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全国专业人员技术职称外语等级考试范围和对象介绍

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全国专业人员技术职称外语等级考试范围和对象介绍（集锦15篇）由网友“nilonggang”投稿提供，下面是小编给各位读者分享的全国专业人员技术职称外语等级考试范围和对象介绍，欢迎大家分享。

篇1：全国专业人员技术职称外语等级考试范围和对象介绍

全国专业人员技术职称外语等级考试范围和对象介绍

考试目的:

职称外语等级考试全名是全国专业技术人员职称外语等级考试，是根据评审条件应达到外语水平的要求，通过笔试的形式对专业技术人员掌握基本外语语汇情况进行检验，考试成绩是衡量专业技术人员水平的`组成部分。

报考范围和对象：

凡晋升、聘任专业技术职务，其级别属专业技术职务试行条例中规定需具备一定外语水平的专业技术人员，及过去参加国家统一的中级专业技术资格考试（会计师、经济师、统计师、审计师），成绩合格，已取得专业技术资格的专业技术人员应参加职称外语等级考试。但对1977年全国恢复高考前入学的大、中专毕业生，现从事图书资料、文博、档案、群众文化、工艺美术、中医、中药工作以及在大、中专学校、技工学校从事公共政治理论课、中古字号课程教学的专业技术人员，可选考古汉语（医古文）或外语。1977年恢复高考后入学的大、中专毕业生，必须参加职称外语等级考试。

篇2：全国专业人员技术职称外语等级考试介绍

一、考试目的：

职称外语等级考试全名是全国专业技术人员职称外语等级考试，是根据评审条件应达到外语水平的要求，通过笔试的形式对专业技术人员掌握基本外语语汇情况进行检验，考试成绩是衡量专业技术人员水平的组成部分。

二、报考范围和对象

凡晋升、聘任专业技术职务，其级别属专业技术职务试行条例中规定需具备一定外语水平的专业技术人员，及过去参加国家统一的中级专业技术资格考试（会计师、经济师、统计师、审计师），成绩合格，已取得专业技术资格的专业技术人员应参加职称外语等级考试。但对1977年全国恢复高考前入学的大、中专毕业生，现从事图书资料、文博、档案、群众文化、工艺美术、中医、中药工作以及在大、中专学校、技工学校从事公共政治理论课、中古字号课程学的专业技术人员，可选考古汉语或外语。1977年恢复高考后入学的大、中专毕业生，必须参加职称外语等级考试。

三、等级划分和适用人员

全国职称外语等级考试划分为A、B、C三个等级，考试主要测试专业技术人员阅读理解外文专业基础文献的能力。报考人员可根据评审要求及自己所从事的.专业工作，选择一个语种及有关类别参加考试。

考试合格由市职改办颁发人事部统一印制的《职称外语等级考试合格证书》，在全国范围有效。A级考试合格成绩有效期为4年，B、C级考试合格成绩有效期为3年。

各等级的适用人员如下（技术的高级、中级分别指高级专业技术职务、中级专业技术职务）：

（一）A级 1、高教、科研、卫生、工程、农业系统列申报高级； 2、申请报高级国际商务师； 3、其它系列申报正高级。

（二）B级 1、工程、农业、卫生系列的县属（含县）以下单位工作人员申报高级； 2、高教、科研、卫生、工程、农业系列申报中级； 3、翻译系列申报高级第二外语； 4、高级未分正副的系列（不含工程系列）审报高级；其它系申报副高级。

（三）C级 1、除翻译系列外，申报高级第二外语； 2、翻译系列申报中级第二外语； 3、工程、农业、卫生系列在县属（含县）以下单位工作人员申报中级； 4、其它系列申报中级。

四、免试条件

1、任现职以来公开发表翻译文章达一万字以上并晋升了中级职务，或公开发表翻译文章三万字以上并晋升了高级职务的人员。

2、任现职以来经组织批准出国留学、进修一年以上，或近两年内参加全国定点出国人员外语强化培训经考试合格的人员。

3、已取得硕士学位或研究生班结业外语考试合格并晋升了中级职务，或已取了博士学位并晋升了高级职务的人员。

五、考试语种

全国职称外语等级考试共分英语、日语、俄语、德语、法语、西班牙六个语种。其中英语分为综合、理工、卫生、人文、财经五个专业类别，考生根据自已所从事的专业工作任选一类应试。其它语种不分专业类别。

