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一个新混沌系统的控制与同步

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一个新混沌系统的控制与同步（推荐10篇）由网友“冷不丁儿”投稿提供，下面小编为大家整理后的一个新混沌系统的控制与同步，希望大家喜欢!

一个新混沌系统的控制与同步

篇1：一个新混沌系统的控制与同步

一个新混沌系统的控制与同步

讨论了最近提出的一个新混沌系统的控制与同步问题.在此系统的控制中,设计了在参数已知时的2个线性控制器,得到了将系统控制到任意不稳定平衡点的充分条件.在此系统的同步中,设计了在参数已知时的2个非线性控制器,得到了实现全局完全同步的充分条件,并设计了在参数未知时的.3个非线性控制器和参数估计的自适应律,得到了实现全局完全同步的充分条件.对控制参数数值模拟的结果验证了其正确性.

作者：赵国辉舒永录孔昭毅赵运洪 ZHAO Guohui SHU Yonglu KONG Zhaoyi ZHAO Yunhong 作者单位：重庆大学数理学院,重庆,400044 刊名：石河子大学学报（自然科学版） ISTIC英文刊名：JOURNAL OF SHIHEZI UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE) 年，卷(期)： 27(6) 分类号：O192 关键词：混沌控制混沌同步非线性反馈自适应线性反馈

篇2：一个广义Lorenz混沌系统的控制和同步

一个广义Lorenz混沌系统的控制和同步

对于一个广义Lorenz混沌系统,分析了它的稳定性,通过线性反馈方法把其控制到相应的.不稳定的平衡点.采用线性反馈控制和自适应控制2种方法以实现该系统的同步.用Lyapunov第二方法从理论上证明该同步方法的有效性.数值仿真结果表明,这些控制方法是有效的.

作者：舒永录张勇胥红星 SHU Yong-lu ZHANG Yong XU Hong-xing 作者单位：重庆大学,数理学院,重庆,400044 刊名：重庆工学院学报（自然科学版） ISTIC英文刊名：JOURNAL OF CHONGQING INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY（NATURAL SCIENCE）年，卷(期)： 22(8) 分类号：O415 关键词：混沌控制线性反馈同步

篇3：Lorenz系统的混沌同步与保密通信

Lorenz系统的混沌同步与保密通信

提出一种用于2个Lorenz系统混沌同步的非线性反馈方法.用Lyapunov第二定理证明2个Lorenz系统的误差系统零点稳定性和2个Lorenz系统的同步,在Matlab上进行了数值仿真.结果表明:响应系统与驱动系统同步的`条件是它们的参数必须相同,而与响应系统的初值无关.提出了一种保密通信的方案,信息信号m(t)调制到混沌变量x(t)成为混沌传输信号s(x,m),响应系统与驱动系统同步的条件是它们有共同的方程结构和参数.所以驱动系统的方程结构和参数(σ,ρ,β)作为可解调密钥,控制2个系统的同步,从而将信息复原,实现混沌保密通信.

作者：黄报星作者单位：江汉大学,物理与信息工程学院,湖北,武汉,430056 刊名：吉林大学学报(工学版) ISTIC EI PKU英文刊名：JOURNAL OF JILIN UNIVERSITY(ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY EDITION) 年，卷(期)： 33(3) 分类号：O415 O322 关键词：混沌同步驱动系统响应系统密钥

篇4：一个新混沌系统的自适应Backstepping控制

一个新混沌系统的自适应Backstepping控制

研究了一个新的混沌系统的控制问题,根据Lyapunov稳定性理论方法构造一个新的自适应控制器,给出了控制器及未知参数的自适应律解析式,识别了系统的.全部4个参数,同时将系统控制到一个稳定点,方法简单,控制效果好.数值模拟证明了该方法的可行性和有效性.

