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篇1:优秀英语语法课件
优秀英语语法课件
一个规范的完整句子一般由核心部分(主语核心词+谓语部分)+可抛弃成分(定语/定语从句、状语/状语从句、同位语和独立成分/插入语)组成。 根据句子中主谓结构的套数(一套、两套或多套)和各套主谓结构之间的关系,英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和主从句。
1. 简单句:只含有一套主谓结构。
2. 并列句:由两套或两套以上并列的主谓结构组成的句子。
3. 主从句:含有两套或两套以上主谓结构,其中一套为主句,其余为从句,在语法上作为主句的一个成分。
4. 并列主从复合句:并列句与主从句的复合结构,即其中的两大部分是并列的.,而一个或每个并列分句又是一个主从句。这种结构实际上仍属于主从复合句。
GMAT语法考试以主从句和并列句为主,并从语义上考查上述各句子内部的逻辑关系,尤其是不同的逻辑关系不能相互颠倒、混淆或随意改变:
简单句表达主次关系:主谓语表达核心意思,修饰词或修饰短语表达次要意思。
并列句表达并列关系:并列的主谓结构强调两个或两个以上的核心意思同等重要。
主从句表达主从关系:主句表达主要意思,从句表达从属意思。
篇2:高中英语语法课件
高中英语语法课件
(1)表语从句
1. 定义:用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2. 构成:关联词+简单句
3. 引导表语从句的关联词的种类:
(1) 从属连词that。如:
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如:
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
注:从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句,但as if却可引导表语从句,如: All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday.
这都是20多年前的事了,但宛如昨天一样。
能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如:
It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如:The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
解释:
1. 连词because可引导表语从句。如:
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。
2. 在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示,should可省略。如:
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
(2)主语从句
1. 定义:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2. 构成:关联词+简单句
3. 引导主语从句的关联词有三类:
(1) 从属连词that。 如:That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。
(2) 从属连词whether。如:
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。
(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如:
What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。
Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
解释:
1. 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有:
A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如: It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如:
It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。
C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如:
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如:
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如:
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。如:
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗?
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗?
G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。如: How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪!
2.注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义
Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖
(3)宾语从句
1. 定义:用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2. 构成:关联词+简单句
3. 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类:
(1) 从属连词that。如:
He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。
注: that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下,that不能省略。
1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句,that宾语从句放在and的后面时,that不能省略。) 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that不能省略。)
对他我一无所知,只知道他是南方人。
3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that从句位于句首时,that不可省略。)
我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
4. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语,that不可省略。)
鉴于他的特殊情况,我们决定应允他一段试用期。
(2)从属连词if/whether。如:
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如:
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
他是什么人?他是干什么的?马丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。 I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。 You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
(1) 介词宾语从句
宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如:
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
有时介词可以省略。如:
I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。
Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。
解释:
1.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。如:
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不会屈服。
2.作介词的宾语:连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语,只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导,则需用it先行一步,作形式宾语。如:
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一个好学生,只是有点粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。 介词宾语不可以用which来引导,而要用what来引导。如:
Are you sorry for what you've done?
你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗?
3.某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句,这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等,连词that可省略。如:
I am not sure what I ought to do.
我不能确定我该做什么。
I'm afraid you don't understand what I said.
恐怕你没领会我说的意思。
I'm surprised that I didn't see all that before.
我好奇怪,我以前没看到过。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。
4.连词whether (or not)或if引导的宾语从句
if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用,但whether常和or not连用,if一般不与or not连用。如:
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义,应避免使用if而用wheter。试比较: Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if从句可理解为宾语从句,意为“请告诉我你是否想去”;此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话,请告诉我一声”。
5.宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句,有时谓语尽管是否定意思,却不用否定形式,而将think等动词变为否定形式。如:
I don’t think you are right. 我认为你错了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意,是吗?
6. 宾语从句的时态变化规律:
(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时,从句可根据需要用任何时态。
(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时,从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如:
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老师说地球绕着太阳运行。
(4)同位语从句
1. 定义:用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2. 用法:同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等,关联词多用从属连词that。如:
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪儿听说我不能来?
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注:同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如:
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁该干这项工作,这个问题需要考虑。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
解释:
1.that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别
that引导的.同位语从句
that引导的定语从句
that只起连接从句的作用,无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。 that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用,还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。
意义上
从句是被修饰名词的内容。
从句起限定作用,是定语
如:The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句,that不可省。)
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句,that在从句中作told的宾语,可省。)
他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。
2.一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如:
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 这就是我们唯一的请求:尽快解决这个问题。
测试:
A. 用适当的连接词填空:
1. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.
2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.
3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.
5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that you had a few days off?
7. Word came I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?
9. The teacher didn't tell me we were wrong.
10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
B. 单项选择:
1. It was true Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that
2. Does matter much he can't come to the meeting.
A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether
3. ----What are you anxious about? ---- .
A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed
C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed
4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working.
A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because
5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
6. I really don't know ____________ I had this photo taken.
A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why
7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can't remember .
A. where B. there C. which D. that
8. ----What do you think of China? --- different life is today from it used to be.
A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
9. Give this to you think can do the work well.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
10. troubles me is I can't learn all these English idioms by heart.
A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that
答案:
A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that
5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which
9. where 10. whatever
B. 1-5 CABBB 6-10 ACACD
(5)同位语从句
1. 定义:用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2. 用法:同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等,关联词多用从属连词that。如:
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪儿听说我不能来?
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注:同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如:
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁该干这项工作,这个问题需要考虑。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
解释:
1.that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别
that引导的同位语从句
that引导的定语从句
that只起连接从句的作用,无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。 that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用,还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。
意义上
从句是被修饰名词的内容。
从句起限定作用,是定语
如:The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句,that不可省。)
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句,that在从句中作told的宾语,可省。)
他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。
2.一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如:
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 这就是我们唯一的请求:尽快解决这个问题。
测试:
A. 用适当的连接词填空:
1. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.
2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.
3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.
5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that you had a few days off?
7. Word came I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?
9. The teacher didn't tell me we were wrong.
10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
B. 单项选择:
1. It was true Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that
2. Does matter much he can't come to the meeting.
A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether
3. ----What are you anxious about? ---- .
A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed
C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed
4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working.
A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because
5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
6. I really don't know ____________ I had this photo taken.
A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why
7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can't remember .
A. where B. there C. which D. that
8. ----What do you think of China? --- different life is today from it used to be.
A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
9. Give this to you think can do the work well.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
10. troubles me is I can't learn all these English idioms by heart.
A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that
答案:
A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that
5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which
9. where 10. whatever
B. 1-5 CABBB 6-10 ACACD
篇3:英语语法课件ppt课件
英语语法课件ppt课件
现在计算机的大批量普及和多媒体技术的发展,运用多媒体上课已逐渐成为一种趋势。下面是英语语法课件ppt课件,可直接下载。
英语语法课件ppt课件 |
零基础学英语:语法入门之基本句型
基本句型
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下:
(说明:S=主语,V=谓语,P=表语,O=宾语,o=间接宾语,C=宾语补足语)
Ⅰ. 主语+动词(SV)
在此句式中,v是不及物动词,又叫自动词(vi.)。例如:
Everybody laughed.
大家都笑了。
Ⅱ. 主语+动词+表语 (SVP)
在此句式中,v是系动词(link v.),常见的系动词有:look, seem, appear, sound, feel, taste, smell, grow, get, fall ill/asleep, stand/sit still, become, turn等。例如:
The story sounds interesting.
这个故事听起来有趣。
Ⅲ. 主语+动词+宾语 (SVO)
在此句式中,v是及物动词(vt.),因此有宾语。例如:
I love apples.
我喜欢苹果。
Ⅳ. 主语+动词+宾语+宾语(SVoO)
在此句式中,v是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的.动词有give, ask, bring, offer, send, pay, lend, show, tell, buy, get等。例如:
I gave him my address.
我告诉他我的地址。
Ⅴ. 主语+动词+宾语+补语(SVOC)
在此句式中,v是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。例如:
I found the box empty.
我发现盒子是空的。
篇4:初中英语语法课件
初中英语语法专题课件
一. 知识归纳、分析与总结
1. 名词的定义
名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。例如:
Honey蜂蜜.weather天气.newspaper报纸 worker 工人 desk 桌子
hospital 医院 time 时间 honesty 诚实 water水. money钱.etc.
2. 名词的分类
名词分为专有名词和普通名词
普通名词:表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。
例如teacher 老师 tea 茶 student 学生
专有名词:表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。
China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京
名词又可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。
可数名词有单,复数之分,表示一个或多个。
a book 一本书 some books 两本书
不可数名词:不分单,复数;抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。
sand 沙 sugar 糖earth.泥土 milk牛奶 .
有少数名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。
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glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件
3. 名词的功能
名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。
The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。
书包在桌子里边。
I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。
昨天我洗了我的衣服。
This is a good book. book 作表语。
这是一本好书。
We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语。
我们选他为我们的班长。
Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语。
玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。
He is a Party member. Party 作定语.
他是一名党员。
They study hard day and night. day and night作状语。
他们不分日日夜夜地努力学习。
4. 名词的数
1)、定义:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式, 表示一个人或事物用单数形式, 表示一个以上的人或事物用复数形式。
a book 一本书 two books 两本书 a bag 一个包 three bags 三个包
名词的单数形式就是词典上所出现的形式,没有变化, 如: a pen, a bed, a room, an English book。
名词的复数形式,多数名词的复数形式在其单数形式后面加 —s 或 —es 构成,名词复数形式变化如下。
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2)、规则
构成
读音
例词
一般情况下,在词尾加 —s.
1. 在清辅音后读/s/.
2. 在浊辅音、元音后读/z/.
1.maps /s/
desks /s/
2.days/z/
dogs/z/
以s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词后面加—es
+es 读/iz/
class—classes/siz/
box—boxes/siz/
brush—brushes/iz/
watch—watches/tiz/
以e结尾的名词后面加—s
+s读/iz/
houses/ziz/
horses/ziz/
以 —f 或 —fe 结尾的名词,把 —f 或—fe 变成 —ves
—ves读/vz/
bookshelves/vz/
wives/vz/
knives/vz/
以辅音+y 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i ,再加 es
—ies读/iz/
cities/iz/
babies/iz/
factories/iz/
以辅音 + o 结尾的名词,加 —es,
—s 读/z/
heroes/z/
potatoes/z/
tomatoes/z/
注:极少数名词虽然以—o 或者—f 结尾, 变成复数则只加 —s,为数不多, 如 radios, pianos, photos, roofs .bamboos等。
4)、英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆,常见的有,
man -men, woman — women, foot — feet, tooth — teeth, mouse — mice,sheep -sheep, dear — dear, fish – fish child-children.people—people
Chinese-Chinese. Japanese-Japanese.注意:其余国家的人的复数都是+S
EG: Germans .Canadians
5)、英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。
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scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯 police 警察 stockings 长裤 socks短袜 boots 靴子
注意:但当以上词前+a pair ….of … be/V(单数)如:
Here is a pair of trousers .
news .phsics. maths 是一个单词,通常怍单数用
6)、….of……j结构的名词,前后都是复数名词,两个都变,后是不可数名词只变前的名词。Eg: two baskets of eggs. Five glasses of water ,
7)、复合名词的复数形式变化:规则变化的名词+规则变化的名词,只变最后一个名词,不规则名词+规则变化名词,两个名词同时变
eg: 5 pencil –boxes. 10 men teachers.
8)、语法综合运用
在数词分数中的应用,当分之大于1时,分母(序数词)+S
四分之三:three quarters 或three fourths.
五分之二:Two fifths. One fifth 则不加S.
注意:一些固定短语的用法:数以百记
(1)handreds of… 成千上万 thousands of =milllions of =tens and thousands of +可数名词,都是不确定的数。 The number of的数目.A number of= a lot of= lots of =many +可数名次 是许多之意…(见第四章数词)
(2)多少:how many+可数名词 how many+不可数名词, a great deal of+不可数名词。
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(3)plenty of用于否定句中 much+不可数名词 many+可数名词
=a lot of=lots of 都是“许多”之意。(见第三章代词)
5. 名词的格
1)、定义
在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。
The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上。 bird 作主语, 是主格。
I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影。 film 作宾语,是宾格。
名词的所有格: 名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。
2)、在单数名词后+’S
EG: Lu Xun’s book is worth reading.
鲁迅的书值得一读。
This is my father’s room.
这是我父亲的房间。
3)、以—s 或 —es 结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加 “ ’ ”。
There are many students’ exercise books here.
这儿有许多学生的练习本。
4)、复合名词的所有格 “ ’s” 加在后面的名词之后。
This is my son—in—law’s bike.
这是我女婿的自行车。
如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在后一个名词后加 “ ’s ”。
We visited Xiao Li and Xiao Zhang’s room.
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我们参观了小李和小张的房间。
5)、名词所有格所修饰的词,有时可以省略。如前文已经提到,或者指地点。
The book is not mine, but Li Hua’s.
这本书不是我的,是李华的。
I had my hair cut in the barber’s.
我在理发店理发了。
表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般与 of 构成短语表示前者属于后者。
It’s a map of China.
它是一幅中国地图。
Beijing is the capital of China.
北京是中国的首都。
6)、双重所有格,...of +名词+’s/名词性的物主代词。
eg: my book=abook of mine. twins’ bedroom= the twins’ of bedroom
7)、表示时间,距离,日期等可以用+’S或+S’表示所有格。
1. We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please?
A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe
答案:C
句意:我们需要更多的土豆。你能带过来一些吗?