六、组织实施

全国职称外语等级考试实行全国统一组织、统一大纲、统一试题和统一评分标准。国家人事部是全国职称外语等级考试的主管部门，人事部人事考试中心承担全国有关考试的具组织实施工作，各省市人事厅（局）考试中心承担本省市的实施工作。中央、国务院各部门所属企事业单位的专业技术人员按属地原则参加考试。

在全国职称外语等级考试中，为了保证考试的客观性和公正性，也为了提高考试工作的管理效率和管理水平，在考试报名、报名信息采集、考点考场安排、准考证号编排、答题信息采集、评分、成绩统计分析等整个考试过程都采用计算机管理。

七、为了保证报考信息的准确采集和处理，报考人员在报名和考试时要注意以下事项：

1、根据各省市人事厅（局）考试中心发布的报名程序和要求，到指定的报名点领取报名表。如果规定实行光电阅读器－－计算机自动采集报名信息，还要领取报名信息卡和《报考手册》。由单位集体组织报名的，应按本人所在单位规定的具体程序报考。

2、如实、准确、工整地填写报名表中的各有关项目，并由所在单位加盖公章。使用报名信息卡的，除按要求填写报名表外，还应严格按照《报考手册》中规定的填涂工具和填涂要求，认真、准确添涂好报名信息卡。报名表和报名信息卡填好后，应认真检查，确保报名的填写和报名信息卡的填涂准确无误。

3、携带报名表、报名信息卡、照片、身份证和其它所需证件到报名点办理报名手续，报名点发给每一报考人员一个报名序号，该报名序号应保存好，以备后用。

4、根据当地考试部门通知的时间和地点，按本人的报名序号领取自已的准考证，并认真核对自己姓名、身份证号、检查准考证中自己所在的考区、考点、报考的考试类别、级别、专业、科目的代码以及考试的时间、地点是否正确，如有差错，立即与考试工作人员联系解决。

5、按准考证上指定的每一科目的考试时间和考试地点参加该科目的考试。对规定使用答题信息卡的科目的考试，要携带《报考手册》中规定的填涂工具参加考试。准考证号是计算机确认应考人员的唯一标准，错误或不规范的填涂会造成成绩信息丢失，应考人员应严格按照本人准考证上的准考证号，填涂答题卡上的准考证号，填涂后应认真核对，以确保准确无误。

八、指导教材

全国技术人员职称外语统一考试大纲

九、考试时间安排

1、报名时间：每年11月中下旬（双休日除外），逾期不再补报。 2、每年职称外语等级考试考试时间一般在4月中旬。 3、报名地点：各省市人事厅（局）考试中心承担本省市的实施工作，各县（市）区职改办负责本县（市）区的有关单位专业技术人员的报名工作。

篇3：全国专业人员技术职称外语等级考试

一、考试目的

二、报考范围和对象

三、等级划分和适用人员

全国职称外语等级考试划分为A、B、C三个等级，各等级的适用人员如下（技术的高级、中级分别指高级专业技术职务、中级专业技术职务）：

（一）A级

1、高教、科研、卫生、工程、农业系统列申报高级；

2、申请报高级国际商务师；

3、其它系列申报正高级。

（二）B级

1、工程、农业、卫生系列的县属（含县）以下单位工作人员申报高级；

2、高教、科研、卫生、工程、农业系列申报中级；

3、翻译系列申报高级第二外语；

4、高级未分正副的系列（不含工程系列）审报高级；其它系列申报副高级。

（三）C级

1、除翻译系列外，申报高级第二外语；

2、翻译系列申报中级第二外语；

3、工程、农业、卫生系列在县属（含县）以下单位工作人员申报中级；

4、其它系列申报中级。

四、免试条件

1、任现职以来公开发表翻译文章达一万字以上并晋升了中级职务，或公开发表翻译文章三万字以上并晋升了高级职务的人员。

2、任现职以来经组织批准出国留学、进修一年以上，或近两年内参加全国定点出国人员外语强化培训经考试合格的人员。

3、已取得硕士学位或研究生班结业外语考试合格并晋升了中级

职务，或已取得了博士学位并晋升了高级职务的人员。

五、考试语种

六、英语考试的题型与题量

全国职称外语等级考试的题型与题量是：

题型分客观题和主观题两种，第一、三、五部分为客观题，第二、

四、六部分为主观题。参加C级的应试人员做第一、二部分，参加B级的应试人员做第一上部分，参加A级的应试人员做第一至六部分。参加A、B、C三个级别的考试时间均为120分钟。

