社会关系和人际网络英语

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社会关系和人际网络英语

篇1:社会关系和人际网络英语

社会关系和人际网络英语

There were two books that really turned things around for me: Dale Carnegie’s How to Win Friends and Influence People and Keith Ferrazzi’s Never Eat Alone. These books actually have a lot in common - they both focus on how exactly to effectively interact with other people. Carnegie’s book focuses on the actual interactions themselves - how do you actually step up and converse with someone? Ferrazzi’s book continues that thought - how do you build a conversation into a relationship that has value? They’re both filled with very specific tips that you can start applying right off the bat. 更多信息请访问:www.24en.com/

With that information in hand, I had a good idea of what to do - I just needed to get started doing it. Here are some direct actions you can take to start investing in building a network of friends and acquaintances that actually have value, both to you and to the person you’re connected to.

Engage in activities that enable a lot of interactions with a lot of people.

The first step is to simply meet people whose interests overlap with your own. Sure, you may know people through work, but that’s only the tip of the iceberg - there are many, many people out there to meet, to know, and to develop friendships and relationships with. Here are some tips for getting out that front door.

Identify social activities that mesh with your interests. Like reading books? Join a book club. Like outdoor activities? Join an outdoor club. Curious about the community? Go to any sort of community activity - check at city hall for the community calendar. Obsessed with your career? Go to meetings and conventions related to your professional area. Join Meetups for any activity of interest to you. Most large cities offer a lot of opportunity to explore whatever interest you may have.

Don’t give up on it after just one meeting. The biggest mistake that people make when joining a potentially interesting group is that they give up when they go to the first meeting, the people there already seem to know each other, and there are ongoing things that they’re not familiar with. Give it a few meetings. Ask questions if you don’t know what’s going on. Don’t just assume that you’ll immediately be part of any ongoing social circle at this group - give it time to happen.

Don’t be afraid to be the first to talk - but don’t be the only one talking.

One intense challenge for me is to know how to deal with a group of people when no one is talking. Everyone’s experienced them - those periods of silence when no one has quite yet taken the initiative to start a conversation or to bring up a new topic. That’s the perfect time to get a new conversation rolling and to be noticed by others, so take advantage of it. Here are some tips.

Realize that everyone else is probably feeling as uncomfortable as you are. If there’s a silence in the room, it’s probably a good indication that many of the people there don’t know what to say next and are feeling some of your discomfort. By stepping up and getting the ball rolling, you often attract a positive response from others.

If all else fails, ask a contextual question. Most of the time, I don’t know what to say, so I’ll use what’s going on as the context for a question. I’ll ask a question about the group itself, the event we’re engaged in, the book the book club is reading, or so on. If you’re in a very small group, current events can be a good topic to break the silence.

If you notice you’re the only one talking, it’s probably time to give someone else an opportunity. In other words, trim your point to a close and try to finish by encouraging someone else to talk. One good way to do that is to finish with a “What do you all think?”

Ask questions.

The most effective way I’ve found to get a conversation going or to continue it is to get a person to talk about themselves. The easiest way to pull off that trick is to ask a question - create a situation where it makes social sense for that person to begin discussing themselves. Here’s some advice on how to do that.

Ask a question that the person would feel comfortable answering. If you’re in a book club, questions about the book you’re reading are always fair game. If they’ve brought up their children or family, cursory and positive questions about that topic are fair, too. In general, questions that are positive in tone and aren’t too personal are always worthwhile. Compliment someone, for example, and ask where they got that item or idea.

Listen to the responses. Listen to what they’re saying. Try to understand their viewpoint and experiences - they’re going to be different than your own. If you find yourself getting bored, then you’re either discussing a topic that truly doesn’t interest you or you’re not clicking with that person, which is fine, but the first step to a positive connection is to listen to what they say and try to figure out what they mean.

Use the responses for follow-up questions if you don’t have a compelling idea of your own to interject. If you don’t know how to respond to what they’ve just said, figure out the part that’s troubling you and turn it into a question again, allowing them to explain further. It not only clearly shows that you’re listening and are engaged, but it gives the person a greater chance to expound their thoughts in a positive light.

Focus on the people that interest you.

There are going to be people you are uncomfortable interacting with, either for obvious reasons or for reasons you can’t quite put your finger on. You don’t have to interact with them. Instead, focus on the people who give you a positive feeling - people who click with you and engage you. These people will be much more likely to build up an actual relationship with you, whether it be a friendship or a business relationship. Here are some tips.

At first, interact with a lot of people. Listen to who’s talking and figure out which people are actually interesting to you. When you see people standing alone and not talking, talk to them. When there’s a group talking, listen in. Spend some time interacting with as many people as you can. The reason is to figure out which ones you may click with.

Gravitate gradually towards the people you find most interesting. It might be the person talking the most at the center of the room, or it might be the person sitting quietly off to the side. Keep conversing with the people that click with you. Don’t be afraid to move on if they exhibit behaviors that make you uncomfortable.

Once you’ve narrowed it down, focus on building up ties with the people that fit best with you. Exchange contact information with one or two of them if it feels like you might really have something in common. If that doesn’t feel appropriate yet, just make sure that you have opportunities to meet those people again at other, similar events - come to the next group meeting, for example.