作者：徐江蔡国梁 XU Jiang CAI Guoliang 作者单位：徐江,XU Jiang(江苏科技大学,数理学院,江苏,镇江,212003;江苏大学,理学院,江苏,镇江,212003)

蔡国梁,CAI Guoliang(江苏大学,理学院,江苏,镇江,212003)

刊名：江苏科技大学学报（自然科学版） ISTIC PKU英文刊名：JOURNAL OF JIANGSU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (NATURAL SCIENCE EDITION) 年，卷(期)： 21(5) 分类号：O231 关键词：混沌系统 Lyapunov函数自适应控制 Backstepping方法

篇5：一类混沌金融系统的线性与非线性反馈同步

一类混沌金融系统的线性与非线性反馈同步

研究一类金融系统的混沌同步问题.首先利用非线性反馈控制实现了该金融系统的`自同步,其次利用线性耦合的方法探讨了该系统的耦合自同步,得到了两种使该金融系统渐进同步的控制方法.数值仿真结果表明所给方法是有效的.

作者：梅小华 YU Jianning 张建刚 MEI Xiaohua YU Jianning ZHANG Jiangang 作者单位：兰州交通大学数理与软件工程学院,兰州,730070 刊名：天津师范大学学报（自然科学版） ISTIC PKU英文刊名：JOURNAL OF TIANJIN NORMAL UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE EDITION) 年，卷(期)： 28(3) 分类号：O415.5 关键词：金融系统混沌同步反馈控制线性耦合

篇6：超混沌Lorenz系统的线性与非线性耦合同步

超混沌Lorenz系统的线性与非线性耦合同步

通过理论分析与数值仿真,分别实现了一类超混沌系统的线性与非线性反馈控制耦合同步.利用超混沌系统的最大Lyapunov指数确定反馈控制系数需满足的取值范围,实现线性耦合同步.对于非线性耦合同步,则是基于对Lyapunov方法的'理论讨论,给出超混沌系统在全局范围内实现同步的充分条件.

作者：崔浩褚衍东张建刚李险峰 CUI Hao CHU Yan-dong ZHANG Jian-gang LI Xian-feng 作者单位：崔浩,张建刚,CUI Hao,ZHANG Jian-gang(兰州交通大学,数理与软件工程学院,兰州,730070)

褚衍东,李险峰,CHU Yan-dong,LI Xian-feng(兰州交通大学,数理与软件工程学院,兰州,730070;兰州交通大学,非线性研究中心,兰州,730070)

刊名：重庆工学院学报(自然科学版) ISTIC英文刊名：JOURNAL OF CHONGQING INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(NATURAL SCIENCE) 年，卷(期)：2008 22(12) 分类号：O322 关键词：超混沌系统耦合同步 Lyapunov方法耦合系数反馈控制

篇7：一类新混沌系统的自适应控制与异结构同步在保密通信中的应用

一类新混沌系统的自适应控制与异结构同步在保密通信中的应用

对一个新混沌系统,先分析其稳定性,再通过坐标变换对此系统进行控制.接着设计了一自适应控制器,通过自动调整参数β,实现了与另一系统的异结构同步,并把此控制器运用到保密通讯中.理论分析和数值计算的`结果完全一致,表明了该方法的有效性.

作者：叶慧姚洪兴 YE Hui YAO Hongxing 作者单位：叶慧,YE Hui(江苏科技大学,数理学院,江苏,镇江,21;江苏大学,系统工程研究所,江苏,镇江,21)

姚洪兴,YAO Hongxing(江苏大学,系统工程研究所,江苏,镇江,212013)

刊名：江苏科技大学学报（自然科学版） ISTIC PKU英文刊名：JOURNAL OF JIANGSU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (NATURAL SCIENCE EDITION) 年，卷(期)： 21(5) 分类号：O415.5 TP27 关键词：混沌控制 Lyapunov函数自适应同步保密通信

篇8：部分变量脉冲反馈的离散混沌同步算法的构造与分析

部分变量脉冲反馈的离散混沌同步算法的构造与分析

为提高混沌系统应用于保密通讯时的保密性,研究了离散混沌系统部分变量脉冲反馈同步的问题,提出了一个部分变量脉冲反馈同步的通用算法.利用Lyapunov直接法证明了算法的'可行性.将此通用算法应用到一类离散混沌系统,构造了具体的同步算法.最后用实例进行了模拟仿真,结果表明提出的算法是可行的.

