新材料作文伪君子及写作解析（通用17篇）由网友“元小秦”投稿提供，以下是小编整理过的新材料作文伪君子及写作解析，希望能够帮助到大家。
篇1：新材料作文伪君子及写作解析
“作之不止，乃成君子”，这句话出自《资治通鉴》。据记载，魏国国君魏国向孔斌询问谁是天下高士，孔斌说：“世上根本没有完美无瑕的君子，如果退而求其次的话，那么鲁仲连勉强算一个。”魏王摇头道：“鲁仲连恐怕也算不上，此人表里不一，他的行为举止都是强迫自己做出来的，并非本性的自然流露。”这时候，孔斌说了一句挺经典的话：“作之不止，乃成君子。”即人都是强迫自己去做一些事情的，管他真心还是假意，假如能不停地这么做下去，到最后习惯成自然，就成了君子。
阅读以上材料，选好角度，确定立意，写一篇文章。
要求：自定文体，自拟标题；不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文，不要套作，不得抄袭；不少于800字。
写作点拨
纵观近年来高考作文试题的命制，尽管百花齐放，各种形式无所不有，但新材料作文仍然是重头戏。新材料作文凭借其灵活、开放等特点备受人们青睐，应该成为未来高考作文命题的主流。命制本题，原因之一就是在形式上与高考命题趋势保持同步，激活学生的发散思维，培养学生深入解读材料、多角度精准立意的能力。原因之二，是基于时效性和针对性的考虑。毋庸讳言，当今社会，“好人”难当，“好人”寥寥。究其原因，一是一些人公共道德意识淡薄，道德水准每况愈下，见死不救甚至落井下石者不乏其人。近期以来被人们炒得沸沸扬扬的小悦悦连续被车辆碾过而十八个路人不闻不问、66岁的老人龚维裘在距安徽省红十字会医院门口仅二十米的地方摔倒而医院却不予施救等事件让人震惊。在如此背景之下，难得有一些良知未泯的人或慷慨解囊，或见义勇为，扶危济困，解人倒悬，却招来少数人的冷嘲热讽，甚至讪笑打击，以“作秀”“伪君子”等恶语相伤。这些“正人君子”们是否想过，就算是“作秀”，也是一种善举，他人也受益多多呀！试想，中华泱泱大国，如果人们连“秀”都不愿“作”，恐怕真的会“国将不国”了！命制本题，意在唤醒人们的良知，做一个善良的人，做一个有爱心的人，做一个有同情心的人，做一个道德高尚的人。唯如此，才能树正气，去邪恶，构建和谐美满的社会。原因之三，是通过本题的写作，考查培养学生的思辨能力。面对社会上纷繁复杂的现象，考生要明辨是非，洞察善恶，要有自己独到的见解，想他人之未想，言他人之未言。因此，命制本题，有助于激发学生的创新意识、求异构思、超常立意。
解读这道命题，首先要把握材料的命题指向，做到立意准确，直抵靶心。作文材料的解读方法很多，其中有一种方法，就是明确命题人的情感倾向，即命题人赞成什么、反对什么。顺着这种倾向去思考，就可以准确把握命题意图。例如本材料中魏国国君询问“谁是天下高士”，当孔斌推荐鲁仲连后，魏王认为鲁仲连的行为举止都是装出来的，摇头否定。这时材料中有一句很重要的话，“这时候，孔斌说了一句挺经典的话：‘作之不止，乃成君子”’。这里的“挺经典”，明显表露出命题者的情感倾向，即对“作之不止，乃成君子”的观点持赞成肯定态度。那么，文章的立意就要跟这种观点保持高度一致，不能偏离这个中心，否则，就可能有偏题离题之嫌。孔斌的这句话到底是什么意思呢？材料里作了清楚的注解：“人都是强迫自己去做一些事情的，管他真心还是假意，假如能不停地这么做下去，到最后习惯成自然，就成了君子。”这个阐释表明，凡事（从材料中可知，所做的一定是善事）只要去“做”，无论事大事小，不管真心假意，就值得肯定，即古人所谓“勿以善小而不为”。这里的“做”，还必须注意一个“量”的问题：做做停停，三天打渔两天晒网不行，一定要“不停地这么做下去”，这样，“无心”就可能变成“有意”，并且成为一种习惯，“伪君子”就变成“正人君子”了。倘若如此，真是善莫大焉，何乐而不为呢？
就体裁来讲，虽然命题要求“自定文体”，但本题文体的选定还是有倾向性的。材料里，对鲁仲连其人有两种不同的观点：魏国国君摇头否定，孔斌大加推崇，孰是孰非，真理只能在某一方。考生对这两种观点要去伪存真，并且要让读者心悦诚服地站在自己一边，就必须以理服人。因此，写作本题的最佳文体应该是议论文。当然，构思一个故事，写成寓言、记叙文或小小说，委婉含蓄地表现“作之不止，乃成君子”的主题也未尝不可。在文体的选择上，还要结合自己的特长，因人而异，适合自己的才是最好的，便于发挥自己特长的才是最好的，即所谓文无定法，灵活是金。
解读本题要防止两个误区：一个是被魏王的话牵着鼻子走，大谈“表里如一”“自然之美”等，这样就曲解题意，本末倒置，难脱偏题之虞。要清醒地认识到，魏王的话固然有一定道理，但并非本题的命题意图；要全面解读，分清主次，不可断章取义，以偏赅全。另一个是概念含混，对“做”没有一个明确的界定，因为“做”有好坏之分，本命题的前提是“做善事”，如果不顾于此，“善恶”不辨，就可能背离题意，误入歧途，甚至得出荒谬的结论，给人留下笑柄。
例文
“面具”后的自我
当虚伪已经成为一种风尚，当造作已经成为一种习惯，当作秀已经成为一种立足于社会的“通行证”，我不禁在想，撕下了“面具”后的人们将会是怎样的情形呢？
诚然，迫于现实生活的无奈，我们很多人都戴着面具生活，做着自己不愿意做的事，说着自己不愿意说的话，就像万圣节的狂欢舞会一样，大家只看到别人的华丽装扮，却不知道对方究竟是谁。人们戴着面具，出入于官场、商场、情场、舞场，脸不红，心不跳，彼此心照不宣，悠然自得。
然而，这种生活就一定是坏事吗？别忘了，这个社会需要美，需要和谐，需要相亲相爱，需要互相帮助。
著名的'大慈善家陈光标，便是众人口中的戴着面具的佼佼者。众所周知，咱们中国传统美德是做好事不留名，可人家陈光标不一样，他提倡高调慈善。所谓高调慈善，就是做好事处处留名。他免费送给来看他晚会的老乡们绵羊和拖拉机，却和所有收到“天降大礼”的老乡们一一留影，并把这些留影贴在当地政府的门外。他为了提倡低碳生活，用大型铲车销毁一辆价值几百万的兰博基尼，并请来了省、市、乡镇所有电视台记者实录整个过程，引起了极大的轰动。
有人说他这完全是在作秀。我不否认，也许陈光标真的是在戴着面具搞慈善，但是，如果他始终如一都是这么高调行善，那么，受益的人不是越来越多吗？如果他的行为引来众多人纷纷效仿，我们这个社会不就成了温馨和谐的大家园吗？
现实生活中，人们彼此彬彬有礼，谦让有加，用彼此的那张面具维护着美好的个人形象，维系着良好的人际关系。这样的“虚伪”，对个人无损，对他人有益，倒远好过真实的私心、赤裸的利欲。既然如此，又何乐而不为呢？我们为什么只看到面具的虚伪性和掩盖性，却对它的润滑作用和调剂作用熟视无睹呢？
卢梭曾说过：“当你尝试去做像一个好人该做的事时，你也就真的成为一个好人了。”
也许，戴着面具的“虚伪”的人们，在无数次的言不由衷后，会形成做个好人的习惯，成为一个谦谦君子呢！
也许，戴着面具的“虚伪”的人们，在习惯成自然之后，去掉面具，露出一个至美的自我呢！
菩提本无树，明镜亦非台。只要不止步，不停歇，那些被人们称作虚伪的人，被称为“伪君子”的人，当习惯养成之后，一切水到渠成，假的也就成了真的，伪的也就成了实的。到那时，我们这个泱泱大国不就真的成了君子之国、文明之国？请深信，当一切善举都变为“自觉行为”之后，即使摘下面具，你也一定是位风度翩翩的真君子！
考场点评
本文紧扣材料主旨，联系实际，深刻阐述了“当一切善举都变为‘自觉行为’之后，即使摘下面具，你也一定是位风度翩翩的真君子”的观点。
在内容方面，作者审题准确，紧紧围绕材料意旨立意，内容充实，感情真挚，切合命题意图。文章以“面具”为触发点，由点到面，层层生发，卒章显志，所以此项得分19分。
在表达方面，文章以杂文的形式布局谋篇，文体特点鲜明。文章首先摆出现实生活中普遍存在的“面具”现象，然后笔锋一转，“这种生活就一定是坏事吗”，观点旗帜鲜明，新颖别致。接着列举陈光标“高调慈善”一事，有力地证明了“作之不止，乃成君子”的论点。最后生发开去，结构完整，过渡自然，所以此项得分19分。
在发展等级方面，文章材料丰富，论据充实，形象丰满，立意新巧，逻辑严密，大量反问句的使用增强了气势，论证有理有力，所以此项得分18分。
综合以上亮点，根据评分细则，模拟评分如下：内容19分+表达19分+发展18分=56分。
篇2：托福写作解析
6月25日托福独立写作范文：
Taking a panoromic view of human history, we can readily find that the natural environment plays an enormously important role in determing the future of each and every country. Given the great significance of clean environment, the general public as well as the governors begin to wonder which is the most essential action to protect the environment, among funding new energy research, preserving natural habitat or enacting strict laws. Towards such a long-running tug-of-war, I am inclined to argue that national governments should invest financial support in developing new energy sources.
