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[]破解英语四级阅读理解的技巧

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[]破解英语四级阅读理解的技巧

篇1：[]破解英语四级阅读理解的技巧

[原创]破解英语（四级）阅读理解的技巧

大家都知道，现在的英语四级的试题里，阅读理解一共有40分，但是好多人却在这丢了很多分，为此，小弟就自己经验谈谈。仅供各位参考！

英语阅读中，都是演绎性的文章。即――从几个小的方面对主题进行阐述。就是说分为了几个段落进行阐述！

每一篇文章可利用的时间是九分钟，建议3分钟阅读材料，6分钟做题目。

有人会说，夸张了吧？3分钟如何能够读完呢？

的确，3分之读完是有一定的难度的！但是我应该知道，作题目不一定要把材料理解透彻了才开始做的。

先听我慢慢的.说来：把每一段落的第一句话（一般都是主题句）理解清楚，然后就可以开始做题目了。但是紧跟着主题句后还有如 but ,however,moreover等表示关系的词（一般被称为信号词），它后边的内容一定不要放过！对于1类型题目考察，应该没有问题。当遇到2类型题目的时候，在返回原文里迅速找到。3类型与4类型也不是难点，5类型则是个人造化了！

注：四级阅读理解题型

1.对主题句的考查

2.细节题（对一些事情的细节的考查）

3.推断（推理）题

4.对作者的态度的考查

5.词义题目（对生词的记忆的考查）

点击此处进入论坛相关帖子参与讨论！

篇2：英语四级阅读理解技巧

1、细节题

(1)、细节题表现形式

这类题在四级考试中题量较大，占到60%——70%的题量，可以说是四级考试成败的关键这类题特点是题干的信息比较具体，考查文章中的重要细节。如1月份考题：“Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to”。

本题通过“free play”，“some Japanese kindergartens”反映了原文考查对象，题干内容比较具体，属于细节分析。又如206月份出现的题目：“What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves? ”本题handball player 是中心话题，when引导状语从句，这两部分明确指定了考查的细节内容，在原文中找答案十分方便。

(2)、细节题解题方法

细节题考查信息查找能力和句子的理解能力。由于考试时间非常紧张，对于考生来说，做好细节题，首先是要在原文找到相关信息。正是由于这点，我们看文章需要目的。有同学先看文章再做题，导致做题时还得回去在文章中寻找相关内容，或者干脆凭着对文章的主观印象匆忙求解，结果是浪费时间或者错误较多。建议考生先看题干再看文章，这样就会有方向感，目的感。所以，细节题的重要做题方法就是：先看题干，再看原文，带着题干个别的特有信息或者带着题干的中心话题在原文定位。如“What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves? ”就可以结合handball player这个中心话题在原文找答案。

四级细节题干有时会有比较明显的信息，如时间数字，专有名词，中心名词。如年1月考题：What was confirmed by the Boston University Medical Center’s study?题干中Boston University Medical Center这个专有名词可以让考生迅速找到考到的原文内容。如果用题干信息在原文找答案没有结果，可以根据题目的先后顺序来确定大概范围(除个别例外，四级细节题大体上还是按照出题的先后顺序找答案的)。以1月份考题为例说明：

24.Why do pet dogs love performing tricks for their masters?

25.When a dog has received effective obedience training, its owner____.

做24题过程中，考生可以通过performing tricks 比较容易在原文倒数第二段最后一句话定位找答案;这时，可以大胆预测，25题考最后一段内容。

(3)、细节题注意点

考生做细节题时，要注意合理但不正确的选项。很多考生在做题时，忽视了题目与原文的联系，凭着合理性的主观猜想选择答案。结果很多考生感觉做得很好，但对答案时发现错了很多。另外，很多表示程度、范围、频率等的副词或形容词可能会导致选项错误，如1月考题出现一个干扰选项是“keep in constant touch with the computer center”,其中的constant就是选项错误的关键。所以，细节题要求考生非常细心。

2、态度题

(1)、态度题表现形式

态度题一般提问方式是：The author’s attitude towards ┄ is _____.或者是What is the author’s attitude towards ┄ ?