作者：张志刚赵新泉 ZHANG Zhi-gang ZHAO Xin-quan 作者单位：张志刚,ZHANG Zhi-gang(华中科技大学,控制科学与工程系,武汉,430074;湖北经济学院统计与应用数学系,武汉,430205)

赵新泉,ZHAO Xin-quan(中南财经政法大学,信息学院,武汉,43074)

刊名：重庆工学院学报（自然科学版） ISTIC英文刊名：JOURNAL OF CHONGQING INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY（NATURAL SCIENCE）年，卷(期)： 22(8) 分类号：O415 关键词：离散混沌系统混沌同步脉冲系统

篇9：新人教版必修1Unit 1 Friendship知识点与同步练习

高一(上)英语必修一Unit1Friendship基础词汇巩固

一.词性转换

1. ignore vt. ________ n. 2. German adj. __________n.

3. power n. _________ adj. 4. dusty adj. __________ n.

5. recover v. __________n. 6. exactly adv. ___________adj.

7. dislike n.&vt. _________(反义词);unlike_________; likely ___________.

8. disagree vi. ____________ n .___________(反义词);

9. entire adj. ___________ adv. 10. settle v. __________n. ___________n.[来源:学科网]

二.单词填空

1. The business is owned by two _________(合伙人)[来源:学科网]

2. Before the __________(幕布) went up, the dancers took their places on stage.

3. When his wife died, he was very ____________(孤单)[来源:学科网ZXXK]

4.He had broad shoulders and____________(强有力的)arms.

5.He used to smoke a _________(小包) of cigarettes a day.

6. He wants a job that will let him worko_________.

7. The restaurant has a long menu of about50 i___________.

8. The phone rang, but she i______________it.

9. It took a long time for him to r____________ from a bad cold.

10. It was e____________ my own fault.

11. The boy's poor health c_____________his parents.

12. She helped the child l__________ thelaces of his shoes(鞋带).

13.That's e______________ what I expected.

14. Put on your o________. It is quite coldoutside.

15. I am g___________ to have you help merepair the house.

三.选择词组填空

in order to on longer/not…any longer suffer from on purpose be concerned about

go through set down get/be tired of get along with join in calm down add up

1. I__________________watchingtelevision; let's go for a walk.

2. We started early ______________arrive before dark.

3. The country has _______________too many wars.

4. Theyare going to ____________ the singing.

5. She_______________ your safety, you should come back earlier next time.

6. Sheoften ______________ headaches.

7. Although I am a new comer, I __________________my classmates very well.[来源:Z§xx§k.Com]

8. Ididn't do it ________________. It was an accident.

9. ___________3, 4 and 5 and you'll get 12.

10. I have ________________everything that theteacher said.

四.单项选择

1.I have to __________all the books before the exams.

A.go through B. go over C. go up D. go out

2. His illness _________ the family’strouble.

A. add up B. add up to C. add to D. are added to

3. As far as I am_________, I agree withwhat you said.

A. concerning B. concerned C. faced D. known

4. catch the first bus, he got upvery early this morning.

A. In order to B. In order that C. So as to D. So that

5. Wehave been getting _______ our students since we came to thisschool.

A. along well B. along well with C. well along with D. well with

6. Don’t______in the exam.

A. calm B. cheat C. list D. ignore

7._________ people’s discussion and you will know a lot.

A. Join B.Join in C. Takepart D. Add up[来源:Zxxk.Com]

8. Holiday is coming. Students are busy _______ their things in the suitcase.

A. pack up B. packing up C. packing off D. pack into

9.________ down what the expert will say at the meeting, will you? Which of thefollowing is not right?