第一部分：阅读理解。15小题，每小题5分，共75分。阅读三篇短文，每篇短文后有几个问题，每个问题都有四个备选答案，应试人员根据短文的内容从四个备选答案中选择一个最佳答案。

第二部分：完成句子。5小题，每小题5分，共25分。阅读一篇短文，短文后有五个不完整的句子，应试人员根据短文的内容完成句子，每个句子的空白处只准填写一个单词，有的单词的第一个（或前几个）字母已经给出。

第三部分：阅读理解。10小题，每小题8分，共80分。阅读两篇短文。作答要求同第一部分。

第四部分：概括大意。5小题，每小题4分，共20分。阅读五

段文字，每段文字说明一个主题，其主题可用一个或几个单词表示出来，该单词或词组是不完整的，即有一个词是空出来的，但其第一个（或前几个）字母已给出，要求应试人员将其余的字母补全，使之构成一个完整的.单词。

第五部分：阅读理解。10小题，每小题12分，共120分。阅读两篇短文。作答要求同第一部分。

第六部分：完形填空。10小题，每小题3分，共30分，阅读一篇短文，其中有十处空白，每处空白为一个小题，应试人员在全面理解短文内容的基础上，在每个空白处填上适当的字母，使之构成一个完整的单词，该单词的第一个字母已经给出。

七、组织实施

在全国职称外语等级考试中，为了保证考试的客观性和公正性，也为了提高考试工作的管理效率和管理水平，在考试报名、报名信息采集、考点考场安排、准考证号编排、答题信息采集、评分、成绩统计分析等整个考试过程都采用计算机管理。为了保证报考信息的准确采集和处理，报考人员在报名和考试时要注意以下事项：

1、根据各省市人事厅（局）考试中心发布的报名程序和要求，

到指定的报名点领取报名表。如果规定实行光电阅读器－－计算机自动采集报名信息，还要领取报名信息卡和《报考手册》。由单位集体组织报名的，应按本人所在单位规定的具体程序报考。

八、指导教材

1：全国技术人员职称外语统一考试大纲

2：全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试指南辽宁出版社

九、考试时间安排

1、报名时间：每年11月中下旬（双休日除外），逾期不再补报。考试报名时间是12月18日至12月26日。

2、每年职称外语等级考试考试时间一般在4月中旬，20考试时间为4月15日上午9：0全国专业人员技术职称外语等级考试0-11：00时。

3、报名地点：各省市人事厅（局）考试中心承担本省市的实施工作，各县（市）区职改办负责本县（市）区的有关单位专业技术人员的报名

篇4：全国职称外语等级考试大纲

《全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试大纲》是专业技术人员参加全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试复习的重要资料。根据近年来英语考试情，我们组织专家对该大纲进行了审定，该大纲继续遵循“严格要求、实事求是、区别对待、逐步提高”的原则，删减了部分篇幅，对词汇做了部分调整，其专业类别和等级划分不变，即：综合、理工、卫生3个专业类别和A、B、C3个等级。专业技术人员可根据自己所从事的专业和需求，申报相应类别和级别的考试。

参加考试大纲编写的专家为：刘润清、韩宝成、高秋薄、白勇、朱莉莉、李建华、柳淑华、卢志鸿、沙丽金、崔刚等同志。主持考试大纲修改的专家为：刘润清、韩宝成同志。参加考试大纲审定的专家为：方立、戴炜华、张彦斌、邱陶生、曹精华等同志。值此，我们向参加大纲编写、审定的专家及有关人员表感谢。

人事部专业技术人员管理司

全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试大纲

一、概述

全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由国家人事部组织实施的一项国家级外语考试。本考试遵循“严格要求、实事求是、区别对待、逐步提高”的原则，根据英语在不同专业领域活动中的应用特点，结合专业技术人员掌握和使用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别专业技术职务的人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。