解析:potato 土豆是可数名词。因为有some修饰所以potato要用复数形式。以辅音+o结尾的名词后面要+es。所以C. potatoes是正确答案。
2. What big____ the tiger has!
A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes
答案:B
句意:老虎长着多么大、多么锋利的牙齿呀!
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解析:牙齿tooth的复数形式是teeth
3. Please remember to give the horse some tree___.
A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave
答案:B
句意:请记得喂马一些树叶。
解析:树叶leaf是以f结尾的,所以它的复数形式是变f为v,再加es
4. —Can we have some ___?
—Yes, please.
A. banana B. oranges C. apple D. pear
答案:B
句意:—能给我们一些橘子吗?—好的。
解析:some 修饰名词复数。四个选项中只有B. oranges是复数。
5. On the table there are five____.
A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes
C. tomatoes D. tomato
答案:C
句意:桌子上有五个西红柿。
解析:tomato ,辅音+o结尾的名词变复数后面要加(CONTINUED)
篇5:英语语法新思维课件
英语语法新思维课件
【相关理论】
1.行为主义心理学把语言看成是一种行为,是一系列的刺激和反应:S1——R1...S2——R2。S1:实际刺激(stimuli),R1:语言替代性反应(response),S2:语言替代性刺激,R2:实际反应。其中,S1就相当于我们语言教学中创设的真实情境,S2则是通过语言表达功能给学习合作者传递的虚拟情境,学习者(包括合作者)接受这两种情境的刺激,完成语言习得的全过程,即R1、R2所表示的两种反应。
2.情境认知理论反对把知识当作“一个整体的、自足的,从理论上讲与学习和使用它的情境相脱离的东西”。因为这样的知识正如著名的数学家、逻辑学家怀特海(White—head,A.N.)指出的`,是“呆滞的知识——仅为人脑所接受却不加以利用,或不进行检验,或没有与其他新颖的思想融为一体,因而,当需要用这些知识来解决实际问题时,它们往往被证明是没有用的。也就是说,情境认知理论超越了传统的知识观,强调知识的情境性、真实性、社会性、应用性、互动性。
【教学过程】
T: Today we are going to have fun watching stories. Wu xx,do you like stories ?
S1: Yes,of course.(这是我们建筑班号称“睡神”的学生,他立刻兴高采烈地回答了问题)
T: Good. Xiao x is a boy who likes stories.(我用此句作来引出目标语法,定语从句,然后引导学生译成中文) And, Chen xx,do you like stories?
S2: Yes. (这是我班少有的几名不自信女生中的一位)
T: Very good. Miss Chen is a girl who likes stories. Do you all like stories?
SS: Yes.
T: So you are the students who like stories.(我把此句板书在黑板)Now, let’s watch the stories on CCTV13.
我开始播放CCTV13新闻1+1系列节目:失依儿童,凉山需要温暖。慢慢地,教室里开始鸦雀无声,学生全神贯注地观看故事,就连往日里常开小差、爱睡觉的孩子也不例外。播完其中的一小片段,我把它暂停并就片中内容提出了两个简单的问题。
T: Look at these children. Are they poor?
SS: Yes.(没等到我个别提问,全班齐答)
T: Where do they live? Zhang xx,can you tell me?
S3: They live in Daliang.(这是我班对英语没有兴趣的学生之一)
T: Great. You are so careful. They live in Daliang Mountain, and people there are very poor, right?
SS:Yes.
T: You are quite right. They live in Daliang which is a very poor place in Sichuan.(我把该句板书于黑板,把定语从句部分用彩笔画线,把关系词标上着重号)Daliang is a poor place in Sichuan province where many children can’t go to school. Those children have to make a living by themselves. You are the lucky children that can get education. Let’s see more about the children in Daliang.
新闻故事在继续,许多孩子一边看着视频,一边小声议论着。那些调皮鬼们也在专注地观看视频,显然,他们被故事里的真实场景震撼了。这时,我抛出了问题:
T: Are they lucky like you?
SS: No.(全班再次齐答)
T: Why aren’t they lucky like you?( 问题抛出后,同学们非常积极地讨论,很快,便有了答案)
S4: They are not lucky because they are poor.
T: You are right. Many of them do not have enough money to go to school.
S5: They aren’t lucky because some of them don’t have parents.
T: Yes. There are quite a lot of children whose parents died of disease.
S6: They have to leave school. So I think they are unlucky.
T: In fact,they don’t really want to leave school.
S7: They have to help look after their small brothers and sisters.
T: Yes. They are unlucky children who have to leave school or have no chance to go to school. They have to make a living by themselves. But they also have dreams. What is their same dream?
S8: Go to school.
T: Their main dream is to go back to school. We are much luckier than them. We should help them. For them school is a place where they can live a happy life. I think you are the students who have dreams. I’m a teacher that also has dreams. What are my dreams, can you guess? S9: Teach English well.
S10:All the students study hard.
S11:Stay young.
T: I’m so happy that you know me very well. My dream is to make you feel happy to learn English.
Now, let’s watch Hunan TV. (提到湖南卫视,学生有点兴奋了。我不是播放《快乐大本营》,而是选择了《爱与希望》武艺现场感动放歌的片段,借此来教育同学们懂得爱、懂得感恩、懂得去帮助他人、懂得珍惜现在的学习机会)Now,can you remember the girl whose name is Mahai Qubu? What is the best food that she has eaten?
S12: Rice.
T: Quite right. The best food that she has eaten is rice. For us it is unbelievable. Let’s see Asu Zhitie. Who is the person that he misses the most?
S13: His mother.(这是我班一位心地善良的女孩。答题时,我看到了她脸颊旁的两行眼泪)
T:What an unlucky boy! The person who he misses the most is his mother. These children live a hard life,but they are stronger than we think. And they also have dreams. They want to go back to school and go to college in the future. We are the lucky ones. We should learn from them...
借助故事导出的例句,我给同学们讲解定语从句的概念、结构与部分规则。大家听得格外认真,最后的反馈练习的正确率也是出乎意料的高。一堂有效的语法课在不知不觉中结束了,也留给我很多的感悟。
【教后反思】
一、注重导入,精选例句
俗话说:“好的开始是成功的一半。”对于英语课堂教学来说,精彩别致的导入无疑会为课堂教学顺利、有序地进行奠定良好的基础。从心理学的角度来看,上课开始的几分钟是学生思想最易集中的时候。课堂的起始语对稳定学生的情绪,增强对学生的吸引力有着不可低估的作用。在本节课中,我针对学生爱听故事的心理特征,在导入定语从句时引用感人的故事,抓住了学生的好奇心,吸引了全班同学的注意力,激发了学生的学习兴趣,使一向被认为沉默的、枯燥的语法课立马活了起来,为课堂教学的进一步展开作了充分的情感铺垫。在举例环节,我继续引用系列故事,从中挖掘、精选例句,延续了学生的学习兴趣,让他们通过感知、体验、实践、参与等方式完成任务、实现目标,感受成功。
二、开发教学资源,寓德于教
在英语教学过程中教师要学会艺术地将品德教育充盈在英语学习过程中,在传授知识的同时也应让学生感受道德和精神的力量。面对一群综合素质不太高的中职学生,教师不能一味的沮丧与无奈,而要转变教育教学观念、转变教学方法。在本节课中,我利用真实的故事作为教学资源,引导学生主动积极地学习本课的语法知识,同时也让他们的心灵得到了净化,让他们懂得感恩的必要性与珍惜机会的重要性。从课堂中学生的积极态度可以看出德育以课堂教学、以知识为载体具有巨大的说服力和感染力,能够给予学生深刻的影响,促进达成有效教学。
篇6:七年级英语语法课件
七年级英语语法课件
七年级英语语法课件
一、学生分析
教学对象为武汉枫叶国际学校强化2级的学生,智力发展趋于成熟。
他们进入这个新的学校,接触新的教学模式已接近两个月,渐渐形成用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力。
在我们这个新型的教学模式里,我们想让学生乐在其中并学在其中,因此我特别注重提高课堂的趣味性和学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力。
他们学习英语方法由死记硬背转型向理解型并应用到交际上,他们有自己的学习技能和策略,学会把语言学习与现实生活和兴趣联系起来。
通过任务型课堂活动和学习,学生的学习自主性得到加强,不再认为英语的课堂学习很枯燥,主动参与到活动中去,成为课堂的主体,同时也加强了与他人交流合作的能力。
学生已经经过近两个月的学习,渐渐习惯了我的教法。
不过,本班学生的水平参差不齐,有些差距还相当大。
因此在教学过程中,布置的任务要兼顾各个层次的学生,使他们都有所收获。
二、教材分析
由于我是教的语法,按照教学大纲,结合语法体系,我这节课将要讲到的是过去进行时态。
因为之前学生已经学习了一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时,所以这个时态对于学生来说并不是很难的。
让学生在一个轻松快乐的环境中很好的掌握好此时态是我的目标。
所以我针对教学内容(动名词变化规律、时态里面的主谓一致、时态的三种句式即肯定,否定和一般疑问句、特殊疑问句),设计了一系列的活动,让整个教学内容很好的贯穿于一个个活动中。
为了节约时间和吸引学生注意力,我用了和过去进行时态的动画导入,并且在教学过程中很好的结合了课件教学。
三、教学目标
本课为语法课型,主要介绍过去进行时的相关用法。
通过课堂的一系列活动,让学生们积极踊跃的参与,口头和书面的练习该掌握的语法知识是本课目的。
培养学生的独立思考能力、快速反应能力和团队合作意识也是一个重要方面。
四、教学策略
环环相扣,设计紧凑。
先利用动画和录音引起兴趣,然后模仿回答动画中的句子,通过观察句子的相似性,让学生得知了过去进行时态的基本形式。
随后讲解过去进行时态的意义所在。
紧接着设计一系列的课堂活动让学生掌握动名词变化规律、时态里面的主谓一致、时态的三种句式即肯定,否定和一般疑问句、如何变特殊疑问句。
采用多媒体教学,用一些与学生日常生活有关的句子,引起学生听说写的兴趣,减少陌生感。
课前需要准备单词卡片及句子卡片。
五、教学过程
1. 导入
1)用多媒体展示一段有着What were you doing…? 和 I was doing…等不同句式的卡通动画引出今天的主题——过去进行时态(was/ were+doing).
让学生仔细听对话并且用动画中的句子回答我的提问,因为之前已经学习过了现在进行时态,所以学生能比较容易的用正确形式复述过去进行时态的形式。
在学生回答我问题的同时,将下列句子板书在黑板上:
He was listening to the radio at 8 o’clock yesterday morning.
He was reading books at 10 a.m. yesterday.
He was doing some washing at 2 p.m. yesterday
He was watching TV at 8 p.m. yesterday
2)让学生观察黑板上的句子,找出相似之处(was doing),然后介绍这就是今天要学习的新时态——过去进行时。
格式是 was/ were doing sth.
2.意义理解
通过观察此种时态的例句,特别是时间状语,得出过去进行时的意义,即表示在过去的某一时间点(比如 at seven o’clock yesterday morning)或时间段(比如 last Sunday morning)里面持续进行的动作。
3.复习动名词变化规律
由于此规律学生在之前的现在进行时态里接触到过,在这堂课里是一个复习巩固的过程。
用游戏的方法使学生既巩固了知识,又增添了竞争性,活跃了课堂气氛。
游戏一:看卡片抢答“上吊”游戏
准备约20张卡片,在上面写上不同的动词(每种规律都要涉及),把学生分成两大组(男生一组,女生一组),要求学生以最快的速度说这个单词的ing形式是什么,最快最准的得分,每得一分就要给对方画一笔,哪一组先被画完一个“上吊”的小人儿就输掉这个比赛。
游戏完毕,一起总结规律,并在PPT上展示如下的总结表格,让学生更加清楚明白。
4. 过去进行时态里的主谓一致
1)在黑板上板书:Lily was reading a book.
Lily and her friends were reading a book.
让学生注意到was were 所搭配的主语是有区别的.,引导他们说出“he/ she/ I was doing sth; they/ you/ we were doing sth.”
2)游戏二:拍桌子
此游戏就是锻炼学生的听力和反应能力,我准备了十几个句子,要求学生注意这些句子的主谓一致是否正确,如果正确则很快的拍一下桌子,如果是错误的句子就不做任何动作,坐着不动拍错和拍得最慢的被淘汰起立。
最后剩下的几名学生就为胜利者,获得加分的奖励。
句子如下:
a. He was playing basketball yesterday afternoon.
b. They was swimming in the lake.
c. Your father was repairing the car.
d. My mother and I were reading books.
e. My friends was watching the match on TV.
f. The children was leaning English.
g. All of them was playing table tennis.
h. My homeroom teacher was sitting in the office.
i. I am looking at the picture .
j. Neither Lily nor her parents were listening to the radio.
5.过去进行时态的肯定式、否定式和一般疑问句形式
1)在PPT上显示如下,
He was watching TV at 8:00 p.m. yesterday. (negative sentence)
①He didn’t watch TV at 8:00 p.m. yesterday.
②He was not watching TV at 8:00 p.m. yesterday.
③He was not watch TV at 8:00 p.m. yesterday.
让学生做出判断,得出sentence ②是正确答案。
然后让学生回答出它的一般疑问句形式:
Was he watching TV at 8:00 p.m. yesterday?