Follow up.

If you’ve actually traded contact information with someone in a genuine fashion, meaning that it was because of a desire to actually further exchange ideas, follow up. Don’t just let it dry there on the vine. I usually try to contact new people I’ve met once every few weeks - for example, I recently was elected to a community board, so I’m slowly putting forth an effort to get to know everyone on that board.

Wait a bit, then make a contact. I usually find that for most people, a follow up email that’s non-fluffy is worthwhile. I try to recall what we’ve talked about (I usually jot it down on the back of whatever contact info I get), do some research on the topic, and continue the conversation in some regard. I always make sure to include a reminder of who I am as well, usually starting it off that way (”This is Trent Hamm. We met recently at the Smith’s fire benefit dinner and we discussed some changes in the town’s sidewalk policy….”).

If they don’t respond back, don’t push it. Just wait for another opportunity to meet that person in a social environment and chat about it. Quite often, people intend to respond but just get busy with things - it’s often not a snub. However, you should make sure not to make yourself a nuisance.

If you can easily do a favor for someone, do it. Quite often, opportunities will come up where someone is in obvious need of a helping hand. If you have the opportunity to help out, especially if it’s easy for you, do so. Helping out the people around you is the single best thing you can do to build a solid relationship with the people you’re helping - plus, you get the opportunity to make someone else’s life better.

Dabble in hosting social events.

One great opportunity to build and cement relationships and friendships is to host small social gatherings. I’m pretty partial to the dinner party or barbecue, myself - inviting people into your home and serving them food is a great way to get people to open up and connect to each other.

Invite a diversity of people. If you have a gathering, it’s good to invite people who do know each other and people who don’t. I usually try to keep the number small and make sure that everyone there knows at least someone else besides me, but ideally not everyone knows everyone else. If you don’t know that many people, just invite who you know and keep the number relatively low.

Try very hard to accept any reciprocal invitations. If you get invited in return, make a special effort to go to that event. Social invitations are more valuable than you think and they’re often a sign of acceptance into a larger group. Make an effort to go to any invite you get, especially if it’s the first one.

Keep the communication going - don’t let it die off.

Once you’ve built a connection with someone, don’t let it fall apart because you’re too busy. It only takes a few minutes every once in a while to keep a relationship healthy, so take the time to do it.

Keep in contact regularly - a handwritten note on a special occasion is a great way to do it. Send out New Year’s/winter seasonal cards to everyone you can, with a quick handwritten note inside greeting them. One year, I made up almost three hundred of these and it was worth the effort. Similarly, if you find out someone’s made a career change, bought a house, got married, or had a child, make sure that you pop a handwritten note and perhaps a small gift their way.

Send quick emails semi-regularly. Some people do this with their cell phone, but I find that to be kind of intrusive for just touching base with someone. I often use a quick personally-written email just asking how they’re doing and maybe delivering a few sentences on what I’m up to or what’s currently interesting to me. I don’t do this too regularly - every few months or so - but it does a great job of helping a relationship to not wither and die over a long period of time.

The real key, though, is to build a solid number of meaningful relationships and friendships and make sure they don’t wither - these are the people who you support and will support you when you need it. The first step is up to you.

篇2:如何建立人际网络

如何建立人际网络

Do you dread networking events? Wonder about what to say? Do you find there is something uncomfortable or possibly distasteful about the seemingly compulsory exchange of business cards? If so then you probably value sincerity and professionalism. Too often networking is reduced to a numbers game of how many business cards you can pass out in an hour. If you are looking for a different approach, one more in alignment with your own professional values, then read on.

The introvert advantage:

Introverts have the advantage. You don’t have to grandstand, shake fifty hands and talk about yourself. Instead, the name of the game is to develop new meaningful relationships. The best way to do that is to learn about what is really important to the people you are meeting and to discover ways that you can help. You are likely a much better listener than your extroverted colleague who can happily spend an entire evening talking your ear off about his latest pursuits.

A word about helping:

Help in this context isn’t about selling your services. It is about finding ways that you can assist the people that you meet. Can you send them an article with useful information? Can you connect them with someone who can lend them a hand? Can you offer them a valuable recommendation?

Ask don’t tell:

To learn about the people you are meeting and discover how you can be of assistance, ask a few well thought-out questions and listen to the answers. I call this the “ask don’t tell” approach. How, what, where and why questions invite longer and more detailed answers. Prepare a few questions ahead of time. Here are some to try out:

What brings you to this event today?

What have you enjoyed most about the conference so far?

What’s new and exciting with your business these days?

What do you enjoy most about your work?

What are the biggest challenges?

Ask don’t tell is a valuable approach not just for networking events but for your interactions with friends, colleagues, staff members, and clients, as well. If you don’t like talking about yourself then instead become one of the best listeners around.

ROAD Questions:

To ask great questions focus on what’s most important to people:

Relationships – What are the most important relationships in this person’s life?

Occupation – What is their occupation? What do they like/dislike about it? What is most exciting about their work? What is most challenging?

Activities – What activities is the person involved in personally and professionally? What professional or community associations do they contribute to?

