雅思阅读考试必知的八类词（整理6篇）由网友“敖书”投稿提供，下面是小编精心整理的雅思阅读考试必知的八类词，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
篇1：雅思阅读考试必知的八类词
纵观雅思阅读类各种出题点，万变不离其宗，路标词(Signpost Words)决定一切，参透八类最重要的SW，平均分就可以提到1分，当然还需要接受专业的指导。让我们认识可能改变你人生的八类词。1.并列递进：（段落开头出现这些词，可以判断出这一段以及上一段的主要内容）thennext对......的替换2.对比转折转折：On the other hand，让步词：（中文是虽然+但是， 英文中只有一个）3.相似不同相同不同：阻止......的大规模消失=实现多样性：species diversity,linguistic variety, 万花筒：kaleidoscope ，multiplicity 多样性, multifaceted 多面性我们要拯救语言，不让其消失。段落开头出现下列词汇，表示解决方案：4.序列词开始：暂停：继续：最后：5.强调结构：转折为强调否定结构：几乎不)否定，不在这次行动中我机会没有犯错。但这次行动离完美还很远。考略到合作 with each other. 大多数的队员都没能做到协调一致缺乏：所以领导说这可能是因为我们平时缺乏训练。ADD注意力缺乏紊乱症6.因果关系词+ 起作用+ 有联系原因：好beneficial, 坏detrimental, factor因素, reason, cause, trigger, impetus behind 背后的推动力, incentive诱惑因素结果：=灾难：incident, accident, damage, hazard, detrimental, disaster, issue, 自然灾害
篇2：雅思阅读考试遇到生僻词怎么办
雅思阅读考试 遇到生僻词怎么办
举例1：Husband：it's really cold out tonight.Wife： Sure it is. My hands are practically numb.How about lighting the furnace?
根据生活经验，天气寒冷时，手肯定是“冻僵的，冻得麻木的”。
在猜测词义过程中，除了使用上面提到的一些雅思阅读技巧，参加雅思考试的学生还可以依靠构词方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。
1.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如：
Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high(高的，强的)和light(光线)两部分组成，合在一起便是“以强光照射，使突出”的意思。
Bullfight is very popular in Spain.Bull(公牛)和fight(打，搏斗)结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动---斗牛。
“雅思阅读生僻词技巧”
2.根据前缀猜测词义例如：
He fell into a ditch and lay there， semiconscious， for a few minutes。根据词根conscious(清醒的，有意识的)，结合前缀semi(半，部分的，不完全的)，我们便可猜出semiconscious 词义“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。
I'm illiterate about such things。词根literate意为“有文化修养的，通晓的”，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指“一窍不通，不知道的”。
3.根据后缀猜测词义例如：
Insecticide is applied where it is needed。后缀cide表示“杀者，杀灭剂”，结合大家熟悉的词根insect(昆虫)，不难猜出insecticide意为“杀虫剂”。
语言环境对于记单词是一个非常重要的因素，只有通过一定的语言环境，去理解词的内涵，甚至是其表达方式的文化背景。雅思考试中如果遇到生僻词不要紧张重要的是你平时的积累以及掌握能力，任何一门知识只有真正被吸收了才是真正的获得。
备考雅思阅读的关键介绍
众所周知，雅思阅读考试时间比较紧张，所以时间的把握是相当重要的，那么除了时间之外，备考雅思阅读的关键是什么呢?下面就跟着小编一起来了解下吧。
首先，考生们了解雅思阅读的一定知道雅思时间很紧张，因此在雅思阅读考试中药严格控制时间，特别是英文阅读水平相对一般的学生来说，可以称得上是至关重要的。即便以英语作为母语的人都可能在雅思考试规定的时间内完全理解所有单词，所以不要想着看懂一篇文章中的每个内容，一定要控制好时间。雅思阅读学习是比较难的，雅思阅读材料的积累同样很重要。大家需要重视一下。
其次，速度的练习需要考生在平时提高雅思阅读速度的意识，这就需要考生有计划的进行雅思阅读的规模练习。在雅思的考生中其实有一大部分考生都是已经离开学校一些年，或者已经有一段时间没有系统持续的英语学习的。
最后，考生要活学活用，懂得阅读“例句”来答题，懂得运用语法知识核对答案。答案中，无论是单词、短语或句子，都要符合语法。运用语法知识，可以查出答案是否正确。这对图表填空、简答题、填空题和完成句子这几种题型会很有帮助。
雅思阅读答题效率低的原因解读
首先，当然是词汇。任何一篇内容相对复杂的阅读文章，都不可避免地出现大量生僻词语或者是难度相对较大的单词。从文章的选材而言，范围是十分丰富的，主要来自世界各国主要的英文报刊杂志，内容涉及任何一个国家的文化、经济、自然和科技等。而IELTS考试所考查的，是实际运用语言的能力，所以在考试中真正需要理解的单词，或是题目中真正考查到的单词，往往是英语阅读中的一些最核心的单词。这些单词虽然数量不多，难度不大，但却是必须掌握的。就考试而言，掌握6000左右的常用词汇，即大学六级大纲中所要求的词汇是必须的。