从而得出过去进行时态的三种形式:即否定式是在 be动词后面加not; 一般疑问句是把be动词提前放在句首。
(显示在PPT上)
2)口头及书面练习三种形式(PPT):
1.you / play / cards
You were playing cards.
You were not playing cards.
Were you playing cards?
2.Alice / walk / around the lake
Alice was walking around the lake.
Alice was not walking around the lake.
Was Alice walking around the lake?
3. they / read / a book about Canada
They were reading a book about Canada.
They were not reading a book about Canada.
Were they reading a book about Canada?
3)游戏三:你做我猜
准备10个卡片,每张卡片上写上“I was doing sth.”即每个卡片上有一个动作,比如打扫教室,骑自行车,做饭等等。
让一个学生在前面来抽签然后做动作(不能出声),其他学生猜测,并且要问“Were you doing …?”如果正确,则做动作者要回答:“yes, I was doing …”; 如果错误,则回答:“no, I was not doing …”回答正确的学生有加分以及进行下一个动作表演的奖励。
通过此游戏一方面可以使学生们更熟练的运用过去进行时的三种形式,另一方面也可以激发学生学习和思考的兴趣,让课堂气氛在学生们有趣、逼真的动作表演中达到高潮。
卡片上的句子展示如下:
I was cycling.
I was cleaning the classroom..
I was talking to the teacher.
I was cooking.
I was swimming.
I was listening to music.
I was planting a tree.
I was doing my homework.
I was dancing.
I was reading a newspaper.
6.过去进行时态的特殊疑问句
1) 在黑板上对所写的句子分部分提问,让学生举出更多的特殊疑问词,如when, where, which ,what time, how often, how many times, how long etc.
2)在黑板上演示如何对句子提问:
I was listening to radio at 8 o’ clock yesterday morning.
首先找出疑问词,因为是时间所以用 when ;随后紧跟一个一般疑问句格式(即提前be动词);然后去掉画线部分,加上问号。
Step one: When
Step two: When were you listening to radio at 8 o’ clock yesterday morning.
Step three: When were you listening to radio?
随后针对不同部分进行提问练习。
3) 让学生做书面练习并核对答案,答案如下:
1. Where was Henry living last year?
2. When was Anita working at a restaurant?
3. Who was Ricky waiting for?
4. What was Sarah doing?
5. How many people was Joe speaking to?
6. When were Susan and her family having dinner?
7. Why was Bob walking home?
8. Who was driving home at half past seven?
9. Where were the children playing?
10. What was Claire doing?
7 总结和家庭作业
用过去进行时态造十个句子,注意要用不同的主语和谓语。
六、课后反思
教学成功之处是引导学生一步接一步从浅到深,按预想教学内容理解并能运用了过去进行时态。
引入部分和环环相扣的游戏环节让学生在短时间里产生了学习的积极性和求知欲。
整个课堂气氛轻松活跃,让学生更加大胆地展现自己;同时也在奖励制度下,学生之间也存在着激烈的竞争,课堂表演的部分达到了师生课堂的高潮部分。
接下来的尾声又让学生迅速沉静下来好好做题,进一步巩固知识。
充分显示了“student-center”及以学生为中心的教学理念。
这和我平时课堂的设计也有着密不可分的关系,学生熟悉了我的教学模式,所以能在公开课时表现的很好。
不足之处是可能没有顾及到班上极个别基础比较差的学生,因为是公开课,对基础差的学生就比较看轻了一点,课堂节奏比较快,没有时间给予个别辅导。
篇7:小学英语语法教学课件
小学英语形容词性物主代词
1、形容词性物主代词8个:
My; your; his; her ;its ;our; your ;their
我的;你的;他的;她的;它的;我们的;你们的;他(她、它)们的
2、形容词性物主代词的特点:
1)译成汉语都有“的” eg:my 我的 their 他们的
2)后面加名词:eg:my backpack; his name
3)前后不用冠词 a an the
This is a my eraser(错误) That is your a pen(错误)
3、I(物主代词)my you(物主代词)your he (物主代词)her we (物主代词) our
:在变物主代词时,把原题所给的词加上,再译成单词就可以了。
小学英语名词性物主代词
1、名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词一样有8个:
Mine;yours;his;hers;its;ours;yours;theirs
我的;你的;他的;她的;它的;我们的;你们的;他(她、它)们的'
2、 名词性物主代词的特点:
1)译成汉语都有“的”
2)后面不加名词
3)名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词
Eg: the pen is mine 钢笔是我的(mine=my pen)
小学英语单数的句子变成复数的句子
把单数的句子变成复数的句子很简单:变法是把能变成复数的词变成复数,但a或an要去掉。特殊疑问词、形容词、国家及地点通常不变。
Eg:把下列句子变成复数
1、 I have a car ----we have cars.
2、He is an American boy. ----They are American boys.
3、 It is a car ----They are cars.
4、This is an eraser ----These are erasers.
5、That is a backpsck -----Those are backpacks.
6、I'm an English teather ------We are English teathers.
7、It's a new shirt---- They are new shirts.
8、He's a boy ----They are boys.
9、She's a singer ------They are singers.
10、What's this in English?---- What are these in English?
小学英语名词的数语法
名词有单数和复数两种形式
1、名词的单数:表示一个人或一个事物
2、名词的复数:表示一个人以上的人或事物
名词复数的变化规律如下:
1、多数情况下在名词后面加S,s 在清辅音后读【S】
2、以s,x,sh,ch为结尾的词在词尾加es, es读作【iz】
3、以f ,fe为结尾的词去掉f或fe加ves,ves读作【vz】
4、以辅音加y结尾的词,变y 为ies
5、以元音加y结尾的词,直接加s
6、不规则变化
Man-men woman-women policeman-policemen
Policewoman-policewomen这种情况下a变成e
1、单复数同形
Chinese-chinese Japanese-japanese sheep -sheep deer -deer
2、 This 这个these这些(复数) that那个 those那些(复数)
I我 we我们(复数) he他 she她 it它 they他、它、她们(复数)
am ,is是 are(复数)
小学英语人称代词主格及宾格
人称代词分为主格和宾格,主格和宾格区别:主格和宾格汉语意思相同,但位置不同。
Eg:I(主格)“我”-- me (宾格)“我”
主格在陈述句中通常放句首,宾格通常放在动词后或介词后,也就是说宾格,不放在句首。
Eg :I have a new car.( I 主格)
Excuse me (me 宾格)
They sit in front of me (me 宾格)
主格(8个):I 我you你 he他 she她 it它 we 我们you 你们they他(她、它)们
宾格(8个):me我 you你 him 他her她 it它 us我们 you你们 them他(她、它)们
小学英语名词所有格语法
1、变法:在人名后面加's 记住:'s要译成“的” eg:Lucy(名词所有格)Lucy's
2、如果是2个或2个以上人的名词所有格要在最后一个人名加's
Eg:Lilyand Lucy (名词所有格)Lilyand Lucy'S
LilyLucy and Julia (名词所有格)Lily Lucy and Julia's
3、以s结尾的名词复数所有格在后面加',eg:students'
小学英语就划线部分提问练习题
就划线部分提问的变法:
1、先根据划线部分找到特殊疑问词。
2、再把没划线的部分变成一般疑问句的语序。
3、特殊疑问词通常有:what/ where/ who /whosc/ how/how old/ what colour/ whatclass /what grade/what row/what school
小学英语一般疑问句
1、一般疑问句最基本的变法:be 提前用问号读升调
2、my变成your our变成your I am / We are 变Are you I can 变Can you
3、注意人名不论放在什么位置都要大写 :
Tom is a student.
Is Tom a student?
4、一般疑问句翻译成汉语都有“吗”?
1)Thisis my English teather. Is this your English teather?
2)It is our school. Is it your school?
3)We are students. Are you students?
4)I can sing. Can you sing?
小学英语动词的用法
1、 到目前为止,我们学过的be动词包括三个词 am ,is, are 这三个词的汉语意思相同,都是“是”的意思,但怎么运用好这三个词呢?请记住下列口诀:
2、我是 am( eg:Iam a pupil.)你是 are (eg:You are a girl.) Is 用在他、她、它( eg:He is a Chinese boy;She is an Englishteather;It is a cat.见到复数就用are.)
3、记住:am ,is 的复数是are.;these 这些 ;those 那些(这两个词都表示复数)
篇8:英语语法经典ppt课件资料
英语语法经典ppt课件资料
一.案例背景
一直以来,在英语教学中如何教语法的问题始终是英语教师所关注的焦点之一。目前,尽管NSEFC已投入实践,但有些教师仍不能从学生的角度去设计语法教学,教法持续过去陈旧、单一的模式。在语法课上,他们花大量的时间对语法规则进行陈列,并进行大量的单句中译英翻译或做选择题,而且很多时候在唱“独角戏”。更有甚者,则不顾学生的实际英语水平,教学完全脱离了学生的实际接受能力。长此以往,导致了学生听课的索然无味,且学生就只懂得死抠语法,却不会把语法灵活运用于真实的语言环境中。
《普通高中英语课程标准(试验)》明确指出:“课改的重点就是要改变英语课程过分重视语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授、忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的培养的倾向,强调从学生的学习兴趣、生活经验和认识水平出发,倡导体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的教学途径,发展学生的综合语言运用能力,使语言的学习过程成为学生形成积极的情感态度、主动思维和大胆实践的过程。”语言的学习是一个自主体验、实践的习得过程。语法的学习亦然。且习得的语法知识只有在反复应用中才能被学生消化、吸收。尤其当它与适当的语境结合或让学生用它去“做事”时,学生的体验会更加深刻,然后通过总结及归纳,使学生对所学语法更加明晰。这时,语法知识才会真正内化为学生的真实的能力。
本案例是温州首届学科骨干教师研修班在温州教师教育院培训期间,借用温州二十二中的一个高一班级所上的一节研讨课,内容是NSEFC SB2 Unit4的Grammar部分――“be being done”(the Passive Voice of Present Continuous )。授课老师是瑞安中学的占玉霜老师。占老师这一节课的整体操作模式是按:“认识理解-情景操练-归纳总结-练习巩固-任务活用”的程序进行的。虽然授课班级学生的英语实际水平差强人意,但临近结束时,学生们已从开始时的沉闷、拘谨、懵懂变得积极、清晰而且流畅。授课取得了良好的效果。
二.相关理论
1.行为主义心理学把语言看成是一种行为,是一系列的刺激和反应:S1——R1...S2——R2。S1:实际刺激(stimuli),R1:语言替代性反应(response),S2:语言替代性刺激,R2:实际反应。其中,S1就相当于我们语言教学中创设的真实情境,S2则是通过语言表达功能给学习合作者传递的虚拟情境,学习者(包括合作者)接受这两种情境的刺激,完成语言习得的全过程,即R1、R2所表示的两种反应。
2.情境认知理论反对把知识当作“一个整体的、自足的,从理论上讲与学习和使用它的情境相脱离的东西”。因为这样的知识正如著名的数学家、逻辑学家怀特海(White—head,A.N.)指出的,是“呆滞的知识——仅为人脑所接受却不加以利用,或不进行检验,或没有与其他新颖的思想融为一体,因而,当需要用这些知识来解决实际问题时,它们往往被证明是没有用的。也就是说,情境认知理论超越了传统的知识观,强调知识的情境性、真实性、社会性、应用性、互动性。
三.教学过程及分析
Step1. Warming up and presentation
1.T leads in the class with a game, getting the Ss to guess what animal pictures that she will present on the screen.
2.After the Ss give all kinds of answers, T presents the pictures of 4 kinds of animals, they are: giraffes, antelopes, pandas, and elephants.
T: What do they have in common?
S1: They are animals in danger.
T: Why are they in danger?
S2: People are killing them.
T: Oh! Theyare being killedby people. (on the screen)
T: What are the antelopes being killed for? (T repeats it)
S3: Theyare being killedfor their fur. (on the screen) (with the help of the teacher)
分析:教师直接采用本单元的话题来引入主题,学生感到熟悉。猜谜游戏能激发兴趣,活跃课堂。同时在这样一问一答的过程中自然地呈现了语法结构,很自然,很巧妙。
Step2. Practice (situations from “Reading”)
T: Luckily,nowsome endangered wildlife is _______ (protect) by WWF and the Nature Reserve (on the screen) (T helps the Ss say “is being protected”). See, Daisy is visiting the Nature Reserve (with pictures of Daisy and some animals). The following are the dialogue between her and some animals. Can you imagine what the animals say.
e.g On the screen:
Daisy: What is happening to you now?
Giraffe(S1):Scientists are studying us.
S2:We are being studied by scientists.( with the help of the teacher)
Daisy: And, what are the raisers feeding you with?
Panda(S3):They are feeding us with milk.
S4:We are being fed with milk.(without the help of the teacher)
…(more practice)
分析:这一步来源于本单元“Reading”部分,教师利用这部分创设了一个语境:Daisy is visiting the Nature Reserve. 在这个语境中,学生以动物的口吻,按对话的形式操练了语法结构,这让学生感到新鲜,同时也锻炼了想象力,且复习了课文内容,可谓一箭三雕。而且,随着操练的进行,学生通过模仿从“不会”到“有些会”了。
Step3. Further practice (situations from “real life”)
T: Unluckily, in our life, there’re still some people who don’t treat animals well. Look, this is what they do to the animals.(presents 3 pictures: the 1st: A woman is stepping on a cat; the 2nd: People are eating frogs; the 3rd: people are killing seals). T helps the Ss to describe the 3 pictures:
S1: The cat is being cruelly stepped on.