Drive – What motivates this person? What are their personal and professional goals?

Active listening:

Once you ask your question the next step is to listen. Don’t make the mistake of thinking that listening is a passive activity. As long as you are asking questions and listening to the answers you are in control of the conversation and an active participant. Here are five quick active listening tips to let your conversation partner know that they have your full attention.

1. Focus your gaze on the person speaking. There’s nothing worse then having a conversation partner scan the room for better options!

2. Nod your head from time to time.

3. Paraphrase what you have just heard to indicate your understanding: “It sounds like staffing is the biggest challenge…”

4. Ask additional questions to learn more about the others thoughts and ideas, clarify meaning, or to learn more:

“Please tell me more about…”

“What happened after…?”

“What do you think are your best options?”

5. Read up on active listening skills.

Closing a conversation:

A conversation may continue for as long as you like. Focus on meeting just a few people and engaging in some interesting dialogue. If you are most comfortable with one-on-one exchanges then start up discussions with the people who are on their own at an event.

To end the conversation address the person by name, make reference to what you learned, and exchange business cards:

“Eliza, I have really enjoyed speaking with you today. Thanks for telling me about your work at the bank. May I have your business card so that I can email you that article?”

At networking events people are naturally going to circulate around the room. There is no need to give a reason for ending the discussion.

Remember to be honest. If you end a conversation by saying you are going to get a drink or more food, then do so. Being caught in a lie in the first fifteen minutes of meeting someone doesn’t make a great impression.

Following up:

Relationships develop over time. Finding the opening for meaningful follow-up is the crucial first step. The ask don’t tell approach allows you to uncover meaningful reasons for staying in touch. Sometimes you will find the next step is simply to continue the conversation over lunch or coffee. Other times it is to send an email or to introduce the person to someone you know. Uncovering the follow-up allows you to continue building the relationship with people who you are interested in getting to know.

Top ten tips for the introverts approach to networking:

1. Prepare. Put your analytic skills to work, and take just a few minutes to prepare. Why are you attending the event? What goal/s do you have for the event? What are three good questions you can ask to get the conversation started? How would you answer those questions yourself? Practice your approach for ending a conversation and moving on.

2. Check that you have your business cards with you.

3. Arrive a few minutes late so that the event is already underway.

4. Begin by scanning the room and getting a beverage to give you a chance to relax.

5. If you don’t know anyone at the event, find the wall flowers –- the people like you who are standing alone. Introduce yourself and ask one of your prepared questions.

6. Listen about 80% of the time.

7. Keep your attention on the person you are speaking with. If you want to scan the room for people you know then do so when you are between conversations.

8. Focus on uncovering at least one meaningful follow-up opportunity.

9. Don’t be among the last to leave an event. Always leave a little early.

10. Get organized. Take notes. Jot down important information about the person you have met on his/her business card and store the information in a contact management system.

Remember:

“The number one skill for success in the twenty first century is the ability to talk to other people. If we don’t connect with others, there is really no next step: no referrals, no job offers, no promotions, no alliances. … The only goal of your initial interaction is to have the next interaction. Period.”

篇3:社会关系网络匿名方法探究论文

社会关系网络匿名方法探究论文

【摘 要】近年来,随着互联网技术飞速发展,各色社交平台层出不穷,互联网让人们交流更加便利的同时,也带来了诸多用户隐私泄露的问题。如何在数据庞大结构复杂的社会关系网络中保护用户隐私信息,通过怎样的方法匿名发布信息,成为一个迫切需要解决的问题,并逐渐成为网络安全方面的热点问题之一。论文以保护用户敏感标签的社会关系网络匿名算法为研究对象,对其目标序列的产生、以目标序列为指导匿名化网络进行了探索与研究。

【关键词】社会关系网络;隐私保护;敏感标签

1 论文的研究背景和意义

1967 年, Milgram 发表了名为小世界实验的科研报告 [1],研究人员将一些信件随机交给 Omaha 和 Wichita 几个志愿者作为起点,以 Boston 等几个志愿者作为终点,每个拿到信的人,若认识目标,就把信直接交给目标;若不认识目标,则把信交给他认为认识目标的人。在实验里,分析所有到达的信件被转交的数据,发现平均转交次数为 6.这也就是著名的六度分隔理论,理论上,最多只要经过 6 个人就能联系到世界上的任何一个人。

社交平台和支付平台出于安全考虑,需要用户的个人信息,如姓名、身份证号码等,企业也为了自身的利益以及系统的完善性,不断地收集用户的隐私数据,并运用这些隐私数据研究用户的行为偏好,为系统的改善、企业的未来方向做指引。但是,有的企业管理不善,某些员工会将用户的这些数据出卖来获取利益,尽管这些信息在公开用户的隐私数据时抹去了密码等敏感信息,但是攻击者依然可以确定到相应的用户,这种行为给用户的隐私信息安全带来了极大隐患。

在这种情况下,有些用户担心自己的隐私信息被暴露,一方面留恋互联网带来的便利,另一方面担心自己的隐私被窃取,在这样矛盾的心理下,用户会选择性地使用虚假信息,而虚假信息反过来影响企业的正常判断,使得企业的数据不全、策略不当,如此下去,不利于互联网事业的发展。