第二，复杂的句型结构。有些同学的词汇量已经达到了6000左右，但是依然感觉读不懂文章，这就是因为文章中充斥着大量结构复杂难以把握的复杂句。如：The challenge now is to develop policies and practices based on a presumption of shared responsibility between men and women, and a presumption that there are potential benefits for men and women, as well as for families and the community, if there is greater gender equality in the responsibilities and pleasures of family life. 这是一个相对复杂的句子，主干是the challenge now is to develop policies and practices, 从based on到句子的结尾处是由过去分词短语充当的状语。后一个presumption后面有一个由that引导的从句，充当presumption的同位语。在同位语的后面，有一个if 引导的条件状语从句。一般而言，对同学们造成障碍的是并列句或并列复合句，倒装结构，所以在训练时可以精挑一个语段做仔细分析。建议大家最好在备考中将雅思阅读题型分类，多了解一下雅思常识。
第三，题型多样化。这个障碍使原本已经拥有相当英语语言实力的考生，在考试中因为缺乏对题型的理解，或是被众多题型干扰，不能正常发挥。一些必考题型如list of headings, summary, T/F/NG等，可以作为练习重点。如summary题是很多同学感到头痛的题型，普遍感到非常难找。其实不然，只要记住两大原则即可。原则一，顺序原则。summary题的答案排列顺序，必定与文章的行文顺序一致。原则二，完整的summary，不仅应该能够体现文章本身所表达的思想含义，而且必须是符合语法规律的英语文章。所以根据语法也可以进行判断。
在准备考试的过程中，除了要做IELTS考题之外，还要进行泛读和快速阅读。泛读可以选择一些英美主流媒体的文章，在网站上可以找到，目的是熟悉单词和句型。快速阅读就是用扫描文章的方法对其结构有大致的了解，并把握其主旨。同时，在重点句子和词汇上做出标记。这种方法对阅读考试帮助极大，平时可多加练习。另外，为了提高阅读的速度还要养成良好的阅读习惯，不能边看边用嘴跟着读，眼、嘴并用必会降低阅读速度;一旦发现生词(这种情况绝大多数同学都肯定要遇到)，先不要紧张，要通过英语构词法(前缀、词根和后缀)来分析推测词义，或结合上下文、前后词语去猜测，如果根据上下文及前后词语还是无法确切了解其真正含义，可以再看一下这个词对整个句子所构成的影响是肯定的，还是否定的，实际上这对你理解作者的意图已足够了，实在不行就做上记号，将来看一看是否影响答题，如无影响就坚决忽略。
雅思阅读障碍分析详解
雅思阅读障碍(1) 单词
IELTS普通培训类阅读文章中涉及词汇7000左右，但具备4000左右(即大学英语四级水平)即可应考。单词量不够的考生，应在短期内迅速扩充认知词汇，为看文章做题打下一个良好的基础。
有些考生脱离语境孤立地背单词，这样容易遗忘或混淆单词的意义。如有考生考试时遇到contribution(设计;设法做到)想不起来什么意思，只记得在词汇表里该单词位于contribution(贡献)之后、controversial(有争议的)之前。要解决这个问题，考生可以通过制作单词卡片，正面写英文拼写，背面写中文释义的方法来记忆。每天背一定量的生词，并不断补充，而且还可以打乱次序。当然，最有效的是在上下文，即文章当中记忆单词。
雅思阅读障碍(2) 句子
IELTS阅读中有的题目考的是对于文章中某一句子的理解，若考生领会有偏差，就容易失分。考生应对一些复合句，尤其是双重否定句、比较句、指代句等有一定的了解。在遇到比较复杂的句子的时候，应静下心来，从把握句子主干一一主谓结构着手来分析句子结构。
雅思阅读障碍(3)速度
几乎任何阅读考试均同时考查阅读速度(speed)与理解精确度(accuracy)。IELTS普通培训类阅读考试要求考生在60分钟的时间里迅速而准确地答题。为赶时间而一味求快或为追求准确而放弃一些题的做法都是不可取的。总的来说，阅读速度的改善不容易一蹴而就，需要大量的练习和长时间的努力。不过，掌握一些阅读技巧，革除一些坏习惯，将有助于看文章时加快速度。
快速阅读最关键的是在扫描文章的时候把握段落的主旨，并做出标记，并且在看完文章后对文章的结构有大致的了解。至于阅读的坏习惯，约有以下几种 ① 边看边读 有的同学由于以前学英语课文的时候有朗读的习惯，碰到英语文章，总是情不自禁地读出声来，或是口里念念有词。这样做的后果，必然是阅读速度降低。解决问题的关键是，一定要树立“看”文章而不是“读”文章的心态。 ② 一次只看一个单词 有的同学是逐词逐词地看，一眼只看一个单词，这样做，不仅速度慢， 而且可能会出现这样一种情形：每个单词都认识，但整句话就是理解不了。克服上述逐词阅读坏习惯的方法是争取眼睛在文章中移动的速度逐步加快，一次看一个意群(sense unit)，而不是只看一个单词。意群的划分如例所示：It is possible to use this iron in a vertical position so that you can remove creases from clothes on coat hangers or from curtains. ③ 遇生词则停顿习惯于在做题的时候先把所有生词查出来的考生，在实战时容易出现碰到生词就停下来思索很长时间以致于打断阅读连贯性的情况。考生应该平时养成根据上下文猜测单词含义的习惯，而对于那些不影响理解的生词，则可以忽略不计。
雅思阅读障碍(4) 不根据文章内容而是按自己的臆测做题
IELTS阅读考查的是考生对于所考文章理解，而不是考生的知识面或是对于某个问题的见解。切忌不依照文章内容判断而凭生活常识或个人感觉来答题，在做TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN题的时候尤其要注意这一点。
篇3：雅思阅读考点词
雅思判断题的考点大致可以分为四类：
第一类：比较考点。
也就是考查单个事物或者多个事物就某一方面特性的比较。
通常来说特征词有如下一些：横向比较：better similar another the other relative most;纵向比较：future next second latter。对于这类考点，考点词就是比较部分的关键词。例如：10-1-3 39.It is easier for smaller companies to be innovative.
很显然，按照我们刚才定位词的原则来看，smaller companies应该是这句话实际的主语，因此我们可以用它来做定位词。至于考点词，因为此句刚好是比较考点，因此考点词就是easier。
第二类：数字考点。
顾名思义，只要是题干出现的数字、百分比、年份、时间区间等等，我们都可以称之为数字考点。
数字考点考察的内容，通常来说就两类，第一，数字的准确性;第二，百分比后的主题，或者说范围的准确性。例如：
10-1-2 25. The Gothenburg European Council was set up 30 years ago.