S2: The frogs are being eaten by people in restaurants.
S3: The seals are being killed for their skin.(Ss can say a little fluently than in the last step)
分析:让学生体会生活中有些人是如何残酷地对待动物的,接受了思想上的教育。而且在进一步操练的过程中学生讲得越来越好了。这一步是上一步的延伸,圆满结束了情景操练部分的任务。
Step4. Conclusion
T: You’ve done a very good job, and now let’s make a conclusion of what we’ve learned. On the screen:
1.现在进行时的被动语态的用法------表示说话时正在进行的被动的动作
1).The elephants are being protectednow.
2).The pandas are being fed with milkover there.
3).Look! The frog is being eaten.
2.表示目前这段时间内持续进行的动作
1).A nature reserve is being builtthese days.
2).Many interesting experiments are being carried outrecently.
分析:这里教师成功地运用了归纳法。经过前面的几个步骤的操练,学生已经理解并能初步运用这个语法结构的规律,这时候给出的归纳性的文字会使学生理解的程度进一步加深,后面任务的执行会更加从容而自如。
Step5. Exercises (consolidation)
Ss do some exercises to consolidate the grammar, including the multiple choices, sentence transition (with the form “be under/in +n”), a cloze test (about how the environment in the Nature Reserve is being improved, mixed with other forms of Passive Voice of different tense in it. )
分析:从口头操练到笔头练习,使语法知识得以进一步的巩固。且练习之后,学生对各时态的被动语态的区别更加清晰,明了。
Step6. Task
On the screen, there is a picture with a variety of birds in a park, and the words as below: Our government is making a project to encourage more birds to come to our park to spend the cold winter. Please imaginewhat is being doneto attract many birds to come here. (items offered: food, water, nest, camera etc)
Ss cooperate and prepare for a few minutes, then report.(Now, the Ss speak much better and more fluently than the beginning.)
分析:体现了真正意义上的语法任务型教学。这使学生对语言的感知和理解更加清晰,形象更加活跃,思维更加深刻,记忆更加牢固。通过合作使学生对自己的发言更加自信。
Step7. Game
Boys and girls have a game of PK. The girls make up sentences using the active voice “be doing”, and the boys change the sentences to the passive voice “be being done”.
分析:这一步是学生创造性的发挥,句子来源于学生自己的`所见所闻。是对所学语法的灵活运用,也使学生的情绪高涨。一节课在高潮中结束。
三.案例反思与启示:
1、在整个教学过程中,教师始终把注意力放在学生对新课语法意识成功的体验上。其途径并非体现在教师对该语法滔滔不绝或绘声绘色的讲解,而是表现在学生对教师有针对性的语法情景设置能作出有意义的语言反应上。这种有意义的语言反应,因为有该语法概念作为内核,因此可以使学生的语法意识(awareness)得到体验。等到这种成功的体验积累到一定数量时,教师或优秀学生对语法规则或用法上的稍加点拨便会使这种体验升华到理性的高度,深层地储存于大脑地记忆库中。
2、教学主题的一致性使每一个步骤的呈现都显得那么自然不突兀,熟悉而亲切。就像一篇散文,形散而神不散。活动形式可以多样,但主题始终清晰而突出。教学始终围绕着“animal protection”而展开。不像有些语法课,一步一个主题,打一枪,放一炮,让学生一会儿往东走,一会儿向西跑,只觉得目不暇接,不知所措。因此我们可以考虑在以后的语法教学课中为学生设置一个主题,可以直接采用本单元的主题,也可以采用其它的学生熟悉的话题,只要能贴近学生的生活,激发学生的兴趣,或对学生有一定的教育意义的,我们都可以加以考虑,使之成为贯穿语法教学课的主线。
3、教学环节衔接自然,环环相扣,逐层递进,一气呵成。我们注意到,教师用一些连词,如 “Luckily”, “Unluckily”, “So, now”等把教学步骤很好地加以串联,使之成为一个完整的“故事”。总体体现了“认识理解-情景操练-归纳总结-练习巩固-任务活用”教学模式。轻、重、缓、急以及承、传、转、接在各步骤都体现得较完美。一节课以快乐的“猜谜游戏”开始,在“PK赛”的高潮中结束,让学生及听课老师都觉得愉悦而满意。环节的有效设计,调动了学生主体的主动学习、积极探索,不断激活着学生的创造思维去完成新知识的建构。教师在各环节中的主导作用不是讲知识,而是不断向学生提供各种有利于学习新知识的信息,让学生在有效信息的引领下,在已有知识的基础上,一步步地建构自己的新知识。
4、操练及练习的设计大都建立在语篇的层面上体现了老师的独具匠心。如:在练习巩固环节中,教师设计了一个完形填空,是关于 “Daisy”在参观 “Nature Reserve”时发现里面的环境是如何被改观的。各个时态的被动语态共同融入到这个完形的设计中,使学生做完后,自然习得了它们之间的区别。因此我们得到一个启示:语法能力的培养不能满足于单句的训练,那只是语法技能的即席反应。我们还须将语法技能放在语篇的诸多语法群中加以选择,流畅输出。这时候,所学的语法技能融入到众多已学到的语法能力中并成为其要素之一。如此循环往复,使语法知识、技能螺旋上升,达到自动化的境地。
5、在语法课上实施任务型教学,即让学生用语法去“做事”的做法如今已为广大教师所接受并实施于课堂。但为什么有些老师做得很成功,而有些老师的教学却达不到预期效果呢?我们注意到,占老师在实施任务型教学时,充分考虑到学生的实际情况,如:他们的认知水平,英语实际运用能力,和语言前结构(已有的知识)以及兴趣等等,所设置任务的难度,角度都充分考虑到上述因素。还有一个重要的原因是,任务的执行是建立在充分的操练和练习的基础上,是有着充分的准备和铺垫的。否则,任务的实施就会成为“空中楼阁”,不但不稳固,而且还有掉下来的可能。
总结:在实施新一轮课改的过程中,在素质教育的今天,教师要以新的教学观和学生观实施语法教学,针对学生的实际,在教学内容、教学环节、教学方法上巧妙构思,合理布局,充分发挥学生的想象力和创造力,通过师生的共同努力,切实提高英语语法教学的课堂效益,从而在教与学中不断进步。让语法课那原本“灰色”的课堂亮起来吧!
篇9:学习英语语法知识课件
英语语法名词性从句知识:主语从句学习指要用来作主语的句子叫做主语从句。如:
(1)When he was born is unknown. 他生于何时还不知道。
(2)What he did last night is being investigated. 他昨天晚上干了些什么正在调查之中。
在主语从句中须注意:
1. 主语从句一般用it作形式主语,放在句首,而将主语从句放到句末。如:
(1)It is possible that he has stolen the car. 很可能他偷了小车。
(2)Isn’t it strange that he should not have passed the test? 他测试没有通过,难道不奇怪吗?
2. if引导主语从句时,只能用it作形式主语,放在句首,而将if引导的主语从句放到句末。如:
It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 明天他是否去北京还不敢肯定。
3. that引导主语从句放在句首时,that不可省,但在句末口语中可省。如:
That he was ill yesterday is known now. 大家都已知道他昨天生了病。
4. 连接代词引导主语从句只能放在句首。如;
(1)Who has broken the glass is unknown. 谁打破了玻璃现在还不知道。
(2)What he wants is all here. 他所要的东西都在这里。
5. 主语从句中主句的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式,但what引导主语从句的主句谓语动词的形式须根据句子的意思来判断。如
(1)How he worked it out is still a secret. 他是如何把它做出来的还是一个秘密
(2)What they makes in this factory are TV sets. 他们在工厂里所做的`东西就是电视机。
英语语法名词性从句知识点:八种宾语从句不省略that
【导语】英语语法让很多学生都头疼,因为复杂难懂的句式和词组有时难以记忆。为大家整理了英语语法大全,希望对同学们的英语语法学习有所帮助。更多内容尽在。
引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略:
1. 宾语从句前有插入语。如:
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反,我们希望他和我们呆在家里。
2. 有间接宾语时。如:
He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告诉我他要去日本。
3. that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。如:
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the children like to read it.他说那本书很有趣,所有小孩都喜欢读。
4. 在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。如:
I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我们认为他有必要留在这里。
5. that从句单独回答问题时。如:
—What did he hear? 他听说了什么事?
—That Kate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。
6. 在except等介词后。如:
He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。
7. 位于句首时。如:
That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我们队会赢。
8. 在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后。如:
He replied that he disagreed. 他回答说他不同意。
篇10:学习英语语法知识课件
英语语法知识:It be time +(that)从句
在英语里,“It be time +(that)从句”是一个较为常用的句型,它表示“该做……的时候了”的意思。该句型属于主从复合句的一种;其主句部分为“It be time”,从句部分的连词that可以省略。以下从三个方面简要谈谈这一句型。
一、time前面的修饰语
句型“It be time +(that)从句”通常暗示“有点迟了”,为了强调这一含义,可以在time的前面加形容词high.例如:
It's high time we started.
It is high time that more women ran the arts.
为了使语气得到进一步的加强,还可以在high的前面加certainly, more than等副词或词组:
It is certainly high time that we ordered dinner.
形容词full也可以加在time的前面,用来加强语气。例如:
It's full time you had a nice day.
It is full time that boy went to herding.
time前面还可以加about,这时句型所表达的意思是“早该……”。例如:
It's about time we started.
It's about time I settled down.
上面两例中的about可以用getting来代替,句意不变;这可以视为句型“It be time +(that)从句”的一种变体。
二、从句中的动词形式
在“(that)从句”中,动词形式通常是一般过去时。这是一种奇特而有趣的语言现象,即用假设的过去时来代替实际的将来时。从英语史的角度来看,从句中的动词形式用过去时原是属虚拟语气;但从语言发展的观点来看,目前这种动词形式视为陈述语气比较合适。
著名语言学家夸克(R. Quirk)教授等人在1985年出版的《英语语法大全》一书中认为,“(that)从句”的动词形式一定要用“假设的过去时”。他们举了一例:It's time I was in bed.其实,动词形式除常用过去时外,也可以用其他时态和语态(用何种形式应视情况而定)。正如著名语言学家周海中教授在1988年发表的《探讨“It be time (that)…”句型》一文中所言:在现代英语里,“(that)从句”中的动词形式一般用过去时,这是基本规则;有时也可以用其他的动词形式,但应视为特殊用法。他在其文中列举了大量实例,用于论证和说明。
1.用were型虚拟语气。例如:
It's high time I were hence. (W. Shakespeare)
It's time I were gone. (A. Tennyson)
由于英语的发展,虚拟语气与陈述语气之间的区别正在逐渐消失。基于这种情况,虚拟语气的were也正在逐渐地代替陈述语气的was.
2.用be型虚拟语气。例如:
You reckon I be found anywhere with him, time he start belle ring. (W. Faulkner)
It is time that more of the research dollars now devoted to cure be diverted to finding new and more humane ways of curing that will make a cancer patient's remaining years happier, more comfortable, and more productive. (Science, 1984, Vol. 5, No.7)
动词形式用be型虚拟语气是古英语的用法。目前,这一用法在英国英语中已“日薄西山”,而在美国英语中却有“东山再起”之势,但主要见于正式文体。
3.借助情态动词should
It's time this heart should be unmoved. (G. Byron)
It may be time that I should meet with some misfortune; but I hope it is not this. (C. Dickens)
上面用法主要见于文学作品,尤其是英国人写的。
4.用过去进行时。例如:
It's time we were leaving. (H. Maclnnes)
It's time we were getting home. (E. O'Neil)
上面用法通常是一些表示位置转移的动作动词。
篇11:八年级下英语语法课件
八年级下英语语法课件
语法专题
Module 1
简单句:由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。
一. 五种基本句型:
1. 主语+系动词+表语 (S+V+P)He is happy.
2. 主语+不及物动词+(状语) ( S+V ) He is swimming.
3. 主语+及物动词+宾语+(状语) ( S+V+O ) I saw him just now.
4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 ( S+V+IO+DO ) She lent me a bike,
主语+及物动词+直接宾语+间接宾语 ( S+V+DO+IO ) She lent a bike to me.
5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 ( S+V+O+OC) The good news made us happy.
二. 练习:写出下列句子的基本成分。
1. He likes music very much.
2. The soup tastes salty.
3. She works very hard.
4. My teacher asked me to come a little earlier next time.
5. My father bought me a computer.
Module 2
宾语从句:以一个句子作为宾语的复合句。
一. 宾语从句的时态:
主句 从句
一般现在时 要根据具体情况选择所需要的时态
一般过去时 相应的过去时态
一般过去时 客观真理或自然现象时,从句用一般现在时态
e.g. He says that he is going to the cinema.
He said that he couldn’t finish the work on time.
The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
二. 宾语从句的语序:陈述句的语序。
三. 宾语从句的引导词:
陈述句 that (在口语中可省去)
一般疑问句 if / whether
特殊疑问句 疑问词 (what, when, where, who, why, which, how)
e.g. He says. He likes painting.---- He says (that) he likes painting.
Is he American? He asked ---- He asked if / whether he was American.
Where is the cinema? I don’t know ---- I don’t know where the cinema is.