(2)、态度题解题方法

从原则上来讲，态度题可以考查作者对一个中心话题的看法，也可以考查作者对某一具体细节的态度，但是从历年考法来看，四级阅读更加注重考查文章中心话题。所以，态度题经常可以通过文章主题来判断作者的态度。如6月考题，

原文首句：It’s no secret that many children would be healthier and happier with adoptive parents than with the parents that nature dealt them.

题目：The author’s attitude towards the judge’s ruling could be described as______.

A) doubtful B) critical C) cautious D) supportive

全文首句可以体现文章讨论的中心话题，它明确道出了作者的观点：有时小孩与养父母在一起比与亲生父母在一起更好。而原文中judge’s ruling的结果就是把小孩判给了养父，所以作者一定会持支持态度，故选D。

(3)、态度题注意点

考生应该熟练掌握在态度题中经常出现的单词，如positive, negative, optimistic, pessimistic, approving, concerned, objective, compromise等。另外，从以前四级考试的情况来看，作者的态度一般是或褒或贬，或乐观或担忧，中性评价为正确答案的较少。

3、主旨题

(1)、主旨题表现形式

四级阅读中，主旨题主要可以表现为“What’s the best title for this passage”;“What is the main idea of the passage”;“The author’s purpose of writing this passage is to _____”。当然，这些提问方式可以有很多微小的变化，比如问“The passage is mainly about___”等等。

(2)、主旨题解题方法

从理论上来讲，主旨题是四级各类题型中要求最高的，因为它要求考生看完文章后，能对文章的大概框架作一个宏观把握，从而解答后面的题目。但是把握文章框架对很多考生来说，是不能做到的。庆幸的是，一般的四级文章，都可以找到文章主题句，或者是可以体现文章主题的句子或单词。

文章主题一般在前两段出现，所以考生要比较关注前两段结论性的语言。四级阅读在全文首句出现文章主题的情况比较多见。另外，第一段转折性的语言，通常也能体现作者的观点偏好。

(3)、主旨题注意点

如果是考文章主题，那么正确答案一定具有概括性和结论性，细节性的选项肯定是错的。如2005年考题，

What is the author’s purpose in writing this article?

A)To justify the study of the Boston University Medical Center.

B)To stress the importance of maintaining proper weight.

C)To support the statement made by York Onnen.

D)To show the most effective way to lose weight

一看这四个选项，就可以发现A和C里面包含十分具体信息“the Boston University Medical Center”和“York Onnen”，是利用原文中的具体话题，某个细节内容而设计的干扰选项。

值得注意的是很多干扰选项还以“以偏概全”的形式出现的，所以分析时要注意正确答案概括的全面性。而利用扩大主题的范围来设计干扰选项的方式，在四级中相对较少。为了说明主题，为了论证，作者会引用一些人讲的话，而这些观点也很可能被考到

4、推理题

(1)、推理题表现形式

推理题提问的方式有很多，比如suggest，imply，indicate，conclude，infer等。然而，suggest，imply和indicate这些单词提问，这个题目往往按照细节题的方法来处理即可，真正难把握的是conclude和infer两个单词，这也是四级阅读推理题经常用来提问的方式。

(2)、推理题解题方法

推理题难度高，不在于推理难，而在于找答案没有方向。比如，题目可能会问What can be inferred from the passage? What can be concluded from the passage? 如果我们对历年考题作一个仔细分析，可以发现conclude和infer还是有些答案查找的方向的。

Conclude提问的题目，一般会涉及原文中结论性，观点性的语言，尤其是段落首末的句子。而infer提问的题目，如果题干信息比较多比较具体，一般可以当作细节题来处理，如果题干信息比较少，则考查原文观点结论的语言比较多，甚至考文章主题。

(3)、推理题注意点

很多考生在做推理题时，有一种思维误区，认为一个选项与原文相去越远，就越可能是正确答案，所以在找不到原文的依据时，就随心所欲地推导。其实，很多情况下，推理题的正确答案相差并不大，不应把这类题想得太难了。比如201月份，

题目：

It can be inferred from the passage that____.

