“minggo”为你分享17篇“大学自学心得体会范文”，经本站小编整理后发布，但愿对你的工作、学习、生活带来方便。
篇1：自学心得体会
光阴似箭,不知不觉已经从事小学体育教学有30多年了,面对新课程改革的浪潮，为我们带来了机遇，同时也掂量出我们的分量。我觉得课堂教学真的不简单,所要面对的事情太多了,但从中也学到一些东西和一些经验,借此机会和大家分享一下：
一、利用游戏活跃课堂氛围
苏霍姆林斯基说过一句至理名言：课堂教学中没有欢欣鼓舞的心情，学习就会成为沉重的负担，反之会使学习变得轻松有趣。
在一年级的体育课中，我为了调动学生的积极性，在课前安排了游戏“捉迷藏”。同学们都按游戏的规则练习去了。可是同学们对“捉迷藏”不感兴趣，都无精打采，一副不想玩的样子，口里还说着没意思。
我看到这种情况，就问着自己，是不是学生玩的次数多了，可能缺少了兴趣，怎样才能活跃气氛，激发学生的兴趣呢?想到这儿，我灵机一动，立即整队，马上就对学生说：同学们你们自己找朋友玩好吗?学生异口同声，好!学生就分散在自己的场地里，玩起各种各样的游戏，我也不断的加入到学生当中去，这样能使学生玩的更有劲，更有趣，那样会使学生与老师的距离拉得更进，让学生感受老师的亲切感。就在这时，有一组学生的游戏吸引了我，把我的视线都集中到那一小组去了。我没多想，快步走到他们小组的面前。同学们这是什么游戏?怎么你们这么开心啊!这一组的学生异口同声的说：“八仙过海”踩一脚。好!这游戏很好!心想这游戏不但可以练习灵敏性，还可以提高跳跃能力。这不是两全齐美吗!我想到这里，就马上集合了全班同学，叫这一组的同学演练了一遍，这一下，学生的兴趣大增。我就顺水推舟号召学生像他们这组学习。同学们以三、四人一组来玩“八仙过海”踩一脚。
好吗?好!这时同学们的脸上露出了开心的样子。他们都分散在自己的场地里练习去了。看着一个个活蹦乱跳的场面，我的脸上也露出了笑脸。练习了几分钟后，我问学生：你们玩得高兴吗?高兴，太高兴了!那为什么这么开心?有趣啊!对啊!我们的游戏就是要接近学生的年龄段，只有这样学生才会喜欢上体育课。另外体育课要不断的加入新的游戏或是学生中比较好玩的游戏。这样学生在体育课中才会有乐趣。
二、教学方法要兴趣化，教学手段要多样化
伟大的科学家爱因斯坦说：兴趣是最好的教师。只要学生有了浓厚的兴趣，就会主动地去求知、去探索，并在学习上产生极大的愉快和积极的情感。
低年级的学生就是好动，爱新鲜，厌烦过多的重复练习。因此，教学方法和练习手段要多变，才能提高学生的兴趣，推迟疲劳的出现。如立定跳远比较枯燥，可采用游戏的方法来进行，或用比赛的形式来进行，那么学生的热情就会高涨起来。又如在游戏障碍赛跑中，也不是千篇 一律的重复，对每次练习可提出不同的要求。如第一次提出那组能遵守规则为胜，第二次加上那组队伍排得整齐为胜，第三次加上那组跑得快为胜，不断提出新的要求来吸引学生完成游戏任务。同样在跳绳、拍皮球、踢毽子等活动中，当学生拿到绳子或球时，多么想自由地活动。教师可以在完成规定的任务后，给学生几分钟时间去自由发挥各自的才能(各种各样的跳法或拍法)。学生正当的欲望得到满足，就能更好的集中思想和精力学习下一项
内容。
三、注重激励评价，激发学习兴趣。
德国教育家第斯多惠说过：“教学的艺术不在于传授的本领，而在于激励、唤醒、鼓舞”。激励教育是在尊重学生主体性的基础上，通过创造各种优化的外部条件，激励学生的内驱力，从而使学生主动发展。激励教育能激发学生的活力和潜能，培养学生的主体精神。
在校公开课《与球共舞》一课时，我没有采用原有的传授式教学法和学生反复练习的方法，而是改用了激趣法和鼓励法进行教学尝试，取得了较好的效果。同学们，这是什么?学生一口同声的说：“篮球”。想玩吗?想玩。那么我们各组来比一比，看看那组用篮球玩的花样多。好，好!学生的兴趣一下子就上来了，通过小组合作各小组玩出了多种花样。这时教师要抓住时机马上集合进行展示，对有创意的小组及时的进行点评。同时也要肯定其他的小组。
特别是一年级的学生，在他们幼小的心灵中老师的地位是崇高的，教师的一言一行都会对他们的情绪产生深远的影响。在上课中采用合理的教学方法外，还注意用生动形象的儿童化语言贯穿课堂的始终，进而为学生营造一个积极、和谐、宽松、竞争的学习氛围。如《模仿小动物走》这一课，我采用了激将法问学生：“同学们我们来比一比哪一组模仿动物模仿的像、模仿的快”。当学生全身心地投入到“模仿”中时，不论他们动作做得好与差，教师都给学生一句勉励的话“这只猴子真灵活”“小鸟飞得真美”，如果再加把劲，将会飞得更美、更快”，一个赞许的目光，一个会心的微笑，对学习者都是一种激励，也是对其他同学学习兴趣的一种促进，更是教师与学生心与心的碰撞。
在以后的工作中，我将坚持不懈努力，及时总结课堂中教学的不足，做到让学生易懂、易学、充分掌握运动技术，以促进学生的健康，增强体质，让他们快乐地成长。
篇2：大学生团课自学心得
此次团课，我们邀请到了本院__级辅导员郭老师为任课教师，郭老师在百忙之中还为团课学员们准备了一场别开生面的课程。郭老师打破了常规的单调的论述性的党团历史类型的教学方法，而是一种轻松自如的叙述讲授了目前学生、社会、国家都十分关注的问题。极具吸引力，使得学员们都仔细认真的听郭老师的讲授，同学们期待祖国和平统一的爱国之心使得团课授课过程十分顺畅，授课效果十分显著。
郭老师从古至今的把与大陆的联系详细的阐述了一遍，让学生们充分的了解了历史，认识到了自古以来就是中国不可分割的一部分。在郭老师论述的近代大陆与的几次纷纷和和中，我们可以感觉到郭老师对历史详尽的了解，和渊博的历史知识，不知不觉中郭老师就成了学生们钦佩的对象，学习的对象。“以古为镜，可以知兴替”。了解中国历史才能认清将来中国的发展方向，历史的教育便是爱国主义教育。
郭老师还与同学们讨论了当今的局势以及国际形式，美国对问题的干涉，日本在问题上的介入都成了回归祖国的外在因素，而对于我们国家自身，应不断的强化综合国力，为民族早日的伟大复兴不断努力，中国自身的实力才是解决问题的内在关键因素。
团课在同学们热烈的掌声中结束了，整堂课同学们严肃认真，老师激情洋溢，郭老师的那些话语久久的'在我们脑海里回响。
篇3：大学生团课自学心得
时代要求我们德才兼备，德育先行。
在大学期间要力争成为一个德才兼备的优秀大学生。为人处世，要学会严于律己宽以待人。也许，我们的知识并不是最丰富的，我们的成绩并不是秀的，但我们的人格一定要健全，思想品德要积极向上，有道德，有诚信，有理想，有正确的世界观，人生观和价值观。同时，要注重自己的德育，智育，体育，美育的全面发展，积极做一名全面发展的优秀大学生，做社会杰出的后备军。
时代要求我们博学多识，思想上进。
知识就是力量，我们要成为合格的团员，合格的大学生，就必须努力学习科学文化知识，不断充实自己的思想，让自己的认识和行动不断产生质的飞跃。同时又不仅仅只学习知识，还会有更伟大的思想，她指引我们，让我们的心灵得到洗礼，灵魂得到升华。
时代要求我们与时俱进，保持活力和先进性。
团是由每个团员个人组成的，只要我们都能够作自身的先进性，中国共青团在现在的或是将来的历史时期中，都会以最先进的姿态引领更多的青年人为建设我们伟大的祖国而不断奋斗!