全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试共分三个专业类别：综合类、理工类和卫生类，每个专业类别的考试各分A、B、C三个等级。

全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试于每年4月份举行。A、B、C三个等级考试的总分各为l00分，考试时间均为2小时。

二、评价目标

全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试重点考查应试者的阅读理解能力。考试总的评价目标是：申报A级的人员在2小时内应完成3000词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容；申报B级的人员在2小时内应完成2600词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容；申报C级的人员在2小时内应完成2200词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容。

为达到上述目标，考试对应试者的英语汇量、语法知识和阅读理解能力分别提出如下要求：

(一)词汇量

考试所涉及的词汇和短语主要依据本大纲所附词汇表。对申报不同级别的应试者要求认知的词汇量不等：

1. 申报A级的人员应认知6000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语；

2. 申报B级的人员应认知5000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语；

3. 申报C级的人员应认知4000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语。

(二)语法知识

考试不直接对应试者所掌握的语法知识进行考查，但应试者必须掌握基本的语法知识，主要包括：

1. 英语句子的基本语序及其意义；

2. 英语句子的结构和常用句型；

3. 各种时、体的形式及其意义；

4. 各种从句的构成及其意义；

5. 句子中词语的所指、省略、替代、重复，以及句子之间的意义关系等。

(三)阅读理解能力

应试者应能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解专业的或一般内容的英语书面材料。阅读能力主要包括以下几个方面：

1. 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；

2. 了解阐述主旨的事实和细节；

3. 利用上下文猜测某些词汇和短语的意义；

4. 既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的意义关系；

5. 根据所读材料进行判断和推论；

6. 领会作者的观点、意图和态度。

篇5：全国职称外语等级考试级别划分及适用范围

全国职称外语等级考试级别划分及适用范围

附表一：全国职称外语等级考试级别划分及适用范围

考试等级

申报职称

职称系列

A级

B级

C级

高校教师

教授、副教授

讲师

自然科学研究与社会科学研究

研究员、副研究员

助理研究员

社会科学研究（研究员、副研究员第二外语）

卫生技术（医、药、护、技）

主任医(药、护、技)师副主任医(药、护、技)师

⑴主治(管)医(药、护、技)师

⑵在县及县以下所属单位工作的人员申报正、副主任医（药、护、技）师

在县及县以下所属单位工作的人员申报主治（管）医（药、护、技）师

工程技术

高级工程师（含教授级高级工程师）

⑴工程师

⑵在县及县以下所属单位工作的人员申报高级工程师（含教授级高级工程师）

在县及县以下所属单位工作的人员申报工程师

农业技术

农业技术推广研究员

高级农艺师

农艺师

实验技术

高级实验师

实验师

中学教师

中学高级教师

中等专业学校教师

高级讲师

讲师

技工学校教师

高级讲师（高级实习指导教师）

讲师

经济专业

高级国际商务师

高级经济师

国际商务师

经济师

助理国际商务师

会计专业

高级会计师

会计师

统计专业

高级统计师

统计师

审计专业

高级审计师

审计师

体育教练员

国家级教练

高级教练

一级教练

工艺美术专业

高级工艺美术师

工艺美术师

翻译专业

译审、副译审（第二外语）

翻译（第二外语）

播音专业

播音指导

主任播音员

一级播音员

新闻专业

高级记者(高级编辑)

主任记者(主任编辑）

记者（编辑）

艺术（广播电视艺术）

艺术一级

艺术二级、主任舞台技师

艺术三级、舞台技师

出版专业

编审

副编审

编辑（一级校对）

文博专业、图书资料专业、档案专业

研究馆员

副研究馆员

馆员

公证员

一级公证员

二级公证员

三级公证员

律师

一级律师

二级律师

三级律师

篇6：全国职称外语等级考试级别划分及适用范围

综合类，理工类，卫生类考试原则上没有严格的界限。综合类文章可以考到理工类去，理工类可以考到卫生类和综合类。三类考试之间没有严格界限区分。国家在每位考生评定职称的时候，到底要求是理工类成绩，卫生类成绩，基本上国家还没有明确规定。假如你评定主任医师，卫生类职称，你可以考综合类，也可以考卫生类。严格意义上没有很严格的要求。到底决定报综合类，理工类，还是卫生类，有两个依据。首先问一下自己单位的人，要评定职称要报什么类比较合适。如果单位没有明确要求和规定的话，可以根据自己的现实情况选择，如果工作中接触的文章都是理工类的文章，那就报理工类。假如接触的文章是社会类文章，那就报综合类。