定位词：Gothenburg European Council
考点词：30 years ago
第三类：绝.对考点。
标志词：any never always impossible immediately most every none all fully correctly absolutely等。
只要出现了绝.对的副词、形容词，那么我们的关注重点就应该是此类词语在原文原句中有没有相应的表达。
仍然以10-1-1 Examples of ancient stepwells can be found all over the world.
刚才我们已经判断出定位词是ancient stepwells, 而考点词现在来看就非常清楚了，就是all。
第四类：是非考点。
此类考点多半是陈述句，没有比较级的词语，没有数字，也没有绝.对的形容词或者副词。这类考点反而是雅思考试中占比重比较大的一类考点。因为变化或者考察的点比较分散，所以在这里不展开来讲。通常来说，是非考点的陈述句谓语部分是考点。
例如，10-2-3 37. The approach of art historians conflicts with that of art museums.
记住：主语是定位词，谓语是考点词。这样的话：art historians 就是定位词，而conflict 就是考点词了。 如果文章说到冲突就对，说到一致就是错。
雅思阅读材料大集合：美国人整形为了自拍?
Plastic surgeons say they're seeing more patients who want facial surgery, and they attribute the rise to social media and the growing “selfie” trend.
据CNET报道，整形外科医务人员表示现在越来越多的病人想要进行面部整形，他们认为之所以会出现这种现象，是因为受到当下社交媒体和愈演愈烈的全民自拍风潮的影响。
In response to a survey conducted by the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, one in three plastic surgeons reported seeing an increase in requests for facial procedures by patients who wanted to look better online. The doctors reported that between and , they saw a 10 percent rise in nose jobs, a 7 percent rise in hair transplants, and a 6 percent rise in eyelid surgery.
据美国科学院外科整形和再造外科学会发表的报道：接受采访的整形外科医院中，有三分之一的整形医师认为，越来越多的人想要进行整形手术，因为这些人都想在网络上看起来更美丽更英俊。医生表示，2012至间，隆鼻顾客多出10%，头发移植多出7%，双眼皮手术多出6%。
“Social platforms like Instagram, Snapchat, and the iPhone app Selfie.im, which are solely image based, force patients to hold a microscope up to their own image and often look at it with a more self-critical eye than ever before,” Dr. Edward Farrior, president of the academy, said in a news release. “These images are often the first impressions young people put out there to prospective friends, romantic interests, and employers, and our patients want to put their best face forward.”
“Instagram, Snapchat，还有iPhone应用Selfie.im等社交平台，均为图片社交，人们被迫仔细端摩自己的照片，用前所未有的自我批判视角对自己进行审视，”该学会主席爱德华?法里奥博士说道。“年轻人在网络上发布这些照片是为了结识新朋友，寻找艳遇，同事也能看到，所以前来整容的顾客都希望自己可以更上相。”
In part because of social media, surgeons reported that plastic-surgery patients are getting younger.
据报道，整形外科手术顾客呈低龄化趋势，而这或多或少和社交媒体都有些关系。
The annual poll queries a select group of the organization's 2,700 members to get a sense of the latest trends in facial plastic surgery. This year, 58 percent of the doctors surveyed said they saw an increase in patients under 30 coming in for plastic surgery and injections in the last year.
这项年度调查询问了这个学会的2700名成员，询问他们对于近来面部整容手术风潮的相关看法。今年有58%的医生表示，去年一年，越来越多的三十岁以下年轻女性前来接受面部整形手术和面部注射整容。
The study found that bullying is also a factor in young people deciding to get surgery, “but most surgeons surveyed report children and teens are undergoing plastic surgery as a result of being bullied (69 percent) rather than to prevent being bullied (31 percent).”
研究发现，受到欺侮也是年轻人决定整容的一个原因，“医患调查结果表明：青少年儿童整容病例中，69%是受到欺凌的结果，预防欺凌占31%。”
Women are still plastic surgery's primary customers, accounting for 81 percent of all procedures and injections, but men are increasingly becoming more interested in plastic surgery. Whereas women more often ask for facelifts and eye lifts, men are more interested in keeping their hair and combating wrinkles.
当今，女性仍为整容手术的主要消费群体，在所有疗程、注射等整容项目中占有81%，但男性对整容也越发感兴趣了。女性整容项目通常为拉皮，割双眼皮，而男性整容项目通常是生发和抗皱。
Meanwhile, in the under-35 category, the nose job remained the most popular elective surgical procedure for both genders, accounting for 90 percent of procedures in women and 86 percent in men.
与此同时，35岁以下的整容者不论男女都很中意美鼻，此项目占女性整容病例的90%，男性整容病例的86%。
Have your selfies ever made you feel self-conscious about the way you look?
你的自拍照是否曾经也让你对自己的容貌有所思考呢?
雅思阅读材料大集合：EQ高也是一把双刃剑
如同其他能力一样，情商也是一把双刃剑，既能作为成功的垫脚石，又能成为危害他人和社会的利器。下面就和我们一同来揭开高情商的阴暗面。
Emotional intelligence, or EQ, is the ability to read and understand emotions in ourselves and others. It is said that emotional intelligence accounts for 80 percent of one’s success.
情商也称EQ，是一种读懂自身和他人情绪的能力。据说一个人的成功80%取决于情商的高低。
That’s almost certainly an exaggeration. But ever since the 1995 publication of US psychologist and science writer Daniel Goleman’s best-seller, Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ, EQ has been seen by leaders and educators as the solution to many social problems. In some Western countries such as the US, emotional intelligence is now taught widely in secondary, business and medical schools.
