与海》中，我们可以看出信念的重要性，正是有了信念，老人成为了硬汉，正是因为信念，我们的生活如此精彩。我们要始终坚信一点，必胜的信念是我们成功的关键，作为一个人，他可以什么都没有，但他不能失去他的信念，因为当他放弃他的信念时，他虽生尤死。我们虽然不需要像愚公移山那样巨大的信念，但是在我们内心深处，一定要有属于自己的一份坚持，相信我，跟着你的信念走，它终会带你走向成功的顶峰。因为信念的伟大，不在于它可以给你创造多大的财富，而是当你处于绝境之时，它总能给你点燃希望之火，带你扬帆前行。
知识扩展：老人与海经典句子
1. 光景太好了，不可能持久的，他想。但愿这是一场梦，我根本没有钓到这条鱼，正独自躺在床上铺的旧报纸上。
2. 阳光和他手指不断的活动，使他那抽筋的左手这时完全复原了，他就着手让它多负担一点拉力，并且耸耸背上的肌肉，使钓索挪开一点儿，把痛处换个地方。
3. 我记得鱼尾巴砰砰地拍打着，船上的座板给打断了，还有棍子打鱼的声音。我记得你把我朝船头猛推，那儿搁着湿漉漉的钓索卷儿，我感到整条船在颤抖，听到你啪啪地用棍子打鱼的声音，象有砍一棵树，还记得我浑身上下都是甜丝丝的血腥味儿。
4. 通常一闻到陆地上刮来的风，他就醒来，穿上衣裳去叫醒那孩子。然而今夜陆地上刮来的风的气息来得很早，他在梦中知道时间尚早，就继续把梦做下去，看见群岛的白色顶峰从海面上升起，随后梦见了加那利群岛的各个港湾和锚泊地。
5. 随后它在水里渐渐发出一阵拖长的咝咝声，但他依旧攥着它，在座板上死劲撑住了自己的身子，仰着上半身来抵消鱼的拉力。船儿慢慢地向西北方向驶去。
6. 不过人不是为失败而生的。
7. 但是这些伤疤中没有一块是新的。它们像无鱼可打的沙漠中被侵蚀的地方一般古老。他身上的一切都显得古老，除了那双眼睛，它们象海水一般蓝，是愉快而不肯认输的。
8. 一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可以把它消灭掉，可就是打不败他。
9. 要保持头脑清楚，要懂得怎么才能受苦也像个男子汉的样子。
10. 把拖钩和鱼叉留在船上是不必要的诱惑。
11. 一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可以的消灭他，可就是打不败他。
12. 一个人可以被毁灭，但不能被打败。
13. 一个人并不是生来要给打败的，……你尽可把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他。
14. 每一回都是重新来过的一回，他做的时候决不想从前做的成绩。
15. 渔夫们管所有这种鱼都叫金枪鱼，只有等到把它们卖出，或者拿来换鱼饵时，才分别叫它们各自的专用名字。这时它们又沉下海去了。阳光此刻很热，老人感到脖颈上热辣辣的，划着划着，觉得汗水一滴滴地从背上往下淌。
16. 这回鱼兜圈子回来时，老人看见它的眼睛和绕着它游的两条灰色的乳鱼。它们有时候依附在它身上。有时候倏地游开去。有时候会在它的阴影里自在地游着。它们每条都有三英尺多长，游得快时全身猛烈地甩动着，象鳗鱼一般。
17. 人生本来就是一种无止境的追求。它的道路漫长、艰难，而且充满坎坷，但只要自己勇敢顽强地以一颗自信的心去迎接挑战，他将永远是一个真正的胜利者!
18. 没有什么可以打败你，除非你自己认输了!
