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篇1:高中英语语法课件
高中英语语法课件
(1)表语从句
1. 定义:用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2. 构成:关联词+简单句
3. 引导表语从句的关联词的种类:
(1) 从属连词that。如:
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如:
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
注:从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句,但as if却可引导表语从句,如: All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday.
这都是20多年前的事了,但宛如昨天一样。
能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如:
It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如:The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
解释:
1. 连词because可引导表语从句。如:
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。
2. 在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示,should可省略。如:
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
(2)主语从句
1. 定义:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2. 构成:关联词+简单句
3. 引导主语从句的关联词有三类:
(1) 从属连词that。 如:That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。
(2) 从属连词whether。如:
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。
(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如:
What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。
Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
解释:
1. 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有:
A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如: It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如:
It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。
C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如:
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如:
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如:
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。如:
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗?
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗?
G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。如: How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪!
2.注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义
Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖
(3)宾语从句
1. 定义:用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2. 构成:关联词+简单句
3. 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类:
(1) 从属连词that。如:
He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。
注: that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下,that不能省略。
1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句,that宾语从句放在and的后面时,that不能省略。) 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that不能省略。)
对他我一无所知,只知道他是南方人。
3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that从句位于句首时,that不可省略。)
我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
4. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语,that不可省略。)
鉴于他的特殊情况,我们决定应允他一段试用期。
(2)从属连词if/whether。如:
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如:
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
他是什么人?他是干什么的?马丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。 I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。 You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
(1) 介词宾语从句
宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如:
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
有时介词可以省略。如:
I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。
Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。
解释:
1.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。如:
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不会屈服。
2.作介词的宾语:连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语,只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导,则需用it先行一步,作形式宾语。如:
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一个好学生,只是有点粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。 介词宾语不可以用which来引导,而要用what来引导。如:
Are you sorry for what you've done?
你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗?
3.某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句,这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等,连词that可省略。如:
I am not sure what I ought to do.
我不能确定我该做什么。
I'm afraid you don't understand what I said.
恐怕你没领会我说的意思。
I'm surprised that I didn't see all that before.
我好奇怪,我以前没看到过。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。
4.连词whether (or not)或if引导的宾语从句
if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用,但whether常和or not连用,if一般不与or not连用。如:
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义,应避免使用if而用wheter。试比较: Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if从句可理解为宾语从句,意为“请告诉我你是否想去”;此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话,请告诉我一声”。
5.宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句,有时谓语尽管是否定意思,却不用否定形式,而将think等动词变为否定形式。如:
I don’t think you are right. 我认为你错了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意,是吗?
6. 宾语从句的时态变化规律:
(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时,从句可根据需要用任何时态。
(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时,从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如:
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老师说地球绕着太阳运行。
(4)同位语从句
1. 定义:用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2. 用法:同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等,关联词多用从属连词that。如:
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪儿听说我不能来?
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注:同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如:
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁该干这项工作,这个问题需要考虑。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
解释:
1.that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别
that引导的.同位语从句
that引导的定语从句
that只起连接从句的作用,无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。 that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用,还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。
意义上
从句是被修饰名词的内容。
从句起限定作用,是定语
如:The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句,that不可省。)
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句,that在从句中作told的宾语,可省。)
他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。
2.一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如:
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 这就是我们唯一的请求:尽快解决这个问题。
测试:
A. 用适当的连接词填空:
1. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.
2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.
3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.
5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that you had a few days off?
7. Word came I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?
9. The teacher didn't tell me we were wrong.
10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
B. 单项选择:
1. It was true Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that
2. Does matter much he can't come to the meeting.
A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether
3. ----What are you anxious about? ---- .
A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed
C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed
4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working.
A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because
5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
6. I really don't know ____________ I had this photo taken.
A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why
7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can't remember .
A. where B. there C. which D. that
8. ----What do you think of China? --- different life is today from it used to be.
A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
9. Give this to you think can do the work well.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
10. troubles me is I can't learn all these English idioms by heart.
A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that
答案:
A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that
5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which
9. where 10. whatever
B. 1-5 CABBB 6-10 ACACD
(5)同位语从句
1. 定义:用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2. 用法:同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等,关联词多用从属连词that。如:
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪儿听说我不能来?
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注:同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如:
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁该干这项工作,这个问题需要考虑。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
解释:
1.that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别
that引导的同位语从句
that引导的定语从句
that只起连接从句的作用,无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。 that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用,还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。
意义上
从句是被修饰名词的内容。
从句起限定作用,是定语
如:The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句,that不可省。)
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句,that在从句中作told的宾语,可省。)
他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。
2.一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如:
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 这就是我们唯一的请求:尽快解决这个问题。
测试:
A. 用适当的连接词填空:
1. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.
2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.
3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.
5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that you had a few days off?
7. Word came I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?
9. The teacher didn't tell me we were wrong.
10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
B. 单项选择:
1. It was true Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that
2. Does matter much he can't come to the meeting.
A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether
3. ----What are you anxious about? ---- .
A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed
C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed
4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working.
A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because
5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
6. I really don't know ____________ I had this photo taken.
A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why
7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can't remember .
A. where B. there C. which D. that
8. ----What do you think of China? --- different life is today from it used to be.
A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
9. Give this to you think can do the work well.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
10. troubles me is I can't learn all these English idioms by heart.
A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that
答案:
A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that
5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which
9. where 10. whatever
B. 1-5 CABBB 6-10 ACACD
篇2:英语语法课件ppt课件
英语语法课件ppt课件
现在计算机的大批量普及和多媒体技术的发展,运用多媒体上课已逐渐成为一种趋势。下面是英语语法课件ppt课件,可直接下载。
英语语法课件ppt课件 |
零基础学英语:语法入门之基本句型
基本句型
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下:
(说明:S=主语,V=谓语,P=表语,O=宾语,o=间接宾语,C=宾语补足语)
Ⅰ. 主语+动词(SV)
在此句式中,v是不及物动词,又叫自动词(vi.)。例如:
Everybody laughed.
大家都笑了。
Ⅱ. 主语+动词+表语 (SVP)
在此句式中,v是系动词(link v.),常见的系动词有:look, seem, appear, sound, feel, taste, smell, grow, get, fall ill/asleep, stand/sit still, become, turn等。例如:
The story sounds interesting.
这个故事听起来有趣。
Ⅲ. 主语+动词+宾语 (SVO)
在此句式中,v是及物动词(vt.),因此有宾语。例如:
I love apples.