在上团课后，我对自己有了新的定位，思想上也有了坚定地先进理念，能够抵制不良思想，争取做优秀的团员。使共青团无愧于党的后备军的称号。第六期团课教会了我如何学习、如何付出，如何成功。我们团校青年更应该珍惜时间、努力学习新的科学文化知识，奋发向上，做一个有志的青年。青年人有蓬勃的朝气，有一股无所畏惧的勇气，只要我们站在党和团的周围，遵守和执行党和团的指示，贯切党和团的方针政策，我们就有可能实现自己为振兴中华贡献自己的力量的目标。
篇4：党校自学心得体会
学校的积极分子党校培训课程已经结束了。首先，感谢学校给了我这次党校学习机会，让我更进一步的向党组织靠近，更深入的理解党的宗旨，党的任务，以及一个党员应该做的事;还有就是要感谢讲党课的老师们，他们不顾自己一周的疲劳牺牲自己的周末来给我们上党课，对此，我感到非常荣幸。
通过党课的培训，我对中国共产党有了比较全面系统地认识，并树立了共产主义信念。同时，我也意识到入党条件之多，要求之高，发现自己身上尚有许多缺点和不足，距一个真正的合格的共产党员还有一定差距，但我相信通过自己的不断努力，提高自身修养，能给自己创造良好的入党条件的。
这次党课培训活动主要由以下内容组成：党课理论知识、党课实践活动、党课专题片和党课小组讨论。党课理论课有坚定信念，加强修养;中国共产党的性质;端正入党动机，以实际行动向党组织靠近和中国共产党最高理想及现阶段奋斗目标。党课实践活动有植树活动。党课专题片为《任长霞》。党课小组讨论有两次，分别为结合个人工作和学习实践谈谈当代大学生应该如何贯彻科学发展观，入党动机与模范带头作用。
在党课理论课期间，老师们主要围绕党的性质来阐述。了解党的性质和宗旨，是端正入党动机的前提条件，是立志为共产主义事业奋斗终身的必须前提。我们应当努力做一名合格共产党员，对党的认识，关系到党的指导思想，宗旨的确立和贯彻，关系到党的纲领，路线的制定和坚持，关系到党的建设方向。党的性质包括两个基本的方面，一是它的阶级性，一是它的先进性。党的宗旨是全心全意为人民服务，党要持续不断的加强党风和廉政建设，做到忠实地代表广大人民群众的利益。其中老师还讲述了作为新时期的大学生，我们要坚持党的根本宗旨，全心全意为人民服务。当前，我们应该认真学习，努力把我们党建设成为有中国特色的社会主义的坚强领导核心。
我印象最深的是第一节陈宁老师给我们讲的：坚定信念，加强修养。她给我们将入党的目的，入党的动机，入党的意义，以及入党的实质。入党的目的是自我选择，是为了加强自我修养，更好的发展自己，更好地为人民服务;入党的意义是有了一个坚定的信念，有了一个高尚的目标，就能很好的激励自己，有助于提高自己的政治觉悟;入党的实质是形式上的和精神上的，形式只是有自由人到组织人的过程，而精神上确是精神追求的过程，品性修炼的过程，思想改造的过程，人格塑造的过程。
从而我知道入党就首先要加强自己的修养。不仅仅是政治上的修养，还有理论，道德，纪律和作风的修养。如果我仅仅是对在政治意识上拥护中国共产党，愿意为党的事业而奋斗，而对党的理论知识一无所知，当有人问我什么是共产党时，我却无所应对，能算是一个合格的共产党员嘛?同样在道德纪律作风上也要加强自己的修养，如果我在这些方面有所欠缺，无疑是现在社会上那些贪官们的雏形!这是不能被我自己我的父母和关心我的老师朋友们所接受的。为了加强这方面的修养从想法到话语，从行为到习惯这都是我需要好好学习的方面;正如“没有规矩不成方圆”，“欲修其心者，先正其心，欲正其身者，先成其意”。最后一点就是加强自身修养也要注意时代性，要跟上时代的步伐，与时俱进。
接下来的老师给我们讲了很多关于党的理论，如党的性质，党的奋斗目标等等。让我从一个对党的崇拜者，到一个党的追随者，对党的了解更深入了一层，对社会的认识也加深了。这使我从根本上了解了党的历史，中国的历史。自己的思想提高到了一个积极分子应该达到的境界自从加入学校的积极分子培训班，自己的思想在一天一天的成长。我努力的使自己向党组织靠拢，使自己的思想走在时代的前列，努力的去了解时事，努力的去学习党员的事迹。从各个方面提高自己，使自己的精神面貌焕然一新。每当想到自己正在向伟大的党组织靠近，自己的干劲就特别的足。这就是精神的力量，这也是党员的力量。
党课实践活动是种树。开始我以为大家会放不下所谓的面子，会扭扭捏捏的你推我让。但是看到同学们都积极投入到种树活动中去的时候我觉得豁然开朗，是呀，种树是一件光荣的事，是为人民服务，是光荣的。虽然我们做的只是微不足道的劳动活动，但是从中我们学到了不少书本上或者是党课理论课上学不到的东西，也亲身体会到了劳动的伟大意义以及党的根本宗旨--全心全意为人民服务。
党课专题片是《任长霞》。在上党课之前我对任长霞也有一定的了解，但仅仅是知道她是一个葬礼可与周相比的人民警察。她是一个对敌人像秋风扫落叶一样无情。破案雷鸣电闪、手脚生风，登封社会治安立竿见影的好转。也是一个对人民像春天一样温暖，面对犯罪嫌疑人王晓伟刚满3岁的孩子的恸哭，任长霞流泪了。而她面对人们回报却坚定的拒绝，面对群众做的石碑实在没法拒绝，只好让群众把碑立在公安局里的僻静地方，而她却后脚命令：“拆掉”。 她对家人的关照实在太少了。全家人从郑州一直追到登封，才拍了生前唯一的一张全家福;任长霞的死讯不敢告诉半身不遂的父亲;与丈夫结婚的妻子任长霞，终于可以歇在家里，陪陪丈夫了??雨像泪一样飘洒，泪如雨一般倾诉。
她不但是百姓心中的丰碑，执法为民的典范，同时也是我们当代大学生心中一盏不灭的灯。伟大的事业铸造伟大的英雄，伟大的英雄推动伟大的事业，我们当代大学生也要学习英雄大公无私、乐于奉献、忠于职守、嫉恶如仇的美德，从而为我们的事业而奋斗。任长霞的模范行为和崇高精神，是中华民族传统美德和时代精神的完美结合，我们当代大学生也要培育和弘扬以爱国主义核心的民族精神。把工作当作职业只能是平庸，要把工作当作事业，我们当代大学生也应把学习当做事业。我们是历史的见证者与建设者，全面建设小康社会的宏伟事业将在我们手中逐步实现，中华民族的伟大复兴将在我们手中逐步实现，这是时代赋予当代中国青年的伟大使命。
党课小组讨论有两次，分别为结合个人工作和学习实践谈谈当代大学生应该如何贯彻科学发展观，入党动机与模范带头作用。在组长充分调动我们的积极性的情况下，我们党课学习小组每个成员都充分发挥了各自的党课理论知识水平。大家积极发言，涉及的方面较广，同时也获得了不少认识。给我们每个人都留下了一段难忘的记忆。
通过这次党课学习，我认识到我们大学生更要坚持党的根本宗旨，全心全意为人民服务。当前来说，我认为我们应该认真学习、深刻领会《江泽民文选》和“三个代表”的重要思想，来指导自己的思想和行动;同时努力学习科学文化知识，掌握为人民服务的本领，进入社会后能将自己的所学应用的到作中，创造一定的效益;而且在学习、生活的过程中，尽自己所能去向需要帮助的同学伸出援助之手，做到想同学之所想、急同学之所急，同时也努力提高为人民服务的自觉性，加强党性修养和党性锻炼;努力把我们党建社成为有中国特色的社会主义的坚强领导核心，为实现新世纪的宏伟目标做出应有的贡献，更好的为人民服务。
同时，我们也应该看到这条路上是困难重重地，无论是我们可以克服的还是暂时不能克服的，我们都要清楚的认识到：共产党员的先进性也不是天生具备的，而是在不断地学习、不断的实践过程中，通过不断地总结和提高自己的思想境界才形成的。共产党员只有通过努力学习文化，学习科学技术，才能具备建设社会主义的能力;只有通过学习政治理论，用马列主义、毛泽东思想以及邓小平理论，“三个代表”思想武装自己的头脑，才能具有正确的世界观、人生观、价值观，才能具备卓越的能力，防腐拒变的能力，才能在纷乱复杂的思潮中保持清醒，经历各种考验，战胜面临的困难。
以上就是我的党校总结，请党组织批阅并指正。
篇5：党校自学心得体会
近来，我作为我们班级的第三批入党积极分子，有幸参加了校党委组织的第六十五期党校培训。在这为期一个月左右的党校学习中，从刚开始的开学动员，到各种辅导报告，再到看录像、小组讨论、个人自学培训教材、参观校史展览馆等，我们在思想上似乎又重新洗礼了一次。
在各种辅导报告中，包括了党的指导思想、共产党人的鉴定信念、党的性质、端正入党动机，争取早日入党、共产党人的条件及入党的程序与要求等等。从而我比较系统地了解了党的历史、性质、奋斗目标、建党宗旨、组织制度和组织原则等基本知识。通过此次党校培训，我对党的认知水平有了更深一层的提高，更进一步理解党的基本路线、方针、政策等的真正含义。同时在学习、生活等各方面有了更加明确的方向和目标，感觉自己的思想得到了升华，在思想上也更加坚信共产主义的信念。理想是人们有实现可能性的奋斗目标，而信念是为实现理想而不懈奋斗的坚强信心。坚定的理想信念是共产党员的前进动力和精神支柱;是共产党人的人生奋斗目标和指路明灯;是党团结全国人民共同奋斗的政治基础和思想基础;是共产党员的立身之本，是反腐败的有力武器。通过本次党校培训，我坚定了加入中国共产党的决心，坚定了我为共产主义奋斗终生的信念。
在每次的辅导报告课上，我都会认真的记下了老师讲课的知识重点。通过听课、自学、讨论等方式和比较系统的学习，涉猎了多方面的知识，学到了很多新观点、新思路和新方法，进一步提高了理论水平，增强了理论分析和解决实际问题的能力，增强了党性修养。在这几次的辅导报告中，各位老师对党的精辟解析，独到的见解和大量的旁征博引，让我在无比叹服的同时深受鼓舞和教育。这次学习使我在思想上和行动上在端正入党动机上受了一次更加严格的洗礼，认识到组织上入党只是入党的第一步，思想上的入党应是一生追求的目标。只有经受得住各种考验，才能成为真正的共产党员。同时对党的全心全意为人民服务的观念有了科学的认识。并使我更加坚定地下决心以实际行动向党组织靠拢，做国家有用的人才。也使我懂得了一个共产党员首先要树立远大的理想，这个理想就是为实现共产主义事业而奋斗的远大理想。有了这样的理想，才能不会被现实社会中的挫折所打跨。
在学习的过程中，我明白了端正入党动机的重要性，只有为了献身共产主义事业，更好地为人民服务而要求入党，才是唯一正确的入党动机。这一入党动机与党的性质、宗旨、奋斗目标和党员条件是一致的。只有端正了入党动机，才符合党章规定的党员条件;入党以后，才能发挥一个党员应有的作用，从而保证党的先进性和纯洁性，增强党的战斗力。从自身来看，正确的入党动机是正确行动的精神力量。只有树立了正确的入党动机，才能有持久不衰的动力，刻苦学习马克思主义理论，更加自觉地贯彻执行党的基本路线，把对共产主义事业的忠诚同执行党的基本路线统一起来，在改革开放和现代化建设中积极做出贡献;才能够在日常工作中和生活的各个方面，更加严格地要求自己，努力摆正党和人民的利益同个人利益的关系，逐步培养和树立起甘愿“吃苦”、不怕“吃苦”、为人民无私奉献的人生价值观;才能够正确对待争取入党过程中遇到的一些具体问题。因此，只有树立正确的入党动机，才能经受住党组织的考验。