A. Put B.Set C. Write D.Take

10. I t is not a serious illness. I guess she will ______ soon.

A. remove B. recover C. replace D. reduce

五.句子翻译[来源:学|科|网Z|X|X|K]

1. 请冷静，他不是故意这样做的。(calm down; on purpose)[来源:学§科§网Z§X§X§K]

2. 有些人认为上大学是没有意义的。(There is no point (in) doing sth. )

3. 丢了钱，他感到难过。(upset)

4. 尽管他不喜欢学习英语，他还是加入了英语俱乐部。(dislike;join)

5. 为了不迟到，他起床很早。(in order to)

6. 父母非常关心我们的健康。(be concerned about)

必修一Unit1 Friendship基础词汇巩固

一。 1、ignorance 2、Germany 3、powerful 4、dust 5.、recovery 6、exact

7、like、不像、可能的 8、disagreement 、agree 9、entirely10、settlement、settler

二、1。partners 2、curtain 3、lonely 4、powerful 5、pack 6、outdoors 7、items 8、ignored[来源:学§科§网]

9、recover 10、entirely11、concerns 12、loose 13、exactly 14、overcoat15、grateful

三、1、am/gettired of 2、in orderto 3、gonethrough 4、joinin 5、isconcerned about

6、suffersfrom 7、get alongwith 8、onpurpose 9、Addup 10、set down

四 1-5 BBBAB 6-10BBBDB

五 1 . Pleas calm down. He didn’t do it onpurpose.

2. It is believed that there is no point inattending college.

3. He felt upset because of losing the money.

4. Although he dislikes learning English, hejoined the English Club.[来源:学科网ZXXK]

5. In order not to be late, he got up early.

6. Our parents are concerned about outhealth.

篇10：新人教版必修1Unit 1 Friendship知识点与同步练习

新人教版必修1Unit 1 Friendship知识点

核心单词

1. add

vt.& vi. 增加;加;加起来;补充说;又说

常用结构：

add to增添;增加;增进

add ...to ...把……增添到……

add up合计，相加

add up to总数为;总计为

He added some wood to increase the fire.

他添了一些木柴，使火更旺些。

If you add 4 to 3 you get 7.四加三得七。

Unit 1 Friendship

I should like to add that we are pleasedwith the test result.

我还要补充一下,我们对测试结果很满意。

I don’t want to add toyour troubles.

我不想给你添麻烦。

He wrote down the weight of each stone andthen added up all the weights.

他把每一块石头的重量记下来，然后把所有的重量加在一起。[来源:Zxxk.Com]

The figures add up to 137.

这些数目加起来总和是137。

高手过招

单项填空

①That’s all I have to say. Is there anything you’dlike to ,

John?

A. talk B. require C. add D. deliver

②That is the very coin I need to my collection.

(2010·陕西西安一中检测)

A. add up B. add in C. add on D. add to

①解析：选C。考查动词辨析。句意为：我要说的就是这些，

约翰你还有什么要补充的吗?

②解析：选D。add to的意思是“添加到”。

2. upset

adj. 心烦意乱的;不安的;不适的

vt. ( upset, upset) 使不安;使心烦;打翻;打乱

联想拓展

be upset by...被……打乱

upset oneself about sth.为某事烦恼

Our arrangements for the weekend were upsetby her visit.

她一来把我们周末的安排给打乱了。

Don’t upset yourself —no harm has been done.

不要难过——并没有造成任何伤害。

He was horribly upset over her illness.

他为她的病而忧心忡忡。

The students really upset her. 学生们着实让她烦恼。

高手过招

用upset的适当形式填空(原创)

①The food my stomach.

②She felt rather on hearing the news.

③Is it an message?

④Don’t be . It will be OK.

①upset ②upset ③upsetting ④upset

3. ignore

vt. 不理睬;忽视

I said hello to her, but she ignored me completely.

我向她打招呼，可是她根本不理我。

He ignored the speed limit and drove veryfast.

他不顾时速限制，把车开得飞快。

联想拓展

ignorant adj. (对某事物)不了解的;无知的;无学识的

be ignorant of/about sth.不知道;没有意识到

ignorance n.无知;愚昧;不知道

be in ignorance of/about sth. 不知道某事

易混辨析

ignore/neglect/overlook[来源:学#科#网Z#X#X#K]

ignore 通常指有意不顾，或不理会显而易见的事物。

neglect 侧重指有意的忽略或忽视，也可指粗心与疏忽。

overlook指因匆忙而疏忽或视而不见。

高手过招

(1)用ignore/neglect/overlook的适当形式填空(原创)

①We could not afford to such a serious offence.

②He utterly my warnings and met with an accident.

③Don’t to pay him a visit now and then.