19. “一个人可以被毁灭，但不能被打败。”
20. “人生来就不是为了被打败的，人能够被毁灭，但是不能够被打败。”
21. “人是不怕打败的，只怕打垮。”
22. 老人知道自己要驶向远方，所以把陆地的气息抛在后方，划进清晨的海洋的清新气息中。
23. 四壁漆着明亮的蓝色，是木制的板壁，几盏灯把他们的影子投射在墙上。黑人的影子非常大，随着微风吹动挂灯，这影子也在墙上移动着。
篇2：从《水浒传》中看孝道
从《水浒传》中看孝道
孝道，是中华民族传统美德的一枝奇葩。一个民族、国家，如果失去了孝，就像千年老树失去了土壤和水分。一个社会，一个人如果逃离了孝道，必将成为被世人深恶痛绝之辈。孝，是无价亲情，不能以任何地位和金钱标价。历史上许许多多的英雄形象，但是最能感动人的，却是梁山好汉李逵的“孝”。
让我们来看看李逵的孝吧：那天，公孙胜因思念父母，下山探亲，李逵也触景生情，放声大哭。尽管宋江担心他下山后会惹事，李逵仍执意要去，宋江只得与他约法三章。在半路上，他遇到了打劫的人，这人利用李逵的威名“黑旋风”来吓跑路人，以夺取银两。这人名叫李鬼，他本以为可以吓跑李逵，没想到来了真正的“黑旋风”，反而被制服了。情急之下，李鬼只好骗李逵说：“大爷啊，小人也不愿拦路，只因家中有九十岁老母，无人养活，才不得不假冒爷爷之名吓人，其实没有杀过一个人。爷爷今天如果杀了小人，家中老母必是饿死。”李逵是个忠孝之人，虽是杀人魔王，但也起了怜悯之心，给了李鬼十两银子，让他去做些小本生意，李鬼便千恩万谢的走了。当李逵得知李鬼是骗他的，怒火万丈，直接割下了李鬼的头，扬长而去。李逵母亲的`眼睛瞎了，他只好把母亲放在背上，连夜背着母亲去梁山，半路上，母亲叫着要喝水，李逵把母亲放在石板上，听话的去找水了。李逵找到水回来一看，母亲没了，这可急坏了他，突然看到了地上有血迹，大吃一惊，忙顺着血迹寻过去，发现了一个洞穴，进去一看，发现两只小老虎正舔舐一条人腿，旁边有一个人头，正是他母亲的，李逵又怒又悲，抄起朴刀，几下杀了两只小老虎，大吼：“你们吃俺老娘一个，老子杀你一窝!”这时，一只大老虎冲进来，李逵根本没放在眼里，拿起刀，一刀便砍下了老虎的头，哭着把老母亲的尸体埋葬后，就回梁山去了……
李逵杀老虎为母亲报仇，体现了对母亲的孝，听母亲话，给母亲找水，也体现了对母亲的孝，在梁山，想到带母亲上梁山
享福，体现了他对母亲的孝，他是背着母亲上梁山的，可是在半路上，母亲被老虎吃了，他怒杀老虎为母报仇更体现了对母亲的孝。
黑旋风李逵，这个人留给不同的人不同的印象。他的事迹，堪称孝敬父母的典范。
当然，我们绝不赞成：“父要子亡，子不得不亡”的封建思想，也不提倡“卧冰”“沉渊”的愚昧之举。今天的孝道，理应打上崭新的时代烙印，那就是：孝不逆情，孝不悖理，孝不违法。
提倡孝道，势在必行。“羊有跪乳之恩，鸦有反哺之孝。”早已为蒙童所知。孝道并非玄学，“老吾老，以及人之老。”也并非难事，关键是身体力行。让我们孝敬父母吧!不要像李逵一样，留下终身遗憾。
篇3：从太空中看地球
广东省中山市 石岐第一城小学 三（1）班 武洋
今天，爸爸给我的电子邮箱中发了一张照片，是神舟五号在太空中拍下来的地球表面图像。总的来看，我们的地球在宇宙中显得格外美丽：蔚蓝色的部分是浩瀚的海洋；绿色的部分是茂密的森林；白色的部分是终年不化的积雪；黄色的是大片的荒漠。
在照片上，我看见欧洲版块里大部分的欧洲国家都非常重视生态和环境保护，那里到处是浓密的绿色。就连和我们隔海相望的小小日本在照片上呈现的也是一条长长的翡翠般的绿缎子。相比之下，我们的国家在照片上就显得那么令人难堪，除了东南和东北地区有一些绿色外，成片的黄色荒漠毫无遮挡地暴露在地表上，令人十分心痛和吃惊。由此可见，中国的环境和生态问题实在令人担忧！
看完这张照片之后，我的心情很复杂，既羡慕别的国家，又为我们国家而着急。难道真的要像我们课文《一个小山村的'故事》里那样，等到洪水把小山村冲毁的时候，才想到要植树造林，保护环境吗？真可悲啊！哀其不幸，怒其不争啊！真想把那些乱砍树木的人狠狠揍一顿。如果我是神仙的话，我会挥一挥手，在广袤的土地上播洒绿色的种子，让荒漠变绿
洲，让荒山变绿坡，让大地变成绿色的海洋。所有有头脑、有先见之明、有爱国之心的中国人，请行动起来吧！爱护环境，保护生态，植树造林，控制污染，让我们的地球永远美丽，永远年轻，让我们的祖国四季常绿，繁荣昌盛！
指导教师：何小青