[全国职称外语等级考试级别划分及适用范围]

篇7：全国专业技术人员职称外语等级考试报名开始

全国专业技术人员职称外语等级考试报名开始

记者从省人事考试办公室获悉，浙江省全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试，将于12月12日至12月31日报名，考试时间为3月26日，

据悉，本次考试设英、日、俄、德、法、西班牙语6个语种，每个语种分为A、B、C3个级别，其中英语各级别分为综合、理工、卫生3个专业，其他语种不分专业。

报考人员可登录浙江人事考试网进行网上报名和网上交费后，于203月21日至25日登录浙江人事考试网下载打印“准考证”等资料，按准考证规定的时间、地点和要求参加考试。

拓展阅读：

考试特点

(1)考试内容：理工、卫生类考试所涉及的内容大多是在各自专业知识领域之内，但专业程度不深，主要是一些与本专业有关的科普性文章，及一定数量的普通英语文章;综合类则涉及面比较广;在试题取材上，一般多取材有趣且与人们工作、生活、学习密切相关的文章;

(2)考试难易程度：A级相当于大学英语四级考试水平，B级相当于公共英语三级偏上水平，C级相当于公共英语二级偏上水平;

(3)考试侧重点：主要考查考生理解书面英语的能力，“要求应试者能综合运用英语语言知识(词汇、语法)和阅读技能来理解本专业或一般的英语书面材料”，

(4)考试时，不直接考语法，但语法是考试中的.一个关键性的因素。

湖南省的规定：A级申报正高职称，B级申报副高职称，C级申报中级职称，初级职称不需考试职称英语。

考试类别

全国职称英语等级考试，分综合、理工、卫生三个类别，每个类别分A、B、C三个等级，不同类别、不同级别的试卷内容，除综合外，普通英语与专业英语题目各占50%左右。

篇8：全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意 1

全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意 1

PASSAGE 1 ?

Successful Language Learners

Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them? Perhaps if we take a close look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques which make language learning easier for them.

First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from mistakes.

Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.

Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.

What kind of language learner a

篇9：全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意11

全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意11

PASSAGE 22

Stanford University

Stanford University, famous as one of northern California s several institutions of higher learning, is sometimes called ”the Harvard of the West.“ The closeness of Stanford to San Francisco, a city thirty-two miles to the north, gives the university a decidedly cosmopolitan flavor.

The students are enrolled mainly from the western United State. But most of the fifty states send students to Stanford, and many foreign students study here, as well. And standards for admission remain high. Young men and women are selected to enter the university from the upper fifteen percent of their high school classes.

Not only because of the high caliber of its students but also because of the desirable location and climate, Stanford has attracted to its faculty some of the world s most respected scholars. The university staff has included many Nobel Prize winners such as Dr. Felix Bloch, Dr. Robert Hofstadter, and Dr. William Shockley in physics, Dr. Author Kornberg and Dr. Joshua Lederberg in medicine, and Dr. Paul J. Flory and Dr. Linus Pauling in chemistry. The Russian novelist Aleksander Solzhenistsyn has been in residence. Stanford s undergraduate school of engineering and its graduate schools of business, law, and medicine are especially well-regarded.

What is student life like on ”The Farm“? Culturally, the campus is a magnet for both students and citizens of nearby communities. Plays, concerts, and operas are performed in the university s several auditoriums and in its outdoor theater, where graduations are also held. Several film series are presented during the school year. Guest lecturers from public and academic life frequently appear on campus. In the evenings, many students gather to socialize in the Student Union s coffee house; here the beverages an the atmosphere both have a decidedly European flavor. For the sports-minded, the Stanford campus offer highly developed athletic faciliti

篇10：全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意 3

全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意 3

PASSAGE 5 ?