(1)①overlook ②ignored ③neglect

(2)单项填空

—So you didn’t say hello to him lastnight?

—Well, I stopped and smiled when I sawhim, but he me and walked on. (2010·杭州一模)

A. Ignored B. refused C. denied D. missed

(2)解析：选A。答句句意为：我看到他就停下来冲他微笑，但是

他没理我就走了。ignore不理睬，忽视;refuse拒绝;deny否认，

拒绝给予;miss怀念，错过。

4. concern

n. [U]关心，担心，担忧;[C]有利害关系的事

vt. 涉及，关系到，参与;使担心

联想拓展

concerning prep. 关于[来源:Zxxk.Com]

concerned adj.有关的;担心的

concern sb.与某人有关

be concerned with sth.牵涉，与……有关;参与

concern oneself with 关心

be concerned about/for/over sth.担心;关心某事

as/so far as ... be concerned关于;至于;就……而言

As far as I am concerned, you can gowherever you want.

就我而言，你什么时候走都行。

We read stories concerning visitors fromouter space.

我们读了关于天外来客的故事。

I was very concerned about my mother’sillness.

我很担心母亲的病情。

高手过招

(1)单项填空

The meeting was concerned reforms and everyone present was concerned their own interests.

(2010·福建厦门双十中学检测)

A. with; for B.for; which C. for; about D. about; with

(2)用concern的适当形式填空(原创)

①There is an article that the rise of the prices.

②The children are rather about their mother’shealth.

③Officials should themselves public affairs.

(1)解析：选A。句意为：这次会议牵涉到改革，在场的每个人都很担心自己的利益。be concerned with 牵涉到,和……有关;be concerned for/about 担心;关心。

(2)①concerns ②concerned ③concern;with

5. settle

vi. 安家;定居;停留

vt. 使定居;安排;解决

Both wanted to settle their scores.双方都愿意尽弃前嫌。

常用结构：

settle down 镇定下来

settle in 在……定居

He settled his child in a corner of thecompartment.

他把孩子安顿在车厢的一个角落里。

The family has settled in Canada.

这家人已定居加拿大。

高手过招

单项填空

①—Doyou know anyone in Paris?

—No.I’llmake friends once .(2010·福建厦门六中检测)

A. I’m settled B. I have settled

C. I’ll besettled D. I’msettling

②The brake of your bicycle has come loose. You’dbetter it .(2010·陕西西安交大附中)

A. settle B. fix

C. pick D. correct

①解析：选A。settle作“安家”讲时，既可用settle，也可用be settled。本题是由once(一旦)引起的时间状语从句，故用一般现在时表将来。

②解析：选B。由句意可知，因为自行车的车闸坏了，因此要“修理”。

6. suffer

vt. 遭受;忍受;蒙受

vi.后接from/for意为“受……之苦”，“患……疾病”

常用结构：

suffer an attack/a defeat/losses/pains

遭受打击/失败/损失/痛苦

He suffered hard pains from the accident.

他忍受着事故带来的痛苦。

Do you suffer from headaches? 你经常头痛吗?

She’s suffering from loss of memory. 她患有遗忘症。

联想拓展

sufferer n. 受苦者，受难者

suffering n.痛苦，苦难

高手过招

(1)单项填空

In the countryside there are many dropouts(辍学者). I think the difficulty the poor economic conditions.(2010·浙江嘉兴一轮检测)

A. lies in B. result in

C. leads to D. suffers from

(2)翻译句子

我们在金融危机中损失惨重。

(1)解析：选A。考查短语辨析。lie in在这里相当于because of。

(2)We suffered huge losses in thefinancial crisis.

重点短语

7. go through

经历;经受;检查;浏览;用完;做完

The country has gone through too many wars.

这个国家经历了太多的战争。

She’s gone through abad patch recently.

她最近经历了一段困难时期。

Have you gone through all your moneyalready?

你把所有的钱都花完了吗?

I went through the students’papers last night.