简评：文章语言生动，富有号召力，联系实际，写得情真意切。
投稿:-2-12 15:37:28
篇4：从故事中看哲理
从故事中看哲理
看笑话中的人生哲理：
1、父子二人经过五星级饭店门口，看到一辆十分豪华的进口轿车。儿子不屑地对他的父亲说：“坐这种车的人，肚子里一定没有学问！”。父亲则轻描淡写地回答：“说这种话的人，口袋里一定没有钱！”
（注：你对事情的看法，是不是也反映出你内心真正的态度？）
2、晚饭后，母亲和女儿一块儿洗碗盘，父亲和儿子在客厅看电视。突然，厨房里传来打破盘子的响声，然后一片沉寂。儿子望着他父亲，说道：「一定是妈妈打破的。」「你怎么知道？」「她没有骂人」
（注：我们习惯以不同的标准来看人看己，以致往往是责人以严，待己以宽。）
3、有两个台湾观光团到日本伊豆半岛旅游，路况很坏，到处都是坑洞。其中一位导游连声抱歉，说路面简直像麻子一样。而另一个导游却诗意盎然地对游客说：「诸位先生，我们现在走的这条道路，正是赫赫有名的伊豆迷人酒窝大道。」
（注：虽是同样的情况，然而不同的意念，就会产生不同的态度。思想是何等奇妙的事，如何去想，决定权在你。）
4、同样是小学三年级的学生，在作文中说他们将来的志愿是当小丑。中国的老师斥之为：「胸无大志，孺子不可教也！」外国的老师则会说：「愿你把欢笑带给全世界！」
（注：身为长辈的我们，不但容易要求多于鼓励，更狭窄的界定了成功的定义。）
5、有一个欧巴桑在首饰店里看到二只一模一样的手环。一个标价五百五十元，另一个却只标价二百五十元。她大为心喜，立刻买下二百五十元的手环，得意洋洋的走出店门。临出去前，听到里面的店员悄悄对另一个店员说：「看吧，这一招屡试不爽。」
(注：试探如饵，可以轻而易举的使许多人显露出贪婪的本性，然而那常常是吃亏受骗的开始。)
6、乞丐：「能不能给我一百块钱？」路人：「我只有八十块钱。」 乞丐：「那你就欠我二十块钱吧」
（注：有些人总以为是上苍欠他的，老觉得老天爷给的不够多、不够好，贪婪之欲早已取代了感恩之心。）
7、在故宫博物院中，有一个太太不耐烦地对她先生说：「我说你为甚么走得这么慢。原来你老是停下来看这些东西。」
（注：有人只知道在人生的道路上狂奔，结果失去了观看两旁美丽花朵的机会。）
张三越想越纳闷，也越想越气，于是他也摇下车窗回头大骂：“你才是猪！”才刚骂完，他便迎头撞上一群过马路的猪。
（注：不要错误的诠释别人的好意，那只会让自己吃亏，并且使别人受辱。在不明所以之前，先学会按捺情绪，耐心观察，以免事后生发悔意。）
8、后生可畏
小男孩问爸爸：“是不是做父亲的总比做儿子的知道得多？
爸爸回答：”当然啦！
小男孩问：“电灯是谁发明的？”
爸爸：“是爱迪生。
小男孩又问：”那爱迪生的爸爸怎麽没有发明电灯？
（注：很奇怪，喜欢倚老卖老的人，特别容易栽跟斗。权威往往只是一个经不起考验的'空壳子，尤其在现今这个多元开放的时代。）
9、不必紧张
小明洗澡时不小心吞下一小块肥皂，他的妈妈慌慌张张地打电话向家庭医生求助，医生说：“我现在还有几个病人在，可能要半小时后才能赶过去。
小明妈妈说：”在你来前，我该做什么？“
医生说：”给小明喝一杯白开水，然后用力跳一跳，你就可以让小明用嘴巴吹泡泡消磨时间了。
（注：放轻松些，生活何必太紧张？事情既然已经发生了，何不坦然自在的面对。担心不如宽心，穷紧张不如穷开心。）
10、钥匙
一把坚实的大锁挂在大门上，一根铁杆费了九牛二虎之力，还是无法将它撬开。钥匙来了，他瘦小的身子钻进锁孔，只轻轻一转，大锁就“啪”地一声打开了，铁杆奇怪地问：“为什么我费了那么大力气也打不开，而你却轻而易举地就把它打开了呢？
钥匙说：”因为我最了解他的心。
（注：每个人的心，都像上了锁的大门，任你再粗的铁棒也撬不开。唯有关怀，才能把自己变成一只细腻的钥匙，进入别人的心中，了解别人。）
篇5：从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
Acknowledgments
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
摘要
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字：翻译；文化意识；文化和思维；文化差别；习语
Abstract
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