这一说法虽然略显夸张。但是自从1995年美国心理学家兼科学作家丹尼尔?戈尔曼的畅销书《情商:它为什么比智商更重要》出版以来，很多领导者和教育家都将情商视为解决诸多社会问题的关键。如今，在美国等西方国家，在中学、商学院和医学院中情商教学随处可见。
Anti-social behavior
反社会行为
EQ is important. But our enthusiasm for it has obscured a dark side, says a recent article in The Atlantic.
美国《大西洋月刊》近日刊登文章称，情商固然重要，但是人们的趋之若鹜却掩盖了它的黑暗面。
Weapon of mass emotion
操纵大众情绪的武器
Recent research and studies show that as people improve their emotional skills, they become better at manipulating others. When someone knows what others are feeling, they can tug at their heartstrings and motivate them to act against their own best interests.
最新研究表明，随着人们情商能力的提高，他们会更擅长操纵他人。当一个人能了解别人的感受时，他就可以撩动他们的心弦，促使他们做出违背自身最大利益的行为。
Does this remind you of those “managers” at pyramid scheme companies? Hundreds of thousands of otherwise cautious and rational people have been brainwashed by their impassioned speeches and become bankrupt as a result.
这是否会令你联想到那些非法传销公司的“经理”们?无数处事理智而谨慎的人被他们激情澎湃的演讲洗脑，最后却落得个倾家荡产的下场。
Social scientists have begun to document this dark side of emotional intelligence. A study by the University of Cambridge found that when a leader gave an inspiring speech filled with emotion, the audience was less likely to scrutinize the message and remembered less of the content.
社会科学家已经开始研究情商的黑暗面。剑桥大学一项研究发现，当一名领导人充满激情地演讲时，听众不会太注意其传达的信息，并且记住的内容也很少。
Researchers call this the “awestruck effect”, but it may just as easily be described as the dumbstruck effect, says The Atlantic article. Leaders who master emotions can rob us of our capacity to reason. If they have self-serving motives, or their values are out of step with our own, emotional intelligence becomes a weapon of manipulation and the results can be devastating.
据《大西洋月刊》报道，研咳嗽苯涑莆熬次沸вΑ保埠苋菀妆幻枋龀伞熬判вΑ薄I朴谡瓶厍樾鞯牧斓颊呋崛梦颐巧ナП姹鹗欠堑哪芰Α5彼遣彼嚼亩蛘咚堑募壑倒塾胛颐堑牟缓吓氖保樯叹突岜涑刹倏厮饲樾鞯奈淦鳎浜蠊豢吧柘搿
Hidden agenda
隐藏的动机
This is consistent with another recent study from Kyoto University. According to The Huffington Post, the study shows that “people with high interpersonal EQ influence others’ emotions based on their own goals”.
该观点与日本京都大学的一项研究成果不谋而合。据《赫芬顿邮报》报道，该研究表明：“高情商者会根据自己的目标去干扰他人情绪”。
A research team led by University College London professor Martin Kilduff shed more light on this dark side of emotional intelligence. According to them, emotional intelligence helps people disguise one set of emotions while expressing another for personal gain. Emotionally intelligent people “intentionally shape their emotions to fabricate favorable impressions of themselves”, Kilduff’s team writes in the journal Research in Organizational Behavior. “The strategic disguise of one’s own emotions and the manipulation of others’ emotions for strategic ends are behaviors evident not only on Shakespeare’s stage but also in the offices and corridors where power and influence are traded.”
伦敦大学学院的马丁?吉尔达夫教授带领一支研究小组揭开了情商的黑暗面。该小组称，人们为了谋取私利，会掩饰情绪，当面一套背后一套。情商高的人“会故意给人留下对自己有利的印象”。吉尔达夫率领的研究小组在《组织行为研究》期刊中写道：“采取策略来伪装个人情绪，同时为了达到战略目的而操控他人情绪，这些行为不仅出现在莎翁的戏剧中，在交易权力和影响力的场所也十分常见。”
It seems that to better understand the dark side of EQ, we need look no further than Shakespeare’s Macbeth or its modern adaption on TV: House of Cards.
看来，要想更好地了解情商的黑暗面，我们只需看看莎翁名著《麦克白》或者它的现代电视剧版——《纸牌屋》就够了
雅思阅读材料大集合：小睡一个小时的作用有多大?
The average Briton gets six-and-a-half hours' sleep a night, according to the Sleep Council. Michael Mosley took part in an unusual experiment to see if this is enough.
It has been known for some time that the amount of sleep people get has, on average, declined over the years.
This has happened for a whole range of reasons, not least because we live in a culture where people are encouraged to think of sleep as a luxury - something you can easily cut back on. After all, that's what caffeine is for - to jolt you back into life. But while the average amount of sleep we are getting has fallen, rates of obesity and diabetes have soared. Could the two be connected?
We wanted to see what the effect would be of increasing average sleep by just one hour. So we asked seven volunteers, who normally sleep anywhere between six and nine hours, to be studied at the University of Surrey's Sleep Research Centre.
The volunteers were randomly allocated to two groups. One group was asked to sleep for six-and-a-half hours a night, the other got seven-and-a-half hours. After a week the researchers took blood tests and the volunteers were asked to switch sleep patterns. The group that had been sleeping six-and-a-half hours got an extra hour, the other group slept an hour less.
While we were waiting to see what effect this would have, I went to the John Radcliffe hospital in Oxford to learn more about what actually happens when we sleep.
In the Sleep Centre, they fitted me up with a portable electro-encephalograph, a device that measures brain wave activity. Then, feeling slightly ridiculous, I went home and had my seven-and-a-half hours of sleep.
The following day I went to discuss what had happened inside my head during the night with Dr Katharina Wulff.