昨晚我仔细阅读了学生的试卷。

联想拓展

go after追求;追赶

go ahead 前进;请说(做)吧

go by走过;(时间)过去

go along with向前;(与......)一起去

go in for爱好;从事

go out 外出;(灯，火)熄灭

go over 越过;复习

go through with 做完;完成

go up 爬上;(价格等)上升

高手过招

单项填空

①We’d better try to with the experiment, I think. Now let’s with it.(2010·河南许昌一模)[来源:学_科_网]

A. go through; go on B. go on; go over

C. go over; go through D. go on; go through

②If a person has taken too much medicine by mistake, you should make the person .(2010·平顶山一中月考)

A. go up B. rise up

C. throw up D. set up

①解析：选A。go through with sth.意思是“做完，完成”;go on with意思是“继续”。

②解析：选C。throw up的意思是“呕吐;吐出”。

8. get sth.done

让别人做某事/使得某事被做

done是过去分词作宾语补足语，与havesth. done句型的用法一样。

get sb./sth. doing使某人/某事物……起来

get sb. to do sth.使/让某人做某事

get done (状态的改变)get作系动词，相当于be

get away逃脱;离开

get back回来;取回

get by维持生活;通过

get down to sth./doing sth.开始认真做某事

get in进站;到达;收集

get off下来;下车

get on上车;进展;进步

get cross(对……)生气，发脾气

get in one’s way挡路，妨碍

get used to doing sth.习惯做某事

get involved in涉及

get in touch with和……取得联系

get it了解，懂得，明白

高手过招

(1)单项填空

The final examination is coming up soon. It’stime for us to our studies. (2010·河南焦作一中月考)

A. get down to B. get out

C. get back for D. get over

(2)完成句子(原创)

①讲解后，老师让我们思考起问题来。

Shortly after the explanation the teachergot us .

②我们将很快为你订制一套新衣服。

We will get a new suit for you.

③她试图使他说话。

She tried to get him .

(1)解析：选A。该题根据交际情景考查短语动词的用法。根据题意，此处指开始认真学习，故选A。get down to开始认真考虑，符合题意。get out出去，离开，逃脱，泄露;get back for回来，恢复;get over爬过;克服，熬过;恢复，原谅。故B、C、D三项均不符合题意。

(2)①thinking ②made ③to talk

9. set down

放下;记下;登记

Passengers may be set down and picked uponly at the official stops.乘客只有在正式车站方可上下车。

联想拓展

set about (doing sth.) 着手(做某事)

set out (to do sth.)开始，着手(做某事)

set aside留出;不顾

set back(把钟等)往回拨;推迟

set free释放;解放

set off动身，出发(去某地);使

set out动身，出发;安排，组织

set up开办;建立;设立

set an example to树立榜样

set fire to ...= set ... on fire纵火烧

be set in以……为背景

The bad weather set back the buildingprogramme by several weeks.

由于天气恶劣，建筑计划延误了好几个星期。

We need to set about finding a solution.

我们得着手寻找一个解决办法。

温馨提示

set about 和setout都可作“开始/着手做某事”讲，但setabout 后加doing sth.，而set out后加 to do sth.。

高手过招

单项填空

As soon as he got to the office, he the students’papers.

(2010·山东济南一中月考)

A. got down to correct B. got down to correcting

C. set down to correcting D. sit down to correcting

解析：选B。get down to意思是“着手做某事”，其中to是介词，

后跟名词或动名词。

10. on purpose

故意

The boy broke Jack’swindow on purpose. He wanted to frighten Jack.

那男孩是故意打破杰克的窗玻璃的，他想吓一下杰克。

联想拓展

purpose n. 目的，用途;目标;重要意义

for the purpose of 为了……

to little/no purpose 作用不大/徒劳

The purpose of the book is to provide a completeguide to the university.

这本书的目的是全面介绍这所大学。

高手过招

用purpose的适当形式或短语填空(原创)

①He didn’t do it .

②What was your ?

①on purpose ②purpose

11. join in

参加;加入

They didn’thave enough time to join in the activity.

他们没有足够的时间来参加这个活动。

联想拓展

join sb. in sth.与某人一起做某事

join up入伍;参军

join up with sb.与某人联合;会合

join hands with sb.与某人拉起手来;合伙;联合

Will you join me in a walk? 你愿意和我一起散步吗?