摘要 II
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about “culture” at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the “basic information”, does not emphasize “completely loyal”. Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes “translation is a language activity”. The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on “one language to another language”,which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on “faithfully”, avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:“Sent someone to Coventry” refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into “I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should ”I will always be with you“? This is because ”in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple“. Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, ”fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)“. If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about ”culture“ at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人，成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many ”the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva.“ terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious ”god, the bible, the church, nuns,“ and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describe themselves as “龙”，which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask ”eat?“ And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as ”evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded“ etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as ”lucky dog“ (lucky), ”top dog“ (VIPs), ”love me, love my dog“ (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, ”dead and marriage“, if we translate them into ”weddings, funerals,“ is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic ”red“ said ”marriage“, ”white“ means ”death“. Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So ”funerals“ is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as ”meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力，日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身，是八仙过海，各显其能？ The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽，我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨，又没有带雨伞，都很关着急，真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of “harmony between man and nature”. After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, “dong feng” is “spring wind”, summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot “scorching sun” is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's “ode to west wind” is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used “lovely, gentle, beautiful” to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say “hello” to each other or “where are you going?” , “what do you do?” or “have a meal?” and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as “Hi!” , “Good morning” or “How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the ”cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
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篇6：《从空中看北京》观后感
《从空中看北京》观后感
北京是我们的首部，是一片辽阔的大地。这个有着30建城历史和几百年的建都史的历史名城，以悠久灿烂的古代文化、雄伟壮观的千秋名胜、蓬勃壮丽的新貌而蜚声中外。
你也许到过风光秀丽的颐和园，你也许登上过雄踞群峰的八达岭，天坛祈年殿前也许曾留下你的倩影，北海的波浪也许回荡过你的歌声……但是，你从天上看过北京吗？
系列片《从空中看北京》像一位导游，像一个老师，带着我参观美丽北京的全貌。北京在城市建筑史上是世界奇观之一。故宫是全城的中心。从天上看故官，殿宇巍峨，宫阔贡叠，一片金碧辉煌的“宫殿之海”。这座历经24个皇帝的皇宫，是我国现存规模最大、最完整的古建筑群。
北京的街道，宽阔通杨。从空中看，它们像一串串白色的项链，把偌大的北京的各个角落连在一起，编织成了一幅壮美的图案。而那六十多座姿态各异的立交桥就是项链上的颗颗珍珠。它们结构新颖，多姿多彩，或似玉带飞舞，或似蛟龙腾空，或似飞跨的长虹，或似小憩蜻蜓……碧绿的草坪，绚丽的花坛，生动的雌像，把绿化美、建筑美与雕塑美巧妙地结合在一起，使一座座立交桥特色各异，像一幅幅的立体画，如一首首无声的诗，给首都增添了不尽的'景观，迷人的风采。
北京还有许许多多的体育场馆。她告诉我，为办好第十一届亚运会，北京新建、改建比赛场馆46个。这些造型优美，各具特色的现代体育设施，像一颖颗七彩的星星，闪烁在北京城郊的广大地区。