Initially, spending more money in discovering new energy can radically solve the various environmental problems. As is common sense, the deteriorating environment is the result of the overexploitation of fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas. To be specific, numerous chemical plants usually burn the coal to provide power for manufacturing all kinds of goods designed to satisfy the basic needs of the general public. As a result, a large amounts of industrial wastes are discharged to take a toll on the natural environment. Also, an increasing number of petrol-powered automobiles will definitely emit car exhause(e.g. fumes and toxic gas), which can increase the likelihood of the public suffering from respiratory diseases. All the above problems related to environment can be resolved by find new and clean energy like solar energy, wind power and tidal power. Undoubtedly, replacing the traditional energy with the new ones can dramatically decrease the pollution and contamination, thus leading to a better living environment. For example, once the cars uses the electricity instead of petrol, the air quality will improve to a large extent.
Secondly, there are conspicuous limitation of the other two options. As for preserving natural places, the effect of this practice is relatively restricted. To illustrate, the traditional energy sources are usually exploited and discovered in the natural places. Consequently, the preservation of natural places will hinder the access to various energy and thus impede the progress of the whole society. Also, the same logic applies to passing laws to reduce pollution. It is an indisputable fact that across the globe, many countries now are heaviely dependent on the industries and factories which produce pollutions. In other words, once the law of punishing these companies is enforced, these corporation may have to cut down their output and make less profits, even ending up going bankcrupt. Accordingly, the national economy and the living standard of the public will suffer too.
Factoring what has been discussed above, we can conclude that funding research of environmental friendly energy will be more preferable, because finding proper alternative energy is the key to solving the environmental problems comprehensively.
托福写作范文：要想取得成功必须接受新观点
20托福写作真题题目：
6月18日托福独立写作真题回顾
To be a successful person, one must be open to new ideas and willing to change his or her mind. (160618大陆)
6月18日托福独立写作点睛：
题目大意：要想取得成功，人们必须要接受新的观点并且愿意改变自己原有的观点。此题目选择同意比较好写，在去想分论点时，有两种方式可以用：第一种就是去想why, 理由一：接受新的观点可以更好地适应变化的环境;理由二，接受新的观点可以与别人建立良好的关系。第二种去拆分举例，拆分职业： 第一种职业IT 行业的人;第二种职业老师。
6月18日托福写作真题-独立写作
此次试题出现了A,B卷
A: A/D: To be a successful person, one must open up to new ideas and willing to change his or her mind.
B: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: people should be open to new ideas and change his or her mind to be successful.
A卷题目是绝对词类话题;B卷题目为建议类话题/二选一话题). 注意区别处理这两类题目。
以A卷题目为例：处理此类文章需要弱化绝对词，并给出其他合理的方式。关于此题，可以按以下方式组织文章：1)开头段-主题段一(去绝对词做让步段处理，写我方的好处)-主题段二(要成功的因素1)-主题段三(要成功的因素2)-结尾段;2)开头段-主题段一(优点一)-主题段二(优点二)-主题段三(优点三)-结尾段(小让步+综合其他可以使人成功的因素)。
篇3：托福写作解析
6月18日托福独立写作范文如下：
Under the current society full of intense competitions, how to achieve success has never failed to arouse deep concern and interest among the general public. Thereof, a good deal of accomplished businessmen and elites are strong believers of the claim that to be a successful person, one must be open to new ideas and willing to change his or her mind.Towards such a complicated issue, I am in favor of the above claim for the following reasons.
In the first place, being receptive to new ideas can help people to better adapt to the constantly changing environment and thus become successful. As is common sense, no matter what fields or areas you are engaged in, change has become the perpetual topic, which means that what you held firmly onto before may become outdated and even misleading overnight. In other words, only those people with open mind towards new things can keep pace with the changes of time and are more likely to achieve success. By contrast, rejecting any new ideas and never changing one's mind, people will be gradually surpassed or even replaced by other competitors. A good case in point is the collapse of Nokia Company, the once most famous cell phone brand. On account of showing no acceptance to the new operating system Android, the Nokia has announced bankruptcy and has been acquired by Microsoft Company. The same logic can apply to any individuals who are stubborn.
Besides that, embracing new ideas can help people to build harmonious rapport with more people, leading to the higher likelihood of becoming successful. More scrutiny has made it conspicuous that an attitude of open-mindedness is strongly correlated to one's popularity among others, especially in a work team. The underlying reason is that anyone who has a willingness to listen to new thoughts tends to leave a good impression and thereof gains help or assistance from others when faced with troubles in the path to success. Also, being open-minded helps you work through interpersonal or intra-team conflicts that arise when people work in close quarters. By contrast, insisting on one' own view stubbornly usually not only build a barrier for establishing the friendship but also serves as the origin of quarrel or conflicts with other people. Put it another way, people without a spirit of listening and cooperation have difficulty in completing any projects, let alone, become successful.
Indeed, accepting new ideas may make people feel uncomfortable, because they are forced to get out their comfort zone. However, the above reasoning does not bear deep analysis. To illustrate, it is an indisputable fact that success relies on nothing but innovation driven by constantly taking in original and creative ideas and thoughts. Consequently, factoring what has been mentioned above, we can conclude that showing acceptance to new ideas and changing one's mind accordingly are of great necessity for the sake of achieving success.
篇4：托福写作解析
Everyone is longing for success; therefore, everyone eagerly searches for every method to reach that end. Having an inclusive and open would definitely serve as a good panacea for everyone who wants to achieve something in the life. Nevertheless, it is not the only way toward one’s heyday, for one’s success derives from the combined factors, like tenacity and resilience.
Admittedly, a man with an open mind for new ideas is half way for success, for these innovative ideas and philosophies offer one with another outlook when facing a deadlock or dilemma. What’s the most important, new idea brings about creation to our life. The modern society has witnessed the rapid and pervasive changes of technologies along with subtle social reforms. It is the new ideas from other people and other places that lead James Dyson, the inventor if G-force vacuum cleaner, to a great success; it is embracing the new method from the excellent athletes that helps Jimmy Li create his special set “Jimmy Li Jump”.Furthermore, changing our mind and listening to the new ideas from others is conducive to cooperate with other people. A man cannot succeed without the assistance from others. An open mind for new ideas and thoughts are easy for people to share different ideas, therefore, it is beneficial for cooperating within certain groups or teams. A cooperative people would certainly get more help, thus to succeed in a more earlier way. However, an open mind for outside ideas is surely the only way for one to succeed, for there are a lot of other people gaining success through other ways!
Being tenacious and persistent represent a continuous effort in one’s specific career. The secret to happiness is hard work and effort, not “quick-fixes”. Great ideas only cannot guarantee one’s efforts and actions. Only by the down-to-earth efforts and hard work can the final success gained! If James Dyson did not experiment for over 5200 times after he got a new idea from others, we would not have witnessed the birth of this new and highly efficient vacuum cleaner. Therefore, tenacity and persistence provide a sure way to one’s success.
Furthermore, a positive and optimistic attitude towards failure can also serve as a facilitator for one’s success. A lot of people failed because they feared the new challenges or feared to fail again. People with negative attitudes may be loath to take action even if they embrace new ideas from others. A positive mindset can serve as a catalyst for one’s success. If James Dyson didn’t hold hopes for his production promotion and give up during his experiment, we would have seen his products prevail the global market. Thus, a sound mindset and positive attitude propels one to success.
In a nutshell, a successful person is not made just in one day. A lot of factors contribute to a successful people, like new ideas, tenacity and a positive mind, to name just a few. Only in this way can a person expect success as soon as possible!
托福写作范文：城市领导如何保障城市繁荣
托福写作真题题目：
5月22日托福独立写作真题
As the leader of a city, what would you doto ensure the prosperity and success of the city?
A. creating job opportunities for theunemployed;
B. lowering food price;
C. providing affordable housing
5月22日托福独立写作范文(新东方 赵波)
题目大意：作为一个城市的领导想要保障城市的繁荣，要做以下三项：为失业人员提供就业机会，降低食物价格，提供经济适用房。波波建议选择为失业人员提供工作，证明其重要性，然后另外一段将两个选项的不必要性阐述明白。
篇5：托福写作解析
In a society changing amazingly, that how to gurantee the prosperity and success of a city， the common target of all citizens，has always been brought under the spotlight of the massive media. When talking about which factor plays the most crucial role in ensuring city's smooth development, among creating job vacancy, lowering food price or adjusting housing price, people’s notion varies from one to another. From my perspective, providing job opportunities for the unemployed is the best choice.
In the first instance, offering job vacancies to the laid-offs will not only guarantee the social security and safety but also strengthen the purchasing power of the public. For one thing, given the indisputable fact that the unemployed without any income are likely to commit crimes such as theft of wallets or burglaries due to lack of daily necessities, it is self-evident that the greater the number of laid-offs is, the more unstable our society will become. Therefore, after satisfying their basic needs of life with the income from the job offered by the government, they will no longer be a threat to the stability of the whole society, which is the solid foundation for social progress and prosperity. For another, as long as citizens with jobs have more free disposable money and thus possess stronger purchasing monitory power, the various industries will be stimulated and propelled to a large extent. To be specific, with the accruing wealth, an increasing number of people will purchase a private car to commute to their office, with the result that the whole industry of automobiles will experience a booming period. The same logic can also be true of other industries and fields.