The first thing she pointed out was that I had very rapidly fallen into a state of deep sleep. Deep sleep sounds restful, but during it our brains are actually working hard. One of the main things the brain is doing is moving memories from short-term storage into long-term storage, allowing us more short-term memory space for the next day. If you don't get adequate deep sleep then these memories will be lost.
You might think: “I'll cut back during the week and then make up for it at the weekend.” Unfortunately it doesn't work like that, because memories need to be consolidated within 24 hours of being formed.
Since deep sleep is so important for consolidating memories it is a good idea if you are revising or perhaps taking an exam to make sure that you're getting a reasonable night's sleep. In one study, people who failed to do so did 40% worse than their contemporaries.
Deep sleep only lasts for a few hours. My electrode results showed that during the night my brain went through multiple phases of another kind of activity, called REM sleep.
“This is the phase when you are usually paralysed - so you can't move,” Wulff explained. But the eye muscles are not paralysed, and that's why it's called rapid eye movement sleep.“
During REM sleep an extraordinary thing happens. One of the stress-related chemicals in the brain, noradrenalin, is switched off. It's the only time, day or night, this happens. It allows us to remain calm while our brains reprocess all the experiences of the day, helping us come to terms with particularly emotional events.
We get more REM sleep in the last half of the night. Which means that if you are woken unexpectedly, your brain may not have dealt with all your emotions - which could leave you stressed and anxious. Drinking alcohol late at night is not a good idea as it reduces your REM sleep while it's being processed in your body.
Back at the University of Surrey our sleep volunteers had finished their second week of the experiment. What we wanted to see was the effect switching from six-and-a-half hours to seven-and-a-half hours, or vice versa, would have on our volunteers.
Computer tests revealed that most of them struggled with mental agility tasks when they had less sleep, but the most interesting results came from the blood tests that were run.
Dr Simon Archer and his team at Surrey University were particularly interested in looking at the genes that were switched on or off in our volunteers by changes in the amount that we had made them sleep.
”We found that overall there were around 500 genes that were affected,“ Archer explained. ”Some which were going up, and some which were going down.“
What they discovered is that when the volunteers cut back from seven-and-a-half to six-and-a-half hours' sleep a night, genes that are associated with processes like inflammation, immune response and response to stress became more active. The team also saw increases in the activity of genes associated with diabetes and risk of cancer. The reverse happened when the volunteers added an hour of sleep.
So the clear message from this experiment was that if you are getting less than seven hours' sleep a night and can alter your sleep habits, even just a little bit, it could make you healthier. ”Have a lie-in, it will do you good“ - that's the kind of health message that doesn't come along very often.
据英国睡眠委员会(Sleep Council)调查显示，英国人平均每天只睡6.5小时。为了验证这样的睡眠是否足够，迈克尔·莫斯利医生(Michael Mosley)参加了一项不寻常的实验。
近些年来，人们已经认识到了这样的事实：我们的平均睡眠时间正在逐渐减少。
这一现象的原因是多方面的，其中之一便是我们所处的文化让我们觉得睡觉是件奢侈的事情，可以轻而易举地缩减。毕竟，咖啡因的功能就在这儿了：把你唤回清醒的状态。然而，随着睡眠量的不断下降，肥胖和糖尿病的发病率却在大幅升高——二者之间会不会有一定关系呢?