我喜欢苹果。
Ⅳ. 主语+动词+宾语+宾语(SVoO)
在此句式中,v是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的.动词有give, ask, bring, offer, send, pay, lend, show, tell, buy, get等。例如:
I gave him my address.
我告诉他我的地址。
Ⅴ. 主语+动词+宾语+补语(SVOC)
在此句式中,v是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。例如:
I found the box empty.
我发现盒子是空的。
篇3:初中英语语法课件
初中英语语法专题课件
一. 知识归纳、分析与总结
1. 名词的定义
名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。例如:
Honey蜂蜜.weather天气.newspaper报纸 worker 工人 desk 桌子
hospital 医院 time 时间 honesty 诚实 water水. money钱.etc.
2. 名词的分类
名词分为专有名词和普通名词
普通名词:表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。
例如teacher 老师 tea 茶 student 学生
专有名词:表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。
China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京
名词又可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。
可数名词有单,复数之分,表示一个或多个。
a book 一本书 some books 两本书
不可数名词:不分单,复数;抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。
sand 沙 sugar 糖earth.泥土 milk牛奶 .
有少数名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。
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glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件
3. 名词的功能
名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。
The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。
书包在桌子里边。
I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。
昨天我洗了我的衣服。
This is a good book. book 作表语。
这是一本好书。
We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语。
我们选他为我们的班长。
Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语。
玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。
He is a Party member. Party 作定语.
他是一名党员。
They study hard day and night. day and night作状语。
他们不分日日夜夜地努力学习。
4. 名词的数
1)、定义:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式, 表示一个人或事物用单数形式, 表示一个以上的人或事物用复数形式。
a book 一本书 two books 两本书 a bag 一个包 three bags 三个包
名词的单数形式就是词典上所出现的形式,没有变化, 如: a pen, a bed, a room, an English book。
名词的复数形式,多数名词的复数形式在其单数形式后面加 —s 或 —es 构成,名词复数形式变化如下。
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2)、规则
构成
读音
例词
一般情况下,在词尾加 —s.
1. 在清辅音后读/s/.
2. 在浊辅音、元音后读/z/.
1.maps /s/
desks /s/
2.days/z/
dogs/z/
以s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词后面加—es
+es 读/iz/
class—classes/siz/
box—boxes/siz/
brush—brushes/iz/
watch—watches/tiz/
以e结尾的名词后面加—s
+s读/iz/
houses/ziz/
horses/ziz/
以 —f 或 —fe 结尾的名词,把 —f 或—fe 变成 —ves
—ves读/vz/
bookshelves/vz/
wives/vz/
knives/vz/
以辅音+y 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i ,再加 es
—ies读/iz/
cities/iz/
babies/iz/
factories/iz/
以辅音 + o 结尾的名词,加 —es,
—s 读/z/
heroes/z/
potatoes/z/
tomatoes/z/
注:极少数名词虽然以—o 或者—f 结尾, 变成复数则只加 —s,为数不多, 如 radios, pianos, photos, roofs .bamboos等。
4)、英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆,常见的有,
man -men, woman — women, foot — feet, tooth — teeth, mouse — mice,sheep -sheep, dear — dear, fish – fish child-children.people—people
Chinese-Chinese. Japanese-Japanese.注意:其余国家的人的复数都是+S
EG: Germans .Canadians
5)、英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。
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scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯 police 警察 stockings 长裤 socks短袜 boots 靴子
注意:但当以上词前+a pair ….of … be/V(单数)如:
Here is a pair of trousers .
news .phsics. maths 是一个单词,通常怍单数用
6)、….of……j结构的名词,前后都是复数名词,两个都变,后是不可数名词只变前的名词。Eg: two baskets of eggs. Five glasses of water ,
7)、复合名词的复数形式变化:规则变化的名词+规则变化的名词,只变最后一个名词,不规则名词+规则变化名词,两个名词同时变
eg: 5 pencil –boxes. 10 men teachers.
8)、语法综合运用
在数词分数中的应用,当分之大于1时,分母(序数词)+S
四分之三:three quarters 或three fourths.
五分之二:Two fifths. One fifth 则不加S.
注意:一些固定短语的用法:数以百记
(1)handreds of… 成千上万 thousands of =milllions of =tens and thousands of +可数名词,都是不确定的数。 The number of的数目.A number of= a lot of= lots of =many +可数名次 是许多之意…(见第四章数词)
(2)多少:how many+可数名词 how many+不可数名词, a great deal of+不可数名词。
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(3)plenty of用于否定句中 much+不可数名词 many+可数名词
=a lot of=lots of 都是“许多”之意。(见第三章代词)
5. 名词的格
1)、定义
在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。
The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上。 bird 作主语, 是主格。
I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影。 film 作宾语,是宾格。
名词的所有格: 名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。
2)、在单数名词后+’S
EG: Lu Xun’s book is worth reading.
鲁迅的书值得一读。
This is my father’s room.
这是我父亲的房间。
3)、以—s 或 —es 结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加 “ ’ ”。
There are many students’ exercise books here.
这儿有许多学生的练习本。
4)、复合名词的所有格 “ ’s” 加在后面的名词之后。
This is my son—in—law’s bike.
这是我女婿的自行车。
如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在后一个名词后加 “ ’s ”。
We visited Xiao Li and Xiao Zhang’s room.
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我们参观了小李和小张的房间。
5)、名词所有格所修饰的词,有时可以省略。如前文已经提到,或者指地点。
The book is not mine, but Li Hua’s.
这本书不是我的,是李华的。
I had my hair cut in the barber’s.
我在理发店理发了。
表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般与 of 构成短语表示前者属于后者。
It’s a map of China.
它是一幅中国地图。
Beijing is the capital of China.
北京是中国的首都。
6)、双重所有格,...of +名词+’s/名词性的物主代词。
eg: my book=abook of mine. twins’ bedroom= the twins’ of bedroom
7)、表示时间,距离,日期等可以用+’S或+S’表示所有格。
1. We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please?
A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe
答案:C
句意:我们需要更多的土豆。你能带过来一些吗?
解析:potato 土豆是可数名词。因为有some修饰所以potato要用复数形式。以辅音+o结尾的名词后面要+es。所以C. potatoes是正确答案。
2. What big____ the tiger has!
A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes
答案:B
句意:老虎长着多么大、多么锋利的牙齿呀!
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解析:牙齿tooth的复数形式是teeth
3. Please remember to give the horse some tree___.
A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave
答案:B
句意:请记得喂马一些树叶。
解析:树叶leaf是以f结尾的,所以它的复数形式是变f为v,再加es
4. —Can we have some ___?