从空中看北京，我才真正领略到北京城市建设的巨大变化。她告诉我几个令人兴奋的数字：北京解放40年，兴建1.6亿多平方米城市建筑，是解放初期京城全部建筑的7.4倍。城区建筑面积比建国初期扩大了22.7倍。当年那么多低矮的小平房不见了，代之而起的是雄姿壮美的楼群。团结湖、左家庄、双榆树等新住宅区，如雨后春笋破土而出。从空中向下看：游人在湖边垂钓，高楼与亭子相依，飞鸟绕绿树起舞……好像一幅幅幽雅恬静的水墨画，展现出无穷的诗情画意。
在郊区上空，我可以俯视到如锦似绣的田园风光，烟波浩渺、清澈碧透的几十座大中型水库。松林如涛的延庆白然保护区，欣欣向荣的大兴人工森林公园，山清水秀的拒马河十渡.以及辽阔壮美的十里钢城，十里化工城，都会给你留下深刻的印象。
最使我难以忘怀的，也许还是世界七大奇迹之一的万里长城。它像一条巨龙，飞腾于群山之巅，婉蜒于峻岭之中，极为壮观。我真为我国劳动人民惊人的创造力赞叹不已。
看过影片后，我真心地祝愿北京，这座古老而又年轻的城市，随转改革开放的前进步伐，将会变得更加美丽、可爱。
篇7：从太空中看地球作文
从太空中看地球
广东省中山市 石岐第一城小学三（1）班 武洋 今天，
在照片上，我看见欧洲版块里大部分的欧洲国家都非常重视生态和环境保护，那里到处是浓密的绿色。就连和我们隔海相望的小 在照片上呈现的也是一条长长的翡翠般的绿缎子。相比之下，我们的国家在照片上就显得那么令人难堪，除了东南和东北地区有一些绿色外，成片的黄色荒漠毫无遮挡地暴露在地表上，令人十分心痛和吃惊。由此可见，
看完这张照片之后，我的心情很复杂，既羡慕别的国家，又为我们国家而着急，
洲，让荒山变绿坡，让大地变成绿色的海洋。所有有头脑、有先见之明、有
指导教师：何小青
篇8：《老人与海》作品影响
《老人与海》是海明威晚年的作品，凭借这部作品，他荣获1953年的普利策奖和1954年度的诺贝尔文学奖。同时该书也被评为影响历史的百部经典之一;美国历史上里程碑式的32本书之一;1986年法国《读书》杂志推荐的理想藏书，48小时内卖出530万本，销量曾排名第一。
《老人与海》这部小说是海明威最满意的作品之一，是海明威个人世界观和人生观的结晶，是20世纪欧洲文坛最具影响力的小说之一，对促进欧洲文学的发展有着长足的影响。
语言特点
《老人与海》 在海明威的写作技巧上，他用对话的简洁、明快、有力，修辞的干净，韵调的自然，形成了独特的创作风格。海明威使用的语言和刻划的形象鲜明具体，但是他的主题却含蓄隐晦，往往只用警句式的语言就能表现小说中人物的言谈行动。他的笔调潇洒自然，毫无矫揉造作之处，也没有着意的渲染和概括，但却能尖锐地刻画出人物的内心世界，充分体现了自然主义的白描手法。《老人与海》没有精雕细琢，也没有微妙深奥，然而只不过是简洁质朴、文字平定而已，开拓了小说的描写空间，丰富了小说的文学意蕴，使人产生一种“感情真者，其观物亦真”的感受。瑞典文学院院士霍尔斯陶穆称赞海明威：“《老人与海》是一部异常有力、无比简洁的作品，具有一种无可抗拒的美。”
动物意象的象征
西方文学中海的意蕴是丰富多彩的，抑或是清纯可亲的少女，抑或是凶神恶煞的恶魔。在《老人与海》中，海是被当作女性来描写的。在老人打鱼过程中，大海始终宁静、缓缓流动着;即使在鲨鱼夺取老人的鱼肉时，大海依然那么平静。她始终安静、自信、平等地凝视着“硬汉”般的老人——圣地亚哥。把大海描写成女性，外表温柔的她，却有着无穷、强大的力量，她有着闻所未闻的大马林鱼，有着凶残贪婪的大鲨鱼，她是如此得深不可测，而这才是真正意义上的海，也真正显示了具有柔弱外表却内心坚强的才是“真正的”，显示了外在柔弱谦卑内心却拥有非凡毅力和奋斗精神的才是“真正的硬汉”。
小说的主人公圣地亚哥是一位“真正的硬汉”，是“生命英雄”的象征。在面对种种困难的时候，勇于向人类生命的极限挑战。他具有顽强的毅力，在出海84天后一无所获，仍旧在第85天仍旧出海，经历漫长的等待终于在第85天看到了希望——遇到了一条大马林鱼;他具有坚强的斗志，与大马林鱼三天三夜顽强的搏斗，与鲨鱼勇敢的斗争;他具有坚忍不拔的精神，他在逆境中敢于克服种种困难。老人的这些精神是永恒的，即使他死去，他的精神会永远存在，沉睡的身体，依旧挡不住顽强的精神与是世界的对峙。《老人与海》通过对圣地亚哥这个人物的描写，赞扬了具有顽强意志力，不屈服于失败的人类。