2 保护隐私的方法

传统隐私保护方法有很多,大致可以分为以下几类:①加密方案。数据加密有多种方法,但是窥其本质,都是通过一定密码机制,在令数据无损失的同时,使用户原始数据变得不可见。②伪装方案。其基本思想是先把用户个人数据“伪装”.POLAT [2,3] 提出的伪装方案,即是采用随机扰动技术伪装用户的真实数据的方式。在数据隐藏方法中,随机扰动技术很常用,想要隐藏数据 n,就给 n 加上随机数 r,伪装后的数据为 n+r,即对用户的真实数据进行处理后再发送给服务器。③聚合模糊方案。数据聚合,是指把用户分组,并处理组内用户数据得到一个聚合数据。这个数据即为公共使用的数据,这样就避免了用户信息泄露。

但是,这些传统方法并不能很好地保护社会网络中用户的数据隐私。相对于传统表格式数据结构,社会网络结构比较复杂,不仅包括了用户个人的敏感数据、敏感属性,也包含了用户与用户之间的关系。社会网络这种空间结构,用数据结构中的图来抽象为模型最适合不过。图中节点代表用户,边代表用户与用户之间存在社交关系。将社会网络描述为图后,有关图的很多理论就可以应用在社交网络隐私保护的研究中。自Kun Liu,Evimaria Terzi 等人提出了图的 k-度匿名方法,社会网络数据隐私安全的研究一直是一个热点领域。

迄今为止,由于实际的人类社交网络的数据含量过于庞大、隐私保护算法过于复杂等原因,关于社交网络数据隐私的研究仍然处于较为初级的理论阶段,但是研究此领域的意义对于互联网,对于每个人来说,都是及其重要的。社交网络隐私算法具有重要的意义,它不仅具有较高的理论研究价值,也有很高的实际应用价值,未来发展具有很大潜力。

3 国内外研究现状

随着互联网现世,社交网络飞速发展,各领域研究者均从社交网络的大数据上得到了很多研究信息,比如用户行为、社交传播、传染病扩散等,社交网络给研究者带来便利的同时,社交网络公开数据的性质对个人隐私数据的威胁日益增长。为了保护社交网络中用户的隐私数据,近年来,国内外对于社会网络已经做了很多研究工作。

目前对于社会网络中隐私安全的研究,可以按阶段分为四类:第一, P2P模式。以社会网络中常见的`推荐系统为例,P2P模式要使每个用户的计算机既是客户端又是服务器,即用户的个人数据位于自己的计算机中。这样的话,用户完全自己操纵个人数据,如TVEIT[4],但是这个系统在移动端间的泛洪通信方式导致通信费用比较昂贵。由于TVEIT还是采取通过网络传输个人数据的传统方式,所以依然具有隐私暴露的潜在危机。而在CANNY提到的系统 [5,6] 中,同样是基于P2P模式的系统,使用了聚合数据和加密,以确保用户数据不被暴露。所谓数据聚合,是指把用户分组,并处理组内用户数据得到一个聚合数据。这个数据即为公共使用的数据。这一方法的优秀之处在于,用户对个人数据可以完全控制。Franchi [6] 等人提出了一种基于密钥的身份系统,并将它应用在微博等社交平台中,搭建了一个保护用户隐私的匿名社交网络。 P2P模式理论上最为简单直观,对于数据规模较小的系统有着较好的隐私保护效果,但是对于庞大的社会网络而言,把用户信息只存在用户的客户端内是不现实的:第一,手机、智能手表等移动端内存较小,不适合存储所有数据;第二,频繁的通信使得传输强度过大,导致效率低下、传输设备损耗快等问题。第二, 信息混淆模式。信息混淆是指将所有用户隐私信息进行混淆,南丽丽等人 [7] 首次提出基于信息混淆机制的社会网络隐私数据保护方案,将混淆后的用户信息在网络中环状扩散。吴涛 [8] 使用火狐浏览器的扩展功能完成信息混淆,实现了人人网平台的用户信息混淆。AGRAWAL[9]沿用这种混淆技术,在数据挖掘过程中保护隐私,并取得了较好的效果。另外一种混淆用户个人数据的方法是模糊化处理。简单地说,模糊化处理是把一部分用户个人数据用其他数据掩盖,在研究 [10]中,BERKOVSKY完成了一个模糊化处理的系统,该系统为保护用户隐私,采用模糊化的用户描述文件进行推荐,实验显示系统推荐的结果仍比较精确。信息混淆模式既考虑到了保护用户隐私数据的问题,又顾及了广告商与第三方应用部门的利益。但是信息混淆模式适用的数据库、系统规模较小,对全部用户隐私数据的混淆、模糊,很大程度上破坏了信息的原始性,大大改变了社会网络的图结构,造成了数据冗余、计算量太大等问题。

4 结语

本文主要介绍了本文中用到的相关理论和技术,首先介绍了有关社会关系网络的定义和重要理论,接着介绍了对于图结构的几种攻击方法,针对以上提出的攻击方法,介绍了图的 k-匿名方案以及保护用户敏感标签的图的 k-l-匿名方案。对现有的社会关系网络匿名方法进行了分类总结,讨论其优劣。然后,介绍了一些评价社会关系网络匿名方法的标准。

【参考文献】

【1】Jeffrey, Stanley Milgram. An Experimental Study of the Small World Problem[J].Sociometry, 1969,32(4 ):425+443.