—Yes, please.
A. banana B. oranges C. apple D. pear
答案:B
句意:—能给我们一些橘子吗?—好的。
解析:some 修饰名词复数。四个选项中只有B. oranges是复数。
5. On the table there are five____.
A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes
C. tomatoes D. tomato
答案:C
句意:桌子上有五个西红柿。
解析:tomato ,辅音+o结尾的名词变复数后面要加(CONTINUED)
篇4:英语语法新思维课件
英语语法新思维课件
【相关理论】
1.行为主义心理学把语言看成是一种行为,是一系列的刺激和反应:S1——R1...S2——R2。S1:实际刺激(stimuli),R1:语言替代性反应(response),S2:语言替代性刺激,R2:实际反应。其中,S1就相当于我们语言教学中创设的真实情境,S2则是通过语言表达功能给学习合作者传递的虚拟情境,学习者(包括合作者)接受这两种情境的刺激,完成语言习得的全过程,即R1、R2所表示的两种反应。
2.情境认知理论反对把知识当作“一个整体的、自足的,从理论上讲与学习和使用它的情境相脱离的东西”。因为这样的知识正如著名的数学家、逻辑学家怀特海(White—head,A.N.)指出的`,是“呆滞的知识——仅为人脑所接受却不加以利用,或不进行检验,或没有与其他新颖的思想融为一体,因而,当需要用这些知识来解决实际问题时,它们往往被证明是没有用的。也就是说,情境认知理论超越了传统的知识观,强调知识的情境性、真实性、社会性、应用性、互动性。
【教学过程】
T: Today we are going to have fun watching stories. Wu xx,do you like stories ?
S1: Yes,of course.(这是我们建筑班号称“睡神”的学生,他立刻兴高采烈地回答了问题)
T: Good. Xiao x is a boy who likes stories.(我用此句作来引出目标语法,定语从句,然后引导学生译成中文) And, Chen xx,do you like stories?
S2: Yes. (这是我班少有的几名不自信女生中的一位)
T: Very good. Miss Chen is a girl who likes stories. Do you all like stories?
SS: Yes.
T: So you are the students who like stories.(我把此句板书在黑板)Now, let’s watch the stories on CCTV13.
我开始播放CCTV13新闻1+1系列节目:失依儿童,凉山需要温暖。慢慢地,教室里开始鸦雀无声,学生全神贯注地观看故事,就连往日里常开小差、爱睡觉的孩子也不例外。播完其中的一小片段,我把它暂停并就片中内容提出了两个简单的问题。
T: Look at these children. Are they poor?
SS: Yes.(没等到我个别提问,全班齐答)
T: Where do they live? Zhang xx,can you tell me?
S3: They live in Daliang.(这是我班对英语没有兴趣的学生之一)
T: Great. You are so careful. They live in Daliang Mountain, and people there are very poor, right?
SS:Yes.
T: You are quite right. They live in Daliang which is a very poor place in Sichuan.(我把该句板书于黑板,把定语从句部分用彩笔画线,把关系词标上着重号)Daliang is a poor place in Sichuan province where many children can’t go to school. Those children have to make a living by themselves. You are the lucky children that can get education. Let’s see more about the children in Daliang.
新闻故事在继续,许多孩子一边看着视频,一边小声议论着。那些调皮鬼们也在专注地观看视频,显然,他们被故事里的真实场景震撼了。这时,我抛出了问题:
T: Are they lucky like you?
SS: No.(全班再次齐答)
T: Why aren’t they lucky like you?( 问题抛出后,同学们非常积极地讨论,很快,便有了答案)
S4: They are not lucky because they are poor.
T: You are right. Many of them do not have enough money to go to school.
S5: They aren’t lucky because some of them don’t have parents.
T: Yes. There are quite a lot of children whose parents died of disease.
S6: They have to leave school. So I think they are unlucky.
T: In fact,they don’t really want to leave school.
S7: They have to help look after their small brothers and sisters.
T: Yes. They are unlucky children who have to leave school or have no chance to go to school. They have to make a living by themselves. But they also have dreams. What is their same dream?
S8: Go to school.
T: Their main dream is to go back to school. We are much luckier than them. We should help them. For them school is a place where they can live a happy life. I think you are the students who have dreams. I’m a teacher that also has dreams. What are my dreams, can you guess? S9: Teach English well.
S10:All the students study hard.
S11:Stay young.
T: I’m so happy that you know me very well. My dream is to make you feel happy to learn English.
Now, let’s watch Hunan TV. (提到湖南卫视,学生有点兴奋了。我不是播放《快乐大本营》,而是选择了《爱与希望》武艺现场感动放歌的片段,借此来教育同学们懂得爱、懂得感恩、懂得去帮助他人、懂得珍惜现在的学习机会)Now,can you remember the girl whose name is Mahai Qubu? What is the best food that she has eaten?
S12: Rice.
T: Quite right. The best food that she has eaten is rice. For us it is unbelievable. Let’s see Asu Zhitie. Who is the person that he misses the most?
S13: His mother.(这是我班一位心地善良的女孩。答题时,我看到了她脸颊旁的两行眼泪)
T:What an unlucky boy! The person who he misses the most is his mother. These children live a hard life,but they are stronger than we think. And they also have dreams. They want to go back to school and go to college in the future. We are the lucky ones. We should learn from them...