思想上入党才是真正意义的入党，因此我们必须树立为建设中国特色社会主义和实现共产主义而奋斗终身的坚定信念。而且必须努力实践社会主义核心价值体系，成为共产主义理想和中国特色社会主义共同理想的鉴定信仰者、科学发展观的重视执行者、社会主义荣辱观的自觉实践者、社会和谐的积极促进者。必须具备全心全意为人民服务的思想，必须具有在工作、学习、生活中处处发挥模范带头作用的意识。我知道自己我在“思想上入党”还存在着不小的差距，和成为一名共产党的严格标准还有一定的距离，我会努力使差距缩小，让自己从行动，从思想都真正合乎一名共产党员的标准。
通过这次党校培训，我受益匪浅，坚定了我入党的决心和共产主义信念。我决心今后一定要严格律己，努力学习科学文化知识，积极参加社会实践，提高自己的综合素质。在学习生活上要关心团结同学，尽自己的努力去帮助他人，同时不忘学习党的知识，党的思想。不断地提高自身的修养，争取早日成为一名合格的共产党员。
篇6：党校自学心得体会
开学后的两个月里，我们第33期预备党员在党校课堂中学习了两次。通过这两次学习我不仅了解到了我们党在中国近代历史中所担任的重要角色，更了解到了在当今的国际政治格局中我国所发挥的重要作用。这两堂课使我对我们党有了更加充分了认识，在课堂学习之余我自己也对我们党的会议、政策、理念进行了学习和理解。下面我就党的十八届五中全会谈一下我对我们党的发展理念的新认识。
党的十八届五中全会，确立了创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享五大新的发展理念，这是“十三五”乃至更长时期我国发展思路、发展方向和发展着力点的集中体现，也是改革开放30多年来我国发展经验的集中体现，反映出我们党对我国发展规律的新认识，更是对各级党组织和党员干部提出的新要求。
理念是行动的先导。一些地区的发展实践已经证明，发展落后往往由于理念滞后，理念领先才能带动发展争先。在加快转变发展方式的关键时期，在全面建成小康社会的决胜阶段，我们要适应经济发展新常态、因应社会治理新变化、顺应人民群众新期待，必须牢固树立创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念，将其镌刻在思想深处，固化为前行航标，贯彻到经济社会发展全过程和各方面。
新理念的树立不是自然而然的，也不可能轻而易举。
树立新理念，离不开对发展大势的准确把握。当今时代，科技进步日新月异，发展方式深刻变革，新技术、新业态、新模式不断涌现，提高发展质量和效益成为中心任务，传统的发展理念、原有的工作方法已经行不通，必须迅速主动做出调整。
树立新理念，离不开对现实问题的深沉忧思。当前我国发展不平衡、不协调、不可持续问题仍然突出，创新能力不强，资源约束趋紧，扶贫开发任务艰巨，领导干部推进科学发展的能力水平有待提高，这些问题的存在，倒逼我们对发展理念做出变革。
树立新理念，离不开对为民情怀的执着坚守。我们党来自人民、根植人民、服务人民，面对人民群众关注的切身利益问题，面对老百姓过上更好生活的新期待，如何让他们更多更公平地分享发展成果，要求我们对发展理念做出完善。
指出：“发展理念是管全局、管根本、管方向、管长远的东西，发展理念搞对了，目标任务就好定了，政策举措也就跟着好定了”。五大理念的确立，为我们制定新目标、谋划新思路、推出新举措、实现新发展提供了思想指导和行动指南。
坚持以创新的理念推进引领型发展。大力实施创新驱动发展战略，让创新贯穿一切工作，让创新在全社会蔚然成风，这样才能释放新需求、创造新供给、催生新动能，形成大众创业、万众创新的蓬勃态势。作为一名预备党员要有创新理念，做到活动脑筋，用创新的方式更快更好更有效率的完成党组织叫给我们的任务
坚持以协调的理念推进平衡性发展。坚持区域协同、城乡一体、“四化”同步、经济发展和社会发展并重，这样才能增强发展整体性，在统筹兼顾中拓宽发展空间，在加强薄弱领域中增强发展后劲。作为一名学生预备党员，要学会协调好党的任务和自己工作学习的关系、协调好与其他党员之间的关系。
坚持以绿色的理念推进可持续发展。大力推进美丽中国建设，走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路，这样才能望得见山、看得见水、记得住乡愁，形成人与自然和谐发展现代化建设新格局。预备党员要以身作则，用自己的感染力、影响力使得周围的亲朋好友、同学老师更加关注绿色生态，积极推广生态文明的绿色生活方式。
坚持以开放的理念推进融合性发展。主动顺应我国经济深度融入世界经济的趋势，坚持内外需协调、进出口平衡、引进来与走出去并重、引资和引技引智并举，这样才能促进互利共赢，增创发展新优势。预备党员具有先进性，很重要的一点即是体现在我们具有开放的观念，积极吸收优秀的理论成果，开放我们的观念意识，也带动周围的人开放观念意识。这样我们国家才能更好的融入世界，把我们党的先进工作经验、先进工作理念、先进工作方法带给全世界。
坚持以共享的理念推进包容性发展。按照人人参与、人人尽力、人人享有的要求，坚守底线、突出重点、完善制度、引导预期，注重机会公平，保障基本民生，这样才能使全体人民在共建共享中有更多获得感，实现全体人民共同迈入全面小康社会。不仅作为社会人我们要学会共享，作为预备党员我们更要有共享的理念。把我们的学习到的党的先进思想共享给我们周围的人，让他们学习到党的思想、党的理论、党的理念、党的文化。
按照“五大理念”来谋篇布局，我们一定能_发展难题、弥补发展短板、增强发展动力、厚植发展优势，不断开创“十三五”发展的新局面。我们预备党员更需要积极学习“五大理念”，在未来的工作中、学习中不断为此奋进、努力拼搏，为实现全面建设小康社会的目标做自己应有的贡献，这也是成为一名党员所需要的毅力和坚持。
篇7：大学英语四级怎么自学
大学英语四级怎么自学
首先给大家吃一颗定心丸，英语四级考试并不难，只比高考英语难一点，如果你高中英语知识牢固的话通过英语四级可能性是非常大的。下面来说说英语四级自学的大方向。
首先我们要拿出三个月左右的时间备考英语四级，最少也不能低于两个月。第一、背单词。单词的重要性不再过多的陈述，如果单词量太低，对考试题目的理解就会差，影响做题。一个月的时间背完英语四级词汇。全部掌握英语四级词汇的话，需要每天花两个小时左右记单词。
第二、听力。每天坚持听两个小时左右，可以是历年的真题、模拟试题、练习题等等，累了就听听BBC、VOA类的内容，实在枯燥的话就听听英文歌曲，时刻把自己置身于英文的环境中。
第三、阅读。刚开始做阅读的时候正确率肯定是不会太高，阅读的备考只能是通过长期的大量的练习，慢慢的就会掌握一些做题技巧。每天至少要做二至三篇的练习题，然后找一些阅读的做题技巧提高正确率。
第四、作文和翻译。这两部分放在一起说。前一个月的备考可以不重视作文和翻译，在平时练习阅读和背单词的同时看到好的句子顺便一起背。好的句式、好的谚语等等要进行背诵。然后多看一些作文的格式，多读一些经典范文，可以拿历年真题的作文范文当素材。翻译同理。翻译和作文都是需要连词的，连词用的好会得高分，所以还需要掌握一些连词的用法。
以上就是关于英语四级如何自学的一些方法，希望对你有帮助。
如何准备英语四级考试
听力：四级的听力还是有点困难的，所以就要你平时多多练习，不必听那些太过深奥的，你自己的大学课本多听听多练习就会有很大的提高，足够帮助你通过四级的听力。
词汇：四级的3000词汇必须得过，如果你连单词都无法掌握，那么你已经是失去一半的分数了。一定要好好背单词，把单词背得滚瓜烂熟，在四级中你就会比较有优势。
语法：简单的语法还是要会的，语法在作文、阅读中都会有帮助，特别是在写作方面，至少你会在写作过程中发现错误并且改正。
阅读：不用怀疑，阅读在四级考试中占的分量是非常大的，如果你的单词量够而且掌握了阅读的技巧，那么你的四级考试已经是非常有可能过了，而且对于阅读好的同学来说，其他版块应该不成为什么问题。
写作：写作也是四级中的一部分，平时没事可以多多积累一些好的英语句子，对于写作的模板要熟记，而且对于一些通用的句子，像开头语或是结尾语，把这些能够给文章加分的都背熟，那么写作也就事半功倍了。
真题：准备四级考试还有一个重点就是往年的真题，在做真题的过程中你也会清楚题型，而且你也会在真题考察的过程中察觉到自己的不足，能够及时补救，这会是很好的方法。
篇8：大学英语自学教程(上册) 课文及翻译
01-A. How to be a successful language learner?
“Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!”
Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the language every day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don’t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”
But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.
First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.
Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.
Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.
What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.
【课文译文】
怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者
“学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。”
大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。
语言学习不同于其他学习。许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。
语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。”
然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢?语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。
首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。他们都努力从错误中学习。
成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。
最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。