大马林鱼在这部小说中有着至关重要的作用，正如白劲鹏所言：“去掉那条大马林鱼，《老人与海》就不成海明威的《老人与海》了。”老人在等待了84天漫长的时间之后，大马林鱼出现了，给了老人长久的等待一个回报，满足了老人的愿望。大马林鱼年轻力盛，但是老人坚强的意志力终于战胜了大马林鱼。在老人内心，大马林鱼是理想事物的象征，是美好的理想和追求的目标。这象征着，人类在漫长的征途中不知经历多少苦难，却仍旧满怀着对未来的希望，正是凭借这种信念和理想，指引着人类走过漫长的岁月，创造了无数的奇迹和美好的生活。
鲨鱼代表着一切破坏性的力量，是阻止人们实现理想和目标的各种破坏力的集合，是各种邪恶势力的象征。海明威只用了八周的时间，就完成了这部具有很高审美价值和意义的小说。而这部小说正是写于上世纪50年代，那时，古巴人民争取民族独立、民族解放的运动已经逐步进入高潮。在海明威的笔下，主人翁圣地亚哥不再是一个单纯的渔夫，而是一个生活在苦难中的古巴低层社会的人们的代表之一，而鲨鱼是那些殖民主义者和贫困现实生活的象征，为了改变现状，人们不得不与邪恶势力作斗争，而这一切都充分展现了古巴人民顽强的意志力和百折不挠的精神力量，生动地展示了人类与邪恶势力斗争到底的.伟大精神，凸显了人类是“真正硬汉”的个性特征。
狮子意象在《老人与海》中具有独特地位，它分占五处，尽管着墨不多，作者也未对其作更多的渲染，但作用不容小视：它犹如镶嵌在一串链子上的五颗珍珠，把老人心理流变过程串连起来;它勾连上下文，使小说的结构更加严谨;它与情节紧密相连和其它意象一样，烘托老人的心灵世界，这对塑造一位鲜明、生动、丰满的人物形象具有重要意义。小说是在“老人正梦见狮子”中结束，足见狮子这一意象在作品中的重要地位。与其它意象相比，狮子没有大海的温柔和激情，没有鲨鱼的贪婪和凶猛，也没有枪鱼的毅力和耐心，但狮子有自己独特的自信和威严，发自内心，不怒自威，令人敬畏，这一意象丰富了老人的精神世界。正像老人一次次出海为证明自己，迎接生命挑战一样，狮子这一意象也是为老人的再次出海作心理上、精神上的准备，此次梦狮与一梦狮子也就形成了有机的联系。老人反复地出海，证明其内心有一个结，“心理活动有一个规律就是：内容相似的结会相互结合，形成一个越来越大的结。这个解不开的情结就是老人的未了心愿。它处“在深层的潜意识中”，而“潜意识愿望向随后的一切心理倾向发挥压力，而这些心理倾向却得屈从这个压力，或者是对这个压力进行疏导，以引向更高的目标， 老人显然选择了后者，他不愿承认自己的失败，他相信经过自己持续不断的努力，能最终证明自己的价值。
创作背景
《老人与海》 《老人与海》这本小说是根据真人真事写的。第一次世界大战结束后，海明威移居古巴，认识了老渔民格雷戈里奥·富恩特斯。1930年，海明威乘的船在暴风雨中沉没，富恩特斯搭救了海明威。从此，海明威与富恩特斯结下了深厚的友谊，并经常一起出海捕鱼。
1936年，富恩特斯出海很远捕到了一条大鱼，但由于这条鱼太大，在海上拖了很长时间，结果在归程中被鲨鱼袭击，回来时只剩下了一副骨架。
1936年4月，海明威在《乡绅》杂志上发表了一篇名为“碧水之上：海湾来信”的散文，其中一段记叙了一位老人独自驾着小船出海捕鱼，捉到一条巨大的大马林鱼，但鱼的大部分被鲨鱼吃掉的故事。当时这件事就给了海明威很深的触动，并觉察到它是很好的小说素材，但却一直也没有机会动笔写它!
1950年圣诞节后不久，海明威产生了极强的创作欲，在古巴哈瓦那郊区的别墅“观景社”，他开始动笔写《老人与海》(起初名为《现有的海》)。到1951年2月23日就完成了初稿，前后仅用了八周。4月份海明威把手稿送给去古巴访问他的友人们传阅，博得了一致的赞美。
内容简介
《老人与海》 背景是在20世纪中叶的古巴。主人公是一位名叫圣地亚哥的老渔夫，配角是一个叫马诺林的小孩。风烛残年的老渔夫一连八十四天都没有钓到一条鱼，但他仍不肯认输，而是充满着奋斗的精神，终于在第八十五天钓到一条身长十八尺，体重一千五百磅的大马林鱼。大鱼拖着船往海里走，老人依然死拉着不放，即使没有水，没有食物，没有武器，没有助手，左手抽筋，他也丝毫不灰心。经过两天两夜之后，他终于杀死大鱼，把它拴在船边。但许多鲨鱼立刻前来抢夺他的战利品。他一一地杀死它们，到最后只剩下一支折断的舵柄作为武器。结果，大鱼仍难逃被吃光的命运，最终，老人筋疲力尽地拖回一副鱼骨头。他回到家躺在床上，只好从梦中去寻回那往日美好的岁月，以忘却残酷的现实。
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