借助故事导出的例句,我给同学们讲解定语从句的概念、结构与部分规则。大家听得格外认真,最后的反馈练习的正确率也是出乎意料的高。一堂有效的语法课在不知不觉中结束了,也留给我很多的感悟。
【教后反思】
一、注重导入,精选例句
俗话说:“好的开始是成功的一半。”对于英语课堂教学来说,精彩别致的导入无疑会为课堂教学顺利、有序地进行奠定良好的基础。从心理学的角度来看,上课开始的几分钟是学生思想最易集中的时候。课堂的起始语对稳定学生的情绪,增强对学生的吸引力有着不可低估的作用。在本节课中,我针对学生爱听故事的心理特征,在导入定语从句时引用感人的故事,抓住了学生的好奇心,吸引了全班同学的注意力,激发了学生的学习兴趣,使一向被认为沉默的、枯燥的语法课立马活了起来,为课堂教学的进一步展开作了充分的情感铺垫。在举例环节,我继续引用系列故事,从中挖掘、精选例句,延续了学生的学习兴趣,让他们通过感知、体验、实践、参与等方式完成任务、实现目标,感受成功。
二、开发教学资源,寓德于教
在英语教学过程中教师要学会艺术地将品德教育充盈在英语学习过程中,在传授知识的同时也应让学生感受道德和精神的力量。面对一群综合素质不太高的中职学生,教师不能一味的沮丧与无奈,而要转变教育教学观念、转变教学方法。在本节课中,我利用真实的故事作为教学资源,引导学生主动积极地学习本课的语法知识,同时也让他们的心灵得到了净化,让他们懂得感恩的必要性与珍惜机会的重要性。从课堂中学生的积极态度可以看出德育以课堂教学、以知识为载体具有巨大的说服力和感染力,能够给予学生深刻的影响,促进达成有效教学。
篇5:七年级英语语法课件
七年级英语语法课件
七年级英语语法课件
一、学生分析
教学对象为武汉枫叶国际学校强化2级的学生,智力发展趋于成熟。
他们进入这个新的学校,接触新的教学模式已接近两个月,渐渐形成用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力。
在我们这个新型的教学模式里,我们想让学生乐在其中并学在其中,因此我特别注重提高课堂的趣味性和学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力。
他们学习英语方法由死记硬背转型向理解型并应用到交际上,他们有自己的学习技能和策略,学会把语言学习与现实生活和兴趣联系起来。
通过任务型课堂活动和学习,学生的学习自主性得到加强,不再认为英语的课堂学习很枯燥,主动参与到活动中去,成为课堂的主体,同时也加强了与他人交流合作的能力。
学生已经经过近两个月的学习,渐渐习惯了我的教法。
不过,本班学生的水平参差不齐,有些差距还相当大。
因此在教学过程中,布置的任务要兼顾各个层次的学生,使他们都有所收获。
二、教材分析
由于我是教的语法,按照教学大纲,结合语法体系,我这节课将要讲到的是过去进行时态。
因为之前学生已经学习了一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时,所以这个时态对于学生来说并不是很难的。
让学生在一个轻松快乐的环境中很好的掌握好此时态是我的目标。
所以我针对教学内容(动名词变化规律、时态里面的主谓一致、时态的三种句式即肯定,否定和一般疑问句、特殊疑问句),设计了一系列的活动,让整个教学内容很好的贯穿于一个个活动中。
为了节约时间和吸引学生注意力,我用了和过去进行时态的动画导入,并且在教学过程中很好的结合了课件教学。
三、教学目标
本课为语法课型,主要介绍过去进行时的相关用法。
通过课堂的一系列活动,让学生们积极踊跃的参与,口头和书面的练习该掌握的语法知识是本课目的。
培养学生的独立思考能力、快速反应能力和团队合作意识也是一个重要方面。
四、教学策略
环环相扣,设计紧凑。
先利用动画和录音引起兴趣,然后模仿回答动画中的句子,通过观察句子的相似性,让学生得知了过去进行时态的基本形式。
随后讲解过去进行时态的意义所在。
紧接着设计一系列的课堂活动让学生掌握动名词变化规律、时态里面的主谓一致、时态的三种句式即肯定,否定和一般疑问句、如何变特殊疑问句。
采用多媒体教学,用一些与学生日常生活有关的句子,引起学生听说写的兴趣,减少陌生感。
课前需要准备单词卡片及句子卡片。
五、教学过程
1. 导入
1)用多媒体展示一段有着What were you doing…? 和 I was doing…等不同句式的卡通动画引出今天的主题——过去进行时态(was/ were+doing).
让学生仔细听对话并且用动画中的句子回答我的提问,因为之前已经学习过了现在进行时态,所以学生能比较容易的用正确形式复述过去进行时态的形式。
在学生回答我问题的同时,将下列句子板书在黑板上:
He was listening to the radio at 8 o’clock yesterday morning.
He was reading books at 10 a.m. yesterday.
He was doing some washing at 2 p.m. yesterday
He was watching TV at 8 p.m. yesterday
2)让学生观察黑板上的句子,找出相似之处(was doing),然后介绍这就是今天要学习的新时态——过去进行时。
格式是 was/ were doing sth.
2.意义理解
通过观察此种时态的例句,特别是时间状语,得出过去进行时的意义,即表示在过去的某一时间点(比如 at seven o’clock yesterday morning)或时间段(比如 last Sunday morning)里面持续进行的动作。
3.复习动名词变化规律
由于此规律学生在之前的现在进行时态里接触到过,在这堂课里是一个复习巩固的过程。
用游戏的方法使学生既巩固了知识,又增添了竞争性,活跃了课堂气氛。
游戏一:看卡片抢答“上吊”游戏
准备约20张卡片,在上面写上不同的动词(每种规律都要涉及),把学生分成两大组(男生一组,女生一组),要求学生以最快的速度说这个单词的ing形式是什么,最快最准的得分,每得一分就要给对方画一笔,哪一组先被画完一个“上吊”的小人儿就输掉这个比赛。
游戏完毕,一起总结规律,并在PPT上展示如下的总结表格,让学生更加清楚明白。
4. 过去进行时态里的主谓一致
1)在黑板上板书:Lily was reading a book.
Lily and her friends were reading a book.
让学生注意到was were 所搭配的主语是有区别的.,引导他们说出“he/ she/ I was doing sth; they/ you/ we were doing sth.”
2)游戏二:拍桌子
此游戏就是锻炼学生的听力和反应能力,我准备了十几个句子,要求学生注意这些句子的主谓一致是否正确,如果正确则很快的拍一下桌子,如果是错误的句子就不做任何动作,坐着不动拍错和拍得最慢的被淘汰起立。
最后剩下的几名学生就为胜利者,获得加分的奖励。
句子如下:
a. He was playing basketball yesterday afternoon.
b. They was swimming in the lake.
c. Your father was repairing the car.
d. My mother and I were reading books.
e. My friends was watching the match on TV.
f. The children was leaning English.
g. All of them was playing table tennis.
h. My homeroom teacher was sitting in the office.
i. I am looking at the picture .
j. Neither Lily nor her parents were listening to the radio.
5.过去进行时态的肯定式、否定式和一般疑问句形式
1)在PPT上显示如下,
He was watching TV at 8:00 p.m. yesterday. (negative sentence)
①He didn’t watch TV at 8:00 p.m. yesterday.
②He was not watching TV at 8:00 p.m. yesterday.
③He was not watch TV at 8:00 p.m. yesterday.
让学生做出判断,得出sentence ②是正确答案。
然后让学生回答出它的一般疑问句形式:
Was he watching TV at 8:00 p.m. yesterday?