你是什么样的语言学习者?如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。另一方面,如果你的语言学习一直不太成功,你不妨试试上面提到的一些技巧。
篇9：大学英语自学教程单元课文翻译
大学英语自学教程(上册) unit 01 怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者
01-A. How to be a successful language learner?
“Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!”
Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the language every day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don’t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”
But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.
First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.
Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.
Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.
What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.
【课文译文】
怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者
“学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。”
大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。
语言学习不同于其他学习。许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。
语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。”
然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢?语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。
首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。他们都努力从错误中学习。
成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。
最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。
你是什么样的语言学习者?如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。另一方面,如果你的语言学习一直不太成功,你不妨试试上面提到的一些技巧。
大学英语自学教程(上册) unit 02 税、税、还是税
02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the “death” market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.
Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.
Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.
The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.
The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.
Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.
【课文译文】
税、税、还是税
美国人常说，人的一生有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和税收。美国人并不垄断死亡市场，但许多人却感到美国以最重的赋税领先于世界。
税指人们为支持政府而缴纳的资金。在美国通常有三级政府：联邦政府，州政府及市政府，因此就存在三种税。
收入超过几千元的工薪人士必须向联邦政府缴纳一定比率的税金。这一比率因人而异，取决于各人的工资数。联邦政府实行累进收入所得税制，也就是说，税率(14%～70%)随个人收入的增加而增加，由于高额税收，人们在4月15日很不愉快，因为这一天是缴纳税款的日子。
第二种税是缴纳给州政府的，这些州包括纽约，加利福尼亚，北达科他以及其他47个州中的任何一个。一些州的收入所得税的收取办法同联邦政府的相似，当然其税率要低一些。一些州设有销售税，即对你在该州所购买的任何商品所收的一定比率的税金。比如，某人想买一包25美分的烟。如果该州收取8%的销售税，那么买这包烟要花27美分，这一钱数就包括销售税。一些州利用收入所得税外加销售税的办法来提高税收，各州的税收法规五花八门，令人费解。
第三种税是向市政府缴纳的。这种税有两种：一种是财产税(拥有房屋的人都必须交税)，另一种是本国消费税，即对城市汽车所征收的税金。城市将这些资金用于教育、警察和消防部门、公共设施及市政建设。
由于美国人须付高额税金，所以他们经常感到每周有一天纯粹是在为缴税而工作。人们总是在抱怨税收太高。他们常常抗议政府滥用他们的税金。他们说政府将太多的钱花在无用且不符合实际的项目上了。尽管美国人在很多问题上有不同的看法，但他们在一个话题上的意见总是一致的：税收太高。
篇10：大学英语自学教程单元课文翻译
03-A. The Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.
Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. One idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world.” Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.
The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it is still very large. It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest it is about 2, 000 miles (3,200 km) wide. This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa.
Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean.
There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up. On the average the water is a little more than two miles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it is much deeper. The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico. This “deep” 30, 246 feet - almost six miles (9.6 km).
One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises the floor of the Atlantic. This mountain range runs north and south down the middle of the ocean. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands. The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.
Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. Here the water is quiet, for there is little wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.
Ocean currents are sometime called “rivers in the sea.” One of these “river” in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream. It is a current of warm water. Another is the Labrador Current - cold water coming down from the Arctic. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. One of its most famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near Newfoundland.
Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves. Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.
We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it. A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. Airplanes fly from New York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four!