我们想看看把平均睡眠时间增加一小时会有什么效果，于是邀请了7位志愿者参加我们的实验。这7个人平日的睡眠在6—9个小时之间。实验由萨里大学(University of Surrey)的睡眠研究中心负责主持。
我们将志愿者随机分为两组，一组每晚睡6.5小时，另一组睡7.5小时。一周之后研究者对两组人的血液进行检测，并调换两组的睡眠量，原来睡6.5小时的一组多睡一小时，另一组则少睡一小时。
就在我们等待实验结果的过程中，我来到位于牛津的约翰·拉德克里夫医院(John Radcliffe hospital)，看看我们睡觉时究竟发生了什么。
在该院的睡眠中心里，工作人员为我戴上一台便携式脑电图仪。就这样，我戴着仪器半觉好笑地回到家，睡了7.5个小时。
第二天，我来到医院，向卡塔琳娜·伍尔夫医生询问了我的情况。
首先，她指出我很快就进入了深睡眠。虽然听上去挺安详，大脑在深睡眠时其实在积极地工作，其中一件重要的事情便是将短期记忆转存到长期记忆中，从而为第二天的短期记忆腾出空间。如果睡得不够，一些短期记忆便会丢失。
你也许会想：“我在工作日里缩减睡眠，到周末再补上不就行了吗?” 遗憾的是，大脑的运行机制并非如此，因为记忆需要在最初形成的24小时内得到强化。
由于深睡眠对于强化记忆十分重要，复习和考试前睡够觉就很有必要。在一项研究中，那些在复习和考试前没能睡够觉的学生比同龄人表现差了40%。
深睡眠只能持续几个小时。我的脑电图显示，大脑在夜里经历了几个称为快速动眼睡眠(REM)的阶段。
“人处于这一阶段时通常是麻痹的，所以动不了。”伍尔夫解释道。但由于这时的眼部肌肉并未麻痹，因此这一阶段的睡眠称作“快速动眼睡眠”。
快速动眼睡眠时，我们的体内会发生一种奇特的变化：脑内的去甲肾上腺素(一种与压力有关的化学物质)会大量消失，使得我们能够在平静中对白天的经历进行再加工，从而更好地应对某些事件对我们造成的情绪影响。然而，无论黑夜还是白天，去甲肾上腺素只有在快速动眼睡眠中才能大量消失。
由于快速动眼睡眠更多地分布于后半夜，如果你在夜里突然醒来，大脑这时很有可能还没完全处理掉你的情绪，从而导致压力感和焦虑的产生。深夜饮酒可不是什么好事情，因为代谢酒精会缩短快速动眼睡眠的时间。
两周后，我们的睡眠志愿者们结束了实验。我们想看看，人在少睡一小时和多睡一小时时会有哪些变化。
计算机测试结果表明，少睡一个小时时，多数人在完成思维敏捷性的任务时显得力不从心。不过更有趣的还是血液的检测结果。
萨里大学的西蒙·阿彻博士和他的团队发现，睡眠时间的变化会影响基因的活跃程度。
“我们发现一共约有500个基因受到影响。”阿彻说。“有些变得更加活跃，有些则相反。”
他们发现，当志愿者的睡眠从7.5小时减少到6.5小时时，体内与炎症、免疫和应对压力相关的基因变得更加活跃，与糖尿病和癌症相关的基因也是如此。而当受试者的睡眠时间增加后，这些基因的活跃程度便减弱了。
因此，实验清楚地表明，对于那些睡不够7个小时的人而言，如果他们能够改变睡眠习惯，哪怕只是做出一点点改变，他们的身体都会变得更健康。“多睡会吧，对你有好处。”遗憾的是，这样的建议我们听到的太少了。
篇4：雅思阅读考试简介
雅思考试分为A类和G类，这个考生们都知道。在A类和G类雅思考试中，听力和口语考试是一样的，但阅读和写作的题目完全不同。这是基于留学和移民人群的不同考察方向。
雅思阅读一共是3篇文章，40题，每题一分，按照分数段0-9分划分。考试总时间60分钟(含答案誊写时间)。
雅思A类阅读文章主要涉及一些大学学术文章，包含人文社科、科学技术甚至医学等多个领域的科普文章。而雅思G类阅读文章则偏向于生活和实际应用文，比如广告，传单，报纸等。
整体上雅思阅读每篇的篇幅在1800-2200字左右，整个考试时间还是比较紧张的。
雅思阅读文章来源
这里只说A类雅思阅读的文章来源，大部分摘选自国外主流媒体的报刊杂志，或某些政府及组织的研究报告等，并适当做改写。
雅思阅读真题中出现过：太空，宇宙概况，以及外星生物探讨;全球气候变暖，厄尔尼诺，洋流异常，臭氧层破坏;环境保护(海洋，生物，陆地，森林等)及环境污染(化学，石油泄漏等)，语言学，考古学，生物学，简单医学等等。
比如国外知名的：新科学家，就是一份内容水平很高的科普杂志，不仅雅思，托福及其他考试中，这类期刊杂志的文章常常被引用。
还有大家比较熟悉的《国家地理》、《科学美国人》等。因为其文章的学术性强，权威性很高，在欧美国家民众心目中有很高的地位。
雅思阅读中引用的其他杂志包括：《自然》、《泰晤士报》等。
G类雅思阅读的内容来源就比较杂了，主要是其文章覆盖面很广，包括菜单、产品说明书、通知和广告等，都是实用性很强的应用型文章，基本来源于一些生活报刊或广告宣传页。
篇5：雅思阅读考试简介
雅思阅读题型包括：选择题、填空题、判断题和配对题，以此延伸出的题型还有信息匹配题，标题配对，及句子总结题，流程图及地图题等。
选择题包括单选和多项题，这个不再强调了。
关于雅思阅读判断题，不同于国内的T/F，雅思阅读判断题多了Not Given.
配对题包括信息配对和段落标题配对题。
整体上雅思阅读题目是按照顺序原则出题，只有配对题的题目是不按照文章的顺序来的。
雅思阅读备考计划
通过上面的介绍，考生们大致可以做个雅思阅读备考计划。在刷题之外，考生们主要的复习重心还是要放在词汇积累和阅读题型技巧掌握上。
关于雅思阅读词汇量，官方没有划定界限，不过一般要求是4000-8000，具体词汇以剑雅真题上雅思阅读部分的内容做参考。不过雅思阅读词汇的要求并不高，对于专业词汇考生不必掌握，大部分冷门专业词汇并不会影响考生的整体阅读。而其他词汇则只需要了解大意，不需要拼写。
雅思阅读对考生的学术知识储备要求较高，所以平时可以适当进行泛读训练。一方面是词汇量的积累，背景知识的拓展，对于阅读内容的熟悉程度一定程度上也能提高雅思阅读做题速度。
雅思阅读材料：美国胖妹为比伯减肥110斤
A Justin Bieber superfan has lost more than eight stone in a bid to make her pop star idol notice her.
一位贾斯汀-比伯的超级粉丝为了让偶像注意到她，减掉了超过八英石的体重。
Now weighing in at 10.5 stone Bryanna Debinder, 20, shed an incredible 122 lbs in just a year after becoming jealous of the slim girls who were pulled on stage by Bieber during his concerts.
现在重10.5英石(约合66公斤)，20岁的布里安娜仅仅一年就减掉了122磅(约为110斤)的体重，只是因为嫉妒那些可以在演唱会上被比伯拉上台的苗条女孩们。
'Every time I saw him pull up a pretty, slim girl on stage, I just thought: 'that should be me',' said Bryanna, of Temple, near Reading, Pennsylvania.
“每次我看到他拉那些漂亮苗条的女孩上台，我都会想’那个人应该是我!’”来自宾夕法尼亚州开普的布里安娜这样说道。
'Everyone deserves a chance to be noticed by the person they love, and I'm his biggest fan.
“每个人都有机会得到她爱的人的注意，而且我是他的超级粉丝。”
The Penn State University psychology student's obsession with Bieber, also 20, began when she saw him on MTV in .
这位宾夕法尼亚州立大学心理学专业的学生和比伯同龄，在MTV上见到比伯后自此迷得一发不可收拾。
As the then clean-cut pop star crooned to his platinum-selling single 'One Time', Bryanna fell in love and there began an obsession that would change her life.