从而得出过去进行时态的三种形式:即否定式是在 be动词后面加not; 一般疑问句是把be动词提前放在句首。
(显示在PPT上)
2)口头及书面练习三种形式(PPT):
1.you / play / cards
You were playing cards.
You were not playing cards.
Were you playing cards?
2.Alice / walk / around the lake
Alice was walking around the lake.
Alice was not walking around the lake.
Was Alice walking around the lake?
3. they / read / a book about Canada
They were reading a book about Canada.
They were not reading a book about Canada.
Were they reading a book about Canada?
3)游戏三:你做我猜
准备10个卡片,每张卡片上写上“I was doing sth.”即每个卡片上有一个动作,比如打扫教室,骑自行车,做饭等等。
让一个学生在前面来抽签然后做动作(不能出声),其他学生猜测,并且要问“Were you doing …?”如果正确,则做动作者要回答:“yes, I was doing …”; 如果错误,则回答:“no, I was not doing …”回答正确的学生有加分以及进行下一个动作表演的奖励。
通过此游戏一方面可以使学生们更熟练的运用过去进行时的三种形式,另一方面也可以激发学生学习和思考的兴趣,让课堂气氛在学生们有趣、逼真的动作表演中达到高潮。
卡片上的句子展示如下:
I was cycling.
I was cleaning the classroom..
I was talking to the teacher.
I was cooking.
I was swimming.
I was listening to music.
I was planting a tree.
I was doing my homework.
I was dancing.
I was reading a newspaper.
6.过去进行时态的特殊疑问句
1) 在黑板上对所写的句子分部分提问,让学生举出更多的特殊疑问词,如when, where, which ,what time, how often, how many times, how long etc.
2)在黑板上演示如何对句子提问:
I was listening to radio at 8 o’ clock yesterday morning.
首先找出疑问词,因为是时间所以用 when ;随后紧跟一个一般疑问句格式(即提前be动词);然后去掉画线部分,加上问号。
Step one: When
Step two: When were you listening to radio at 8 o’ clock yesterday morning.
Step three: When were you listening to radio?
随后针对不同部分进行提问练习。
3) 让学生做书面练习并核对答案,答案如下:
1. Where was Henry living last year?
2. When was Anita working at a restaurant?
3. Who was Ricky waiting for?
4. What was Sarah doing?
5. How many people was Joe speaking to?
6. When were Susan and her family having dinner?
7. Why was Bob walking home?
8. Who was driving home at half past seven?
9. Where were the children playing?
10. What was Claire doing?
7 总结和家庭作业
用过去进行时态造十个句子,注意要用不同的主语和谓语。
六、课后反思
教学成功之处是引导学生一步接一步从浅到深,按预想教学内容理解并能运用了过去进行时态。
引入部分和环环相扣的游戏环节让学生在短时间里产生了学习的积极性和求知欲。
整个课堂气氛轻松活跃,让学生更加大胆地展现自己;同时也在奖励制度下,学生之间也存在着激烈的竞争,课堂表演的部分达到了师生课堂的高潮部分。
接下来的尾声又让学生迅速沉静下来好好做题,进一步巩固知识。
充分显示了“student-center”及以学生为中心的教学理念。
这和我平时课堂的设计也有着密不可分的关系,学生熟悉了我的教学模式,所以能在公开课时表现的很好。
不足之处是可能没有顾及到班上极个别基础比较差的学生,因为是公开课,对基础差的学生就比较看轻了一点,课堂节奏比较快,没有时间给予个别辅导。
篇6:优秀英语语法课件
优秀英语语法课件
一个规范的完整句子一般由核心部分(主语核心词+谓语部分)+可抛弃成分(定语/定语从句、状语/状语从句、同位语和独立成分/插入语)组成。 根据句子中主谓结构的套数(一套、两套或多套)和各套主谓结构之间的关系,英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和主从句。
1. 简单句:只含有一套主谓结构。
2. 并列句:由两套或两套以上并列的主谓结构组成的句子。
3. 主从句:含有两套或两套以上主谓结构,其中一套为主句,其余为从句,在语法上作为主句的一个成分。
4. 并列主从复合句:并列句与主从句的复合结构,即其中的两大部分是并列的.,而一个或每个并列分句又是一个主从句。这种结构实际上仍属于主从复合句。
GMAT语法考试以主从句和并列句为主,并从语义上考查上述各句子内部的逻辑关系,尤其是不同的逻辑关系不能相互颠倒、混淆或随意改变:
简单句表达主次关系:主谓语表达核心意思,修饰词或修饰短语表达次要意思。
并列句表达并列关系:并列的主谓结构强调两个或两个以上的核心意思同等重要。
主从句表达主从关系:主句表达主要意思,从句表达从属意思。
篇7:高中英语语法
词法
第1章 主谓一致
一.概念:
主谓一致是指:
1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,
一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如:
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:
Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C。本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如:
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。
2)当either… or… 与neither… nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如:
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如:
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
4. 谓语需用单数的情况
1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如:
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。
2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。
3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如:
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如:
All is right. 一切顺利。
All are present. 人都到齐了。
2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:
His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如:
Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗?
3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如:
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况
1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如:
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。
2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如: A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如:
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
三.巩固练习
( ) 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.
A. were, was B. was, was
C. was, were D. were, were
( ) 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playingB. have played
C. are playing D. play
( ) 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are
C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are
( ) 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.
A. seem B. seems
C. seemed D. are seemed
( ) 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.
A. hasB. have
C. is having D. are having’
( ) 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
( )7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.
A. are B. is C. has beenD. have been
( )8. When ______ the United Nations founded?
A. is B. are C. was D. were
( )9. Every possible means _____ .
A. has tried B. has been tried
C. was tried D. were tried
( ) 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.
A. wasB. were C. has D. have
( )11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.
A. are B. must C. have been D. is
( )12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It’s a pity.
A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have
C. but my friends has D. but I have
( )13. No teacher and no student ______.
A. are admitted B. is admitted
C. are admitting D. is admitting
( )14. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
( )15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. have not decided
( ) 16. The writer and singer ______ here.
A. is B. are C. were D. do
( ) 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
( ) 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
( ) 19. -- ____ your clothes?
--No, mine _____ hanging over there.
A. Is it, is B. Are these, are
C. Is it, are D. Are these, is
( ) 20. The Smith’s family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old houses.
A. were, were B. was, was
C. were, was D. was, were
( ) 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful.
A. are, are B. is, is
C. are, isD. is, are
( ) 22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
( ) 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.