四. 练习:把下列句子改为宾语从句。
1. The story is very interesting. (he said)
2. What did you say? ( I didn’t hear)
3. Where does he come from. (I want to know)
4. Is your father a doctor? (my teacher asked)
5. Has she seen the film? (I don’t know)
6. How can I get to the hospital. (Can you tell me)
7. He is playing computer games. (he says)
8. They will have a meeting tomorrow. (I know)
Module 3
动词不定式(to do)和动名词(v-ing)
有些动词后面需加to do或-ing来把意思补充完整。接to do的单词多为 “打算”、“计划”、“希望”之类的动词,而这些动词都表示未来。接-ing形式的动词要么表示是正在进行,要么表示一般性或经常性行为。有的动词既可以接to do,也可以接-ving。
一. 接to do的动词有:want, would like, agree, refuse, decide, learn, need, offer, afford, wish, hope, ask等。
二. 接-ing的`动词有:feel like, keep, enjoy, finish, practice等。
三. 既可以接to do,也可以接-ving的动词有:hate, like, love, begin, start(意思一样),remember, forget, continue, stop, try, go on(意思不一样)等。
四. 练习:用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. Would you like _____________ (have) a cup of tea?
2. I’m very tired, let’s stop _____________ (have) a rest.
3. I asked why he smiled, but he couldn’t remember _________________ (smile) at me.
4. He wants _____________ (buy) a new bike.
5. You must keep _______________ (practice) ______________ (speak) English every day.
6. Have you finished _____________ (read) the book?
7. I decide ______________ (visit) the Great Wall this holiday.
8. My sister enjoys _______________ (listen) to music.
9. He learnt ______________ (swim) all by himself.
10. My father agreed ____________ (buy) me a computer.
11. I forgot _____________ (close) the door yesterday.
12. I hate ______________ (lose).
13. The teacher is coming, we stop _____________. (talk)
14. We tried ______________ (finish) the work on time.
15. Sally refused ______________ (play) during the final practice.
16. He offers ____________ (help) me with the work.
17. She can’t afford ______________ (buy) a dictionary.
18. I hope _____________ (go) abroad.
19. Da Wei asked ____________ (play) the computer game on my father’s computer.
20. He started _______________ (make) his own radio programmer at the age of fifteen.
Module 4-5
一. 由if引导的条件状语从句 (如果...)
1. 句子结构
主句 + if从句. If从句, 主句.
2. 时态变化
主句 从句
一般将来时
will won’t 一般现在时
v. don’t + v.
v.-s doesn’t + v.
启使句
v. Don’t + v.
e.g.:
If you (want) to say something, (hand) up, please.
=
If Lily (receive) the gift, she (be) very happy.
=
If she (get) up late, she (not catch) the bus.
=
=She should , or
二. 感叹句 (多......啊!)
1. What + a/an/... + adj. + n. (+ 主语 + be)!
(+ 从句)
e.g.: clean classroom it !
honest kid Tom !
terrible news this !
fantastic concerts they !
funny place we went yesterday!
2. How + adj. + 主语 (the + n. /人名/代词) + be!
How + adv. + 主语 + v.!
How + adj./adv. + 从句!
e.g.: 改写上面的句子.
篇12:初中英语语法教学课件
初中英语语法教学课件
(一)教学内容分析
现在完成时态同学们在初二下册和初三教材中都有学过,对这种时态的基本结构和用法都略有掌握。
(二)学情分析
本节课立足于学生在初二和初三学习基础上,进行复习和梳理, 查漏补缺。 帮助学生把该项知识点应用到与之相符的实际活动中, 巩固和提高时态的学习和实际运用。
(三)教学目标
1、知识目标:现在完成时态的复习。
2、能力目标:学生能运用现在完成时态来谈论日常 生活中发生的一些事情。
3、情感目标:结合课堂教学内容教育学生热爱生活,把握今天,努力学习。同时根据课堂 的设计,培养学生合作学习及公平竞争的意识。
(四)教学重点
现在完成时态的基本结构、用法,以及在具体情景交际中的运用。
(五)教学难点
现在完成时态的实际运用。
(六)教学方法与手段
主要运用情景教学法和任务型教学法。同时堂课中设计了一些竞赛的活动,鼓励学生小组团结合作。在尊重学生个性发展、面向全体学生的基础上,由浅入深,由已知到未知,循序渐进地深化教学内容。展开以教师为主导,以学生为主体的师生双边活动。另外,为了培养学生辨别、理解、分析、运用与归纳能力,教学中充分运用了多媒体辅助教学的手段,增强了教学的直观性和趣味性,加大了课堂密度,增强了教学效果。
教学设计
Step 1 导入阶段
教学思路:
1、先播放一段动画,让同学们观看。旨在让他们在动画的语言中去感受和体会现在完成时态的情景运用。从而引出本节课复习的内容:现在完成时。
2、给同学们播放音乐和展示一些图片,在与学生的谈论中引出现在完成时的句型。为下一步做好铺垫。
教学过程:
1、学生观看动画,思考问题。
师 :同学们,你们喜欢动作片吗?
生:喜欢。 师:那现在让我们看一段动画。同学们可要认真观看哟,看看动画中运用了哪一种时态?这种时态是怎样运用的?
师:动画中运用了那一种时态呢?(学生看完了,老师提问)
生:现在完成时。
师:现在完成时,我们在八年级下册和九年级都学过。你们对它了解多少呢? 生:自由讨论,回顾与复习现在完成时学过的知识。教师必要时给予引导。 (通过动画进行导入复习,提高了学生的学习兴趣,也让学生在生动的情景中去体会语言的运用,为下一步的复习做了铺垫。)
Step 2 呈现阶段
教学思路:给学生创造一些情景,让他们在老师的引导下能用现在完成时态谈论生活中的一些事情如:听音乐、看电影 和看书等。
教学过程:
T:Have you ever heard this song? ( 给学生播放一段音乐)
Ss: Yes , we have .
T: ask a student and guide him to answer :
S : I have ever heard this song .
(教师根据情景询问学生曾经看过电影和读过书,引导他们说出现在完成时的句子: I have ever seen this film . I have ever read this book ........ )
Step 3 操练阶段
教学思路:先让学生用现在完成时谈论图片上的内容,教师可以给予提示,然后过渡到谈论生活中熟悉的事情,在这阶段教师适当做些疑难点的讲解与归纳。最后以比赛的形式操练与巩固知识。
教学过程:
1、用现在完成时谈论事情。
T: Everyone ! Do you like traveling ? which places have you ever been to ? ( 教师指着一些图片上的地方问:Have you ever been to Sanya ? 引出句型 : Have you ever been to …… 和 I have ever / never been to ….)
Ss : I have ever been to ……... I have never been to ……. (让学生谈论他们曾经去过和从没去过的地方,用以上句型进行谈论。)
2、疑难点的讲解归纳
T: Have you ever been to Shanghai ?
Ss : No ,we haven’t .
T: I have ever been to Shanghai . I went there last summer . ( 给学生呈现一张我在上海的照片) but , my friend went to Shanghai three days ago , she is still in Shanghai now . ( 呈现一张我朋友在上海的照片) ask students question : where is my friend now ?
Ss : She is in Shanghai now .
T : We can also say : She has gone to Shanghai
( 讲解归纳: have been to …….. 和 have gone to …….. 的区别 )
呈现一张教师的图片,并提供信息:Miss Yang began to teach English in . 让学生谈论Miss Yang 教书的.情况。(教师引导:当现在完成时表示动作从过去开始一直持续到现在时,句子可以与延续性的时间状语连用,如:for 和since 引导的时间状语从句。)
T : How long has Miss Yang taught English ?
S1: She has taught English for eleven years .
S1: She has taught English since 2000.
T : How long have you learned English ?
S3: I have learned English for six years .
S4: I have learned English since .
S5: I have learned English since I was nine years old .
(讲解归纳for 和since 引导时间状语的区别 。)
3、开展比赛活动
师:现在我们来进行一项比赛。我们分成两组:一组同学用中文说出一些现在完成时表示活动的句子,另一组同学翻译成英文,然后交换过来,看哪一组翻译的正确句子多哪一组就赢。现在给你们一分钟的时间写出你们熟悉的正确句子。
生:尽可能多地写出一些句子。 比赛进行时,教师请英语课代表做好登记。教师参与到同学中去,让同学们在有趣的游戏中进一步巩固现在完成时的运用。
师:公布比赛结果,进行课堂评价。
4、学生自己归纳知识点。
师:通过以上的复习,同学们对现在完成时态都能掌握了吧?现在我们来归纳一下现在完成时的用法及基本结构。 (先让学生自己归纳,然后让几位学生说说归纳情况,老师再做点评。)
Step 4 练习巩固
中考真题实战训练。
让学生接触历年的中考试题,不仅让他们更加巩固了这一时态的知识,而且使他们对中考方向有所了解,增强了备考的信心。
Step 5 小结
师:同学们,我们这节课复习了现在完成时态,我们都掌握了它的用法和基本结构以及几点区别。你们还有什么问题吗? 生:思考,回顾 ,提问 。 (给学生播放歌曲 Jingle bell . 让学生在欢快的音乐中结束课堂学习。)
Step 6 作业
完成与现在完成时相关的练习册和试题。
篇13:初中英语语法冠词课件
初中英语语法冠词课件
(一)概说
1.冠词是一种虚词,不能独立担任一个成分,只能附着在一个名词上,帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个冠词:
1)定冠词the 2)不定冠词a/an
定冠词the通常读作[],在元音前读作[i],特别强调或单念时读作[i:]。
不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用an这个形式,读作[n];在其他情况下则使用a,读作[]。
2.冠词的基本意义
不定冠词a/an与数词one同源,表示“一个”的意思,用在可数名词单数前。
例如: She is a nurse. 她是个护士。
He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife. 他是一位英国人,有一个爱尔兰妻子。
定冠词the,与this同源,有“这(那)个”的意思,但比较弱,表示一(几)个特定的人或东西,有时可译作“这个(些)”或“那个(些)”。
例如:
That’s the book you want. 这就是你要的那本书。 Who’s the young man over there? 那边那个年轻人是谁?
但在很多情况下,“这”或“那”这类词在译文中并不出现。
例如: Put it on the table. 把它放在桌上。 Shut the door, please. 请把门关上。
3.特指和泛指
一般来说,名词有特指和泛指两种情况,请比较下面的句子:
A gentleman is asking to see you. 有位先生要求见你。(泛指)
Ask the gentleman to come in. 请那位先生进来。(特指)
在特指时一般前面要加定冠词,而泛指时则有三种情况:
1)在可数名词单数前加不定冠词。
例如: She sent me a postcard 她寄给我一张明信片。
2)在可数名词复数前可不加冠词,可使用some, any这类词。
例如: These are new words. 这些是生词。 She sent me some flowers. 她送给我一些花。
3)在不可数名词前多不加什么,有时也可加some, any等。
例如: It’s lovely weather. 天气真好。 Do you want any sugar in your tea? 你茶里要放点糖吗?
Give us some help. 给我们一些帮助。
(二)不定冠词的基本用法
1.泛指某一类人或事物中的一个,代表某一类别(不一定译为“一”)
例如: His father is a doctor. 他父亲是医生。
2.代表某一类人或事物,相当于any(+名词)(不必译为“一”,但必须用a,表示类别)
例如: A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。
3.指某人或某物(不是指某一类),但不具体说明何人或何物(一般译为“一”)
例如: This book was written by a worker. 这本书是一位工人写的。
4.表示数量,有“一”的.意思,但数的概念没有one强烈(一般译为“一”)
例如: Wait a moment. 等一下。
5.表示单位,相当于“每”的意思
例如: We have three meals a day. 我们每日吃三餐。
6.用于某此固定词组中
例如: a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of等。
(三)定冠词的基本用法
1.特指某(些)人或某(些)事物
例如: Give me the book. 把那本书给我。
2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物
例如: Where is the doctor? 医生在哪儿?
3.再次提到上文提到过的人或事物
例如:
I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home. 昨天我买了一本词典。词典在家里。
4.用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物
例如: The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun. 地球比月亮大,但比太阳小。
5.用在序数词和形容词最高级前
例如: Mr Wang teaches the first class. 王先生上第一节课。
Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth. 在所有的恒星中,太阳离地球最近。
6.用在单数可数名词,表示某一类人或事物
例如:The horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。
7.与下列专有名词连用
1)在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前
例如: the Changjiang River, the Great Lake
2)在姓氏的复数名词前,表示夫妇二人或全家人
例如: The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table. 格林一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁。
8.和某些形容词连用,表示一类人
例如:
the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the sick 病人 the dead 死人
9.在一些习惯说法中
the east (west, south, north) in the morning (afternoon, evening) on the left (right)
in the end go to the cinema
(四)不用冠词的几种情况
1.在专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词前
例如:
Have you ever been to Shanghai? 你到过上海吗? We love science. 我们爱好科学。
2.在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前
例如: Girls can be scientists. 女孩子可以当科学家。
3.在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前
例如: It is hot in summer. 夏天天气热。
It’s Tuesday, August the 22nd. 今天是八月二十二日,星期三。
Have you had breakfast? 你吃过早饭没有?
4.称呼语或表示头衔,职务的名词前
例如:
What’s the matter with you, Mike? 怎么啦,迈克?
He is headmaster of our school. 他是我们学校的校长。
5.学科和球类运动的名称前
例如:
We study English. 我们学习英语。 Do you like to play football? 你喜欢踢足球吗?
6.名词前已有用作定语的this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代词时,不用冠词
例如:
That is her bike那是她的自行车。Each student in his class studies hard. 这个班的每个学生都努力学习。
7.在某些固定词组的名词前
例如: at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。
I. 在下列句子的空格中填上适当的冠词,不需要的地方用“/”表示:
1. This is ______ old map. It is ______ useful map.
2. We have no classes in ______ afternoon on _______ Saturday.
3. ______ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _______second.