【课文译文】
大西洋
大西洋是将欧洲和美洲分隔开的海洋之一。它使南北美洲长达几个世纪之久都未被人发现。
人们对大西洋有许多误解，这使得早期的海员不愿意远航驶入大西洋。一种想法是大西洋远抵“世界的边缘”，海员们担心他们会一直航行到地球边上掉落下去。另一个想法是在赤道处，大西洋的海水是滚烫的。
大西洋的面积只是太平洋的一半，但也非常辽阔。哥伦布穿越过的地方宽达4000多英里(6000公里)。即使最窄的地方宽度也有大约英里(3200公里)，这是一片位于南美洲最东端与非洲最西端之间的水域。
大西洋有两点非同寻常。其一是在如此辽阔的海洋里少有岛屿。另外，大西洋是世界上含盐量最高的海洋。
大西洋海水量很大，人们无法想像到底有多少水。但如果假设不再有降雨和河水注入，则需40大西洋才会干涸。大西洋平均水深有2英里(3.2公里)多一点，但有些地方要深得多。最深处在波多黎各岛附近，深达30246英尺——约6英里(9.6公里)。
世界上最长的山脉之一从大西洋海底隆起，这条山脉沿海底中部向南北延伸，几座山峰露出海面，形成岛屿。亚速尔群岛就是大西洋中部山脉露出水面的几座山峰。
佛罗里达州向东几百英里有一处海域叫马尾藻海，这里由于很少刮风，海面很平静。在使用帆船的时代，船员们担心他们会因无风而在此处无法航行。有时他们确实会遇到这种情况。
海流有时被称作“海洋中的河流”。大西洋有一条这种“河流”，叫做墨西哥湾流，这是一股暖水流；另外一条是拉布拉多海流——这是来自北冰洋的冷水流。洋流对流域附近大陆的气候有影响。
大西洋为两岸的人们提供了丰富的食物。大浅滩是最著名的捕鱼区之一，位于纽芬兰附近。
今天，大西洋是一条重要的航路，这条航路并不总是风平浪静，毫无危险。暴风雨会掠过洋面，堆起大浪。从北冰洋漂来的冰山也会横穿航道。
我们现在有快捷的旅行方式，这个大洋似乎也变小了。哥伦布横越大西洋用了两个多月的时间，一艘现代化快轮不到4天就可完成这一航程，而乘飞机从纽约到伦敦只用8小时，从南美到非洲只用4小时。
大学英语自学教程(上册) unit 04 改善你的记忆力
04-A. Improving Your Memory
Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.
Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme “Thirty days has September, April, June, and November…? ” It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.
Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order? Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the following list of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.
Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan - 12, 389 feet - might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year (365) added to the number of months twice (24).
The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.
【课文译文】
改善你的记忆力
心理研究集中在有助于记忆力的几个基本原则，即富有意义、组织、联想和想像。知道这些原则如何发挥作用是非常有益的。
富有意义从各个方面影响记记力。你很难记住对你毫无意义的信息，我们可以用几种办法使材料变得更有意义。例如，很多人学会用韵音来帮助他们记忆。你知道“九、四、六、十一有30天……”这首押韵诗吗?它帮助人们记住一年中哪些月份有30天。
信息的组织也对我们的记忆能力造成差异。图书馆的书如果陈列得杂乱无章对我们还会有什么帮助吗?组织过的材料比混杂的信息更容易记住。组织信息的一个例子就是组块。组块是将一个个单独的信息组织成信息块。例如，4671363这组数字如果被组块成467 13 63就更容易记住。分类是另一种组织方法。假定要求你记住一组词：男人、凳子、狗、书桌、女人、马、孩子、猫、椅子。很多人会将这些词分成相似种类的几组，即男人、女人、孩子；猫、狗、马；凳子、椅子、书桌。不用说第二种排列比第一种排列更容易记忆。
联想指将我们要记忆的材料和我们已准确记住的信息联系起来。在记忆数字时，可以将这一数字与我们所熟悉的数字或事件联系起来，例如，日本富士山的高度为12，389英尺，这一数字可以用下面的联想法记住：12是一年中的月份数，389是一年的天数(365)加月数的两倍(24)。
最后一个基本原则是想像。研究表明，如果人们把需要记忆的东西进行想像，各种记忆能力都会有显著的提高。在一项研究中，一组受试者被要求使用想像法学习一些生词，而另外一组用重复法学习生词。用想像法记忆单词的一组记住了80%～90%的生词，相比之下，用重复法记忆单词的一组只记住了30%～40%的生词。因此，将所有的信息放在一幅内心的图画里，从而形成一个整体形象，可以帮助我们保存记忆。
大学英语自学教程(上册) unit 05 对食物的错误看法
05-A. Fallacies about Food
Many primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.
Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.
Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up - the idea that they were poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.
Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some of them are very widespread.
One such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food. But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.
Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.
Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have to do with mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible. As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.
Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.
【课文译文】
对食物的错误看法
很多原始民族认为吃某种动物可以使他们获得这种动物的一些好的品质。例如，他们认为吃鹿可以使他们跑得像鹿一样快。一些野蛮部落相信，吃战争中表现勇敢的敌人会使他们勇敢。吃人现象开始发生可能是因为人们渴望变得像他们的敌人那样强壮、勇敢。
一些文明人曾经认为，姜根有某种魔力，能改善他们的记忆力。蛋能美化他们的声音。也有人认为西红柿有魔力。西红柿被称为爱的苹果，他们认为吃西红柿能使人坠入爱河。
后来又出现了另一个关于西红柿的错误观点——西红柿有毒。如果认为西红柿有毒的人知道二战中数百万磅的西红柿提供给了在海外的战士们，他们会多么吃惊!
甚至在今天也有很多关于食物的错误看法，其中一些看法很普遍。一种想法认为鱼是最佳益脑食物。鱼是有益于大脑的食物，就像它对肌肉、皮肤、骨骼一样有益。但是没有人能够证明对于大脑来说鱼比其他种类的食物更好。
另外一种想法认为，吃饭的时候不应该喝水。虽然用水把食物冲下去来代替咀嚼不是个好主意，但是人们发现吃饭时喝点水是有益的。水能使消化液更自由地流动，有助于消化食物。
很多想法是关于食物混在一起吃的，而科学家告诉我们，这些想法毫无根据。几年前有一种很普遍的看法，认为不能在同一餐中喝桔子汁和牛奶，其理由是桔子汁中的酸性物质能使牛奶凝结而难以消化。事实上，牛奶在胃里总会遇到一种使它凝结的消化液，而这种凝结是消化的第一步。类似的一种错误想法认为在同一餐中吃鱼和冰淇淋会形成一种有毒的化合物。
还有一种关于食物混在一起吃的错误想法，即不能在同一餐中吃蛋白质食物和淀粉质食物。例如，很多人认为面包是一种淀粉质食物。虽然面包主要是一种淀粉质食物，但它也含有蛋白质。同样，牛奶可能是最好的单一食物，但它也含有蛋白质和淀粉。不要吃面包喝牛奶，这种说法是愚蠢的，就像说不要把肉类和土豆一起食用一样。
大学英语自学教程(上册) unit 06 美国庭院甩卖，真棒
11-A. The Great American Garage Sale
Not long ago, Charles Erickson and his family decided to do some spring housecleaning. Sorting through their possessions, they came up with some 1,500 old, unwanted items - all sorts of things they wanted to get rid of. The Ericksons decided to do what a lot of other Americans are doing these days -- have a “garage sale.” They posted homemade signs throughout the neighborhood, ran an advertisement in the local newspaper, then set out the unwanted objects on the front yard of their home in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, and waited to see if any one would come. The Ericksons needn’t have worried. Eager buyers bought all but 50 of the items in one weekend, leaving the family $442 richer.
Garage sale, yard sale, basement sale - whatever they're called and wherever they're held, Americans are having them in ever-increasing numbers.
The variety of things put up for sale is really wonderful - dishes, books, used clothing, tools, tires, empty bottles, bicycles, furniture. A man in Atlanta, Georgia, even sold a full-size replica of a 1931 Ford.
“You wouldn't believe the stuff people will buy,” says Mrs. Jerry McNeely of Houston, Texas, who has held two garage sales with friends. ”On the other hand, you wouldn’t believe some of the things people will put out to sell.”
Why would Americans want to shop by searching among someone else’s castoffs?
Rising living costs are considered by almost everyone as a reason both for holding sales and for attending them. The seller makes a little extra money and the buyer saves quite a lot, since garage-sale items usually are priced at a very small part of their original cost.
But beyond that, they’re fun. Garage sales have become suburban social events, drawing people of all ages. Neighbors enjoy meeting new people, and some families even serve drinks and cakes. One psychologist suggests that people are fed up with the computerization of their lives - they may be searching for their roots. Many of the younger buyers say they are turned off by the poor quality of modern goods and are looking for remnants of a stronger and firmer era, when things were built to last.