A. Each, are B. Both, is
C. Neither, are D. None, is
( ) 24. -- What do you think of the ______ of the coat?
-- It’s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.
A. value B. cost C. price D. use
( ) 25. -- Are the two answers correct?
-- No, ______ correct.
A. no one is B. both are not
C. neither is D. either is not
( ) 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult.
A. have been B. was
C. / D/ are
四.答案
1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B
篇8:高中英语语法
中学语法大全 代词
目录
人称代词的用法 2
人称代词之主、宾格的替换 2
代词的指代问题 3
并列人称代词的排列顺序 3
物主代词 4
双重所有格 4
反身代词 4
相互代词 5
指示代词 6
疑问代词 7
关系代词 8
every, no, all, both,... 9
none, few, some, any,... 10
代词比较辩异one, that和it 11
one/another/the other 11
“the”的妙用 12
anyone/any one;... 12
both, either, neither,... 13
many, much 14
few, little, a few,... 14
2.1 人称代词的用法
1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her作主语补语)
a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?
b. -- Me. --我。(me作主语补语= It's me.)
说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
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2.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1) 宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。
---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。
---- Me too. --我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替宾格
a. 在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格)
I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)
They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)
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2.3 代词的指代问题
1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he, his, him代替。
Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来,是吗?
2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。
Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。
2.4 并列人称代词的排列顺序
1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:
第二人称 ->第三人称 ->第一人称
you ->he/she; it ->I
You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:
第一人称 ->第二人称 ->第三人称
we ->you ->They
注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误,承担责任时,
It was I and John that made her angry.
是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称, 如:I and you try to finish it.
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
2.5 物主代词
1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --'s属格结构,例如:
Jack's cap 意为 The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意为 The cap is his.
2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能
a. 作主语,例如:
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语,例如:
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c. 作介词宾语,例如:
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d. 作主语补语,例如:
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。
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2.6 双重所有格
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。
公式为:
a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如:
a friend of mine.
each brother of his.
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2.7 反身代词
1) 列表
I you you she he
myself yourself yourselves herself himself
we they it one
ourselves themselves itself oneself
2)做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注:有些动词后不跟反身代词, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
Please sit down. 请坐。
3) 作表语; 同位语
be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
4) 在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意:
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car.
(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.
5)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。
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2.8 相互代词
1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的,例如:
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2) 相互代词的句法功能:
a. 作动词宾语;
People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
b. 可作介词宾语;
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如:
He put all the books beside each other.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
He put all the books beside one another.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格,例如:
The students borrowed each other's notes.
学生们互借笔记。
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2.9 指示代词
1) 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如:
单数 复数
限定词:This girl is Mary. Those men are my
teachers.
代词: This is Mary. Those are my
teachers.
2) 指示代词的句法功能;
a. 作主语
This is the way to do it.
这事儿就该这样做。
b. 作宾语
I like this better than that.
我喜欢这个甚至那个。
c. 作主语补语
My point is this.
我的观点就是如此。
d. 作介词宾语
I don't say no to that.
我并未拒绝那个。
There is no fear of that.
那并不可怕。
说明1:
指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如:
(对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。( that作主语,指人)
(对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)
(错)He is going to marry this. (this作宾语时不能指人)
(对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)
说明2:
That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
(错) He admired that who danced well. (that作宾语时不能指人)
(对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)
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2.10 疑问代词
1) 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指 人: who, whom, whose
指 物: what
既可指人又可指物: which
2) 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较:
疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
限定词: Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
说明1:
无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:
Which girls do you like best?
你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best?
你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
说明2:
Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:
Who(m) did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who取代。)
说明3:
疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
For what do most people live and work?
大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What are you looking for?
你在找什么?(现代英语)
说明4:
疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:
I can't make out what he is driving at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。
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2.11 关系代词
1) 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)
2) 关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见下:
限定性 非限定性 限定性
指 人 指 物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如:
This is the pencil whose point is broken.
这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。
(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
说明: 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略, 例如:
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.
他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。
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2.12 every, no, all, both,...
1)不定代词有
all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2) 不定代词的功能与用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。
I have no idea about it.
b. all 都,指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes well. 一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year; 但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China, all the city, all my life, all the way
3) both 都,指两者。
a. both 与复数动词连用,但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。
b. both, all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前, be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。
Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can.
4) neither 两者都不
a. neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
b. 作定语与单数名词连用,但neither… nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
c. 可用于下列句型,避免重复。
She can't sing,neither (can) he.
neither 与nor
d. 如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用 nor。
If you don't do it,neither should I. 如果你不干,我也不干。
e. 如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。
He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.
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2.13 none, few, some, any,...
一、none 无
1) none作主语,多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中,none可单独使用。
Are there any pictures on the wall? None.
2) none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。
It is none of your business.
二、few 一些,少数
few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做“某一”解时,也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain)
You will be sorry for this some day.
总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
某些人不同意你的看法。
注意:
(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
(2)some用于其他句式中:
a. 肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you like句式中,表委婉请求或建议,如:
Would you like some coffee?
b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如:
If you need some help,let me know.
c. some位于主语部分,
Some students haven't been there before.
d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。如:
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.
这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说,你可任读一本。
五、one, ones 为复数形式
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不
用ones。
Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I 've bought some.
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2.14 代词比较辩异one, that和it
one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)
我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同类但不同个)
你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物)
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
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2.15 one/another/the other
one… the other 只有两个
some… the others 有三个以上
one… another,another…
some… others,others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩余的全部
1) 泛指另一个用another。
2) 一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other。
3) 一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another),第三个可用the other,a third。
4) 一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。
5) 泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。
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2.16 “the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me.
他是帮我的学生之一。
第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
第二句定语从句与the one 一致。
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2.17 anyone/any one;...
1.anyone 和 any one
anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。
2.no one 和none
a) none 后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。
b) none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。
None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
---- Did any one call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?
---- No one.--没有。
3.every 和each
1) every 强调全体的概念, each强调个体概念。
Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。
2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
3) every 只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。
Every student has to take one.
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4) every不可以作状语,each可作状语。
5) every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等; each没有。
6) every 与not 连用,表示部分否定; each 和not连用表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。
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2.18 both, either, neither,...
这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后,行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。
1) both (两者都),either(两者中任何一个), neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。
Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。
2) both,either
both与复数连用,either与单数连用。
Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
(两岸)
There are flowers on either side of the street.
(岸的两边)
路边长满了野花。
3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一个), none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。
All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。
I don't like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。
All of the students are there.