Let us join hands in friendship.[来源:学科网]

让我们携手共建友谊吧。

易混辨析

join in/join/take part in/attend

join in 参加正在进行着的活动。如游戏、讨论、辩论、谈话等。

join ①参加某组织或团体，并成为其中一员;②来和某人待在一起。

take part in 参加会议或有组织的群众性活动，并在其中发挥一定的作用。

attend 正式用语，指参加会议、仪式、婚礼、葬礼、上课、上学、听报告等，句子的主语是去听去看，自己不一定起积极作用，相当于be present。

高手过招

用join/join in/take part in/attend的适当形式填空(原创)

①I decided to the club to have dance training.

②Would you like me to the game?

③I a meeting last month.

④I will have to his funeral next week.

①join ②join in ③took part in/attended ④attend

重点句型

12. ...but your friend can’tgo until he/she finishes cleaning his/her bicycle.

……但是你的朋友不把自行车弄干净不能走。

not ... until 意为“直到……才”，表示主句谓语的动作直到until状语的时间才发生，主句的谓语动词表示的是动作的开始。until引导从句时，如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动作，则主句用肯定式;如果主句中的谓语动词是短暂性动词，则用否定形式。

“Itis/was not until+被强调的部分+that ...”相当于“Notuntil ... did (does, do, is ...)+主语 ...”意为“直到……才”，是强调形式。[来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K]

You must stay in bed until your temperature is normal.

体温正常后，你才能起床。

He didn’tleave until the meeting was over.

直到会议结束他才离开。

It was not until she took off her darkglasses that I realized she was a film star.

=Not until she took off her dark glassesdid I realize she was a film star.

=I didn’trealize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.

直到她摘下墨镜我才认出她是一位电影明星。

高手过招

单项填空

①Not until , settle the problem. (2010·潍坊一轮验收)

A. he returns; can we B. he returns; we can

C. does he returns; we can D. does he return; we can

②It was back home after the experiment.

A. not until midnight did he go

B. until midnight that he didn’tgo

C. not until midnight that he went

D. until midnight when he didn’tgo

①解析：选A。当not until位于句首时句子需倒装。句意为：直到他回来我们才能解决这个问题。

②解析：选C。强调句型It is/was ...that对not until ...进行强调时，需把not until ...放到强调结构中，故选C。

13. While walking the dog, you werecareless and it got loose and was hit by a car.

遛狗的时候，你太大意了，一松手，狗就被车撞了。

while walking the dog是连词while加现在分词短语结构，强调分词的动作正在发生，相当于while you were walking the dog。

在时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语一致，谓语含有系动词be，可以省略从句的主语和系动词be。

Whencrossing the street, you should be careful.

过马路时，你应当小心。

If heated, water can be turned into vapour.

如果受热，水会变成蒸气。

温馨提示

在状语从句中，如果从句的主语为it时，也可以将it和助动词be省略。[来源:学科网]

Whenever possible they would stop him andask the three questions.可能的话，他们就让他停下问他这三个问题。

高手过招

单项填空

① with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem bigat all. (2010·山东莱州检测)

A. Compares B. When comparing

C. Comparing D. When compared

② the two systems, little man foundthe latter advantageous.(原创)

A. Compare B. When compared

C. Compared D. When comparing

①解析：选D。考查状语从句的省略用法。在状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语相同或者主语为it时，可以将从句中的主语或者it和助动词be省略。本句是将状语从句“When itis compared with the size of thewhole earth”中的it is省略，因此正确答案为D。

②解析：选D。考点省略。在状语从句中，当从句中的主语与主句的主语一致，且从句中含有be动词时，通常采用省略形式。句中的littleman与compare之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，故选D。

14. I wonder if it’sbecause I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’vegrown so crazy about everything to do with nature. 我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。

此句中的it’s...that是强调句型。关于强调句型，我们需要掌握以下几点：

(1)强调句型的基本结构：

“Itis/was+被强调的成分+that/who+其他成分”用来强调主语、宾语和状语等成分。that只起连接作用，不作成分，但不能省略。当被强调部分为sb.作宾语时，可用who,也可用that,其他情况一律用that。强调主语时，that后的谓语动词必须与被强调的主语在人称与数上保持一致。