Some people have made garage-sale shopping into a hobby; they spend their weekends going from sale to sale, hoping to run across a real treasure. Says one long-time weekend bargain hunter, “In the back of your mind you have the hope of finding some fabulous painting stored away somewhere or something else of great value for a bargain price.
Diana McLellan, a reporter for the Washington Star-News, wrote, ”The garage sale is like the quality of mercy - it blessed him that gives and him that takes. It separates clothes, toys, pots, cups, forks and knives from their reluctant owners and places them in loving new homes.”
How long will all this enthusiasm continue? Says one recent seller, “Some day the people who are buying are bound to be faced with the same problem we had – getting rid of this stuff.”
【课文译文】
美国庭院甩卖，真棒
不久前，查里?埃里克森一家人决定进行一次春季大扫除。在整理东西的`时候，他们发现大约有1500件旧的、不需要的东西——这些东西都是他们想处理掉的。埃里克森一家决定像许多其他美国人近来所做的那样——搞一次“庭院甩卖”。他们向四邻寄去自制的传单，并在当地的报纸上登了一则广告，然后把这些不想要的东西搬到他们家的前院里——他的家住在密歇根州布隆菲尔德山——看看有没有人来购买。埃里克森一家根本用不着担心，踊跃的买主在一个周末就买走了大部分东西，只剩下50件，这给埃里克林一家增加了442美元的额外收入。
车库甩卖，庭院甩卖，地下室甩卖，不论怎么称呼，也不论在什么地方举办，美国人越来越热衷于这种方式的甩卖活动。
甩卖的东西种类之多确实令人惊讶——盘子、书籍、穿过的衣服、工具、轮胎、空瓶子、自行车、家具等等。在乔治亚州的亚特兰大，一个人甚至卖掉了一套与1931年生产的福特牌汽车同等尺寸的复制品。
“你根本想不到人们会买些什么，”来自德克萨斯州休斯顿市的杰里?迈克尼里夫人如是说。她和她的朋友曾举办过两次庭院甩卖。“另外，你也想不到人们会卖些什么。”
为什么美国人会买其他人不要的东西呢?
绝大多数人认为生活费用的增加是美国人举办和参加这类甩卖活动的原因之一。卖主挣了一点外快，而买主又节省了一大笔钱，因为甩卖的东西的价格比它的原价低得多。
除此原因之外，庭院甩卖非常有趣。甩卖已成为城区的社交活动，吸引着各个年龄段的人们。邻居们很乐意结交新朋友，有的家庭甚至自愿提供饮料和糕点。一位心理学家指出，人们已经厌倦了计算机时代的生活，他们是在寻根。许多年轻的买主说，他们不喜欢劣质的现代商品，他们在寻找那个以经久耐用，坚固结实为准则的时代生产的产品，只有那个时代的产品才能用得长久。
有些人逛甩卖市场已成癖好，他们把周末都花在逛甩卖市场上，希望能发现一件宝贝。一位一直在周末找便宜货的人说：“你心里暗自希望能发现一幅好画，或者是一件特别值钱但价格却很便宜的东西。”
华盛顿星报的记者黛安娜?麦克莱伦这样写道：“庭院甩卖是一项善举——它既降福于施予者也降福于获取者。它让衣服、玩具、罐子、杯子、刀叉等离开不愿再要它们的主人而进入可爱的新家。”
这种举办和参与甩卖的热情能维持多久呢?一个最近举办甩卖的人说：“总有一天那些买东西的人一定会面临我们现在遇到的同一问题——怎样打发掉这些东西。”
篇11：大学英语自学教程(上册) 课文及翻译
04-A. Improving Your Memory
Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.
Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme “Thirty days has September, April, June, and November…? ” It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.
Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order? Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the following list of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.
Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan - 12, 389 feet - might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year (365) added to the number of months twice (24).
The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.
【课文译文】
改善你的记忆力
心理研究集中在有助于记忆力的几个基本原则，即富有意义、组织、联想和想像。知道这些原则如何发挥作用是非常有益的。
富有意义从各个方面影响记记力。你很难记住对你毫无意义的信息，我们可以用几种办法使材料变得更有意义。例如，很多人学会用韵音来帮助他们记忆。你知道“九、四、六、十一有30天……”这首押韵诗吗?它帮助人们记住一年中哪些月份有30天。
信息的组织也对我们的记忆能力造成差异。图书馆的`书如果陈列得杂乱无章对我们还会有什么帮助吗?组织过的材料比混杂的信息更容易记住。组织信息的一个例子就是组块。组块是将一个个单独的信息组织成信息块。例如，4671363这组数字如果被组块成467 13 63就更容易记住。分类是另一种组织方法。假定要求你记住一组词：男人、凳子、狗、书桌、女人、马、孩子、猫、椅子。很多人会将这些词分成相似种类的几组，即男人、女人、孩子；猫、狗、马；凳子、椅子、书桌。不用说第二种排列比第一种排列更容易记忆。
联想指将我们要记忆的材料和我们已准确记住的信息联系起来。在记忆数字时，可以将这一数字与我们所熟悉的数字或事件联系起来，例如，日本富士山的高度为12，389英尺，这一数字可以用下面的联想法记住：12是一年中的月份数，389是一年的天数(365)加月数的两倍(24)。
最后一个基本原则是想像。研究表明，如果人们把需要记忆的东西进行想像，各种记忆能力都会有显著的提高。在一项研究中，一组受试者被要求使用想像法学习一些生词，而另外一组用重复法学习生词。用想像法记忆单词的一组记住了80%～90%的生词，相比之下，用重复法记忆单词的一组只记住了30%～40%的生词。因此，将所有的信息放在一幅内心的图画里，从而形成一个整体形象，可以帮助我们保存记忆。
篇12：大学英语自学教程(上册) 课文及翻译
05-A. Fallacies about Food
Many primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.
Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.
Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up - the idea that they were poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.
Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some of them are very widespread.
One such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food. But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.
Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.
Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have to do with mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible. As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.
Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.
【课文译文】
对食物的错误看法
很多原始民族认为吃某种动物可以使他们获得这种动物的一些好的品质。例如，他们认为吃鹿可以使他们跑得像鹿一样快。一些野蛮部落相信，吃战争中表现勇敢的敌人会使他们勇敢。吃人现象开始发生可能是因为人们渴望变得像他们的敌人那样强壮、勇敢。
一些文明人曾经认为，姜根有某种魔力，能改善他们的记忆力。蛋能美化他们的声音。也有人认为西红柿有魔力。西红柿被称为爱的苹果，他们认为吃西红柿能使人坠入爱河。
后来又出现了另一个关于西红柿的错误观点——西红柿有毒。如果认为西红柿有毒的人知道二战中数百万磅的西红柿提供给了在海外的战士们，他们会多么吃惊!
甚至在今天也有很多关于食物的错误看法，其中一些看法很普遍。一种想法认为鱼是最佳益脑食物。鱼是有益于大脑的食物，就像它对肌肉、皮肤、骨骼一样有益。但是没有人能够证明对于大脑来说鱼比其他种类的食物更好。
另外一种想法认为，吃饭的时候不应该喝水。虽然用水把食物冲下去来代替咀嚼不是个好主意，但是人们发现吃饭时喝点水是有益的。水能使消化液更自由地流动，有助于消化食物。
很多想法是关于食物混在一起吃的，而科学家告诉我们，这些想法毫无根据。几年前有一种很普遍的看法，认为不能在同一餐中喝桔子汁和牛奶，其理由是桔子汁中的酸性物质能使牛奶凝结而难以消化。事实上，牛奶在胃里总会遇到一种使它凝结的消化液，而这种凝结是消化的第一步。类似的一种错误想法认为在同一餐中吃鱼和冰淇淋会形成一种有毒的化合物。
还有一种关于食物混在一起吃的错误想法，即不能在同一餐中吃蛋白质食物和淀粉质食物。例如，很多人认为面包是一种淀粉质食物。虽然面包主要是一种淀粉质食物，但它也含有蛋白质。同样，牛奶可能是最好的单一食物，但它也含有蛋白质和淀粉。不要吃面包喝牛奶，这种说法是愚蠢的，就像说不要把肉类和土豆一起食用一样。
篇13：大学英语自学教程(上册) 课文及翻译
03-A. The Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.
Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. One idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world.” Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.
The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it is still very large. It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest it is about 2, 000 miles (3,200 km) wide. This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa.
Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean.
There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up. On the average the water is a little more than two miles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it is much deeper. The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico. This “deep” 30, 246 feet - almost six miles (9.6 km).