Furthermore, there are obvious disadvantages of the other two policies, lowering the food price and making the price of house affordable. Despite the fact that keeping the food price low and providing affordable housing will lessen the financial burden of the dwellers in the city in a short term, these two practices would hinder the future success of the whole society. To illustrate, the low price of food will definitely decrease the income of food producers, especially the farmers who support their family by selling what they plant and raise. As a result, they are likely to have great difficulty in making their ends meet, thus ending up becoming homeless or jobless. Also, in a long run, increasing housing affordability will put a damper on the citizens’ passion for creating wealth and thus decrease the dynamics of the whole society. Specifically speaking, when the price is so cheap that nearly everyone can afford it with ease, no one will work hard any more.
In a nutshell, I am convinced that the most effective and efficient way to boom a city is to create more job opportunities for the jobless.
篇6：托福写作解析
All governments on the planet engage in finding the best methods to develop their country into a more powerful nation with abundant resources. These methods are supposed to cover as many people as possible and with no doubt, be effective enough to bring about profits as soon as possible. Among all the approaches that are aiming at advancing a country, I firmly believe that the issues associated with food is more important and should be paid more attention to by countries.
First of all, under no circumstances can human live without food supply, which is the premise of all human activities. As a result, solving the problems in agriculture and the availability of food to all people is an essential factor in the development of a country. When people have rice to eat, they have more energy to work in the fields; when people are supplied with meat, they are more passionate in manufacturing crafts and tools; when people have cheaper fruits on the markets, they become more willing to serve his customers at work; when people have easier access to clothes, they are more inspired in doing researches and experiments. No progress can be made with hungry stomachs.
Second, it is easier to advance agriculture than to create more job positions for unemployed workers. Increasing agricultural production depend largely on good command of planting or farming knowledge and technology. For the knowledge aspect, information can be obtained through diverse channels like books, magazines and the internet, where information is not only authorized but also comprehensive. For the technology aspect, the governments can either invest in researches in crop properties or genetic modification or purchase equipment or technology from those few highly developed countries who fulfill the responsibility to help more other countries. Nonetheless, creating work opportunities is not that easy, since companies, either state owned or privately owned, have certain precise requirement for the number of workers according to the types of business they undertake and current situation of the market.
Finally, promoting the food industry benefit more people than affordable housing can do. As we have discussed above, food is needed by everybody and better agricultural conditions make a so great difference that it extends how far a government can go. In contrast, few people need houses, especially in this modernized society, as a direct consequence of building more housing apartments, most individuals already possess a house to live in, where means whether the houses are affordable or not has little or no influence on the overall development of the country.
To sum up, I believe what we eat means more than what we do and where we live. The leaders of all countries should focus more on the improvement of food availability and more and more people will live a happier life.
篇7：寻人启事写作解析和
什么叫寻人启事?
寻人启事是个人或单位寻找下落不明的亲人、朋友或相关人员时应用的一种文体。
寻人启事只能用“事”字，而不能用“示”字。“启事”，是为了公开声明某事而发布的文字。这里的“启”是“说明”的意思，“事”就是指被说明的事情。“启示”是指启发指示，开导思考，使人有所领悟。这里的“启”是“开导”的意思，“示”是把事物摆出来或指出来让人知道。可见，“启事”和“启示”的含义截然不同，二者不能通用。
寻人启事的写作
写寻人启事务必要做到：篇幅短小精悍、语言精炼明确、内容具体准确、用语礼貌且不涉及到隐私、量力许诺酬金。基本要素是：描述被寻人的名字、性别、体貌特征、年龄、口音、失踪时间;有照片的要附上照片;附上联系方式。寻人启事写作一般由标题、正文和落款三部分组成。
第一部分，标题。
寻人启事的标题通常由文种构成，如“寻人启事”，也可写成“寻找张三”、“寻母启事”、“紧急寻人”等。标题于文中首行居中，选用大号一点的粗体字。
标题下，贴被寻人相片，尽量大幅点的头像。以选最能显示失踪者相貌特征的生活照片，带有笑容的照片，可给人较深的印象，但不要用艺术照。寻找失踪儿童可附刊全家福。
第二部分，正文。
寻人启事的正文另起一行，空两格写启事的内容。包括4方面内容：
1.交待人物。主要包括姓名、性别、年龄、生理特征、胎記、疤痕、口音、智力、文化、疾病等内容。这是鉴别的.主要依据，体貌上有明显特征的要特别指出;被寻人姓名，可再加上小名、昵称;年龄可同时用出生年月和“時年xx岁”表示。
2.交待失踪当日的情况。这项内容，要说明什么时间、什么地点、衣着装束，同时还需注明失踪的原因，但不得涉及到个人隐私。
3.联系方式。留下真实的通讯地址或联系电话写出来，多留几个号码，座机和手机都要有。也可留下警方的电话。也可以写在署名日期前后。字号尽可能大些。
4.结束语。在正文的后面，通常有感激、酬谢、盼归、协寻之类的话语。诸如，“重酬”、“面酬”、“护送回家酬谢10000元”、“本人见到启事后，速回”、“家人十分想念，本人见到启事速同家人联系”、“跪求各地公安、民政机关及好心朋友留心此则寻人启事”，等。
第三部分，落款。
寻人启事要在正文右下方署上寻人单位名称或个人名字，启事发布的日期，还要写明联系的单位电话号码和联系人。若在正文已写明单位的，结尾可省略。
范文：
寻人启事
张**，女，1987年1月出生，河南省郑州市人。身高1.65米左右，体形偏瘦，椭圆脸型，眉毛细长，双眼皮，高鼻梁，厚嘴唇，笑时露出上牙床，牙齿不太整齐，肤色正常，头顶左侧有开颅手术留下的约15cm左右的刀疤;说话带郑州口音，会说普通话;性格较内向，脾气倔强，个性较强;喜欢田震的歌曲;不爱说话，不愿与陌生人交流，因车祸受伤有轻度智力障碍，生活自理。于6月24日，在河南省郑州市郑东新区阿卡迪亚门前走失，可能去向不明。家人推测其可能被他人收留。失踪时，上身穿粉红色与咖啡色相间t恤衫，下穿蓝色牛仔裤，脚穿绿色皮凉鞋，挎乳白色布包。现家人在焦急寻找中，恳请各地公安、民政机关及好心朋友留心此则寻人启事，如有知情者，请与下列联系人联系，家人感激不尽，并愿意重金酬谢通知准确信息的好心朋友。
联系人：沈先生
联系电话：139********
篇8：《陋室铭》写作背景解析
《陋室铭》写作背景解析
写作背景：
刘禹锡的《陋室铭》如今早已成了家喻户晓的“名文”，但其实这篇名文却是被“气”出来的。
刘禹锡因参加过当时政治革新运动而得罪了当朝权贵，被贬至安徽和州县当一名小小的通判。按规定，通判应在县衙里住三间三厢的房子。可和州县看人下菜碟，见刘禹锡是从上面贬下来的，就故意刁难，先安排他在城南，面江而居，刘禹锡不但无怨言，反而很高兴，还随意写下两句话，贴在门上：“面对大江观白帆，身在和州思争辩。”
和州知县知道后很生气，吩咐衙里差役把刘禹锡的住处从县城南门迁到县城北门，面积由原来的三间减少到一间半。新居位于德胜河边，附近垂柳依依，环境也还可心，刘禹锡仍不计较，并见景生情，又在门上写了两句话：“垂柳青青江水边，人在历阳心在京。”
那位知县见其仍然悠闲自乐，满不在乎，又再次派人把他调到县城中部，而且只给一间只能容下一床、一桌、一椅的小屋。半年时间，知县强迫刘禹锡搬了三次家，面积一次比一次小，最后仅是斗室。想想这位势利眼狗官，实在欺人太甚，遂愤然提笔写下这篇超凡脱俗情趣高雅的《陋室铭》，并请人刻上石碑，立在门前。《陋室铭》流传千古，陋室亦因之而名闻天下。
如今，刘禹锡当年的陋室位于安徽和县城中，3幢9间呈品字状的房屋，斗拱飞檐，白墙黑瓦，典雅古朴，静谧灵秀。石铺小院绿茵遍地，松竹迎人，含英蕴秀，令人似乎嗅到浓郁的翰墨馨香。院内东侧小巧精致的亭内，立有“《陋室铭》碑石”，上刻流传千年的《陋室铭》全文，字为书法家孟繁青所书，风骨端凝，清秀悦目。主室正中，有刘禹锡立像一尊，潇洒庄重，上悬“政擢贤良”匾额。陋室占地不广，踱步其间，似觉人与自然在此得到净化。
拓展知识：
原文
山不在高，有仙则名。水不在深，有龙则灵。斯是陋室，惟吾德馨。
苔痕上阶绿，草色入廉青。谈笑有鸿儒，往来无白丁。
可以调素琴，阅金经。无丝竹之乱耳，无案牍之劳形。
南阳诸葛庐，西蜀子云亭。孔子云：“何陋之有?”