(2)特殊句式中的强调句型：

①如果强调的是特殊疑问句中的疑问词，表示“到底”、“究竟”等语气时，就用如下结构：

“特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that/who+该句的其余部分”，that/who后只能使用陈述语序。

②在“not ...until”结构中，由until所引导的短语(或从句)作时间状语时，要用固定的强调句型：“It+is/was+notuntil ...+that+该句的其余部分”，that所引导的从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。

(3)强调句型要注意和it代表时间、距离、温度、自然现象、具体事物或人物等时所构成的各种句型的区别。判断是否是强调句，可采用“还原法”。如果还原为一般句式后，句子各种成分完整，则是强调句，否则不是。

It was three o’clockwhen I got home.

我到家的时候三点。

It was at three o’clockthat I got home.

三点钟我到的家。

It was in his town that he was brought up.

他是在镇上被养大的。(强调句)

It was this town where/in which he wasbrought up.

这是他被抚养长大的城镇。(定语从句)

(4)英语中常用助动词do, does或did强调谓语。

He did go to the airport yesterday, but hedidn’t find you.

他昨天确实去了机场，但他没有找到你。

It is I that/who am going for a holidaywith Mary.

是我跟玛丽一块儿去度假。

When is it that we will have a meeting?

我们什么时候开会?

高手过招

单项填空

It is in that poor village, Mary lived and worked 15 years ago, she will build her first school, whichinspires everyone to help her.(原创)

A. where; when B. that; that

C. that; when D. where; that[来源:Z&xx&k.Com]

解析：选D。句意为：就是在那个她生活和工作了15年的贫穷的村庄，玛丽将要建起她的第一座学校，这一点鼓舞了人们来帮她。第一空为where引导的非限制性定语从句，第二空填that,构成强调句型，强调地点状语。

15. I don't want to set down a series offacts in a diary as most people do ...[来源:学科网]

我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账……

as引导的从句为比较状语从句，意为“像大多数人那么做”。

as 用作连词，可引导下列状语从句：

①引导时间状语从句，强调主句谓语与从句谓语的同时性;

②引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管，虽然，即使”(从句需倒装);

③引导方式状语从句，表示“以……方式”;

④引导原因状语从句 (=since; because)，意为“由于，因为”;

⑤引导比较状语从句。

As he grew older he lost interest ineverything except gardening.

随着他年纪越来越大，他失去了对所有事物的兴趣，除了园艺。

Cold as it is, my brother wears only ashirt.

尽管天气冷，我哥哥只穿了一件衬衫。

Why didn't you take the medicine as I toldyou to?

为什么你没有按我说的来服这种药?

As you were not there, I left a message.

因为当时你不在那，所以我给你留了便条。

She is as tall as you. 她和你一样高。

高手过招

单项填空

① as he is, he speaks English well. (2010·山西太原一中月考)

A. Little child B. A little child

C. The little child D. Child little

②In some countries, are called “publicschools” are not owned by the public.(2010·11·江西新余一中质量检测)

A. which B. as C. what D. that

①解析：选B。在让步状语从句中，作表语的名词如果提前，该名词常省去冠词，但若名词前有修饰语时，就不省略冠词。

②解析：选C。考查what引导的主语从句。what在主语从句中作主语。句意为：在许多国家，所谓的公立学校并非公众拥有。

16. ...it was the first time in a year anda half that I'd seen the night face to face ...[来源:学。科。网]

……这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚……

如果前面是“it(will be)is/this (will be)is/that (will be)is+the first/second time that ...”句式，表示“某人第几次做某事”。其中,that引导的是定语从句，后面句子的时态用现在完成时;如果前面是it (would be)was ..., 后面则用过去完成时。

It is the first time that I have come toZhuhai.

这是我第一次来珠海。

It was the second time that she had visitedLondon.

那是她第二次游览伦敦。

温馨提示

如果time前有last修饰，此时我们一般不用完成时态。

注意：the first time可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句;for the first time意为“第一次”单独用作状语。

This is the last time that I shall give youa lesson.

这是我最后一次给你们上课了。

高手过招

(1)单项填空

①It's the third time late this week. (原创)