Recreation and Sports

”All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" is a popular saying in the United States. Other countries have similar sayings. It is true that all of us need recreation. We cannot work all the time if we are going to maintain good health and enjoy life. Good physical and mental health in fact enables us to work more efficiently.

Everyone has his own way of relaxing .Perhaps the most popular way is to participate in sports. There are team sports, such as baseball, basketball, and football. There are individual sports, also, such as golf and swimming. In addition, hiking, fishing, siding and mountain climbing have a great attraction for people who like to be outdoors. Chess, card-playing , and dancing are forms of indoor recreation enjoyed by many people.

Not everyone who enjoys sporting events likes to participate in them. Many people prefer to be spectators, either by attending the games in person, watching them on television, or listening to them on the radio. When there is an important baseball game or boxing match, it is almost impossible to get tickets; everyone wants to attend.

It doesn t matter whether we play a fast game of ping-pong, concentrate over the bridge table, or go walking through the woods on a brisk autumn afternoon. It is important for everyone to relax from time to time and enjoy some form of recreation.

练习：

1． Paragraph 2____________.

2． Paragraph3____________.

3． Paragraph4____________.

A) The important of having recreation

B) The recreation centers

C) Type of sports

D) Fun of being spectators

4． To keep fit and enjoy life , all of us must have____________.

5． Participating in door sports or outdoor sports is a good way___________.

6． Many people prefer watching games to__________.

7． It is generally believed that those who work all the time and do not know how to relax_______.

A) must be very borin

篇11：全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意10

全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意10

PASSAGE 20

Architecture

?Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. The best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.

The renaissance brought about an entirely new age, not only in philosophy and literature but in the visual arts as well. In architecture, the principles and styles of ancient Greece and Rome were brought back to life and reinterpreted. They remain dominant until the 20th century.

Many kinds of stone are used as building materials. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are not burnable and can be expected to endure. Stone architecture was often blended with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more adaptable to industrial use.

The complexity of modern life calls for a variety of building. More people live in mass housing and go to work in large office buildings; they spend their income in large shopping centers, send their children to many different kinds of schools, and when they are sick they go to specialized hospitals and clinics. All theses different types of buildings accumulated experiences needed by their designers.

By the middle of the 20th century, modern architecture, which was influenced by new technology and mass production, was dealing with increasingly complex social needs. Important characteristics of modern architectural works are expanses of glass and the use of reinforced concrete. Advances in elevator technology, air conditioning, and electric lighting have all had important effects.

EXERCISE:

1. Paragraph 2_____________.

2. Paragraph 3_____________.

3. Paragraph 4_____________.

4. Paragraph 5_____________.

篇12：全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意 9

全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意 9

PASSAGE 18

Volts from the Sky

?Lightning has caused awe and wonder since old times. Although Benjamin Franklin demonstrated lightning as enormous electrical discharge more than 200 years ago, many puzzles still surround this powerful phenomenon.

Lightning is generated when electrical charges separate in rain clouds, though processes are still not fully understood. Typically, positive charges build at the cloud top, while the bottom becomes negatively charged. In most instances of cloud-to-ground lightning, the negatively charged lower portion of the cloud repels negatively charged particles on the ground s surfaces, making it become positively charged. The positive charge on the ground gathers at elevated points.

A flow of electrons begins between the cloud and earth. When the voltage charge becomes large enough, it breaks through the insulating barrier of air, and electrons zigzag earthward. We see the discharge as lightning.

Lightning can occur within a cloud, between clouds, or between clouds and the ground. The first variety, intra-cloud lightning, is the most frequent but is often hidden from our view. Cloud-to-ground lightning, making up about 20 percent of lightning discharges, is what we usually see. Lightning comes in several forms, including sheet, ribbon, and ball. Intra-cloud lightning can illuminate a cloud so it looks like a white sheet, hence its name. When cloud-to-ground lightning occurs during strong winds, they can shift the lightning channel sideways, so it looks like a ribbon. The average lightning strike is more than 3 miles long and can travel at a tenth of the speed of light. Ball lightning, the rarest and most mysterious form, derives its name from the small luminous ball that appears near the impact point, moves horizontally, and lasts for several seconds.

Thunder is generated by the tremendous heat released in a lightning discharge. Temperatures near the discharge can reach as high as 50,

篇13：全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意 7

全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意 7

PASSAGE 14 ?