【2】POLAT H, DU Wen-liang. Privacy-preserving collaborative filtering using randomized perturbationtechniques[A]. Proceedings of the 3rd Internation Conference on Data Mining[C]. WashingtonDC:IEEE Computer Society,.

【3】POLAT H, DU Wen-liang. SVD-based collaborative fitering with privacy[A]. Proceedings of ACMSymposium on Applied Computing[C]. New York:ACM Press,.

篇4:网络中的人际传播

Inter-personal communication has played an important role in the development of Internet. It is widely accepted that people’s behaviors in cyber space are usually different from that in real life. This phenomenon results in a set of new traits in the inter-personal communication on Internet. Moreover, the inter-personal communication on Internet will influence many aspects of our life. This paper is an initial research on this topic.

内容提要:人际传播是网络中最常见的传播形态之一。对网上人际传播的需求,使网络日益成为人们生活的一部分。人际传播也与网络中的其它传播形态相互交融、相互作用。本文对网络人际传播的方式、特点进行了初步的研究分析,并以此说明网络人际传播对于物理世界人际传播活动、人的社会化等方面可能带来的影响。最后本文探讨了受众和传播者如何利用网络人际传播的问题。

当Internet开始以一种传播媒介进入人们生活时,最早承载的形态就是“人际传播”。直到今天,网络上的人际传播也是十分频繁的。人们对网络人际传播的需求,甚至可能超过对网络的大众化传播的需求。网络人际传播为什么有如此大的魅力?它会取代人们现实世界的人际交流吗?网络的人际传播又会带来什么样的影响?理解这一系列问题,是理解整个网络世界的必经之路。

一、网络中进行人际传播的方式

人际传播也称人际交流。它指个人与个人之间的信息传播活动,是社会生活中最直观、最常见、最丰富的传播现象。传统的人际传播的方式有:谈话、书信、打电话等。

人们寻求人际传播的动机可以表现为四个方面:

1.获得与生产、生活和社会生活有关的信息从而进行环境适应决策。也就是说,人们要能在社会中生存与发展,就需要了解环境的变化,并以此为依据来调整自己的行为。而要获得关于环境的信息,人们常常要借助人际传播。

2.建立社会协作关系。通过了解他人,和让他人了解自己,来达到协作目的。而有效的渠道,就是人际传播。

3.自我认知和相互认知。自我认知常常是通过与他人的互动形成,即通过他人对自己的评价、态度等这面“镜子”来认识和把握自己。相互认知更是离不开人际传播。而这两方面是建立社会协作关系的必要条件。

4.满足人的精神和心理需求。建立起和谐的人际关系,拥有自己的社交圈子和伙伴,可以让人产生愉快的心理反应。

网络中实现人际传播的方式主要包括以下两种:

1.E-mail。

E-mail是一种类似于传统的通信手段的人际传播方式。但它也有自己的鲜明特点,这主要表现在:

首先,E-mail传播速度往往要比传统通信快得多。传统通信的速度与地域的关系很大,双方距离越是遥远,通信速度越慢。而E-mail传递则较少受地域因素的影响。交流速度的加快,实际上也带来了交流频率的增加。无论大事小事,人们都可以通过E-mail交流来完成。从一定意义上,这有助于形成更加牢固的交流关系。

从长远看,E-mail交流是一种多媒体交流。E-mail主要以文字为传播手段,但是,也可以加入声音、图像等作为附件,因此也是一种多媒体交流。但是,由于E-mail传递的信息都是数字化的,所以一些背景信息会削减。例如,一般用文本方式,我们不可能看到对方的笔迹,也就很难通过这种潜台词来揣测发件人的性格、情绪等。从某种意义上来说,传播质量会受到一些影响。

传统通信交流一般只限于相互认识的人之间,但是E-mail交流可以因偶然因素产生。但这种情形下,人们的交流往往带有功利性。

2.网上聊天。

网上聊天主要有两种方式,一种是在聊天室进行,另一种是通过即时传呼(例如ICQ)手段进行一对一的交流。

网上聊天虽然名为聊天,但与物理世界的聊天还是有很大的区别。

网上聊天使用的主要手段是文字,因此像E-mail一样,一些辅助性的信息表达手段不能运用。网上聊天双方不是面对面的,彼此看不到对方的身体动作,所以对方对一条信息的直观反映很难感受,虽然通过文字可以进行及时回答,但有时文字不能充分表达交流双方的情绪。也可能聊天者运用文字有意识地掩盖了自己的真实想法。

但从理论上来说,使用文字也有一个好处,那就是可以比较充分地理清思路,有助于加强交流的深度。但是网络交流通常又会受时间的限制。一方面,在网上,“时间”就是金钱。另一方面,如果反应迟钝,就可能失去一个聊天对象。事实上,人们在网上的交流也是争分夺秒的。相对来说,网上聊天中理性的交流并不多。