A)killing foxes with poison is illegal

B)limiting the fox population is unnecessary

C)hunting foxes with dogs is considered cruel and violent

D)fox-hunting often leads to confrontation between the poor and the rich

正确答案选择C，而原文相关信息是：┄ because they think it is brutal(残酷的) ┄

(原文已经给出brutal的含义)。可见两者相差并不大。

5、词汇题

(1)、词汇题表现形式

词汇题一般会明确地告诉考生出题点在哪里，不需要考生查找所考查内容。它可以考一个单词的含义，一个词组的意思，或者考一个句子的弦外之音。

(2)、词汇题解题方法

词汇题是考生得分率较低的一类题，因为它需要考生从上下文中进行分析，推敲单词背后的意思。问单词或词组的意思，加强调上下文逻辑分析;有时用转折逻辑，但更多是利用并列逻辑，比如1月份考题，

原文：This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.

60. “Shadowland”in the last sentence refers to .

A) the wonderland one often dreams about

B) the bright future that one is looking forward to

C) the state of uncertainty before one's final goal is reached

D) a world that exists only in one's imagination

此题解法有多种，其中可以利用并列关系来求解。首先，and后面的句子告诉我们“任何有梦想的人必须要学会在那里生活”，这暗含了“那里”不好的环境。再从and可知，两个分句的逻辑是一致的，据此Shadowland也应该是不利的环境，故选择C项。

考句子的含义，查找答案的方向还得做一个细分：如果句子简单，一般在上下文中寻找答案;如果句子复杂，则更加倾向于在句子内部找答案。

(3)、词汇题注意点

如果考简单单词，正确答案会与该单词的常用意思没有多大关系;如果考难词，感觉很难有分析的线索时，就把四个选项代到原文中，使得原文逻辑正确，意思同学的为正确答案;如果考句子的含义而导致分析完全没有思路时，不妨结合文章问题来分析，可以体现主题，或与主题的逻辑一致，一般就是答案。

综合上面各种题型的分析，可以发现题干反映题型，题型反映考查重点，重点体现阅读原文的方向。另外，从文章本身来讲，考试的形式可以变化，文章的长短可以变化，段落的多少可以变化，但是考试的本质似乎没有改变。比如，考查观点性的语言，考查涉及逻辑关系的地方，比如因果关系，比较关系，并列关系，转折关系等。所以，我们要结合这些考查重点，培养一些“考试的眼光”，培养原文中相关语言点的感觉。

阅读理解需要总结，分析错误的原因，不能一味题海战。只有通过总结才能明白为什么错，才能发现自己最需要提高的地方在哪里，是单词量不够大，句子理解有问题，还是找答案速度比较慢。如果发现是大量单词不认识，那就需要赶紧背单词(时间不够则背阅读文章曾经出现过的单词);如果虽然单词已经大都背出，但句子理解仍有问题，那就需要多看一些长难句，提高一次性看懂句子的能力;如果找答案速度偏慢，那就需要提高对题型的判断能力，提高对原文中常考语言现象的敏感度。

篇3：英语四级阅读理解技巧

一、词汇语法深度练习

还是要再次提到词汇复习。因为想在阅读上有稳步提高，前提条件就是要有一定牢固的词汇量。其实，我们经过统计之后发现，除去中学词汇和考试大纲词汇表中从来没有被考查过的词汇后，考研词汇就剩下了近两千个常考高频词了。阅读理解晋级的关键就是要熟练掌握这两千来个高频词汇。

除了词汇，还要把语法学习深入化。据历年考研英语试卷规律来看，考研中密集考查的语法固定的有6种，他们是：定语从句;状语从句;定语后置;插入语;分词结构;并列句。这6种语法表面上看很是简单，其实不然，大家需要把这6个问题研究深了才行。考生应该结合语句进行训练，在训练中深度掌握语法规律。这对于翻译阅读中的长难句很有帮助。

二、加强阅读训练计划

训练就要找来一定数量的文章进行阅读。但是要注意，找“阅读”是有一定的讲究的。同学们应该在完成上面的词汇和语法之后再进行这个阶段。

那么，应该搜集哪些文章进行训练呢?最好不过的就是真题了。因为历年真题的阅读的文章不但出处相同，而且语言风格和难度是一致的，所以读这样的文章是最接近本年度考研试题的，当我们习惯了这样的语言风格和难度系数，到考场上的发挥自然就流畅了。也就是说，阅读文章的难度一定要把握好。如果说第一阶段的复习计划中，选择的阅读都是在4级难度附近的，那么该阶段的阅读训练就要增强难度系数了。