【译文1】
山不一定要高，有仙人就能天下闻名;水不一定要深，有龙就能降福显灵。这虽是简陋的房子，好在主人有美好的德行。苔藓碧绿，给阶前铺上绿毯，芳草青葱，把帘内映得碧青。谈笑的是渊博的学者，往来的'没有不学无术之人。可以弹奏素朴的古琴(素琴：不加雕绘装饰的琴)，浏览珍贵的佛经(金经：即《金刚经》)。没有嘈杂的音乐扰乱两耳，没有官府公文劳累身心。它好比南阳诸葛亮的茅庐，西蜀扬扬雄(字子云)的玄亭。孔子说：“有什么简陋的呢? ”
【译文2】
山的名声不在于山的高矮，只要有仙人居住就能出名。水的名声不在于水的深浅，只要有了龙的存在就有灵异。虽然我所处的是一间简陋狭小的房屋，但我高尚的道德品格同样可以四处传播。苔藓爬上了台阶，呈现一片碧绿。草色映入门帘，室内满是青葱。平日里一起谈笑的是博学通达的学者，日常交往的没有一个是不学无术的人。可以随心所欲的拨弄那未经雕饰的琴，阅读用泥金书写的佛经(另意指《金刚经》)。没有官府的嘈杂音乐扰乱听觉，也不需要劳心伤神地处理公文。这间简陋狭小的房屋既如同南阳诸葛亮的草庐，又如同西蜀扬雄故居般出名。正如孔子所说：品德高尚的君子居住的地方，有什么理由说它是简陋的呢?
篇9：劝学写作特点及解析
劝学写作特点及解析
写作特点
1、条理清楚 层次分明。文章一开头就提出中心论点，然后围绕中心分段论证。每一段阐明一个问题，论证集中，脉络清晰。例如第一段，提出中心论点后，连用比喻说理，从不同方面论证，最后结句照应首句，收束上文。第二段承上文，先提出“终日而思，不如须臾之所学”，肯定学习的重要作用，然后连用比喻，说明“假物”的重要，最后以“君子生非异也，善假于物”一句作结，条理十分清楚。第三段论述学习应取的态度，先讲积累，次讲有恒，后讲专一，层次非常分明。
2、本文运用了大量生活中常见的比喻，把抽象的道理说得明白、具体、生动，深入浅出，使读者容易接受。比喻的形式是多种多样的，有时用同类事物设喻，从相同的角度反复说明问题，强调作者的观点。例如：登高而招，顺风而呼，假舆马，假舟楫，积土成山，积水成渊。有时将两种相反的情况组织在一起，形成鲜明的对照，让读者从中明白道理。如将骐骥与驽马对照，朽木与金石对照。设喻方式有时先反后正，有时先正后反，内容各有侧重，句式也多变化，读来毫无板滞之感。有的比喻，单说比喻而把道理隐含其中，让读者思考，如“青出于蓝”“冰寒于水”。有的先设比喻，再引出道理，如“登高而招，臂非加长也。而见者远”，“假舟楫者，非能水也，而绝江河”。有的先设比喻，引出道理后，再用另外的比喻进一步论证。如先用“积土成山”“积水成渊”设喻，引出“积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉”的道理，再用“不积跬步”“不积小流’作进一步论证。
3、论证方法灵活，是本文另一特点，全文先提出中心论点，然后分段论证。每段说明一个问题。第二、三段是先行论证，最后归结论点;第四段则把论点贯穿于论证之中。论证中有时先正后反，有时先反后正。灵活而有变化，使论辩生动有力。
4、多用对偶，夹用排比。排比句使文章气势充沛，说理流畅。本文中排比句与大量对偶句穿插使用，使文章既整齐对仗、节奏和谐，又参差错落、变化流畅，反映了荀文议论透辟、笔势雄健的特点。如，文章开篇就是一组排比句：“青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝;冰，水为之，而寒于水”;如此的排比句式在文中很多，既富于论辩色彩，又富有文学韵味，甚或有一种音乐的节奏感流动其中。同样，在对比手法的运用上，本文也很有特色。如在说明学习要善于积累的道理时，作者先后以“骐骥”和“驽马”、“朽木”与“金石”作对比，说明“驽马十驾，功在不舍”，“锲而舍之，朽木不折;锲而不舍，金石可镂”，充分显示出“不舍”对于学习的重大意义。在阐述学习要专心致志的道理时，作者又用“蚓”和“蟹”作对比，前者“无爪牙之利，筋骨之强”，却能“上食埃土，下饮黄泉”，后者虽有“六跪而二螯”，却“非蛇鳝之穴无可寄托”，道理就在于前者“用心一也”，后者“用心躁也”。鲜明的对比，增强了说服的力量。
难句解析
1、“青，取之于蓝而青于蓝。”
⑴ 这是转折复句的紧缩形式，“而”是转折连词。第一分句的“青”应当是主语，“取之于蓝”是偏正词组作谓语(“取之”是正，“于蓝”是偏)。“之”代替“青”使“青”复现，从而产生强调的作用：两个“于”用法不同：前一个要译成“从”;后一个要译成“比”，“于”在形容词后面总是介引比较的'对象。第一个“青”跟第二个“青”不同：前者是名词，后者是形容词。翻译时两个介词结构要移到中心语前面作状语。
⑵ 前一个“青”，靛青，青蓝色的染料。现在也叫“靛蓝”。“蓝”，不是指颜色，《说文》：“蓝，染青草也。一种可以提炼靛青染料的植物。又，白居易《忆江南》有“日出江花红胜火，春来江水绿如蓝”，“蓝”也是“染青草”。
译文：靛青从蓼蓝里取来，却是比蓼蓝更青。
2、“假舟楫者，非能水也，而绝江河。”
⑴ 转折复句。
⑵ “能”这里既不是名词，也不是动词，而是形容词。上文“非利足也”，“利”也是形容词。《出师表》：“先帝称之曰能。”“能”也是形容词。“水”，动词，“能”的处所补语，上文“利足”也是“利于足”的省略形式。又，《韩非子·孤坟》：“故智术能法之士用，则贵重之臣必在绳之外矣。”“能法”也是“能于法”，在法制方面能干。“绝”，横渡，《三峡》有“沿溯阻绝”。
译文：借助船和桨的，并不是在游泳方面能干，却能横渡江河。
3、“蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强。”
本句的“利”和“强”词义显豁不晦。原句“爪牙之利，筋骨之强”都是主谓词组，加上“之”字使“利”、“强”重读也因而被强调。为什么要强调“利”和“强”这又是由特定的语言环境决定的，下文有“上食埃土，下饮黄泉”，都是“利”和“强”在一般条件下应当产生的作用。如果不是这样，就写成“利爪牙”、“强筋骨”，当然用不着有“之”字，也就不能写成“利之爪牙，强之筋骨”了。总之，句式不同，所产生的修辞功能不同。
译文：蚯蚓没有爪牙的锐利，筋骨的强劲。或者：蚯蚓没有锐利的爪牙，强劲的筋骨。这样翻译，强调的重点转移到“爪牙”和“筋骨”上了。
结构分析
本文节选自《荀子·劝学》篇的第一、第三和第六段。所选的这三段融为一体，成为一篇完整的短文，能体现原著精神。本文着重论述学习的重要意义和应持的态度和方法。
第一段，论述学习的重要意义。首句提出全文中心论点：“学不可以已”。接着用一连串的比喻进行论证，最后说明人要广博地学习并不断反省自己，就会智慧明达、行为无过。
第二段，论述学习的作用。作者先从正面阐述学习的显著效果，接着阐述良好效果的取得是因为凭借外界条件，最后推论人需要通过学习来改造、提高自己。
第三段，说明学习应持的态度。全段分三层：第一层,着重说明知识需要积…累;第二层,着重说明学习贵在持之以恒;第三层,着重说明学习必须专心致志。这三层意思层层深入，内在联系十分紧密
篇10：Issue写作详细解析
Issue
“The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.”
观点陈述型作文/[题目]
“被置于媒体审视下的任何人，其名誉终将受毁损。”
Sample Essay
The intensity of today's media coverage has been greatly magnified by the sheer number and types of media outlets that are available today. Intense competition for the most revealing photographs and the latest information on a subject has turned even minor media events into so-called “media frenzies”. Reporters are forced by the nature of the competition to pry ever deeper for an angle on a story that no one else has been able to uncover. With this type of media coverage, it does become more and more likely that anyone who is subjected to it will have his or her reputation tarnished, as no individual is perfect. Everyone makes mistakes. The advances in technology have made much information easily and instantaneously available. Technology has also made it easier to dig further than ever before into a person's past, increasing the possibility that the subject's reputation may be harmed.
[范文正文]
当今媒体报道的力度，由于当今时代所能获得的媒体渠道那前所未有的数量和种类，从而被极大地增强。围绕着对最具暴露性的图片及对某一题材最新信息所展开的竞争，使哪怕是次要的媒体事件也转变为所谓的“媒体疯狂”.由于竞争的本质，记者们被迫就某一项报道作深度采访，以其窥探到一个任何其他人都无法揭示的视角。随着这类媒体报道的出现，任何被置于媒体报道之下的人，其名誉越来越有可能被玷污，因为“金无赤金，人无完人”.每个人都有可能犯错误。技术进步使大量的信息在第一瞬间便被轻易获取。技术也使媒体得以比以往任何时候更深入地去挖掘一个人的过去，从而更增加了当事人名誉受损的可能性。
The above statement is much too broad, however. “Anyone” covers all people all over the world. There are people whose reputations have only been enhanced by media scrutiny. There are also people whose reputations were already so poor that media scrutiny could not possibly diminish it any further. There may very well be people that have done nothing wrong in the past, at least that can be discovered by the media, whose reputations could not be diminished by media scrutiny. To broadly state that “anyone” subjected to media coverage will have his or her status sullied implies that everyone's reputation worldwide is susceptible to damage under any type of media scrutiny. What about children, particularly newborn children? What about those people whose past is entirely unknown?