当时长相清秀的流行歌手比伯深情演唱了白金单曲《One Time》，布里安娜陷入了爱河，并开始完全痴迷并从此改变了她的生活。
雅思阅读材料：生活艰难时需要做的13件事
We’ve all gone through hard times. And we all get through them. However, some get through them better than others. So what is their secret? Most of it has to do with attitude. Here are 13 things to remember when life gets rough:
我们都有过灰暗的日子，也都熬过来了。然而有些的人心态会比其他人要好，他们的秘诀是什么?其实主要就是取决于你的态度罢了。看看生活艰难时可以做的13件事吧。
1. What is, is
坦然接受现实
Buddha’s famous saying tells us: “It is your resistance to ‘what is’ that causes your suffering.” Think about that for a minute. It means that our suffering only occurs when we resist how things are. If you can change something, then take action! Change it! But if you can’t change it, then you have two choices: (1) either accept it and let go of the negativity, or (2) make yourself miserable by obsessing over it.
佛教有句经典的话：“你的痛苦都源于对现实的抗拒。”好好想想这句话。这意味着只有当你不接受现实时才会产生痛苦。如果你能改变什么，那就开始行动吧，改变它!但如果无法改变，你就有两个选择，(1)要不去接受要不就忽视消极的部分，或者(2)不断的折磨自己让自己更加痛苦
2. It’s only a problem if you think it’s a problem
只有你觉得这是个问题的时候才会是个问题
Many times, we are our own worst enemy. Happiness is really dependent on perspective. If you think something is a problem, then your thoughts and emotions will be negative. But if you think it’s something you can learn from, then suddenly, it’s not a problem anymore.
很多时候，我们是自己的敌人。幸福取决于你的观察角度。如果你觉得一件事是个问题，那么你的想法和情绪都会变得消极。但如果你觉得这是学习的好机会，看看，突然就不是啥问题了。
3. If you want things to change, you need to start with changing yourself
如果你想改变什么，那就从改变自己开始吧
Your outer world is a reflection of your inner world. Don’t you know people whose lives are chaotic and stressful? And isn’t that largely because they feel chaotic inside? Yes, it is. We like to think that changing our circumstances will change us. But we have it backwards—we need to change ourselves first before our circumstances will change.
你的外在是内在的一个反应。你难道不觉得那些外表看起来乱糟糟亚历山大的人们其实内心也是一团乱麻么?的确是这样。我们总是觉得改变环境就能改变自己。其实我们弄反了-我们需要先改变自己才能随之改变环境。
4. There is no such thing as failure—only learning opportunities
没什么失败-这只是一个学习的机会而已
You should just wipe the word “failure” right out of your vocabulary. All great people who have ever achieved anything have “failed” over and over. In fact, I think it was Thomas Edison who said something like, “I did not fail at inventing the light bulb, I just first found 99 ways that it didn’t work.” Take your so-called “failures” and learn something from them. Learn how to do it better next time.
把“失败”这个词从你的字典里抹去吧。很多成就大事业的人都曾不止一次的失败过。实际上，我非常赞同爱迪生说的那句话”我从来没有在发明灯泡的过程中失败过，我只是找到了99种不可行的办法而已。“把你那些所谓的”失败“当成学习的机会吧。学着下次怎么做的更好。
5. If you don’t get something you want, it just means something better is coming
如果没有得到想要的，只说明你值得拥有更好的
That’s hard to believe sometimes, I know. But it’s true. Usually, when you look back at your life, you will be able to see why it was actually a good thing that something didn’t work out. Maybe the job you didn’t get would have made you spend more time away from your family, but the job you did get was more flexible. Just have faith that everything happens exactly the way it’s supposed to.
有时候的确很难去相信，但这是真的。通常，当你回过头看一看，就会发现正是一些事没有成功才会有后面的好事发生。也许那个没有拿到手的工作会让你无比繁忙没法陪家人，而获得的职位上班时间更加自由。只要相信，每件事都会有暗藏的方向。
6. Appreciate the present moment
珍惜当下
This moment will never come again. And there is always something precious about every moment. So don’t let it pass you by! Soon it will just be a memory. Even moments that don’t seem happy can be looked upon as something that you might miss someday. As the country song by Trace Adkins says, “You’re gonna miss this…you’re gonna want this back. You’re gonna wish these days hadn’t gone by so fast….you may not know this now, but you’re gonna miss this…”
正当时一去不复返。每个时刻都有宝贵的东西。所以不要让时间匆匆溜走!很快现在也会成为你回忆的一部分。每个你不快乐的时光在日后都会成为你去想念回忆的部分。就想Trace Adkin在乡村歌曲里唱的那般：”你会去怀念，会想重头再来。你会希望这些日子没有飞速流逝，也许现在你不知道，但你真的会去想念“
7. Let go of desire
减少欲望
Most people live with “attached mind.” What this means is that they attach themselves to a desire, and when they don’t get it, their emotions plummet into negativity. Instead, try to practice “detached mind.” That means that when you want something, you will still be happy whether you get it or not. Your emotions remain happy or neutral.
很多人在”欲望中“生存。也就是他们会把自己和欲望紧紧联系在一起，当没有得到满足，他们的就会产生消极的情绪。与其这样，不如试着给自己的思想减负吧。意思就是你想要什么的时候，无论得到没得到都会一样的开心。你的情绪不会受到太大的干扰。
8. Understand and be grateful for your fears
理解感激你的恐惧
Fear can be a great teacher. And overcoming fears can also make you feel victorious. For example, when I was in college, I feared public speaking (one of the top 3 fears of all humans). So I find it humorous now that not only do I speak in front of a group every day by being a college professor, I also teach public speaking! Overcoming fears just takes practice. Fear is really just an illusion. It’s optional.