篇5:网络中的人际传播

从现有的受众调查来看,E-mail和聊天等人际交流手段,是人们在网络中使用得较多的一类服务。

下面是CNNIC在7月进行的调查结果

用户最常使用的网络服务(多选结果):

电子邮箱: 87.65%

搜索引擎: 55.91%

软件上传或下载服务: 50.69%

各类信息查询: 49.28%

网上聊天室: 38.81%

新闻组: 25.37%

BBS电子公告栏: 21.17%

网上寻呼机: 20.72%

免费个人主页空间: 19.68%

网上游戏娱乐: 17.70%

网上炒股: 14.64%

网上购物或商务活动: 14.09%

网络电话: 9.63%

网上支付: 3.67%

其它服务: 11.01%

这个调查结果表明,人们是非常愿意把网络作为一种人际传播的渠道的。

二、网络人际传播的特点

网络作为一种全新的人际传播手段,提供了很多新的人际传播的体验。它的特点也是十分鲜明的。

1.网络人际传播是一种以文字交流为主的传播。

无论是E-mail还是网上聊天,人们都是以文字为主要交流手段的。文字便于清楚地表达深刻的思想。这可能有助于加强传播的效果。但另一方面,由于人们不能面对面,所以一些辅助性的“语言”不能使用,这又可能削弱传播的直接性。

为了在文字的交流中表达感情,网民们在实践中发明了一套独特的网络符号。

下面是网上关于表情的一些符号:

:-) 这是最普通的基本笑脸,通常加在句尾或文章结束的地方。表示开玩笑的意思,或表示微笑。

:-0表示吃惊或恍然大悟。

|-D 呵呵笑。

:-< 难过时候的苦笑。

(:-& 暗示这个人正在生气。

(:-( 紧皱眉头,又愁眉苦脸。

(0--< 面无表情,目光呆滞。

:-( 悲伤或者生气的脸。

:-(*) 恶心,想吐。

^-^ 不必转头就可以看的笑脸。

这些“网络语言”通常是用一些键盘上可以找到的符号,代替人的表情,很多符号需要将头转“90度”才能看明白。事实上,很多人都根据自己的想象在不断发明自己的符号。

与这些符号类似,一些聊天室也提供了一些“脸谱”帮助人们表态自己的情绪。但是,不是所有人都熟悉那些约定俗成的符号的含义,而“脸谱”所能传达的含义也是不完整的,或者是不准确的。

与我们通常使用的语言文字不同的是,网络的交流往往另有一套自己的语言体系。例如,将妹妹称为“美眉”,将上网资历浅的人称为“菜鸟”等。能否熟练使用网络语言,常常关系到人们能否在网上顺利地与人沟通。随着网络的发展,网上语言也会更加多样化。

网络人际传播以文字为主要手段,还意味着,打字的速度会成为交流的另一种障碍。特别是对于聊天而言,如果一方打字速度太慢,就可能使另一方失去交流的热情。

篇6:网络中的人际传播

文字交流的另一个效果是,网民给自己取的代号或“昵称”,甚至会成为他能否吸引到交流对象,吸引到什么样的交流对象的一个重要因素。例如,女性化的名字,更受男性网民的青睐。借用某个名人的名字,往往也会更加引人注目。

尽管随着网络带宽的增加和多媒体技术的发展,网络交流的手段也可能更加丰富,但是文字交流还会是主要的一种。

2.网络人际传播具有广泛性。

传统意义上的人际传播一般受到各种因素的限制,相对来说,交流的范围是有限的。主要是在自己认识的圈子中,虽然也可以在旅途与陌生人交流,或者通过征友的方式与外界交流,但其范围和数量都是有限的。而网络则仿佛使人们随时随地处于旅途中,人们可以不断地变换交流的对象,这些交流对象的来源也更加广泛,可以说,基本上打破了地域的局限性。不同文化背景的人通过网络进行人际传播的可能性大大增加。

3.网络人际传播常常具有偶然性。

网上聊天中的一部分,具有很强的偶然性。相对来说,萍水相逢的交流对象,需要有一个较长时间的预热期,即在他们达到真正的交流之前,他们可能需要用很多无聊的语言来进行彼此的试探,这些试探决定他们之间是否有兴趣真正交流下去。在这个过程中,有较多的冗余信息。交流对象之间需要多长的预热期,主要取决于交流者的性格。

4. 网络人际传播具有匿名性。

网络的传播对象往往带有偶然性,也同时具有匿名的特点。这使得个体的表现往往与他在物理世界的表现大相径庭。同时,这也使个体在进行自我表达时,会较少顾及社会规范的约束,比较任性。因为匿名性,他无需对自己的行为承担后果。

如果借用弗洛依德的“本我”、“自我”、“超我”的三分法,那么,在聊天过程中,人们很有可能将平日鲜有机会当众表露的“本我”表现出来。现在聊天室里,常常有一种“语言暴力”的现象,即成员使用非常粗俗甚至侮辱性的语言,对另外的成员进行攻击。