然则，上述陈述涵盖面过于宽泛。“任何人”涵盖了世界上所有的人。有些人的名誉反而会因为媒体的聚焦而陡然显赫起来。也有些人，其名声早就如此之糟糕，以致于媒体的聚焦再也无法让它受到更坏的毁损。笼统地陈述受媒体报道的“任何人”均会使其地位被玷污，这暗示着全球每个人的名声在任何种类的媒体聚焦下均易于遭诟病。那么，对于天真无辜的孩子们，尤其新生婴儿，情况会如何?对于那些其过去根本无人知晓的人来说，情况又会是什么样呢?
Another problem with such a broad statement is that it does not define the particular level of media scrutiny. Certainly there are different levels of media coverage. Does merely the mention of one's name in a newspaper constitute media scrutiny? What about the coverage of a single event in someone's life, for example a wedding or the birth of a baby? Is the media coverage of the heroic death of a firefighter or police officer in the line of duty ever going to diminish that person's reputation? It seems highly unlikely that in these examples, although these people may have been subjected to media scrutiny, these individual's reputations are undamaged and potentially enhanced by such exposure.
对于这样一项笼统的陈述而言，它的另一个问题是没能明晰界定媒体聚焦的具体程度。媒体的报道毫无疑问存在程度上的差别。只在报纸上提及一个人的名字，是否算作媒体聚焦?对某人一生中单独一次事件(如婚礼或孩子出生)的报道这也算媒介聚焦吗?媒体对消防队员或警官因公而死的英雄壮举进行报道，难道也会毁损该人的名声吗?在这些实例中，其名声受损的事情极不可能发生。虽然这些人可能被置于媒体审视之下，但其名声却会完好无损，且潜在地可因这些披露而得以提高。
Without a doubt, there are many examples of individual's whose reputations have been diminished by media scrutiny. The media's uncovering of former U.S. President Bill Clinton's affair with Monica Lewinsky will most likely overshadow the entire eight years of his administration. Basketball superstar Michael Jordan's sterling reputation has been tarnished more than once by the media; first by media coverage of his gambling habits, then most recently (and in a much more harmful manner) by news reports of his marital infidelities and the divorce from his wife of thirteen years. Fame and fortune can turn an ordinary individual into a media target where reporters will stop at almost nothing to “dig up dirt” that will sell more newspapers or entice more viewers to watch a television program. It could even be argued that media scrutiny killed Princess Diana as her car sped away from the privacy-invading cameras of reporters in Paris. There is no doubt that there are a large number of people who have been hurt in one way or another by particularly intense media scrutiny.
毫无疑问，也有许多例子能证明一个人的名声会被媒体审视所毁损。媒体对美国前总统Bill Clinton与Monica Lewinsky的风流韵事的揭露极有可能会将其八年的执政生涯置于阴影之中。超级篮球明星Michael Jordan一世英名也被媒体不止一次地玷污，首先是被有关其赌习的媒体报道，其次是最近——且以一种更具致命性伤害的方式——被有关他婚姻不忠以及与其结婚的妻子分道扬镳的报道。当媒体记者不择手段去挖掘某些可促使其报纸销量大增的“猛料”时，或去诱惑更多的观众观看某一电视节目时，名和利就会将一个普通人转变为媒体追踪的目标。我们甚至可以提出这样一种论点，即正是媒体的审视将Diana王妃置于死地，随着她的汽车去竭力逃脱巴黎街头的记者们那侵犯隐私的相机镜头。毫无疑问，肯定有许多人被极其强烈的媒体聚焦以一种方式或另一种方式所伤害。
In summary, it seems impossible that for every person that is subjected to media scrutiny, his or her reputation will eventually be diminished. Millions of people are mentioned in the media every day yet still manage to go about their lives unhurt by the media. Normal individuals that are subjected to media scrutiny can have their reputation either enhanced or damaged depending on the circumstances surrounding the media coverage. The likelihood of a diminished reputation from the media rises proportionally with the level of notoriety that an individual possesses and the outrageousness of that person's behavior. The length of time in the spotlight can also be a determining factor, as the longer the person is examined in the media, the greater the possibility that damaging information will be discovered or that the individual will do something to disparage his or her reputation. But to broadly state that media scrutiny will diminish anyone's reputation is to overstate the distinct possibility that, given a long enough time and a certain level of intensity of coverage, the media may damage a person's reputation.
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归纳而言，对于每个被置于媒体审视的人来说，其名声将最终受到毁损似乎并不可能。每天，有数百万人被媒体提到，但他们仍设法我行我素，不为媒体所伤害。被置于媒体审视之下的普通人，其名声或可得到提高，或可蒙受毁损，取决于围绕着媒体报道的具体情况。一个人的名声受媒体毁损的可能性，与所其拥有的臭名昭著的程度，及其行为的令人厌恶程度成正比。受媒体关注的时间长短同样也是一个决定性因素，因为一个人被媒体审视的时间越长，于他名声不利的信息越有可能被抖落出来，或者该人越有可能去做出某些于其名声不利的事情。但只是笼统地陈述媒体的审视终将毁掉一个人的名声，即是过分夸大这样一种显著的可能性，即在足够长的时间和一度程度的报道力度这两个条件下，媒体是有可能毁掉一个人的名声的。
篇11：Issue写作详细解析
Issue
The following is from an editorial in the Midvale Observer, a local newspaper.
“Ever since the 1950's, when television sets began to appear in the average home, the rate of crimes committed by teenagers in the country of Alta has steadily increased. This increase in teenage crime parallels the increase in violence shown on television. According to several national studies, even very young children who watch a great number of television shows featuring violent scenes display more violent behavior within their home environment than do children who do not watch violent shows. Furthermore, in a survey conducted by the Observer, over 90 percent of the respondents were parents who indicated that prime-time television——programs that are shown between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m.——should show less violence. Therefore, in order to lower the rate of teenage crime in Alta, television viewers should demand that television programmers reduce the amount of violence shown during prime time.”
The author of this editorial states that the rate of teenage crime in the country of Alta has increased along with the increase in violence shown on television, beginning with the 1950's when television was introduced in the average home. In addition, the author states that several national surveys have shown that young children watching violent television programs are more prone to violence than children who do not. The write also says that a survey indicated that ninety percent of parents responding said that prime-time programs should show less violence. Finally, the author comes to the conclusion that to lower the rate of teenage crime in Alta, television watchers should demand a reduction in violence shown during prime time. This argument suffers from several critical fallacies.
Firstly, the writer equates the rate of increase in teenage crime in Alta to the increase in violence shown on television but gives no causal linkage other than the similar time periods. The author makes no distinction between types of crimes - whether they are violent or nonviolent crimes by teenagers. Furthermore, there are several possible alternative causes for the increase in teen crimes. For example, perhaps all types of crimes have increased for all ages, or maybe the police are now doing a better job of catching teenage criminals than they were before. Perhaps the reason for the increase is simply an increase in the overall population and that as a percentage of the population, teen crime is even less than it was before. Without ruling out these and other causes, the argument fails to convince by showing no causal linkage between television violence and teenage crime.
Secondly, the author mentions national studies that show that young children that watch violent programs show more violent behavior at home than children who do not watch such programs. This argument fails on two levels - one by assuming that children and teenagers are equally affected by television programs; and two by again assuming that there is some type of cause and effect relationship between television violence and teenage crime. Young children and teenagers are not the same and it should not be assumed that more violent behavior within the home leads to crimes outside as these children grow into teenagers.
Thirdly, the author offers a survey showing that ninety percent of the respondents were parents who indicated that prime time television programs should show less violence. The survey methods are not discussed - it is possible that the sample was improperly chosen or somehow predisposed to include parents that are very much opposed to television violence. Additionally, it is possible that such parents are far more vocal in their opinions than those who care little or not at all about prime time television violence, again skewing the results of the survey. Even assuming the veracity of the sample population surveyed, it is not logical to associate television violence with teen crime solely on that basis.
Finally, the author makes the gratuitous assumption that simply having television viewers demand that television programmers reduce the amount of violence during prime time will lower the rate of teenage crime in Alta. Regardless of the flawed arguments previously discussed, simply demanding a change will have no effect whatsoever on teen crime. To strengthen his or her argument, the author needs to show some direct causal linkage between television violence and teen crime rather than making vague and unsupported comparisons purporting to show a link. There is no proof given either that television violence of any kind causes teenage crime or that a reduction in prime time violence will keep teenagers from breaking the law.