所有的学生都在那。
All (of) the milk is there.
所有的牛奶都在那。
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2.19 many, much
Many,much都意为“许多”, many + 可数名词,much + 不可数名词。
How many people are there at the meeting?
How much time has we left?
Many of the workers were at the meeting.
Much of the time was spent on learning.
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2.20 few, little, a few,...
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点
few / little 为否定含义,没有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。
He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
典型例题:
Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案: A. spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.
卖出了许多书。
中学语法大全 倒装
目录
倒装句之全部倒装 17
倒装句之部分倒装 17
以否定词开头作部分倒装 18
so, either, nor作部分倒装 18
only在句首要倒装的情况 19
as, though引导的倒装句 19
其他部分倒装 19
2.21 倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有:
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went.
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2.22 倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。
注意: 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时,其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型,我们知道为一倒装句,答案在C,D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
2.23 以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game beganB. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时,一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意:只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
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2.24 so, either, nor作部分倒装
表示“也”、“也不” 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案:B. nor为增补意思“也不关心”,因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定, C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
注意: 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
2.25 only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
2.26 as, though引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。
注意:
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。
2.27 其他部分倒装
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时,需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中:
May you all be happy.
3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例题:
1) Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案为D. 否定词Not在句首,要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2) Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
答案为B。
3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
解析:答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构,表示“也不”。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句,表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
中学语法大全 定语从句
目录
定语从句 22
关系代词引导的定语从句 22
关系副词引导的定语从句 22
判断关系代词与关系副词 23
限制性和非限制性定语从句 24
介词+关系词 24
as,which非限定性定语从句 25
先行词和关系词二合一 25
what/whatever/that... 26
关系代词that的用法 26
2.28 定语从句
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
2.29 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
2.30 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构,因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
2.31 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。)
(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A
例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。
2.32 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
2.33 介词+关系词
1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
返回顶端〉〉
2.34 as, which非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。
2.35 先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
返回顶端〉〉
2.36 what/whatever/that...
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
2.37 关系代词that的用法
1)不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。
举例:
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
中学语法大全 动词不定式
目录
不定式作宾语 28
不定式作补语 28
不定式主语 30
It's for sb/It's of sb 30
不定式作表语 31
不定式作定语 31
不定式作状语 31
用作介词的to 32
省to 的动词不定式 32
动词不定式的否定式 33
不定式特殊句型too…to… 33
不定式特殊句型so as to 34
不定式特殊句型Why not 34
不定式的时态和语态 34
动名词与不定式 35
2.38 不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
举例:
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2)动词+不定式 ; 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3) 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2.39 不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句:
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法:
Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案:A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意 : 有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
2.40 不定式主语
1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
注意:1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see.
2.41 It's for sb/It's of sb
1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
for 与of 的辨别方法:
用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:
You are nice. (通顺,所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。)
2.42 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
2.43 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如:
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
2.44 不定式作状语
1)目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。
2.45 用作介词的to
to 有两种用法: 一为不定式+动词原形; 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种,即to+ 名词/动名词:
admit to承认, confess to承认,
be accustomed to习惯于, be used to习惯于, stick to 坚持, turn to开始,着手于, devote oneself to 献身于, be devoted to 致力于, look forward to 盼望, pay attention to 注意
2.46 省to 的动词不定式
1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外,ought to):
2) 使役动词 let, have, make:
3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to。
注意:在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4) would rather,had better:
5) Why… / why not…:
6) help 可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth:
7) but和except:but前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:
9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后,可以省去to be:
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
举例:
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比较: He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案:D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式,因此选D。
2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案:B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to 不可省略。
返回顶端〉〉
2.47 动词不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
典型例题
1)Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut
D. not shut
答案:B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
D. having not seen
答案:A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。
3)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
答案:A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it
D. do not to
答案:A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等,否则不对,因此B,D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案:C。warn一词要求后用不定式,此处为不定式的被动,否定形式为be warned not to do。
2.48 不定式特殊句型too…to…
1)too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激动了,说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定, too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为“不太”。
It's never too late to mend. (谚语)
改过不嫌晚。
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
返回顶端〉〉
2.49 不定式特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾,现在几点了。
2.50 不定式特殊句型Why not
“Why not +动词原形”表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:“为什么不……?” “干吗不……?”
例如:
Why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
2.51 不定式的时态和语态
时态\语态 主动被动
一般式to do to be done
进行式to be doing
完成式to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时: 表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时:
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
2.52 动名词与不定式
1) 动名词与不定式的区别:
动名词表达的是: 状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的
不定式表达的是: 目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的
2) 接不定式或动名词,意义相同。
3) 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组:
1 stop to dostop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to domean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
中学语法大全 动词
目录
动词 37
系动词 38
什么是助动词 39
助动词be的用法 39
助动词have的用法 40
助动词do 的用法 40
助动词shall和will的用法 41
助动词should,would的用法 41
短语动词 42
非谓语动词 42
2.53 动词
1) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。
说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。 (having是实义动词。)
He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。
(has是助动词。)
3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如:
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
She wants to learn English well.
她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。
说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。
5) 根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)例如:
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)
The young ought to take care of the old.
年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)
6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。
2.54 系动词
系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明:
有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)
He fell off the ladder.
他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。
1)状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2)持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达“证实”,“变成”之意,例如:
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
2.55 什么是助动词
1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。
助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a. 表示时态,例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态,例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
2.56 助动词be的用法
1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。
说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令,例如:
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见,例如:
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?
d. 表示相约、商定,例如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
2.57 助动词have的用法
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例如:
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时,例如:
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例如:
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
2.58 助动词do 的用法
1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?
2) do + not 构成否定句,例如:
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
4) 放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5) 用于倒装句,例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6) 用作代动词,例如:
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?
---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何开车,对吧?
2.59 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明:
在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)
2.60 助动词should, would的用法
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。
比较:
“What shall I do next week?” I asked.
“我下周干什么?”我问道。(可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。)
2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较:
“I will go,” he said. 他说:“我要去那儿。”
变成间接引语,就成了:
He said he would come.