4. Beijing is ______ capital of ______ China. It is _______ beautiful city.
5. Roman was not built in ______ day.
6. Chinese is quite ______ difficult language for Mike.
7. Many ______ students will take ______ active part in sports meet.
8. There is ______ interesting picture on ______ wall.
9. Jenny found ______ wallet lying on ______ground. ______ wallet was Mr. Black’s.
10. Which is ______ biggest, ______ sun, ______ moon, or ______ earth?
11. --- Which picture is more beautiful? --- ______one on ______ left, I think.
12. --- Which is _____ way to ______ hospital?
--- Go down this road and turn left on ______ second crossing.
13. _______ more, _______ better.
14. _______ Turners are sitting at breakfast table.
15. Joe Hill was _______ fighter for ______ working class.
16. When was ______ People’s Republic of China founded?
17. In China ______ first English textbooks were published in _____late nineteenth century.
18. After ______ breakfast he went to ______ school on ______ foot.
19. ______ Huanghe River lies in ______ north of China.
20. He likes playing ______ football. His sister likes playing ______ piano.
II. 单项选择:
1. 上学 A. go to school B. go to the school C. go to a school
2. 住院 A, in the hospital B. in a hospital C. in hospital
3. 此刻 A. at the moment B. at a moment C. at moment
4. 在课堂上 A. in class B. in a class C. in the class
5. 在地球上 A. on earth B. on an earth C. on the earth
6. 步行 A. on foot B. on the foot C. on feet
7. 吃饭 A. at a table B. at the table C. at table
8. 乘公共汽车A. take bus B. by bus C. by the bus
9. 在家 A. at the home B. at a home C. at home
10. 在工作 A. at work B. at the work C. at works
11. 跳高 A. jump high B. high jump C. the high jump
12. 坐飞机 A. by air B. by the air C. on air
13. 乘火车 A. by the train B. by train C. on train
14. 在校学习A. in the school B. in school C. in schools
15. 睡觉 A. go to bed B. go to the bed C. go to a bed
16. 感冒 A. have a cold B. have the cold C. have cold
17. 乘船 A. by ship B. on ship C. by a ship
18. 玩得痛快A. have good times B. have a good time C. have good times
19. 事实上 A. in the fact B. in facts C. in fact
21. 从早到晚
A. from morning to the evening B. from morning to evening C. from a morning to an evening
III. 选择填空:
1. There is ______ old woman in the car.
A. / B. the C. a D. an
2. Shanghai is in _______ east of China.
A. / B. an C. the D. a
3. Bill is ______ English teacher. He likes playing ______ football.
A. a, the B. an, the C. a, / D. /, /
4. The museum is quite far. It will take you half _____ hour to go there by ______ bus.
A. an, / B. an, a C. a, / D. /, /
5. The story is ______ interesting. That means it is ______ interesting story.
A. an, the B. the, a. C. /, an D. /, a
6. Let’s go for ______ walk, shall we?
A. a B. an C. the D. /
7. This is ______ interesting story-book and it is also ______ useful one.
A. a, a B. an, an C. an, a D. a, an
8. _______ woman over there is ______ popular teacher in our school.
A. A, an B. The, a C. The , the D. A, the
9. They passed our school ______ day before yesterday.
A. an B. one C. a D. the
10. Australia is ______ English-speaking country.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
11. Don’t play ______ basketball here. It’s dangerous.
A. a B. an C. / D. the
12. This is ______ apple. It’s _______ big apple.
A. an, a B. a, the C. a, an D. an, the
13. --- Have you seen ______ bag? I left it here just now.
--- Is it ______ one on the chair near the door?
A. a, a B. the, the C. a, the D. the, a
14. I have ______ blue coat.
A. a B. an C. the D. some
15. This is _____ orange. _______ orange is on the table.
A. a, The B. an, The C. an, An D. the, An
16. Have you had ______ breakfast?
A. a B. an C. the D. /
17. He wondered when the doctor could finish _____ operation.
A. a B. an C. the D. any
18. After ______ supper, he stayed at home and played ______ violin.
A. the, the B. /, the C. /, a D. /, /
19. There is ______ apple on the plate.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
20. He said that he got ______ “ C” in the test.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
21. ______ new bridge has been built over ______ Huangpu River.
A. The, a B. A, / C. A, the D. An, an
22. English is _______ useful language in ______ world.
A. an, the B. a, the C. the, the D. an, an
23. In the word “ cariage” _______ “ r” is lost.
A. the B. an C. a D. /
24. With the help of his teacher he studied hard and got ______ “ A” in the test.
A. a B. an C. the D. one
25. I have two dogs. ______ black one is two years old and ______ yellow one is three years old.
A. A, a B. The, a C. The, the D. A. the
26. Li Dan can play ______ piano very well.
A. / B. a C. an D. the
27. What ______ interesting film it is! I like ______ film very much.
A. a, the B. a, a C. an, the D. The, /
28. ______ tall man over there is our ______ English teacher.
A. A, the B. The, a C. A, an D. The, /
冠词
I. 1. an, a 2. the, / 3. A, a 4. the, /, a 5. a 6. a 7. /, an 8. an, the 9. a, the, The 10. the, the, the, the 11. The, the 12. the, the, the 13. The , the 14. The 15. a, the 16. the 17. the, the 18. /, /, / 19. The, the 20. /, the
II. 1—5 ACAAC 6—10 ACBCA 11—15 BABBA 16—20 AABCB
III. 1—5 DCDAC 6—10 ACBDB 11—15 CACAB 16—20 DCBBA
21—25 CBBBC 26—28 DCD
篇14:初中英语语法复习课件
初中英语语法复习课件
九种基本时态
一、一般现在时
概念:
表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。常和 always , often , usually , sometimes , every day 等表时间的状语连用。
如:
1) I go to school every day . 我每天都去学校。(表经常)
2) He is always like that . 他总是那样。 (表状态)
构成:
1) 主语 + be (am / are / is ) +……
2) 主语 + 实义动词 + …
二、一般过去时
概念:
1) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday , last week , in , two days ago等。
如:
I went to a movie yesterday. 我昨天去看了一场电影。
2) 也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
如: He always went to work by bike last week.
构成:
1) 主语 + be (was / were ) +……
2) 主语 + 实义动词过去式 +…
三、现在进行时
概念:
表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。
如:
He is singing.They are watching TV now.
构成:
主语 + 助动词be(am/are/is) + 动词-ing形式构成.
四、过去进行时
概念:
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。 这一特定的过去时间除了有上下文暗示外,一般用时间状语来表示。
如:
1) ---What were you doing?
---I was jumping.
2) ---What was the boy doing when the UFO arrived?
---He was sleeping.
构成:
主语 + 助动词be(was/were) + 动词-ing形式构成.
五、一般将来时
概念:
表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。
如:
He is singing.They are watching TV now.
构成:
主语 + 助动词be(am/are/is) + 动词-ing形式构成.
六、过去将来时
概念:
表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的`状态。
构成:
1) 主语(第一人称) + 助动词should + 动原 +…
2) 主语 + would + 动原 + ….
3) 主语 + was/ were going to +动原…
用法:过去将来时除了上下文暗示外,一般常用在间接引语中,主句谓语动词为过去时态。
如:
1) I should go.
2) You knew I would come.
3) They were going to Naning.
七、现在完成时
构成:
主语 + 助动词 ( have / has ) + 动词过去分词 +…
用法:
表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
如:
---Have you had your lunch yet?
---Yes, I have. (现在我不饿了。)
八、现在完成进行时
概念:
表示从过去某一时间开始持续到现在的动作。这一动作可能是刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并可能延续到将来。
构成:
主语 + 助动词 (have / has ) + been + 动词-ing +…
如:
1) I have been sitting here for an hour.
2) She has been collecting stamps for about 6 years.
九、过去完成时
构成:
主语 + 助动词 had + 动词过去分词 +…
用法:表示过去在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示的动作发生的时间是”过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by,before 等构成的短语,也可用when,before,等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。
如:
I had finished my homework when my mom came back home.
三大从句
一、宾语从句
宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子。
例如:
He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.
他说长大后想当一名老师。
①宾语从句的连接词:
宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。
②宾语从句的语序:
A. 宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前,谓语在后)。
例如:I want to know if he can come tomorrow.
我想知道他明天是否能来。
B. 当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时,后面直接加谓语动词。
例如:She asked me who had helped him.
她问我谁帮助了他。
③宾语从句的时态,只要记住以下口诀即可:“主现则从任,主过则从过,客观真理一般现”
A. 主现则从任:主句如果是一般现在时,则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种。
例如:1.He tells me he studied English in England last year.
他告诉我他去年在英国学习英语。
B. 主过则从过:主句如果是一般过去时,则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种,带“过”字的时态分别是如:一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时。
例如:He told me that he liked playing football.
他告诉我他喜欢踢足球。
C. 客观真理一般现:客观真理永远用一般现在时。
例如:He said the moon goes around the earth.他说月亮绕着地球转。
二、状语从句
1. 时间状语从句:
在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。
时间状语从句的连接词:when(当…...时候),while(当...…时候) as(当...…时候),after(在…...以后),before(在...…以前) as soon as(一...…就......),since(自从...…到现在),till/until(直到…...才......),by the time(到...…的时候)
例如:
Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.
莫扎特四岁时开始创作音乐。
2. 条件状语从句:
在一个句子中作条件状语的句子。
条件状语从句的连接词:if, unless(除非),as long as(只要)
例如:If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.
如果明天不下雨,我们将去远足。
注意:在时间和条件状语从句中,一定要符合“主将从现”原则。如上面例句,条件状语 If it doesn’t rain tomorrow用一般现在时,主句we will go hiking用一般将来时。
3. 原因状语从句:
在一个句子中作原因状语的句子。
原因状语从句的连接词:because, since, as,now that
例如:I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.
因为我生病了,所以昨天没去上学。
三、定语从句
定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分。
例如:I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.(beautiful是定语)
我给我的老师一束漂亮的花。
定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子,定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。
例如:I have met a doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.
我认识了一位第一医院的医生。
定语从句的关系词:
关系代词:who、which、whom、whose、that
关系副词:when、where、why
篇15:三大从句英语语法课件
三大从句英语语法课件
比较状语从句
1、分类
(1)基本类
比较,无非就是两个东西之间相互比较的结果。A和B相比,那结果通常就是以下三种情况:A=B; A>B;AB,A比B多,那就要肯定A. A has more apples than BA的苹果比B的多;③A
There are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians.
As many as表示“和......一样多”,什么和什么一样多?历史的定义和历史学家一样多。但历史的定义和历史学家不是同一类东西。谁决定谁呢?肯定是历史学家给历史下定义。所以,这句话应该翻译成:有多少历史学家,就有多少历史学的定义。
(2)倍数类
所谓倍数类,就是表达倍数的几类,即倍数表达法。
①是......倍,可以用N times as much as来表达;
②多......倍,可以用”more than/less than”来表达;
③ 是百分之几,则可以用N%来表达。倍数表达法是初高中常学的内容,并非考研英语的重要语法知识,我们在平时的学习中了解即可。
(3)特殊类
特殊类,即基本类词汇的否定。但否定和否定又有所不同,这是考研英语中常考的地方,也是大多数考生,傻傻分不清楚的地方。
①no more than. A no more than B.More than B就是肯定B, no more than B就是否定B,但要注意no是把A,B二者都否定的。所以A no more than 的含义是“AB都不......”
如:Mary is no more diligent than Tom.就意为Mary和Tom都不勤奋。
②no less than. A no less than B, less than B表示比B少,A no less than B表示A不比B少,即 A、B都肯定,和”not any less than”同意,表示“既...又....”的含义。
③not so much ...as... as B, 和B一样多,not so much A as B,not只否定A, 即A小于B,我们可以将其翻译为“与其......不如......”,如:
The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning.
根据not so much ...as...的含义,这句话应该翻译成:学校教育的重大作用,与其说是交给你东西,不如说是交给你学习的艺术。
以上都是比较状语从句的常见、常考的内容,对于非常考点,我们了解就行;但对于常考的内容,我们一定要在理解的基础上多加训练。
让步状语从句
1、名字的由来
其实,让步状语从句叫这个名字,是和它的连词有关的。它的常用连词是though, 相信大部分同学都认识,可以将其翻译为“虽然,尽管,即使”这个概念。但它和让步之间什么关系呢?一个句子用though来开头,即though引导一个从句,那后面应该跟一个主句才对吧?但是,如果在这个主句中出现了but, 这句话还对吗?肯定不对了。我们都知道,主句应该是一个很干净的、完完整整的主谓宾结构,如果是一个让步状语从句的用法,那这个让步指的是为转折、让步。什么意思?这个句子里面如果有but, however这样的转折词,那就不应该出现though这样的词;如果有让步状语从句连词,也不应该有however, 虽然中文里面会说到“虽然/尽管/即使...但是”,但对应的英文句子中应当只有一个“虽然”存在,或者只有一个“但是”存在,不能“虽然...但是”同时存在。即,第一,通过让步状语从句的连词进行判断考研英语语法三大状语从句解析考研英语语法三大状语从句解析。Wh-连词,后面加了-ever之后,都可以表示“无论...”,no matter wh-也表示“无论...”.但是这两个词一样吗?乍看之下,whatever和no matter what都一样,都表示“无论......”。但我们看这个词,however的含义是①作副词,表示转折“然而”;②作连词,表示“无论,多么”。但是no matter how是没有表示“然而”的意思,它最多只能表示一半的however. 即,“当however像no matter how一样,后面接形容词/副词/分词+主系结构,+主句”时,二者才是对等的。总之,though, although, even if和even though都可以翻译成“尽管,虽然”;而且,wh- ever和no matter wh- 是不等的,因为however不等于no matter how.