(602 words)
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下述文字摘自一份地方性报纸《Midvale观察家》所发表的社论。
“自二十世纪五十年代以来，当电视机开始出现于寻常百姓家庭时，Alta国内青少年犯罪率已呈现出持续上升的势头。这一青少年犯罪行为的上升与电视上所播放的暴力画面的增加成正比。按照几份全国性调查报告，在那些大量观看了涉及到暴力场面的电视节目的青少年中，即使是极为年幼的孩童在其家庭环境中也要比那些不看暴力节目的孩童表现出更多的暴力行为。此外，在一项由《Midvale观察家》所进行的调查中，有90%的受访者为父母亲，他(她)们表示黄金时段的电视内容——即晚上7点到9点所播放的节目——应该减少播放暴力内容。据此，为了降低Alta国内青少年犯罪率，电视观众应该要求电视节目编播者减少黄金时段所播放的暴力画面数量。”
[范文正文]
本社论作者陈述道，Alta国内青少年犯罪率伴随着电视所播放的暴力场面的增加而上升。这一情形始于二十世纪五十年代，因为电视在当时被引入到普通百姓的家庭。此外，该作者陈述道，几项全国性调查显示，观看暴力电视节目的孩子比那些不看同类节目的孩子更易于形成暴力倾向。社论作者还指出，一份调查表明，受访的90%的父母亲认为，黄金时段的电视节目不应含有那么多的暴力场面。最后，作者得出结论，认为要想降低Alta国内的青少年犯罪率，电视观众应要求减少黄金时段所播放的暴力画面。这一论述犯有若干关键性的逻辑谬误。
首先，社论作者将Alta国内青少年犯罪率的上升与电视所播放的暴力场面的增加相提并论，但除了二者在时间上吻合以外，没能给出任何因果关系。该作者没有对不同的犯罪种类作出区分——青少年所犯的罪行是属于暴力型的还是非暴力型的。此外，对于青少年犯罪数量的增加，还存在着其他一些有可能的原因。例如，或许所有年龄段的所有类型的犯罪行为都呈上升态势，或者也有可能，警察现在要比过去更擅长于抓捕青少年犯罪者了。更有可能的是，犯罪上升的原因仅仅只是人口总量的上升所致，并且，作为人口总量中的一个比例，青少年犯罪现在甚至低于以前的程度。如不排除掉这些以及其他的原因，社论中的论点便无法令人信服，因为作者没有在电视暴力和青少年犯罪之间建立起任何因果关系。
其次，社论作者提到，有几份全国性研究表明，观看暴力节目的孩童在家里比不看此类节目的孩童表现出了更多的暴力行为。这一论点在二个层面上显得站不住脚——首先是假设孩童和青少年受到电视节目同等程度的影响;第二是又一次假定在电视暴力与青少年犯罪之间存在着某种因果关系。孩童与青少年毕竟并不相同，我们不能做这样的假定，即家庭中较为暴力的那些行为必然会随着这些孩子长大成为青少年而发展成为犯罪行为。
第三，社论作者给出一项调查，以期证明90%的回答问卷的受访者均为父母亲一类的人，他(她)们提出黄金时段的电视节目不应该播放如此多的暴力镜头。但社论中没有讨论该调查所使用的调查方法是什么。情况有可能是，该调查的样本选择得并不恰当，或在某种程度上侧重于只将那些对电视暴力甚感厌恶的父母亲囊括于样本之中。再则，情况也可能是，这些父母亲在表达其意见时要比那些对黄金时段电视暴力漠不关心或满不在乎的人来得语气强烈得多，这样便再度使调查结果失之偏颇。即使我们假定所调查的人口样本是真实的，仅仅以此为依据将电视暴力和青少年犯罪联系起来也是不合逻辑的。 最后，社论作者作出一不必要的假设，即只要有电视观众要求电视节目编播者减少黄金时段暴力内容的播放量便可降低Alta国内的青少年犯罪率。即使不考虑此前已讨论过的那些含有缺陷的论点，只是去要求作出某种改变并不会对青少年犯罪产生任何影响。若要增强其论点的逻辑性，社论作者必须在电视暴力与青少年犯罪之间表明某种直接的因果关系，而不是作出某些含糊其辞的和缺乏依据的比较，声称存在着某种联系。该作者既没有拿出证据证明任何种类的电视暴力导致了青少年的犯罪，也没能证明黄金时段电视暴力的减少将会防范青少年的违法乱纪行为。
篇12：Issue写作详细解析
Issue
The following appeared in the editorial section of a health and fitness magazine.
“In a study of the effects of exercise on longevity, medical researchers tracked 500 middle-aged men over a 20-year period. The subjects represented a variety of occupations in several different parts of the country and responded to an annual survey in which they were asked: How often and how strenuously do you exercise? Of those who responded, the men who reported that they engaged in vigorous outdoor exercise nearly every day lived longer than the men who reported that they exercised mildly only once or twice a week. Given the clear link that this study establishes between longevity and exercise, doctors should not recommend moderate exercise to their patients but should instead encourage vigorous outdoor exercise on a daily basis.”
It is natural to assume that exercise would have a positive effect on the length of life for middle-aged men given all of the medical literature that has been published in the past showing a positive correlation between exercise and longevity. In this particular argument, the writer puts forth a study purporting to track five hundred middle-aged men with different occupations in different parts of the country. The survey was apparently conducted on the basis of an annual survey asking how often and how strenuously these men exercised. The writer not only concludes that there is a clear link between longevity and exercise, but that doctors should not recommend moderate exercise, rather vigorous outdoor exercise on a daily basis to all their patients. This writer's argument fails to convince in a number of areas due to several lapses in logical thinking.
The first and most glaring error in logic lies in the fact that the results of only two types of exercising men are reported: those that exercise strenuously outdoors almost every day and those that only had mild exercise once or twice per week. There are no other results mentioned from the survey, such as the results of men who exercise vigorously indoors every day, or those that exercise moderately either indoors or outdoors three or four times per week. Additionally, it is likely that those men that are exercising outdoors vigorously and almost every day are already in better health than those men that only exercise mildly once or twice per week. Unhealthy men, either due to obesity, smoking or other health-related problems, would naturally be expected to exercise less and die sooner than those apparently healthy men who are physically able to exercise strenuously every day.
Furthermore, the writer indicates that the survey looked at men in different parts of the country with a variety of occupations. It would follow that men that can exercise vigorously outdoors almost every day must live in more favorable climates for such exercise. Milder weather that permits outdoor exercise would likely be healthier for any men rather than the harsher climates that may be present in other parts of the country. In addition, some occupations such as a policeman, firefighter or steelworker are naturally more dangerous than others, leading to a possibly reduced life span. The writer fails to take into account any possible disparity in longevity that may be caused by climatic differences where the men lived or due to their occupations, thus weakening the argument and its conclusion.
Finally, the argument suffers from a critical flaw in its conclusion when the writer states that doctors should not recommend moderate exercise for their patients, instead stating that they should only encourage vigorous outdoor exercise on a daily basis. This conclusion is supported by absolutely no evidence in the argument - indeed moderate exercise is not even mentioned until the end of the editorial. Additionally, the argument fails to take into account that the study only addresses men, not women or children that are also doctors' patients. Furthermore, for some men, women or children, outdoor vigorous exercise on a daily basis might actually be detrimental to their health, such as those at risk for a heart attack or living in harsh climates.
In summary, the writer fails to show that doctors should recommend vigorous daily outdoor exercise rather than moderate exercise whether it is for men, women or children. To strengthen the argument, evidence should be presented that directly links strenuous outdoor exercise on a daily basis for men as well as all doctors' patients before any such recommendation should be adopted. This weak argument might actually cause more damage to patients' health than it would prevent.
(615 words)
[题目]
下述文字刊登于某健康与健美杂志的社论栏：“在一项有关运动对长寿的影响的研究中，医疗研究人员在为期的时间中跟踪调查了500名中年男性。被调查对象代表着该国若干个不同地区的形形色色的职业，他们对每年度调查中的二个问题——你运动的频繁程度如何?运动的力度如何?——作出回答。在所有作出回答的人中间，那些汇报说几乎每天都从事剧烈户外运动的男性，其寿命要高于那些汇报说每周只从事一次或二次轻微运动的男性。鉴于本项研究在长寿与运动之间所确立的明显关系，大夫们不应向其病人建议适度的运动，而应该鼓励病人每天从事剧烈的户外活动。”
[范文正文]
鉴于过去所出版的医学文献均表明，在运动和长寿之间存在着一种积极的关系，人们自然会认为运动会对中年男性的寿命产生一种极积的影响。在这段特定的论述中，作者引用一份研究，声称该研究对500名本国不同地区从事不同职业的男性进行了跟踪调查。这份研究显然每年进行一次问卷调查，询问这些男性从事运动的频繁程度以及力度如何。该作者不仅得出结论，认为长寿和运动之间存在着明显的联系，而且也认为大夫不应该向病人推荐适度的运动，而应该鼓励所有的病人每天都应进行剧烈的户外运动。鉴于其逻辑思维中的若干差错，该作者的论述在诸多方面无法令人信服。 逻辑推理中第一个也是最彰著的谬误在于这样一个事实，即研究仅报告了从事运动的二类男性的结果，第一类为几乎每天都要去户外做剧烈运动的男性，第二类为一星期只进行一至二次适度运动的男性。该调查中的其他结果均未提及，诸如每天在室内进行剧烈运动的男性的结果，或者那些每周三至四次在室内或在室外进行运动的男性的结果。此外，那些在室外作剧烈运动且几乎每天都进行运动的男性，可能比那些仅每周作一至二次适度运动的人早就处在更佳的身体状况之中。身体不够健康的男性，或因为肥胖，或因为抽烟，或因为其他与健康相关的问题，自然不被期望去作那么多的运动，否则，与那些显然是身体健康的、拥有每天进行剧烈运动体能的男性相比，他们可能会死得更早。 另一方面，该作者表示，此项调查所研究的男性分布在该国不同的地区，从事着不尽相同的职业。我们自然会得出这样的结论，即那些能够在户外几乎每天都从事剧烈运动的男性，他们必定生活在较适宜于这类运动的气候之中。允许户外运动的较为温和的气候无疑要比存在于该国其他地区较为恶劣的气候对任何人的身体更为有利。除此之外，诸如警察、消防员以及钢铁工人这些职业，自然要比其他类别的职业更加危险，从而导致一个人的寿命可能缩短。该作者没能考虑到任何有可能由人们所在地区的气候差异或其职业差异所致的寿命长短方面的差别，从而削弱了其论据及其结论。 最后，当作者作出这样的陈述，即大夫不应该向其病人建议适度的运动，而只应该鼓励每日进行户外剧烈的运动时，其论述的结论中便产生了一个关键性的缺陷。所得出的结论在论述中绝对找不到任何可资佐证的依据——甚至，只是直到社论结束之处才提及适度的运动。此外，此项论述没能注意到所作的研究仅涉及男性，而非涉及同样也作为大夫病人的女性和儿童。再者，对于某些男性、女性、及儿童而言，每天的户外剧烈运动实际上反而会危害他们的健康，尤其是对于那些有心脏病危险或生活在恶劣气候中的人们来说。 归纳而言，本社论作者没能证明大夫们为什么就应该推荐剧烈的每日户外运动，而不是适度的运动，无论病人是男性、女性、还是孩子。若需要强化其论点，作者应摆出证据，将男性每日剧烈的户外运动和所有大夫的病人的运动直接联系起来，然后才采纳任何这样的建议。这一薄弱的论据实际上有可能引起的对病人健康的伤害，会远超过它所可能防范的伤害。
篇13：Issue写作详细解析
Issue
“In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings - trials, debates, meetings, etc. - that are televised, the more society will benefit.”