One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises the floor of the Atlantic. This mountain range runs north and south down the middle of the ocean. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands. The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.
Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. Here the water is quiet, for there is little wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.
Ocean currents are sometime called “rivers in the sea.” One of these “river” in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream. It is a current of warm water. Another is the Labrador Current - cold water coming down from the Arctic. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. One of its most famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near Newfoundland.
Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves. Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.
We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it. A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. Airplanes fly from New York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four!
【课文译文】
大西洋
大西洋是将欧洲和美洲分隔开的海洋之一。它使南北美洲长达几个世纪之久都未被人发现。
人们对大西洋有许多误解，这使得早期的海员不愿意远航驶入大西洋。一种想法是大西洋远抵“世界的边缘”，海员们担心他们会一直航行到地球边上掉落下去。另一个想法是在赤道处，大西洋的海水是滚烫的。
大西洋的面积只是太平洋的一半，但也非常辽阔。哥伦布穿越过的地方宽达4000多英里(6000公里)。即使最窄的地方宽度也有大约英里(3200公里)，这是一片位于南美洲最东端与非洲最西端之间的水域。
大西洋有两点非同寻常。其一是在如此辽阔的海洋里少有岛屿。另外，大西洋是世界上含盐量最高的海洋。
大西洋海水量很大，人们无法想像到底有多少水。但如果假设不再有降雨和河水注入，则需40大西洋才会干涸。大西洋平均水深有2英里(3.2公里)多一点，但有些地方要深得多。最深处在波多黎各岛附近，深达30246英尺——约6英里(9.6公里)。
世界上最长的山脉之一从大西洋海底隆起，这条山脉沿海底中部向南北延伸，几座山峰露出海面，形成岛屿。亚速尔群岛就是大西洋中部山脉露出水面的几座山峰。
佛罗里达州向东几百英里有一处海域叫马尾藻海，这里由于很少刮风，海面很平静。在使用帆船的时代，船员们担心他们会因无风而在此处无法航行。有时他们确实会遇到这种情况。
海流有时被称作“海洋中的河流”。大西洋有一条这种“河流”，叫做墨西哥湾流，这是一股暖水流；另外一条是拉布拉多海流——这是来自北冰洋的冷水流。洋流对流域附近大陆的气候有影响。
大西洋为两岸的人们提供了丰富的食物。大浅滩是最著名的捕鱼区之一，位于纽芬兰附近。
今天，大西洋是一条重要的航路，这条航路并不总是风平浪静，毫无危险。暴风雨会掠过洋面，堆起大浪。从北冰洋漂来的冰山也会横穿航道。
我们现在有快捷的旅行方式，这个大洋似乎也变小了。哥伦布横越大西洋用了两个多月的时间，一艘现代化快轮不到4天就可完成这一航程，而乘飞机从纽约到伦敦只用8小时，从南美到非洲只用4小时。
篇14：大学英语自学教程(上册) 课文及翻译
19-A. Animals at Risk: Who Cares?
An animal species becomes extinct when it fails to produce enough young in each generation to keep pace with the death-rate. We can tell from fossil evidence in rocks that many living species have become extinct over the millions of years since life began. It is a natural process and extinction is the fate of any animal that has specialized too far to change when its environment changes, or has to compete with a better-adapted and more powerful animal. Because of remarkable technical developments during the past few centuries, man has destroyed or nearly destroyed some species by killing them at such a rate that they couldn't produce enough offspring, or by completely changing their natural environment at surprising speed.
A number of examples can be given of the way in which natural environments are being rapidly changed - Amazonia, for instance. There is every likelihood that many species of animals will be made extinct because of these and similar clearances of natural vegetation. Large numbers of animals have been hunted and killed for food. The North American buffalo is a case of the near-extinction of a species through hunting. Often the numbers are so great the hunters may not realize the danger. But even when the danger is widely publicized, the financial rewards for the hunters may be so great that they choose to ignore the threat to the species. Attitudes like this have led to hunters killing animals for furs, for ivory or merely for ornaments. A slight variation on this is when tourists hunt animals for trophies. Magnificent creatures such as lions and tigers have been hunted out of existence in some parts of the world. It is important to realize, though, that animals are sometimes killed out of fear. Big cats are killed in this way. And animals are sometimes killed out of a wish to reduce numbers to help the species to survive. The killing of the Canadian seals is claimed to be for this purpose, and the use of their skins for furs is only a by-product.
Many people are concerned about animals and wildlife conservation. One way to preserve species under threat of extinction - whatever the cause - is to remove them to zoos and parks and breed them there. There is always the chance that enough offspring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment - provided it still exists, and that hunters don't kill them again! Another method is to protect the animals in their natural environment by creating wildlife reserves and parks and using game wardens to look after them. But the parks are large, the wardens few and the determination of hunters very great. Early in 1980 wardens and hunters clashed in East Africa. The hunters were armed with modern weapons and several people were killed.
There is great pleasure in watching wildlife in natural or near-natural environments, and tourism can add to the income of countries. The animals are still resources - but in a very different form.
【课文译文】
动物濒危，谁来关心
当一种动物不能在每一代都繁殖出足够的后代而与其死亡率保持一致时，它就会逐渐灭绝了。我们可根据岩石里的化石得出结论：自生命开始数百万年以来，许多物种已经灭绝了。这是一个自然过程，任何一种过于特化而不能随环境改变而改变的动物，或者任何一种与适应性更强、更厉害的动物来竞争的动物，灭绝都是其必然的命运。由于近几个世纪技术的迅猛发展，人类大量捕杀动物以致其繁殖不出足够多的后代，或者以惊人的速度改变它们生存的自然环境，结果一些动物被毁灭或几乎被毁灭了。
很多例子都可以说明自然环境是如何迅速被改变的，亚马逊尼亚国家公园就是一个例子。很有可能，许多种动物将由于自然植物在这些或类似的地方被砍伐殆尽而濒于灭绝。大量的动物被捕杀用作食物。北美野牛就是一个因捕猎而近于灭绝的例子。
动物的数量常常很大，因而捕猎者可能意识不到它们存在灭绝的危险。但即使这种危险被广而告之，捕猎者为获取巨大经济利益，可能会无视动物的存亡。这种思想使猎人为获取毛皮、象牙或仅仅为了做一些装饰品而捕杀动物。与此略有不同的是旅游者为了留个纪念而追杀动物。狮子、老虎之类的大型动物在世界一些地方已被杀光。但有时人捕杀动物是由于害怕动物，认识这一点非常重要，大型的猫科动物就是这样被捕杀的。有时为了帮助动物生存要捕杀一些以减少其数量。据说加拿大杀海豹就是出于这个目的，而用海豹皮制革只是附带的。
许多人关心动物及野生动物的保护。不管动物濒危的原因是什么，保护方法其一就是把它们迁移到动物园和公园，在那儿喂养它们。完全有可能等它们繁殖出足够数量的后代以后，将来有一天放它们回归自然，其条件是它们还存活而且猎人不再捕杀。另一种方法是在动物生存的自然环境里创建野生动物保护区，由管理人员负责照料它们。然而保护区面积很大，管理人员少，但猎人捕杀动物的决心却很大。1980年初，在东部非洲，管理员与猎人发生过冲突。猎人持有现代化武器，有数人死亡。
在自然环境或接近自然环境里观赏野生动物是很有趣的，旅游业也可以给国家增加收入。动物仍然是资源，但它们是另一种形式的资源。
篇15：大学英语自学教程(上册) 课文及翻译
02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the “death” market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.
Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.
Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.
The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.
The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.
Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.