2、while用法分析
⑴While这个词可以作并列连词,用在”________, while ________”这个句型中,表示前后对比的特征
⑵While作从属连词,用在”While_______,________”句型中。此时,while有两种含义:
①=when,表示“当......时”的含义;
②当while出现在一个状语从句中,我们在80%以上的情况下,都把它翻译成although.它是一个让步状语从句,翻译成“虽然,尽管”。这个词说简单也简单,说复杂也复杂,重要的是记住它的公式。
3、as用法解析
①当as用作介词,后面可以加一个名词,此时,通常把as翻译成“作为”。如:as a teacher.
②as作连词,引导一个从句,有很多种翻译,我们比较熟悉的就是“正如,好像,比如”,除此之外,还有“当...时”,或者翻译成“因为......”,但不论是哪一个意思,只要引导从句,as都必须在一个句子的最前面,这样引导的句子就叫做从句。但是,当as出现在从句的第二个词单元位置,即第二个词义单元的时候,我们也可以将它翻译成“虽然,尽管”,慢慢就形成了一个所谓的固定搭配much as,这里as引导一个让步状语从句,表示“虽然,尽管”。如:Much as he knows, he is not good at it.尽管他知道很多,他并不擅长这件事情。想对让步状语从句有个更深入的了解,还是让我们仔细的分析真题例句吧!
4、例句分析
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English speakers.
看到这个句子,我们做的第一件事情还是去寻找它的谓语动词。While在句子中间,那它是“尽管、虽然”的意思吗?仔细分析后,我们会发现不是。因为,while的前面是一个句子,后面也是一个句子。前面讲的是俄罗斯人的行动,后面讲的是意大利人的所作所为。所以,while在这里是表示前后对比的,即前后同质,本质相同。这种情况下,即便前后两部分中有一部分不认识,也可以通过另外一部分去猜测。在第一个逗号的部分,我们找到了一个表示并列的连词and, 我们知道它是表示前后的成分对等,如:可以是单词和单词的并列,句子和句子的并列等。先往后看,我们可以看到有个carry, 前面与之并列的是have. Chunks是“木桩子,大量”的意思。前半句话就可以翻译为:俄国人对他们自己的语言有着深深的爱,并且脑袋中背了很多诗歌。从小到大背东西都是很辛苦的事情。愿意去背诗,表明他们还是很辛苦,很热爱,但这只是辛苦的一种方式。而意大利的政治家趋向于,”elaborate”这个单词不认识先放一放,....他们的演讲。根据前后的并列,我们能猜到,elaborate不是一个轻松的活,是需要付出努力才能实现的。它和memorize and carry相对应。实际上,elaborate是个动词,叫做详细叙述,精细修饰。这句话可以翻译为:俄国人对他们自己的语言有着深深的爱,并且脑袋中背了很多诗歌,而意大利的政治家倾向于精细修饰那些对大多数的英国演说家来说已经过时的演讲。这句话的翻译技巧在于,看前后两句是如何对称的。两个国家的人,都很热爱自己国家的语言,但方式有所不同。一个是通过辛辛苦苦的背诵,一个是通过精细的修饰语言。
在让步状语从句中,同一个引导词在不同的句子中,含义不同。对于我们来说,重要的`就是要学会分辨。
条件状语从句
1、连词
看到条件状语从句,我们一般都能想到由if做连词,引导的状语从句。除了if之外,还有其他的词可以充当状语从句的引导词。
①Provided.这个词和provide长得非常像,基于非谓语动词的理解,我们知道provided是provide的过去分词。但如果provided和that一起出现在句子的开头,则是条件状语从句,必须翻译成“如果”。此外,that是可以省略的,如果我们下次只看到一个provided后面接的是一个句子,仍然将它翻译成“如果”,作为if的同义词考研英语语法三大状语从句解析研究生考试。
②Assuming这个词我们看起来很熟悉,它是由assume这个词变来的,加了-ing看起来像现在分词,加了that就表示“如果”,如果不加that, 也可以表示“如果”。
③除此之外,还有suppose,这个词看上去像一个动词,是“猜测,推测”的意思,后面也可以接that, 但如果不加that,同样也可以表示这个含义。Supposing, 这个词上面的词相似,看上去是一个动词加了-ing变成一个分词,它后面可以接that,也可以省略that,意思都不变。这些词都是if的同义替换词,它们看起来形式各异,但不管它们过去是什么意思,这些词现在都是“如果,假如”的意思,引导条件状语从句。这些词可能会出现在完形填空的选项中,不一定是正确答案,但是遇到了,我们要知道它是什么意思。第二种常见的考点是,它会在阅读或者是翻译中引导从句,无论是它们中的谁引导从句,我们都把它翻译成“如果”
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那这些引导词是如何体现在句子中的呢?我们一起看下下面的例句吧!
2、例句
①Suppose/Supposing (that) it rains, can we play football indoors?
在这句话中,Suppose/Supposing是if的同义替换词,加不加that都一样。这句话相当于If it rains, can we play football indoors?表示“如果天气下雨,我们能踢足球吗?”
②Farmers will have a good harvest, assuming the weather is favorable. 在这句话中,Assuming也等于if,表示“如果”。如果天气状况好,农民将会有好的收成。
③Provided we get good weather, it will be a successful harvest.这个句子中的provided也是“如果,假如”的含义,等于if. 这句话可以翻译为:如果我们有一个好天气,这将是一个大丰收。
总之,条件状语从句的引导词多种多样,我们平时要在记住引导词的基础上多加练习,力争能够准确识别条件状语从句。
篇16:高一英语语法强调句课件
高一英语语法强调句课件
一、强调句句型
1. 陈述句的强调句型:It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)+ 其他部分。
e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
2. 一般疑问句的强调句型:同上,只是把is/ was提到it前面。
e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
3. 特殊疑问句的强调句型:被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分?
e.g. When and where was it that you were born?
4. 强调句例句:针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。
强调主语:It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
强调宾语:It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
强调地点状语:It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
强调时间状语:It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.
5. 注意:构成强调句的it本身没有词义;强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who,即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此,that, who不可省略;强调句中的时态只用两种,一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时,用It was ,其余的时态用It is .
二、not until 句型的`强调句
1. 句型为:It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分
e.g. 普通句:He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句:It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
2. 注意:此句型只用until,不用till.但如果不是强调句型,till, until可通用;因为句型中It is/ was not 已经是否定句了,that后面的从句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了。
三、谓语动词的强调
1. It is/ was that 结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语时,用助动词do/ does或did.
e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时,务必(千万)要小心啊!
2. 注意:此种强调只用do/ does和did,没有别的形式;过去时用did,后面的谓语动词用原形。
篇17:英语语法
1.1 名词复数的规则变化
___________________________________________________
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
__________________________________________________
一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps
2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags
读 /z/; car-cars
___________________________________________________
以s,sh,ch,
x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses
watch-watches
___________________________________________________
以ce,se,ze,
(d)ge等结尾
的词加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
___________________________________________________
以辅音字母+y 变y 为i
结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
___________________________________________________1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:
如: two marys the henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较: 层楼:storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:
a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c. 均可,如: handkerchief:
handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
1.3 名词复数的不规则变化
1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
如: an englishman,two englishmen. 但german不是合成词,故复数形式为germans;bowman是姓,其复数是the bowmans。
2)单复同形 如:
deer,sheep,fish,chinese,japanese
li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。
如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说
a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the english,the british,the french,the chinese,the japanese,the swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。
如: the chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the united states,the united nations 应视为单数。
the united nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。
“the arabian nights” is a very interesting story-book.
<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes
若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
1.4 不可数名词量的表示
1)物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较: cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)
these cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。
this factory produces steel. (不可数)
we need various steels. (可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。
our country is famous for tea.
我国因茶叶而闻名。
two teas, please.
请来两杯茶。
2) 抽象名词有时也可数。
four freedoms 四大自由
the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
如:
a glass of water 一杯水
a piece of advice 一条建议
1.5 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。
如:sports meeting 运动会
students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌
the foreign languages department 外语系
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如:men workers women teachers
gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。
如:goods train (货车)
arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件
clothes brush衣刷
4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如:two-dozen eggs 两打/(二十四个鸡蛋)
a ten-mile walk 十里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树
a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
个别的有用复数作定语的,如: a seven-years child
1.6 不同国家的人的单复数
名称 总称(谓语用复数) 一个人 两个人
中国人 the chinese a chinese two chinese
瑞士人 the swiss a swiss two swiss
澳大利亚人the an two
australians australian australians
俄国人 the russians a russian two russians
意大利人 the italians an italian two italians
希腊人 the greek a greek two greeks
法国人 the french a frenchman two
frenchmen
日本人 the japanese a japanese two japanese
美国人 the americans an american two americans
印度人 the indians an indian two indians
加拿大人 the canadians a canadian two canadians
德国人 the germans a germans two germans
英国人 the english an englishman two
englishmen
瑞典人 the swedish a swede two swedes1.7 名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加“'s”来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下:
1) 单数名词词尾加“'s”,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加“'s”,如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。
2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加“'”,如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3) 凡不能加“'s”的名词,都可以用“名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。
4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店。
5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示“分别有”;只有一个's,则表示'共有'。
如:john's and mary's room(两间) john and mary's room(一间)
6) 复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。
如:a month or two's absence
篇18:英语语法
5.1 系动词
系动词亦称联系动词(link verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明:
有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:
he fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)
he fell off the ladder.
他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。
1)状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:
he is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2)持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
he always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
this matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
he looks tired. 他看起来很累。
he seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
this kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
this flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如:
he became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
she grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达“证实”,“变成”之意,例如:
the rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
the search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
his plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
5.2 什么是助动词
1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(auxiliary verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(main verb)。
助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:
he doesn't like english. 他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a. 表示时态,例如:
he is singing. 他在唱歌。
he has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态,例如:
he was sent to england. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句,例如:
do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
did you study english before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
i don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气,例如:
do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
he did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
5.3 助动词be的用法
1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:
they are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
english is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:
the window was broken by tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
english is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:
he is to go to new york next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
we are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。
说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令,例如:
you are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
he is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见,例如:
how am i to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?
d. 表示相约、商定,例如:
we are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
5.4 助动词have的用法
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例如:
he has left for london. 他已去了伦敦。
by the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时,例如:
i have been studying english for ten years.
我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例如:
english has been taught in china for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
5.5 助动词do 的用法
1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:
do you want to pass the cet? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
did you study german? 你们学过德语吗?
2) do + not 构成否定句,例如:
i do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
he doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
in the past, many students did not know the importance of english. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:
don't go there. 不要去那里。
don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
4) 放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:
do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
i did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
i do miss you. 我确实想你。
5) 用于倒装句,例如:
never did i hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of english.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6) 用作代动词,例如:
---- do you like beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?
---- yes, i do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like beijing.)
he knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何开车,对吧?
5.6 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:
i shall study harder at english. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
he will go to shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明:
在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
he shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
he will come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)
5.7 助动词should,would的用法
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:
i telephoned him yesterday to ask what i should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。
比较:
“what shall i do next week?” i asked.
“我下周干什么?”我问道。(可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。)
2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:
he said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较:
“i will go,” he said. 他说:“我要去那儿。”
变成间接引语,就成了:
he said he would come.
原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。
5.7 助动词should,would的用法
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:
i telephoned him yesterday to ask what i should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。
比较:
“what shall i do next week?” i asked.
“我下周干什么?”我问道。(可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。)
2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:
he said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较:
“i will go,” he said. 他说:“我要去那儿。”
变成间接引语,就成了:
he said he would come.
原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。
5.9 非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1)不定式
时态语态 主动被动
一般式 to doto be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2)动名词
时态语态 主动被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3)分词
时态语态 主动被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式: not +不定式, not + 动名词, not + 现在分词
篇19:英语语法网
英语语法网:虚拟语气用在其它名词性从句中
1.虚拟语气用在 suggest, demand, insist, ask, move, advise. desire, order, propose, require, recommend, request, maintain, vote 等表示建议,命令,请求的动词后的宾语从句中,从句的谓语用 should + 原形动词,但美国英语中常要省去 should 。例如:
I suggest we start at once.
They propose that you (should) read the rules carefully.
The commander ordered that the soldier fire at the enemy.
He insisted that he go there on foot.
I move that the meeting be adjourned. 我提议休会. move:(在会议上)提议,动议
Example:
He insisted that we all ______ in his office at one o'clock.
a. be b. to be c. would be d. shall be
He asked that it ______ done right away.
a. is b. be c. shall be d. must be
He recommended that John ______ with him.
a. must go b. went c. will go d. go
2.虚拟语气用在 It is + 形容词(或过去分词)+ that... .的主语从句中,表示要求,建议,提议,命令,请求等,英国英语中从句的谓语用“should +原形动词(或完成式)构成”,而美国英语中则要求用原形动词。该句型中常用的形容词或过去分词有:advisable, desirable, essential, important, better, keen, natural, necessary, probable, possible, strange, vital, desired, demanded, requested, suggested, recommended, required 等。例如:
It is necessary that the machine (should) be oiled once a week.