Sample Essay
Anything that makes a country's government more transparent is certainly a good thing, at least in democratic countries. These societies have a great deal to gain by being able to watch their elected government officials in action. But to broadly state that the more government proceedings that are televised, the more society will benefit is to ignore the fact that sometimes, less is more. Some types of proceedings can even be adversely affected if televised, making society worse off rather than giving it a benefit. Some types of governmental proceedings should receive more televised coverage, but there are some that should probably receive less to ensure that they are properly conducted.
One example of the possible negative effects of televising all governmental proceedings was the trial in the United States of accused murderer and former National Football League superstar O.J. Simpson. The trial was televised and became a huge media spectacle, captivating the nation's attention during the entire trial. Attorneys were well aware that the proceedings were being televised and almost behaved as if they were acting in a movie. The spotlight was so unrelenting that the circus atmosphere affected even the judge. The presence of television cameras and the effect of the intense media coverage led to a trial like no other, and adversely affected the natural progression of the trial. The participants played to the cameras rather than focusing on the task at hand. Largely because of television, many people would argue that justice was not served during this particular trial.
On the other hand, television of the day-to-day workings of government in action provides direct insight into how a government actually works. Because the television cameras are there everyday, the governmental officials become accustomed to them and are no longer greatly affected by their presence. In this way, society benefits because they are able to see what is happening as it happens. The government in action is no longer hidden behind such a veil of secrecy so that no one knows the mysterious ways of their elected officials.
One of the problems with stating that the more governmental proceedings that are televised, the better of a society is, is that people might come to believe that they are seeing everything when in fact, a television camera can only see part of what is happening no matter how many cameras there are. Much of what happens in government takes place “behind the scenes”, not necessarily in full view of the cameras in the meeting place. While to an extent “seeing is believing”, quite often it is what you don't see that makes the difference. Merely televising governmental proceedings certainly enhances understanding, but to fully understand the process a person would actually have to actively participate in that process.
Another problem with the statement that the more televised governmental proceedings, the better, is that it assumes that people actually watch the proceedings when they are broadcast. There is a television channel in the United States that broadcasts Congressional proceedings every day, but few people watch it. Only when some big issue comes up for a debate or for a vote does a significant number of people tune in. To merely televise governmental proceedings will not affect society unless society watches these events.
Society can certainly benefit from the television coverage of certain governmental proceedings. To actually see the elected officials in action can bring an extra element of understanding into the inner workings of a government. Politicians can be held accountable for their actions while they are being “watched” by the television cameras. No longer can they hide in anonymity while they are conducting the business of the people. But not all governmental proceedings should be televised. There are times when secrecy is an absolute requirement for making sure that the correct decisions are made.
( 694 words)
观点陈述型作文/[题目]
“在许多国家，人们现在可以打开电视，便可以看到政府是如何运作的。观看到这样一些程序能够帮助人们理解那些影响到其生活的问题。电视转播政府程序——审判，辩论，会议等不一而足——的种类越多，则社会将会获益更多。”
[范文正文]
任何能使一个国家的政府更透明的事情无疑总是一件好事情，至少在民主国家中是如此。这些社会通过得以看到他们所选举的政府官员在做些什么而获益匪浅。但是，如果只是笼统地说政府程序转播得越多，社会就会获益更多，那么，这便忽视了这样一个事实，即有些时候，转播得越少越好。有些类型的程序如果进行转播，则甚至会受到负面影响，使社会处于更糟糕的境地，而不是带来任何裨益。有些类型的政府程序应获得更多的电视报道，但有些应该减少报道，以确保这些程序能恰当地进行。
转播所有政府程序会引发负面作用，这方面的例子是美国对所指控的谋杀者和前美式足球全国联赛超级明星O.J.辛普逊的审判。审判全程转播，成为媒体一大焦点，在整个审判进程中吸引了全国的注意力。律师们清楚地知道，整个审判程序被转播，他们的所作所为几乎像电影演戏那样。媒体的焦光灯如此穷追不舍，以致于那种马戏团般的氛围甚至波及到主审法官。电视镜头的存在以及密集的媒体报道效果致使这场审判史无前例，严重影响到这次审判的正常进程。参与者在镜头面前装腔作势，根本不专注于手头应做的工作。许多人会认为，很大程度上由于电视的缘故，在这场特定的审判中，正义并未得到申张。
另一方面，有关政府日常实际工作的电视转播能让人们直接地深入了解政府实际上是怎样运转的。由于电视镜头每天都在那里，政府官员们便变得习以为常，不再会因为它们的存在而受太大的影响。这样，社会就能获益，因为民众能够亲眼目睹实际所在发生的事情。工作中的政府不再像以前那样藏匿在一层秘密的面纱背后，从而使人无从知晓所被选举的官员的神秘行为。
被电视转播的政府程序越多，一个社会就会变得更好，此番陈述的问题之一是，人们可能会以为他们能目睹一切，但在实际上，电视镜头所捕捉到的可能只是所有发生的事情的一部分，无论有多少电视镜头。政府内发生的相当一部分事情是在“幕后”完成的，并不必定是在开会场所众目睽睽之下进行的。尽管在某种程度上“眼见为实”，但在相当多的时候，不为你所见的事情才起着决定性的作用。纯粹去电视转播政府的各项程序，当然能增进理解，但要充分理解某一过程，则人们须实际上积极地参与到这一过程中来。
政府程序电视转播越多越好，这一陈述的另一个问题是，这一陈述认为当政府程序被转播时，人们实际上正观看着这些程序。美国有一个电视频道，每天播放国会程序，但看这一频道的人寥寥无几。只有当某些重大问题需要进行辨论或进行投票时，才会有大量的人观看这一频道。纯粹电视播放政府程序并不会影响到社会，除非社会观看这些事件。
社会无疑能得益于电视对某些政府程序的报道。亲眼目睹民选官员处理政府事务，能带来一个额外的理解因素，来弄清政府的内在运转机制。当政治家们被置于电视镜头的“注视”时，可以使其对其行为负责。他们在处理公众事务时再也无法隐名埋姓。但政府程序并非应该全部进行电视转播。有些时候，为了确保能作出正确的决策，隐秘应成为一种绝对的要求。
篇14：Issue写作详细解析
Issue
“People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does.”
Sample Essay
Teamwork as a whole can naturally produce an overall greater productivity through the concept of “synergy”, where the total of the whole is greater than the sum of its individual parts. But the idea that people work more productively in teams rather than as individuals is going to vary greatly between the types of teams that are organized, the end reward or motivation for both the team and the individuals, as well as the individuals themselves.
Regarding individuals, some people are born with the desire to succeed, no matter what the situation or task that they are facing. These people may evolve into the classic “Type A” personalities that work ferociously because they are driven by an internal fire that says they must always be doing something, whether individually or as part of a team. Other people may desire to be less socially involved or are very highly competitive with other people. For these people, their work is most productive as individuals, because the very idea of cooperating with other people limits their effectiveness and efficiency because they simply do not want to be a part of the team. Whether this mindset is innate or developed over time does not matter, it is merely the state of their being and neither motivation nor rewards can generate inside them the desire to work collectively as a team.
Some people are highly motivated by social interaction and the desire to work with others towards a collective effort. Obviously these individuals are at their most productive when working as part of a team. Organizational behavioral studies have shown that Asian cultures are much more likely to develop this type of collective behavior as opposed to the more individualistic behavior associated with Western cultures. It could naturally be assumed then that there may be cultural values that can determine whether people are at their most productive individually or as part of a team.
Another variable is the end reward that is involved with the task at hand. Will the rewards be greater if the team works together towards a common goal, or are the rewards more geared toward individual performance? To the extent that the individual is motivated by the end reward, obviously his or her performance inside of a team may be more or less productive with respect to the entire team, depending on how the performance is rewarded. Individual goals may interfere with the group performance. Synergies may not be achieved because the individuals are not working towards a whole “sum” but rather towards an individual reward. Productivity thus will vary for each person as a team member or as an individual depending on the degree to which that person is motivated by an individual or overall team reward.
Finally, the degree of productivity of a person will depend upon the type of team that is organized. Is the group composed of equally contributing individuals? Does the group have an outstanding leader that can motivate both the individuals and the team as a whole? From a pure productivity standpoint, the presence or absence of a charismatic and exceptional leader can make all the difference whether a person would be more productive as a part of a team or as an individual. Personality types that work well together can prove to be much more productive as part of a team than as individuals, and vice versa.
Fundamentally, measures of productivity depend greatly on the individuals themselves. The dilemma facing leaders in all areas of life is how to best assess these individuals to determine how to best harness their capabilities to reach their ultimate productive capabilities. Whether a person is more productive alone or while working in concert with others is one of the great challenges that leaders and managers must face to accomplish tasks effectively and efficiently.