再谈一谈翻译长难句的问题。因为这是同学们在日常复习中经常遇到的问题。在本阶段复习中，你可以尝试翻译历年真题中阅读理解文章，这样即联系的写作而且还准确的精读了真题文章，这个精读的过程是所有想在考试中取得高分的人必须经过的。也许前期比较痛苦，但是可以肯定的是翻译完20篇后你会感觉所有的考研文章就像是你平时看中文那样的简单了。因为翻译的过程就是分解句子的过程，当你习惯了这样的思维方式的时候，看到任何句子就会潜意识的去分析它，久而久之，看长难句就容易了，这个过程是需要时间的沉淀的，不可操之过急。

三、真题解读

真题的作用除了训练各部分解题能力以外，更重要一点是专项剖析各种题型解题思路。最好的方法是把过去的真题至少进行分类，把历年的阅读放在一起组成阅读专题，完型也放在一起组成完型专题，写作、翻译等也是一样的做法。然后按专题的研究，从中寻觅命题者的命题思路，再从命题者的思路中去寻找化解的思路。最后，再让各种题型的规律特点的经验总结，结合大量的习题训练，做到熟能生巧的程度。在这个过程中，无论是阅读能力还是其他考查部分的做题套路，你都会有所长进

篇4：英语四级阅读理解技巧

一、背诵

通过范文的背诵，考生可以有针对性的了解高分范文的写作特点，积累写作常用的词语表达，和闪光句型，解决考生在进行写作训练时，心中有千言万语，笔下无一言的困境。但是，考生一定要谨记，高分范文的背诵在精不在多，20篇足够，但现在离考试还有一周的时间，能背上10篇就可以了，但是一定要背的滚瓜烂熟，张口就能说，提笔就能写。

很多考生抱怨过，我背了很多范文，可还是什么也写不出来，根本原因就是这些范文背诵不够熟练，根本没有深化成自己的东西。

二、默写，保证质量还要控制时间

光背是不够的。有些同学基础不太好，好多单词自己觉得会了，其实还是不会拼写。默写的过程就是对自己背诵情况的一个检查，默写不是抄写，所以一篇文章背熟了之后，把书合上，把它默写下来。默写下来之后对照一下范文，会发现，如果和范文的意思一致，但有些错误，比如语法、拼写、标点的错误。文章背得滚瓜烂熟还是写错了，那么上了考场更不可能写对了。这就是你写作的弱点。然后对照范文，寻找差距。哪些地方写错了，把它纠正过来。

三、仿写

模仿进行写作。背完一篇文章之后，要有意识地积累表达。比方说，这篇文章中有没有万能词汇，或者常用的句型。背完每篇文章之后，使用这篇文章的表达，去写另一道题目。比如背完的作文，用它去练的作文。换一道题目，这些表达尽可能多的去使用。如果平时不用，上了考场是想不到的。

每个考生可以摸索出属于自己的作文框架，做到带着自己“写好的作文”进考场。

篇5：英语四级阅读理解技巧

选词填空

首先，预览选项，了解词义并把选项分为四大类词性—名词n，动词v，形容词a，副词ad。在每个选项后作词性的简要标记;

其次，精读全文开头，把握文章主题，并以三个空或一个段落为一个单位，利用前后文判断每空的词性;最后，把对应词性的选项逐一带回原文，含义通顺，时态、主谓搭配一致的为正确选项。

快速阅读

读题干并确定关键词(中心词)--去原文中定位关键词--分析定位句--分析题干--确定答案。首先用“打包”方法对付乱序，把整组题全部一次性吃透，然后去原文从头到尾定位。否则，考生如果按顺序逐题解答，时间会严重不足，最好是文章一遍看下来，能找到所有的信息。