It is important that everyone (should) obey the law.
It is suggested that you take a walk after supper.
Example:
It is necessary that he ______ in time to attend the meeting.
a. come b. came c. would come d. need come
It was proposed that the matter ______ discussed at the next meeting.
a. would be c. will be c. was d. be
It is strange that she ______ in the last examination.
a. should have failed b. have failed c. would fail d. failed
3.虚拟语气用在与表示建议,要求,提议,命令,请求等意思有关的同位语从句和表语从句中,英国英语中要求从句谓语用“ should + 原形动词”,而美国英语中则要求用原形动词, 但在 as if, as though引导的表语从句中,从句中谓语用动词过去式或过去完成式,表示对现在或过去的虚拟。例如:
He complied with the requirement that the experiment (should) be done tomorrow.
他同意明天再做实验的要求。虚拟语气用在其它名词性从句中
He looks as if he were tired.他面带倦容。
We agree to the suggestion that they (should) work on night shifts in turn.
我们同意轮流值夜班的建议。
His order is that you (should) send the materials to the work site at once.
他的命令是你们要把材料立即送到工地。
Example:
Your advice that she ______ till next week is reasonable.
a. will wait b. is going to wait c. waits d. wait
Jane appears as though she ______ the secret.
a. knows b. has known c. had known d. knew
He looked as if he______ ill for a long time.
a. was b. were c. has been d. had been
4.虚拟语气用在 It is (high, about) time (that) 句型中,定语从句中谓语用动词过去式,意指将来。例如:
It is time (that) we went home.
It is high time we had the meeting.
It is time you left.
It is time that I was off.
注:如果主语是单数第一,三人称,动词 be常用 was 。
Example:
We've been sitting here doing nothing about it for days. It's time we ______ the problem.
a. shook hands with b. got to brass tacks with
c. got to grips with d. reached the bottom of
词组 get (or come) to grips with 为“开始努力对付”。
It is high time we _______ off.
a. are b. were c. be d. will be
It is ______ we did something about redecorating the sitting room.
a. high time b. long time
c. good time d. full-time
练习题:
1. The doctor suggested that he ______ a short leave of absence.
a. will take b. would take c. take d. took
2. We demand that atomic weapons ____ .
a. be prohibited b. will be prohibited
c. are prohibited d. ought to be prohibited
3. It was suggested that transistors _____ in such devices.
a. should be used b. should use
c. can be used d. were using
4. The tutor recommended that she _______ this book.
a. must buy b. buy
c. should have bought d. buys
5. The housemaster was strict. He requested that we ______ television on week nights.
a. not watch b. must not to watch
c. not be watching d. have not watched
6. My father did not go to New York, the doctor suggested that he ______ there.
a. not to go b. won't be
c. not go d. not go to
7.I demanded that the students each ______ a plan for the summer vacation.
a. would make b. will make c. make d. made
8. It is surprising enough that such a horrible thing ____ there.
a. happened b. will happen
c. should happen d. has happened
9. It was urgent that she ______ the master immediately.
a. call b. calls c. called d. would call
10. He looks as if he _____ nothing about it before.
a. knows b. had known
c. has known d. wouldn't know
11.My idea is that we ______ the challenge.
a. ought accept b. will accept
c. accept d. are accepted
12. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ______ round the earth.
a. is circling b. has circled
c. should circle d. were circling
13. It was suggested at the meeting that effective measures _______ to solve the problem.
a. be taken b. must be taken
c. were taken d. take
14. It's advisable that he ______ with a clearly defined goal in mind.
a. must go b. go c. will go d. goes
15.It seemed as if all of sudden the animal _____ danger in the air.
a. has smelt b. had smelt
c. smelt d. would smell
16.It is better that the book ______ on the low stool.
a. put b. puts
c. should be put d. be put
17.He moved that the report ______.
a. should accept b. should be accepted
c. be accept d. would be accepted
18.The professor gave orders that the test ______ before 5:30.
a. be finished b. will be finished
c. will finish d. shall finish
19.It's time he ______ something for his coming examination.
a. do b. does c. will do d. did
20.It was essential that all the necessary documents ______ to the dean's office before Friday.
a. be handed in b. must be handed in
c. had been handed in d. should hand in
21.It is highly desirable that a new president _____ for our institute.
a. appointed b. be appointed
c. has been appointed d. is appointed
22. The government ordered that the pollution problem of this city ______ within six months.
a. would solve b. would be solved
c. should be solved d. must solve
23. It is natural that much research ______ to overcome corrosion.
a. should make b. will make
c. is made d. should have been made
24. It is important that a consultant engineer ______ familiar with modern developments.
a. is b. being c. be d. has been
25. Since her blood pressure is much higher than it should be, her doctor insists that she _____.
a. will not smoke b. is not smoking
c. didn't smoke d. not smoke
英语语法网:虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中
虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,表示所说的话不是一个事实,而只是一种假设,愿望,建议,怀疑,猜测或不大可能实现的空想。
I.虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中
虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中,通常从句由连词if 引导。
1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句
条件状语从句主句
If +主语 +动词过去式主语+ would, should, could, might+原形动词
(be的过去式用were)
例如:
If I feared death, I wouldn't be a communist.
(刘胡兰)怕死就不做共产党员。
If there were no air, we couldn't live.
如果没有空气,我们就不能生活。
Example:
I would ask George to lend us the money if I ______ him.
A. had known B. knew C. have known D. know
I _____ it to him if I thought he would understand.
A. shall explain B. will explain C. would explain D. explain
2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句
构成
条件状语从句主句
If + 主语 + 动词过去完成式主语 + would, should, could, might+have + 过去分词
例如:
If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.
如果你早来几分钟,你就会碰上他。
If there had been no air in the tube, the result of the experiment would have been more accurate.
如果试管中没有空气,实验结果就会更精确。
Example:
If you hadn't gone with Tom to the party last night, _______.
A. you would meet John already
B. you won't have missed John
C. you will have met John
D. you would have met John
3.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句
构成
条件状语从句主句
If + 主语+ should +原形动词主语+would,should,could,might或were+不定式+原形动词
例如:
If he were to come tomorrow, things would be easier.
假如他明天会来,事情就容易办了。
If the sand should be broken up, it would give out much energy.
如果沙子能被分解,它会释放出大量的能量。
注:在表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句中,从句中的should有时可以省略。如:
If he make the design, he might do it in some other way.
要是他来搞这个设计,他可能用另外的方法设计。
Example:
If the sea ____ to rise 50 feet, India would become an island.
A. will B. is C. was D. were
If you ____ to see Mary, what would you tell her?
A. are B. will be going C. must D. were
We might still catch the train if we ___.
A. make hurry B. haste
C. make haste D. hastily
4.错综时间的虚拟语气
在一些含有虚拟语气的句子中,如果主句与从句的谓语表示不同的时间,虚拟语气可有不同形式,即主句与从句各自按自己的时间构成虚拟形式。例如:
If I had met him before, I could recognize him.要是我以前遇见过他,我就能认出他了。
(从句表示与过去事实相反,主句表示与现在或将来事实相反)
If we were driving at a speed of 100 Li an hour, we would have arrived there 2 hours ago. 如果我们的行车速度每小时100里,两小时以前我们就会到达那里了。
(从句与现在事实相反,主句与过去事实相反)
Example:
If you _____ that late movie last night, you wouldn't be sleepy.
A. haven't watched
B. didn't watch
C. hadn't watched
D. wouldn't have watched
5.省略连词if
在条件状语从句中,如果有were, should, had,可以把连词if 省去,把 were, should, had 放在句首,构成条件意义。例如:
Should it rain tomorrow, what would you do? 万一明天下雨,你怎么办?
Were there no friction, we could not walk. 要是没有摩擦力,我们就不能行走。
Had we known about the new method, we should have applied it earlier.
如果我们过去知道这种新方法,我们早就应用了。
Example:
Had Alice been more hardworking, she _______.
A. had not failed B. would not fail
C. could not be failed D. would not have failed
_______ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
______ difficulties, we would be successful.
A. Should we overcome B. Would we overcome
C. Might we overcome D. Could we overcome
6.虚拟结构中省略主句或从句
虚拟结构中有时可省去主句或从句,并不影响意义的完整。
(1)省去条件从句
That would be fine. 那太好了。(省去了if you would come 或类似条件)
I wouldn't pass up the chance to visit China. 我不会放弃访问中国的机会。
We might have produced more coal. 我们可能生产出更多煤炭。
注:省略条件句,在试题中很少见到。
(2)省去主句,常用以表示愿望。从句谓语多用过去时或过去完成时。
If only she were here. 假如她在这儿该多好啊!
If only he lived! 假如他活着该多好啊!
If only I had known it before. 如果我早先知道这件事,那就好了。
Example:
If only it _____! but it is too late.
A. is avoided B. has avoided
C. could be avoided D. can be avoided
If only everything _____ out as we wanted it to in life!
A. is working B. worked
C. works D. has worked
英语语法网:虚拟语气用在其它状语从句中
1.虚拟语气用在由as if, as though 引导的方式或让步状语从句中,一般情况下,如果主谓语动词为现在时,从句谓语多用过去时;如果主句谓语为过去时,从句谓语多用过去完成时。虚拟语气用在 even if, even though, whatever引导的状语从句中,从句谓语可参照由if引导的虚拟条件从句的谓语,一般用过去时或过去完成时。例如:
This old machine runs as if it were a new one.
The old worker works as though he were a young man.
Even though she had been here very soon, she would not catch the train.
Example:
He has just arrived, but he talks as if he ______ all about that.
a. know b. knows c. known d. knew
I can't stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything.
a. knew b. knows c. has known d. had known
______ I used a lot of examples I still could not get my idea across.
a. Since b. But that c. Now that d. Even though
2.虚拟语气用在so that, lest (唯恐), in case (万一), unless, in order that(为了,以便), that(为了,以至于), for fear that (生怕,以免), on condition that (如果)等引导的目的,条件状语从句中,从句谓语 may 或 might+原形动词,也有用 should, can, could+原形动词构成的。例如:
The teacher explained the law once more in order that we might understand it better.
Some people eat so that they may live. Others seem to live in order that they may eat.
一些人吃是为了生存,而另一些人似乎是活着就是为了吃。虚拟语气用在其它状语从句中
I left him a note with my address on for fear that he should not know where to see me.
The heroes gave their lives that we might live a happy life.
为了我们过上幸福生活,英雄们献出了自己的生命。
Example:
In case I ______, I would try again.
a. will fail b. would miss c. should fail d. shall miss
You should exercise vigilance _____ you should be killed.
a. so that b. lest c. therefore d. that
3.虚拟语气用在由 “whether” 引导的让步状语从句中,从句谓语用原形动词。例如:
All engines work on this principle, whether they be large or small.
所有发动机都按这一原理工作,无论它们是大还是小。
We must finish the work before we go home, whether it be early or late.
无论时间早晚,我们必须在回家前干完工作。
All matter, whether it be gas, liquid or solid, is made up of atoms.
所有物质,不论是气体,液体,或固体,都是由原子构成。
在此句型中,可省去 whether ,而将be放在主语前。例如:
Be it so, we must continue to do the test.
We must do our best to fulfil the task, be it ever so hard.
Example:
______ I'll marry him all the same.
a. Were he rich or poor b. Be he rich or poor
c. Whether rich or poor d. Being rich or poor
练习题:
1.______, I must do another experiment.
a. It is ever so late
b. Ever so late it
c. Be it ever so late
d. Whether be it ever so late
2.The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ______ on the way.
a. goes wrong b. would go wrong
c. went wrong d. should go wrong
3.Machines are often oiled so that they ______ well.
a. ran b. runs c. should run d. running
4.Even if he ______ very busy, he would have kept on learning English.
a. had been b. was c. were d. had being
5.Supposing the weather ______ bad, where would you go?
a. is b. will be c. was d. were
6. ______, he could not succeed.
a. However, he tried that
b. He tried however hard
c. However he could try
d. However hard he tried
7. Even though the enemy ______ wings, they couldn't escape from our encirclement.
a. had b. had had c. have d. has
8.She described the accident as if she ______ it herself.
a. saw b. has seen c. had seen d. sees
9.He came to meet us at the station for fear that we ______ the wrong way.
a. take b. should take c. took d. had taken
10.The car looked very dirty, as though it ______ hundreds of miles.
a. run b. runs c. has run d. had run
11.The teacher spoke slowly in order that we ______ no difficulty in following him.
a. should have b. had
c. will have d. didn't have
12.All magnets behave the same, ______ they large or small.
a. how b. are c. be d. were
13.At the beginning he didn't want to speak English lest he _____ mistakes.
a. will make b. should make
c. would make d. can
14. I remember the whole thing as if it ______ yesterday.
a. happen b. happens c. happened d. happening
15.She stayed at home for a few days so that she _____ her mother.
a. takes care of b. took care of
c. might took care of d. might take care of
16.She took up the meter with care for fear that it _____ .
a. is damaged b. to be damaged
c. should be damaged d. was damaged
17. In many cases the heating effect is neglected as if there ______ no flow of current along the wire.
a. are b. were c. is d. being
18.I'll put the money on the table just in case you ______ it.
a. might need b. would need
c. needed d. may have needed
19.Providing you ______ the opportunity to go abroad, which country would you want to visit first?
a. have b. will have c. had d. have had
20.The business of each day, ______ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
a. it being b. was it c. it was d. be it
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