【课文译文】
税、税、还是税
美国人常说，人的一生有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和税收。美国人并不垄断死亡市场，但许多人却感到美国以最重的赋税领先于世界。
税指人们为支持政府而缴纳的资金。在美国通常有三级政府：联邦政府，州政府及市政府，因此就存在三种税。
收入超过几千元的工薪人士必须向联邦政府缴纳一定比率的税金。这一比率因人而异，取决于各人的工资数。联邦政府实行累进收入所得税制，也就是说，税率(14%～70%)随个人收入的增加而增加，由于高额税收，人们在4月15日很不愉快，因为这一天是缴纳税款的日子。
第二种税是缴纳给州政府的，这些州包括纽约，加利福尼亚，北达科他以及其他47个州中的任何一个。一些州的收入所得税的收取办法同联邦政府的相似，当然其税率要低一些。一些州设有销售税，即对你在该州所购买的任何商品所收的一定比率的税金。比如，某人想买一包25美分的烟。如果该州收取8%的销售税，那么买这包烟要花27美分，这一钱数就包括销售税。一些州利用收入所得税外加销售税的办法来提高税收，各州的税收法规五花八门，令人费解。
第三种税是向市政府缴纳的。这种税有两种：一种是财产税(拥有房屋的人都必须交税)，另一种是本国消费税，即对城市汽车所征收的税金。城市将这些资金用于教育、警察和消防部门、公共设施及市政建设。
由于美国人须付高额税金，所以他们经常感到每周有一天纯粹是在为缴税而工作。人们总是在抱怨税收太高。他们常常抗议政府滥用他们的税金。他们说政府将太多的钱花在无用且不符合实际的项目上了。尽管美国人在很多问题上有不同的看法，但他们在一个话题上的意见总是一致的：税收太高。
篇16：党员自学心得体会优秀
增强创先争优意识，争创一流业绩，是共产党员保持先进性必备的品质，是全面建设小康社会应有的作风，能够进一步激发广大党员干部职工的工作积极性、主动性、创造性。下面谈谈本人对此项活动的心得体会：
一、充分认识争先创优的重要意义。争先创优是保持共产党员先进性的必然要求。共产党员的先进性，是共产党员先锋模范作用在不同历史时期的集中体现。新时期保持共产党员的先进性就是要坚持理想信念，坚定不移地为建设中国特色社会主义而奋斗;坚持勤奋学习，扎扎实实地提高实践“三个代表”重要思想的本领;坚持党的根本宗旨，始终不渝地做到立党为公，执政为民。表现在实际工作中，就是要做到时刻有改革创新意识，在做好本职工作的基础上不断创新，不断改进工作方法，创造更好的业绩，以实实在在的成效来体现和保持共产党员的先进性。
争先创优是敢创一流的勇气，是永不懈怠的精神，也是共产党人勇往直前优良传统的具体表现。争先创优作为一种调动劳动者积极性的有效手段，是非常具有现实意义的。没有争先创优的精神和勇气，就不可能创造一流业绩，就不可能推动经济社会的快速发展。我们每一名党员都应该保持高度的工作激情，干一行、爱一行，鼓足干劲，用渊博的知识和精湛的技术创造更好的业绩。广大党员更应该战斗在各条战线上，发挥模范带头作用，抓住间隙时间努力学习，不断提高自己的政治素质和业务水平。在工作中应事先做好周密、充分的准备工作，按照计划把各项工作保质保量地完成。遇到困难时应具有坚忍不拔的毅力、百折不挠，真正做到爱岗敬业，同时要相信团结的力量，时刻保持良好的合作精神，大家齐心协力，任何困难都是可以克服。
争先创优是构建和谐的重要载体。构建和谐的目标是由无数具体工作推动的。这就需要全处人员进一步解放思想，干一行、钻一行、精一行，努力在平凡的岗位上创造一流的业绩。党员是平凡的，他需要那份默默无闻的贡献和宁静致远的衣钵，但是党员也应该是优秀的，一名合格的党员应该既拥有丰富的学识，又能够在平凡中帮助别人，影响别人。所以，广大党员干部要深入群众，及时解决群众最现实、最关心、最紧迫的问题，热心帮助群众解决工作和生活中遇到的实际困难，让他们切身感受到党和政府的温暖，进一步密切干群关系，为构建和谐的目标做出自己最大的努力。
二、以积极向上的姿态，大力发扬争先创优精神。争先创优是以“工作争先、服务争先、业绩争先”为目标，以培养“学习优、作风优、素质优”的人事干部队伍为重点的活动。争先创优是各项事业兴旺发达的不竭动力。要全面建设小康社会，实现经济社会跨越发展，广大党员干部必须始终保持先进性，大力发扬争先创优精神。要开展好争先创优活动，我们要努力做到以下几点：
争先创优，其实争创的就是对工作的一份激情和干劲，无论我们现正身居什么样的岗位都要时刻以饱满的激情迎接每一天的工作，做到塌实肯干、艰苦奋斗、百折不挠，不断提高工作水平，争创一流业绩，在平凡的岗位上做出不平凡的成绩!
我们要深刻领会党的先进性要求，并将其转化到自己的工作实际中去，以实际行动切实增强共产党员先锋模范作用和带头示范作用。努力通过这次教育，提高自己保持党员先进性的自觉性，在自己的岗位上不断解放思想、努力学习，不断发现问题、解决问题，不断提高为党工作、为人民服务的能力和水平，为实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标而不懈奋斗。
篇17：自学师德规范心得体会
我作为一名一线教师，学习完《中小学教师职业道德规范》，感到任重道远。老规范共八条，新规范已精简成现在的六条，但是内容更为充实，体现了时代特色。
作为一名教师在教育岗位上，应如何去体现职业道德规范的基本要求呢?我认为首先要“心系教育，具有为教育献身的精神”。从历史发展长河看，教师是人类文明的传播者，是社会进步的桥梁和纽带，人类的文明发展源远流长，但如果没有教师，他就会断线，就会枯竭;人类的社会生活代代相传，但如果没有教师，它就会陷入愚昧，陷入野蛮。正是教师平凡的工作，连接着老一辈和新一代，连接着人类的过去和未来。从个人成长的命运看，教师又是人生幸福的缔造者和操纵者，教师从事的职业是崇高的、神圣的。但教师职业劳动的特点，又决定了教师工作的平平凡凡，琐琐碎碎，默默无闻。教师没有令人羡慕的财富和权力，没有显赫的声名和荣誉，也没有悠闲自在的舒适和安逸。应该说，教师劳动的本质特征在于奉献，师德的精髓也在于奉献。
其次是“把爱撒向学生”。教育事业的基本任务是育人，教育事业中最基本的人际关系是师生关系。因此，一个教师对人民教育事业的热爱、忠诚和献身精神，只有通过热爱学生，教书育人的具体行动才能体现出来。苏联教育家苏霍姆林斯基说过：“教育是人和人心灵上最微妙的相互接触。”他用诗一般的语言十分确切地指明了教师对学生施加影响的方式和途径。他还说，“我生活中最主要的东西是什么?我毫不犹豫地回答：对孩子的爱。这一点自己也深有体会，爱自己所从事的事业，爱自己所教的学生。这里需要说明的是，教师对学生的爱，不是属于亲缘关系，不是出于个人需求，而是来源于对教育事业的深刻理解和高度责任感，这是一种特殊的、充满科学的、普遍持久而又深厚的爱。这种爱具体表现为教师对学生特有的一种亲近感、期望感和献身的热忱。这种爱可以为学生的健康成长创造良好的环境和氛围，可以在师生之间架起心灵上相互沟通的桥梁，可以转化学生自身学习和进步的内在动力。正像一位同事所说：“有时自身感到很疲乏，当一走进教室见了自己的学生，不知从什么地方那个劲儿就上来了。”我认为这就是一种爱的力量，有了这种爱，什么金钱、享乐将会被抛于九霄云外。教育是爱的教育，没有对学生的爱就没有真正成功的教育。就不可能建立起师生之间平等、和谐、融洽的关系，获得学生的信任，赢得学生的支持，提高教育和教学的成效。
其三要做到“细微之处树榜样”。一名优秀的人民教师，除了忠于事业，关心热爱学生之外，还必须自觉地高标准地去塑造自己。教育家夸美纽斯指出：“教师的任务是用自己和榜样教育学生。”也就是说，身正方能影子不斜。特别是小学教师，在学生的心目中，老师是智慧的象征和人格的化身，教师的言行就是道德标准，教师的思想、言行、作风和品质，每时每刻都在影响着学生，对学生起着潜移默化的作用。所以要以身作则，为人师表，要求学生做到的自己首先要做到，要求学生不做的，自己首先不做。学校无小事，处处是教育，学高为师，身正为范，欲正人先正己。同时作为一名教师，就努力使自己得到全面的发展，努力形成一种健康、完好的、和谐的人格：德才兼备，言行一致，不拘小节，聪明过人，举止稳重等等。
总之，从事了教师职业，就意味着我们整个人生航程始终面临着人格上的挑战。特别在新的历史时期，作为一名教师，一定要时刻铭记自己的职业道德，工作中履行职业道德，才真正称得起是一名教师。
自学师德规范心得体会范文
★ 我的第一次自考
★ 成人自考心得体会
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