此外，考生应该注意定位原文的过程中，一定要脑、眼和手并用:眼是肯定要用的，不用脑会导致忽视同义转换，不用手(笔)会使我们处于走马观花的状态，然后会怀疑自己是不是漏掉了信息而不停地。

“吃透”题干

准确判断关键词(中心词)至关重要。如果没吃透题干，就无法准确判断关键词或中心词，就可能对原文中的重要信息没感觉。一般来说，题干关键词或中心词为实词以及一些数字、专有名词等。

英语阅读理解怎么答题

1、注意问题的主语是谁，它和原文题眼的主语原则上是一致的。主语不一致，一般来说，都是错的。

2、即第6条，某某人说的话，尤其特别长的句子，或者是带引号的。60%以上会出题。题眼就在这儿。这里又提了一遍，就是要引起你的重视。

3、错误的选项，往往是就文章某一方面而说的，其特点是：所涉及的，仅仅是某一个小问题，或者很具体，非常具体的一件实事。200%错误选项。这是考研英语最经常遇到的干扰项。一定要会识别。

4、中国人出的题。多是总-分结构，或者总-分-总。所以每段开头结尾，都要注意。(这里指的是中间没有出现转折的段落)，整篇文章的开头结尾，也要重视。

5、文章的结构，要么总-分或总-分-总，要么转折、对比，要么举例说明。就这么几个套路。

6、对选项中的“重点词”(即主语、宾语、修饰语)都要看清楚。有的时候，选项中，会对原文中本来正确的事做错误的修改，来作为干扰项。你要注意的是，选项句子的主语(与原文)是否一致、宾语是否符合原文意思，或者用一些牵强的修饰词，来做一些特殊的限定。要看清楚。这是干扰项的特点之一。

篇6：英语四级阅读理解技巧

Henry Ford, the famous U.S. inventor and car manufacturer, once said, “The business of America is business.” By this he meant that the U.S. way of life is based on the values of the business world.

Few would argue with Ford’s statement. A brief glimpse at a daily newspaper vividly shows how much people in the United States think about business. For example, nearly every newspaper has a business section, in which the deals and projects, finances and management, stock prices and labor problems of corporations are reported daily. In addition, business news can appear in every other section. Most national news has an important financial aspect to it. Welfare, foreign aid, the federal budget, and the policies of the Federal Reserve Bank are all heavily affected by business. Moreover, business news appears in some of the unlikeliest places. The world of arts and entertainment is often referred to as “the entertainment industry” or “show business.”

The positive side of Henry Ford’s statement can be seen in the prosperity that business has brought to U.S. life. One of the most important reasons so many people from all over the world come to live in the United States is the dream of a better job. Jobs are produced in abundance (大量地) because the U.S. economic system is driven by competition. People believe that this system crates more wealth, more jobs, and a materially better way of life.

The negative side of Henry Ford’s statement, however, can be seen when the word business is taken to mean big business. And the term big business—referring to the biggest companies, is seen in opposition to labor. Throughout U.S. history working people have had to fight hard for higher wages, better working conditions, and the fight to form union s. Today, many of the old labor disputes are over, but there is still some employee anxiety. Downsizing—the laying off of thousands of workers to keep expenses low and profits high—creates feelings of insecurity for many.

1. The United States is a typical country ________.

A) which encourages free trade at home and abroad

B) where people’s chief concern is how to make money

C) where all businesses are managed scientifically

D) which normally works according to the federal budget

2. The influence of business in the U.S. is evidenced by the fact that ________.

A) most newspapers are run by big businesses

B) even public organizations concentrate on working for profits

C) Americans of all professions know how to do business

D) even arts and entertainment are regarded as business

3. According to the passage, immigrants choose to settle in the U.S., dreaming that ________.

A) they can start profitable businesses there

B) they can be more competitive in business

C) they will make a fortune overnight there

D) they will find better chances of employment

4. Henry Ford’s statement can be taken negatively because ________.

A) working people are discouraged to fight for their fights

B) there are many industries controlled by a few big capitalists

C) there is a conflicting relationship between big corporations and labor

D) public services are not run by the federal government

5. A company’s efforts to keep expenses low and profits high may result in ________.

A) reduction in the number of employees

B) improvement of working conditions

C) fewer disputes between labor and management

D) a rise in workers’ wages

答案：1. B 2. D 3. D 4.C 5. A

篇7：英语四级阅读理解技巧

Professor Smith recently persuaded 35 people, 23 of them women, to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for a fortnight. When he came to analyse their embarrassing lapses (差错) in a scientific report, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groupings, Nor did the lapses appear to be entirely random (随机的).