Earthquake

?Every year earthquakes are responsible for a large number of deaths and a vest amount of destruction in various parts of the world. Most of these damaging earthquakes occur either in a narrow belt which surrounds the Pacific Ocean or in a line which extends from Burma to the Alps in Europe. Some of the destruction is directly caused by the quake itself. An example of this is the collapse of buildings as a result of the quake itself. Other damage results from landslides or major fires which are initiated by the quake.

There are about a million quakes a year. Fortunately, however, not all of them are destructive. The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the Richter Scale, which goes from 0 upward. The highest scale recorded to date is 8.9. Major damage generally occurs from quakes ranging upwards from 6.0.

The actual cause of the quake itself is the breaking of rocks at or below the earth s surface. This is produced by pressure which scientists believe may be due to a number of reasons, two of which are the expansion and contraction of the earth s crust and continental drift.

In order to limit the damage and to prevent some of the suffering resulting from earthquakes, scientists are working on ways to enable accurate prediction. Special instruments are used to help people record, for example, shaking of the earth. Scientists are trying to find methods that will enable them to indicate the exact time, location and size of an earthquake.

Certain phenomena have been observed which are believed to be signs of imminent earthquakes. These include strange behaviors of some animals, the changes in the content of mineral water, etc. The magnetic properties of rocks may also display special pattern before major earthquakes happen.

EXERCISE:

1. Paragraph 2_____.

2. Paragraph 3_____.

3. Paragraph 4_____.

4. Paragraph 5_____.

A Earthquakes forecast

B Historical reco

篇14：全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意 6

全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意 6

PASSAGE 12 ?

Adult Education

?Voluntary learning in organized courses by mature men and women is called adult education. Such education is offered to make people able to enlarge and interpret their experience as adults. Adults may want to study something which they missed in earlier schooling, get new skills or job training, find out about new technological developments, seek better self-understanding, or develop new talents and skills.

This kind of education may be in the form of self-study with proper guidance through the use of libraries, correspondence course, or broadcasting. It may also be acquired collectively in schools and colleges, study groups, workshops, clubs, and professional associations.

Modern adult education for large numbers of people started in the 18th and 19th centuries with the rise of the Industrial Revolution. Great economic and social changes were taking place: people were moving from rural areas to cities; new types of work were being created in an expanding factory system. These and other factors produced a need for further education and re-education of adults.

The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the 1790s, with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanics institute in Glasgow. The earliest adult education institution in the United States was founded by Benjamin Franklin and some friends in Philadelphia in 1727.

People recognize that continued learning is necessary for most forms of employment today. For example, parts of the adult population in many countries find it necessary to take part in retraining programs at work of even to learn completely new jobs. Adult education programs are springing up constantly to meet these and other needs.

练习：

1． Paragraph 2__________.

2． Paragraph 3__________.

3． Paragraph 4__________.

4． Paragraph 5__________.

A Necessity for developing adult education

B Early days

篇15：全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意 5

全国职称外语等级考试综合类概括大意 5

PASSAGE 10 ?

Singapore

?1 Singapore is an independent city-state in southeastern Asia, consisting of one major island -the Singapore island-and more than 50 small islands, located off the southern tip of Malay. The city of Singapore, the capital of the country, is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island; it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia. The total area of the republic is 640 sq.km.

2 Low-lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief(轮廓鲜明的.) features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176m. The country has a wet tropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 27.20°C. The average annual rainfall is 2.413 mm, the wettest months are November through January.

3 Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959. A president, elected to a four-year term, is head of state, and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be selected by Parliament, but by 1991 constitutional amendment (修正案), the president is now elected directly by the people. The Parliament is the law-making body with its 81 members popularly elected.

4 In the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students. The main institution of higher education are the National University of Singapore, several technical colleges, and a teachers college.

5 Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia. In the late 1980s the gross domestic product was estimated at $23.7 billion, or $8,870 per person. The fishing industry is centered on the port of During, on southwestern Singapore Island. Industry has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and Singapore now produces a diversity(多样化的) of goods, including chemicals, electronic items, clothing, and processed foods, etc. Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important.

1. Paragraph 2____

2. Paragraph 3___