原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。
2.61 短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(Phrasal Verb)。例如:
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:
1) 动词+副词,如:black out;
2) 动词+介词,如:look into;
3) 动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词(Particle)。
2.62 非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1)不定式
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2)动名词
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3)分词
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式: not +不定式, not + 动名词, not + 现在分词
篇9:高中英语语法
高中英语语法:倒装结构
同学们很容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分之,编个顺口溜:副(adv.)介(prep.)提前全倒装,其它句式部分倒;否定提前倒助动,让步状语倒表语;复合句式倒主句,不倒装的属特殊。
下面举例说明:
A、Here comes the bus.(副词提前,全倒装)
B、Here he comes.(代词作主语,不倒装)
C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介词短语提前,全倒装)
D、Never shall I do this again.(否定词提前,部分倒装)
E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句,表语倒装)
F、Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.(only 修饰状语,主句倒装)
G、Only he can save the patient.(only修饰主语.不倒装)
H、Not only will help be given to people,but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定词提前,部分倒装)
I、Not only he but also we like sports.(连接两个主语,不倒装)
高中英语语法:引导的主语从句的what
1. 表特指
所谓表特指,就是说此时的what 在用法上大致相当于the。如:
What money I have will be yours when I die. = The money I have will be yours when I die. 我一死我的钱就都给你。
What possessions I have are yours.=The possessions I have are yours. 我的所有的财产都是你的。
2. 表“微量”
有时不仅表特指,而且还表“微量”,即含有“量不多”之意。如果将“特指”和“微量”结合起来,该结构的意思就是“虽不多,但全部”,有时可译为“仅有”。如:
What ideas he has are his wife’s. 他仅有的一点想法都是他妻子的。
What friends she has are out of the country. 她有的那些朋友全在国外。
这类“what+名词”结构并不是总具有“微量性”,即有时有,有时没有。如果要想明确或强化这种微量性特点,我们可以该结构的名词前加上表示微量的修饰语few(用于复数名词前)或little(用于不可数名词前)。如:
What few friends she has are out of the country.=The few friends she has are out of the country. 她仅有的几个朋友都在国外。
What little free time he had was spent with the family.= The little free time he had was spent with the family. 他仅有的一点空余时间都是与家人在一起度过的。
高中英语语法:主谓一致
一.概念
主谓一致是指:
1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,
一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如:
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:
Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C。本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如:
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。
2)当either... or... 与neither... nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如:
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如:
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
4. 谓语需用单数的情况
1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如:
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。
2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。
3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如:
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如:
All is right.一切顺利。
All are present.人都到齐了。
2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:
His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。
His family are music lovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如:
Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗?
3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如:
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况
1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如:
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。
2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如: A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than... of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如:
Many a person has read the novel.许多人读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
看过高中英语语法的人还看了:
1.高中英语语法总结
2.高中英语语法点总结
3.高中英语语法的难度较大,掌握需要技巧
4.高中英语语法教学的反思范文
5.高中英语语法教学之反思
篇10:高中英语语法
一、主语从句
1.定义:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2.构成:关联词+简单句
3.引导主语从句的关联词有三类:(1)从属连词that。如:Thattheywereintruthsisterswasclearfromthefacialresemblancebetweenthem.很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。(2)从属连词whether。如:Whetherhe’llcomehereisn’tclear.他是否会来这里还不清楚。(3)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever连接副词where,when,how,why。如:Whatshedidisnotyetknown.她干了什么尚不清楚。Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.这事如何发生的,谁也不清楚。Whoevercomesiswelcome.不论谁来都欢迎。Whereveryouareismyhome----myonlyhome.你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
二、宾语从句
1.定义:用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2.构成:关联词+简单句
3.引导宾语从句的关联词有三类:
(1)从属连词that。如:Hetoldusthathefeltill.他对我们说他感到不舒服。Iknowhehasreturned.我知道他已经回来了。注:that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下,that不能省略。
1.EverybodycouldseewhathappenedandthatTomwasfrightened.(and连接两个宾语从句,that宾语从句放在and的后面时,that不能省略。)大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
2.Iknownothingabouthimexceptthatheisfromthesouth.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that不能省略。)对他我一无所知,只知道他是南方人。
3.ThatheeversaidsuchathingIsimplydon’tbelieve.(that从句位于句首时,that不可省略。)我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
三、表语从句
1.定义:用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2.构成:关联词+简单句
3.引导表语从句的关联词的种类:(1)从属连词that。如:ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。(2)从属连词whether,as,asif。如:Helookedjustashehadlookedtenyearsbefore.他看起来还与十年前一样。Thequestioniswhethertheywillbeabletohelpus.问题是他们是否能帮我们。
四、同位语从句
1.定义:用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2.用法:同位语从句的先行词多为fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark等,关联词多用从属连词that。如:Theywereallverymuchworriedoverthefactthatyouweresick.对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。WheredidyougettheideathatIcouldnotcome?你在哪儿听说我不能来?EarlyinthedaycamethenewsthatGermanyhaddeclaredwaronRussia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
五、不定式的构成
1.不定式的构成不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时式和语态的变化,通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例):主动式被动式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing/完成进行式tohavebeendoing/
1)不定式的一般式不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。如:Theyinvitedustogotherethissummer.他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。Hestoodasideformetopass.他站到一边让我通过。
2)不定式的完成式不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之后发生,它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语,有时也可作主语、定语等。如:Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutthismatter.她似乎已听说过这件事。Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.我很抱歉让你等了这么久。Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIhappenedtohaveanimportantthingtodo.我本来想告诉你这件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。Ithasbeenanhonorformetohavetraveledsomuchinyourcountry.对我来说,在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。
3)不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如:It’sniceofyoutobehelpingusthesedays.你真好,这些天一直帮我们。Hepretendedtobelisteningtotheteachercarefully.他假装在认真地听老师讲课。Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.我们没料到你一直在这儿等我们。
4)不定式的完成进行式如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示
5)动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如:Trynottobelateagainnexttime.尽量下次不要再迟到。Hewishedusnevertomeetheragain.他希望我们永远不要再见到她。
篇11:高中英语语法
A. 英语中名词可以分为四类:
普通名词:
dog狗man男人table桌子
专有名词:
France法兰西Madrid马德里Mrs Smith史密斯夫人 Tom汤姆
抽象名词:
beauty美丽 charity慈善courage勇气 fear恐惧joy快乐
集合名词:
crowd人群flock畜群group组swarm大群team队
B. 名词的用途有:
作动词的主语:
Tom arrived.
汤姆到了。
作be,become,seem等系动词的表语:
Tom is an actor.
汤姆是个演员。
作动词的宾语:
I saw Tom.
我看到了汤姆。
作介词的宾语:
I spoke to Tom.
我跟汤姆说话。
名词也可以所有格形式出现:
Tom’s books汤姆的书
篇12:高中英语语法
1) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。
说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。
(having是实义动词。)
He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。
(has是助动词。)
3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。
(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如:
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
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