One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earrings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear. “the explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer,” explains the professor. “People programme themselves to do certain activities regularly. It was the woman’s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her earrings. But somehow the action got reversed in the programme,” About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “programme assembly failures.”

Altogether the volunteers logged 433 unintentional actions that they found themselves doing—an average of twelve each, There appear to be peak periods in the day when we are at our zaniest (荒谬可笑的). These are two hours some time between eight a.m. and noon,

between four and six p.m. with a smaller peak between eight and ten p.m. “Among men the peak seems to be when a changeover in brain ‘programmes’ occurs, as for instance between going to and from work.” Women on average reported slightly more lapses—12.5 compared with 10.9 for men—probably because they were more reliable reporters.

A startling finding of the research is that the absent-minded activity is a hazard of doing things in which we are skilled. Normally, you would expect that skill reduces the number of errors we make. But trying to avoid silly slips by concentrating more could make things a lot worse—even dangerous.

1. In his study Professor Smith asked the subjects ________.

A) to keep track of people who tend to forget things

B) to report their embarrassing lapses at random

C) to analyse their awkward experiences scientifically

D) to keep a record of what they did unintentionally

2. Professor Smith discovered that ________.

A) certain patterns can be identified in the recorded incidents

B) many people were too embarrassed to admit their absent-mindedness

C) men tend to be more absent-minded than women

D) absent-mindedness is an excusable human weakness

3. “Programme assembly failures” (Line 6, Para. 2) refers to the phenomenon that people ________.

A) often fail to programme their routines beforehand

B) tend to make mistakes when they are in a hurry

C) unconsciously change the sequence of doing things

D) are likely to mess things up if they are too tired

4. We learn from the third paragraph that ________.

A) absent-mindedness tends to occur during certain hours of the day

B) women are very careful to perform actions during peak periods

C) women experience more peak periods of absent-mindedness

D) men’s absent-mindedness often results in funny situations

5. It can be concluded from the passage that ________.

A) people should avoid doing important things during peak periods of lapses

B) hazards can be avoided when people do things they are good at

C) people should be careful when programming their actions

D) lapses cannot always be attributed to lack of concentration

答案：1. D 2. A 3. C 4.A 5. D

篇8：英语四级阅读理解技巧

I don’t ever want to talk about being a woman scientist again. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it’s like to work in a field dominated by men. I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I never found them interesting. What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe, the shape of space-time and the nature of black holes.

At 19, when I began studying astrophysics, it did not bother me in the least to be the only woman in the classroom. But while earning my Ph.D. at MIT and then as a post-doctor doing space research, the issue started to bother me. My every achievement—jobs, research papers, awards—was viewed through the lens of gender (性别) politics. So were my failures. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.

Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don’t talk about that anymore. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didn’t want to deal with gender issues. Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every female scientist? After all, I don’t study sociology or political theory.

Today I research and teach at Barnard, a women’s college in New York City. Recently, someone asked me how may of the 45 students in my class were women. You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer, 45. I know some of my students worry how they will manage their scientific research and a desire for children. And I don’t dismiss those concerns. Still, I don’t tell them “war” stories. Instead, I have given them this: the visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments. And in turn they have given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of science. And that’s a sight worth talking about.

1. Why doesn’t the author want to talk about being a woman scientist again?

A) She feels unhappy working in male-dominated fields.

B) She is fed up with the issue of gender discrimination.

C) She is not good at telling stories of the kind.

D) She finds space research more important.

2. From Paragraph 2, we can infer that people would attribute the author’s failures to ________.

A) the very fact that she is a woman

B) her involvement in gender politics

C) her over-confidence as a female astrophysicist

D) the burden she bears in a male-dominated society

3. What did the author constantly fight against while doing her Ph.D. and post-doctoral research?

A) Lack of confidence in succeeding in space science.