但是,当我们看到聊天室的无序状态时,不应仅仅是简单地指责上网者的素质与水平,而是看到这种状况之后的心理动因。实际上,人们在网络里的表现,往往来源于在物理世界的心理压力。例如工作繁忙、学习负担重、人际关系紧张、家庭矛盾等。当人们在聊天室时,往往是希望通过交流来排遣自己。因此观察网民如何在聊天中进行减压,有助于了解他们在现实生活中的压力。

现实世界人际交流,会受到一些因素的.干扰,例如交流者的身份、地位等。但网络的匿名也带来了人们之间的社会等级差异的消失。相对来说匿名交流,是一种更平等更纯粹的交流。它使交流内容与技巧等的重要性得到凸显。

5.个体在网络人际传播中具有多重性。

一个上网者可以同时与多个对象聊天,或者在不同时候与不同的对象交流。在不同的交流情境中,他扮演的角色可能是不同的。与某一些对象,他显示的是自己的优秀的一面,与另外一些对象,他可能更多展示出阴暗面。在某些时候,他可能是一个口若悬河的主动的交谈者,另一些时候他又可能是一个木讷的被动的谈话对象。有些人甚至显示的性别也是时常游移的。网上聊天,往往会与戏剧表演有某种契合之处。从表象看,一个人给自己设定一个什么样的名字,就已经给自己的形象定下了一个基调。进一步看,一个人决定何时以何种面目出现,既与他自己的心情、处境有关,也与他的交流对象有关。

网络人际交流中角色转换的便利性,也使一些人可以实现自己在现实生活中被压抑的欲望,特别是当这些欲望与社会规范相冲突时。例如,一个“扮异癖”说:“在绝望中,我来到了因特网的世界。起先,我是用女孩名在网上充当Girl,许多热情的男孩把我当成了真正的Girl,要与我交朋友。在网上我就觉得自己真正成了女孩,可以毫无顾忌地使用女性的语言甚至撒娇。我真是好开心。”

但总体上看,个体的网络人际传播过程,是一个从全面试探逐渐走向稳定的过程。也可以说,是一个广种薄收的过程。经过一定时间的交流后,大多数人会找到几个固定的交流对象。与这些对象的交流甚至可以从网上走到网下,发展出友情、爱情。当然,这时,仍不排除他们会与陌生的网民进行一些偶然的交流。

三、网络人际传播对物理世界的影响

(一) 对物理世界人际交流质量的影响

对于网络,人们说,它可以让天涯变咫尺,也可以让咫尺变天涯。这种说法中,包括了这样一个担心,即人们会不会由于过多沉溺于网上的交流而忽视与自己身边的人的交流?

这种担心不是没有依据的。

网络人际传播的特点,使它比物理世界的人际传播更轻松,并且可以作为紧张的现实生活的一个泄压阀。有时,它甚至像是一种毒品,可以起到麻醉自己,让自己忘却现实烦恼与痛苦。但是,如果用这种方法作为逃避现实的手段,日久天长,负面效果就会越来越明显:

一些人不能很好地处理现实中的人际关系与矛盾,一些人与身边的人的交流日益减少。一些人习惯了网络交流的方式与语言,回到现实世界里来,难免会有不适应的感觉。这也会减少他们对现实的人际交流的愿望。

篇7:网络中的人际传播

从另一方面看,双方不见面时,可以克服羞涩心理,更加敞开心扉。但匿名状态下,人们也可能会隐藏真实的自己。

对于聊天室的聊天来说,大多数聊天对象是随机形成的,双方在此之前没有任何交流。因此,传播的目的不明确,传播的效果也不好。而通过即时传呼产生的聊天对象,常常是老朋友,相对来说,交流的目的和效果会更好些。

另一个特点是,在聊天室里,人际传播的网络十分复杂,并且具有不确定性。

在一个多人参加的聊天室中,加入聊天的人数是可以动态变化的,人们之间的相互关系也可能随时发生变化。总的来说,这是一个全通道型的交流网络,每个人都可以与参加聊天的其它人进行对话。这种结构是一种平等的交流结构,但它的效率也是比较低的。在聊天室中,人们谈话的主题时常会发生变化,人们的喜好时常发生变化,人们之间的结盟关系也往往是摇摆不定,所以常常是几个小时过去,人们也没有达成什么共识。此外,由于人们一般对交流对象缺乏必要的了解,通常也无法选择合适的交流内容以及说服对方的手段。从传统意义上看,这种交流的效果是不能令人满意的。但也许这正是人们进入聊天室的乐趣之一。人们在聊天室中更看重的是过程而不是结果。这个过程对抱着不同目的上网的人们有着不同的意义:有人从中发现与自己兴趣相投的人,有人享受舌战群儒的乐趣,有的人可能只是为了解闷或发泄。而对于旁观者来说,他从别人的聊天中看到的,更像是类似于“头脑风暴”的过程,他从中得到的不一定是定论,而只是一些片断的启发。