恐惧可以是你的好老师。战胜恐惧也能让你更加强大。比如，我读大学的时候，我害怕公开演讲(这大概是排名前三会让人类恐惧的事情)。然而现在我不仅会作为一个大学教授每天在一群人面前说话，还会教公开演讲的课程，这真是非常有意思的事情。战胜恐惧需要联系。恐惧只是幻觉，就看你的选择了。
9. Allow yourself to experience joy
允许自己享乐
Believe it or not, I know way too many people who don’t allow themselves to have fun. And they don’t even know how to be happy. Some people are actually addicted to their problems and the chaos in them so much that they wouldn’t even know who they are without them. So try to allow yourself to be happy! Even if it’s just for a small moment, it’s important to focus on joy, not your hardships.
信不信，我知道很多人都不允许自己玩乐。他们甚至不知道如何开心。有些人深陷自身麻烦和烦扰无法自拔甚至不愿意试图去摆脱。所以要让自己开心起来!哪怕是很短的时间，好好的乐一乐非常重要，不要总是执迷于痛苦。
10. Don’t compare yourself to other people
不要跟别人比
But if you do compare yourself, compare yourself with people who have it worse than you. Unemployed? Be grateful that you live in a country that gives unemployment compensation, because most people in the world live on less that $750 a year. So you don’t look like Angelina Jolie? Well, I bet there are more people who don’t than do. And you are probably way better looking than most people. Focus on that.
如果真的要去比，那就把自己和比你差的人拿来比较吧。失业?感激你的国家还有失业保障制度吧，世界上大部分人年薪不到750美金。自己没有安吉丽娜朱莉那么漂亮?好吧，我觉得基本上大家都满足不了这点。而且你比大部分人好看。多想想这些吧。
11. You are not a victim
你不是受害者
You need to get out of your own way. You are only a “victim” of your own thoughts, words and actions. No one “does” something to you. You are the creator of your own experience. Take personal responsibility and realize that you can get out of your hard times. You just need to start with changing your thoughts and actions. Abandon your victim mentality and become victorious. From victim to VICTOR!
你需要从自己的框架中走出来。你只是自己想法、语言和行为的受害者。其他人不能对你做任何事。你是自己生活的导演。对自己负责，相信自己有能力走出困境。你只需要改变自己的想法和行动。把那种受害者心理赶走，积极点吧，从受害者转为成功者!
12. Things can—and do—change
事情可以——可以——改变
“And this too shall pass” is one of my favorite sayings. When we are stuck in a bad situation, we think that there is no way out. We think nothing will ever change. But guess what? It will! Nothing is permanent except death. So get out of the habit of thinking that things will always be this way. They won’t. But you do need to take some sort of action for things to change. It won’t magically happen all on its own.
“一切都会过去的”是我最喜欢的一句话。当我们身处困境，感觉毫无出路。我们觉得一切不会好转了。但猜猜会怎样?会好起来的!除去死亡没有什么是永恒的。所以不要再去固执的认为事情会一成不变了。都会变的。你需要行动起来做出改变。事情不会自己神奇的去发生转变的。“
13. Anything is possible
一切皆有可能
Miracles happen every day. Really—they do. I wish I had enough space to write about all the miraculous things that have happened to people I know—from healing stage 4 cancer naturally to having their soul mate appear out of nowhere. Trust me: it happens all the time. You just need to believe it does. Once you do, you have won the battle.
每天都有奇迹。真的是这样。我真希望有足够的空间写下那些发生过的奇迹-从四期癌症中自然治愈到突然遇到另一半。相信我：奇迹一直都在发生。你只需要去相信。一旦你信了，就赢了。
雅思阅读
篇6：雅思阅读考试技巧
摘要题(Summary Completion)是雅思考试一大主力题型。按照07年、08年的统计数据，全年所有考试的题型出现比例，摘要题高居前四。如果考虑到统计的一些误差(网络上的考试回忆并非都是专业的雅思教师所做的，一些考生会仅仅因为记得“填空”这一Summary和其他几种题型――Sentence Completion，Notes Completion，Table Completion，Flow-chart Completion，Labeling a Diagram――所共有的答案填写方式而混为一谈，统统将其称作填空)，摘要题的实际出现比例可能还会更高。
对于这样一种高频的题型，众多考生的心情是很复杂的，因为对其考察方式的不了解和误解，Summary在不少考生心目中式一种具有相当难度的题型。那么到底Summary在雅思考试中式怎样考察我们的?外在特征和内在属性有哪些?考点设计和所需技能是什么?
从广义的角度来看，笔者对于雅思阅读所有现存题型的分析基于一种“三要素内在属性分析体系”，从本文开始，我们将一直沿用这样一套方法来对各种题型逐一进行解析。Summary是这其中的第一站。笔者所指的三要素分别是：
主旨考察or细节考察(Gist/Detail)
有序考察or乱序考察(In/Out of order)
全文考察or局部考察(Global/Local)
雅思考试不同题型在三要素的表现各不相同，但总体上有一些倾向性。比如对于第一要素主旨或细节，大部分题目都只考察或把重点放在细节方面;对于第二要素有序或无序来说，无序的是绝对少数;而对于第三要素全文或局部，多数题目的共性却是事前无法确知――只有当我们完成该题型之后，一般才会知道它是global 还是local的。也就是说，多数题型在第三要素的这一共性反映了一点：即它们都既有Global类型的，也有Local类型的。
如何掌握定义、举例、复述三个雅思阅读考试技巧
1. 根据定义猜测词义
如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。
例如： anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知，anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。
In slang the term “jam” constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 同样，从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。 定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。
2根据复述猜测词义
虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。 复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。
同位语 Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semanties式同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semanties指“语义学”。
在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分 号，引号，和括号等。
Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.
由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义---电容量。
需要注意的是：同位语前 还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say i. e. 等副词或短语出现。
定语从句 Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.
根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我们可以推断出 SAD含义，即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。
3根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索，例如：
The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”，这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。
★ 考研必知的常识
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