篇8:网络中的人际传播

实际上,现在已经有一些人就患上了网络成瘾症。2000年3月美国史丹福大学一项调查发现,全球约有20万网民患上“强迫型性上瘾”病。

网络成瘾症,有英语里对应的词有Cyber Addiction、Computer Addiction或Internet Addiction。也有人认为用“网络的病态使用”(pathological Internet Use (PIU))更为合适。心理学家也称之为一种病。这种病的主要原因之一,就是因为过分依赖网络中的人际关系,而失去对现实生活的兴趣。

网络成瘾症主要症状有:上网后精神极度亢奋并乐此不疲,长时间使用网络以获得心理满足,上网后行为不能自制,或通过上网来逃避现实,并时常出现焦虑、忧郁、人际关系淡漠、情绪波动、烦躁不安等现象;对家人和朋友隐瞒自己是 “网虫”;上网时间每次都超过原来计划,甚至整夜地游荡在虚幻的环境中,而到白天工作时则昏昏欲睡,对现实生活无兴趣;不上网时手指会不停地运动,严重时全身打颤、痉挛、摔毁器物;甚至只是为了活下去不得不吃饭和睡觉;有人因陷得太深而不能自拔,最终走上自杀的道路。

(二) 对人的社会化过程的影响

社会化是一个人由“自然人”成长为“社会人”的过程。在这过程中,个体要学习语言、知识、技能行为准则以适应社会环境。而社会也是由于个体的“社会化”,而使社会成员形成大体一致的观念、价值和社会规范体系,从而使社会秩序得以维持,社会发展的连续性得到保证。

对于个体来说,社会化的意义体现在以下几方面:

1.社会化是个体得以适应社会,参与社会生活,在社会环境中独立生存的必要前提,

2.继续社会化(成人不断学习、接受新的文化内容及适应角色变化的过程)是个体适应社会变迁的必要途径。

而从社会角度看,社会化的作用在于:

1.没有经过社会化的人也就没有社会,没有那些具备与社会发展相适应的知识、能力和素质的人,社会就不能维持正常的运行。

2.如果没有社会化,社会及其文化就不能保持其一致性,共同的社会目标就无法实现。而这种一致性,主要是通过社会化来完成的。

3.没有社会化,社会文化就不能世代延续和发展下去。

社会化的内容包括以下几方面:

1.促进人格形成和发展,培养完美的自我观念。

2.内化价值观念,传递社会文化。

3.掌握社会技能,培养社会角色。

人的社会化过程,外界环境的影响是极其重要的,家庭、学校、同龄群体、工作单位、大众传媒等,都是这环境的组成部分。而在家庭、学校、群体、工作单位这些环境中,影响往往是通过人际交流产生的。因此,人际交流在人的社会化过程的起着重要作用。

网络出现后,网络中的人际传播也不可避免地影响到人的社会化。

社会化的任务之一是建立健全的人格。人格也称为个性,是指个人具有的稳定的、综合的心理特征。它包括人对社会环境的态度和行为的积极特征,如需要、动机、兴趣、理想、观念、态度、行为等。另一方面,也指人的个性心理特征。个性的核心内容及形成、发展水平的标志是自我意识,即对于自己的特征及生理、心理状况的认识,例如,自我评价、自我感觉、自尊心、自信心、自制力、独立性、自卑感等。

人们的自我意识,常常是以他人对自己的认识为镜子的。但是,在网络里,当一个以各种不同的面目出现时,别人对他的认识也就难免失真。反过来,这些来自他人的评价,会使个体对自己的认识更加混沌。

一个人在网络里把自己分成若干个角色时,也会带来角色冲突的迷惑。这些角色与他在现实生活中的角色之间的冲突,可能更加严重。甚至有可能导致“人格分裂”。这样,关于自我的认识也就很难正常建立起来。

社会化另一项任务是将一致的社会文化价值观传达给个体,使个体接受与维持社会规范,保证社会的运行。但网络提供的是一个介于“似”与“不似”之间的拟态社会。这个社会特点,决定了它很难形成像现实世界那样强烈的社会规范,有很多行为也难以受到法律的明确约束。对于正在成长中的青少年来说,如果他们的社会化过程主要依赖网络来完成,那么危险是显然的:他们可能会把网络中培养出来的任性、放纵、撒谎、不负责任、不守规矩等习惯,也应用到物理世界中。如果他们过早地接触网络,那么,他们的社会规范观念会更加淡薄。

2000年1月14日《广州日报》的这篇报道也许能说明一些问题:

香港的一项有关青少年使用ICQ的调查显示,近三成受访中学生经常在ICQ说谎;另有百分之五有过分沉溺於ICQ的“上瘾”表现。据闻资讯科技及广播局局长邝其志也迷上ICQ,不惜用假名结识网友。

这项名为“青少年使用ICQ的调查”是由突破机构于去年十一月至十二月间进行,在全港二十间中学访问了一千四百多名中学生。调查显示,五成受访中学生使用ICQ作沟通工具,并认为ICQ才是一个可以真正表达自己的地方。

高校英语教学中师生关系探究

广告学专业自我介绍

市场营销系广告学专业自我介绍

电子商务职业规划

个人素养提升计划范文

计算机职业规划书

电子商务专业职业生涯规划

EFL环境下的文化图式建构

我的大学计划

物联网专业职业生涯规划书

社会关系和人际网络英语
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