观点陈述型作文/[题目]
“当人们以团队的形式工作时，要比以孤军奋战的形式来得更加富有成效。团队的协同工作需要相互合作，它比个人竞争更能激励人们。”
[范文正文]
总体而言，团队的协同工作自然能通过“增效作用”(Synergy)这一理念而带来更高程度的整体生产效率，因为在这里，整体大于个体相加之总和。然则，“当人们以团队的形式工作时，要比以孤军奋战的形式来得更加富有成效”这一观念注定会产生巨大差异，取决于所组织起来的团队的类别，团队与个人所能获得的终极回报或激励，以及个人本身。
关于个人，有些人天生就具有获取成功的欲望，无论他们所面临的情形或任务是什么。这些人会演变为工作狂这一经典的“A类”人格，因为受到一股内心的热火所驱使，这股热火时刻告诉他们必须不停地“有所事事”，无论是作为个人抑或是作为团队的一分子。另一些人则可能希望不必那么多地介入社会，或者他们倾向于与其他人激烈竞争。对这些人而言，作为个人，他们工作起来会最富有成效，因为由于他们根本就不想成为任何团队的一部分，与他人合作便会限制他们的效率。这一思想倾向是否与生俱有，还是随着时间的推移而形成，这都无关紧要。这仅仅只是他们的一种生存状态，无论是动机还是回报，都无法在其内心深处激发起作为一个团队集体工作的欲望。
有些人，由于社会互动以及与他人协作去实现某种集体努力的欲望，而具有极强的动机。显然，这些个人在作为团队的一部分进行工作时，他们便会处在其最富有成效的状态。组织行为学研究表明，亚洲文化更有可能形成此类集体性行为，与那种常和西方文化联系在一起的较为个人主义的行为构成对比。这样，人们自然会认为，某些文化价值观可以决定人们是否作为个人还是作为团队的一部分工作起来最富有成效。
篇15：医学论文写作载体解析
医学论文写作载体解析
学术性论文写作要求都很严，医学论文写作也是如此，所以很多医生、学者写医学护理论文、临床医学论文的时候无从下手。指出护理学术论文是护理实践的总结，是护理人员将理论和专业知识在实际的运用与升华。所以只要结合经验，懂得论文写作技巧，一般都可以很好的进行书写。
但临床医学论文写作时，必须遵循准确、清楚、简洁三项基本原则。准确性是和科研工作的严厉性相一致的，要求严格尊重其事实、数据、图表和参考文献；清楚性是指必须把所要说明的新问题说清楚，不要含含糊糊，不能让阅读的读者或评审专家发生误解，更不要让读者或评审专家去猜想推测；简洁性是要简单明了，不要出现感情色彩的夸张性词句，更应该避免无用套话。临床医学论文写作的内容和目的不同，而有不同的撰写形式，较常见的有病例报告、论着、短篇报道、综述等，无论那种形式的医学论文都有两个目的，一是发表，二是让读者阅读并易被理解，但有的作者只求发表而忽视第二个目的。
医学科学论文的质量，既反映了医疗科研水平，也反映了医学发展动态，同时也是后人发现和发明的基础。因而其不同于一般的工作报告或工作总结，而是将科研与实践工作中所得到的资料进行科学的归纳、分析、推理，并形成能够反映客观规律的论点，这才是有研究性的医学科研性质论文。下面就接着了解一下医学论文的载体知识：
1.实验研究
一般为病因、病理、生理、生化、药理、生物、寄生虫和流行病学等实验研究。主要包括：①对各种动物进行药理、毒理实验，外科手术实验；②对某种疾病的病原或病因的`体外实验；③某些药物的抗癌、抗菌、抗寄生虫实验；④消毒、杀虫和灭菌的实验。
2. 临床分析
对临床上某种疾病病例（百例以上为佳）的病因、临床表现、分型、治疗方法和疗效观察等进行分析、讨论，总结经验教训，并提出新建议、新见解，以提高临床疗效。
3.疗效观察
指使用某种新药、新疗法治疗某种疾病，对治疗的方法、效果、剂量、疗程及不良反应等进行观察、研究，或设立对照组对新旧药物或疗法的疗效进行比较，对比疗效的高低、疗法的优劣、不良反应的种类及程度，并对是否适于推广应用提出评价意见。
4.病例报告
主要报告罕见病及疑难重症；虽然曾有少数类似报道但尚有重复验证或加深认识的必要。
5.病例（理）讨论
临床病例讨论主要是对某些疑难、复杂、易于误诊误治的病例，在诊断和治疗方面进行集体讨论，以求得正确的诊断和有效的治疗。临床病理讨论则以对少见或疑难疾病的病理检查、诊断及相关讨论为主。
6.调查报告
在一定范围的人群里，不施加人工处理因素，对某一疾病（传染病、流行病、职业病、地方病等）的发病情况、发病因素、病理、防治方法及其效果进行流行病学调查研究，给予评价，并对防治方案等提出建议。
7.文献综述
以某一专题为中心，查阅、收集大量国内外近期的原始医学文献，经过理解、分析、归纳、整理而写出综述，以反映出该专题的历史、现状、最新进展及发展趋势等情况，并做出初步的评论和建议。
8.专题讲座
围绕某专题或某学科进行系统讲授，介绍医学发展新动向，传播医学科研和临床上实用的新理论、新知识、新技术、新方法，更新传统的理论、知识和技术，改善知识结构，推动医学科技进步。根据对象不同，可分为普及讲座和高级讲座。
篇16：托福独立写作解析
托福独立写作范文解析 如何写好文章
Essay Topic
Which one is the most important for teacher of high school?
1. The ability to help students plan for their future;
2. The ability to find the students who need help most and help them;
3. Teach students how to learn outside the classroom.
就这道题来讲，题型基本结构的选择有两种：三项能力都重要，但是第一项最重要;或者，第一项是重要的，而第二项和第三项是不重要的。其他的文章结构都是这两种的变体。我们拿第二种结构举例：
总论点：规划未来能力最重要(vs.发现需要帮助的同学&教会自学)
主体段1：学生最需要规划，而只有老师有能力提供
主体段2：发现需要帮助的能力不重要，因为学生自己会来找
主体段3：课外自学不重要，高中生没有课外时间
The ability to help student with planning their future is definitely the most important capability for high school teachers.
To begin with, high school students are in desperate need for guidance about their future, and teachers are the only competent candidate to provide it. I know this from my personal experience. When I was in high school, a great portion of my classmates’ only goal is to reach for the minimum requirement for graduation, and to be able to get an offer from a middle-ranged college in the US, as all 15-year-old boys are profoundly addicted to either computer games or love affairs. Because of our immature mind, we had no idea regarding the choice of universities, or the selection of a future career path. What made matters worse is that our high school teachers provided us with virtually zero guidance concerning our college applications, not because they lack of the intention, but simply because they know nothing about it. Consequently, the vast majority of our parents had to hire an outside agency that specializes in the college application process which costs tons of money. Later we realized that this is an utter mistake, for what they did was simply giving us the timeline of the application process, translating our personal statements and recommendation letters from Chinese into English, and finally mailing out all our materials to the US. All of these simple tasks could be performed by ourselves, and these misfortunes surely could have been avoided if we had the luck to meet more competent teachers, with the ability to warn students and their parents about the black-hearted agencies and lay out lucid plans for students’ future.
The capability to find the students who need assistance most and help them, on the other hand, is not that imperative. The reason for this is quite simple, since high school students would come to teachers voluntarily if they are in serious trouble. In other words, many times students don’t want to be bothered by a teacher who treats them like a baby-sitter. As for the “help” part, I firmly hold the faith that all teachers are already equipped with the willingness to solve student’s problem gladly, using their prehistoric powers, no matter how difficult the situation can be. So the willingness to help students should be the minimum standard to be qualified as a teacher.
Similarly, the skill to teach students how to learn outside the classroom is completely unnecessary. For one, most high school students have no time outside their classrooms at all, as all their spare time is already occupied by cram school or by extracurricular activities. Even in the rare circumstance that some students may have free time, parents could always play the part of their instructor on how to self-study.
本篇文章在结构的处理上，做到了清晰、简单。第一个主体段在证明第一项能力是非常必要的。第二、三主体段在分别证明第二、三项能力是不重要的。整个段落结构很明确。这样会更容易获得高分。大家要注意避免结构过于复杂和混乱。
如何丰富整篇文章的结构?
大家经常会有疑惑的问题就是：我的三个主体段全部都是讲故事，好像手法太单一了，会不会被扣分?如何丰富?
答案是：有可能;以及，偶尔的使用纯解释型段落。
众所周知，TOEFL写作中展开手法有两种，exemplification和explanation。例证显然是二者中更简单的一个。因此，大部分同学都更倾向于使用例证。因为它更容易快速上手，并且大家可以通过举例来展开具体化的细节，从而获得高分。但注意，如果三个主体段全部是讲故事展开，未免会有语言太差的嫌疑。因此，除了例证，我们文章中最好可以稍微涉及到一些说理部分。
举例和说理分别的优势?
大家现在可以重新观察一下范文三个主体段的展开手法。三个主体段一共444字。其中第一段259字，第二段116字，第三段69字。第一段的展开手法为例证(讲故事)，第二、三段均为解释。
大家明显感受到例证的优势即为能够更轻松的展开出有效并具体化的细节，或俗称“好凑字”。解释的好处为语言简练，表达效率高，文章的递进性、节奏会更紧凑。
举例和说理分别的劣势?
例证在TOEFL写作中并无太明显的劣势。解释的劣势就比较明显了。同样的一个分论点，有的同学用例证可以很轻松写到200字，而解释只能说到100字。有的同学可能有个刻板印象：讲故事的语言通常比较简单，句式单一，因此不容易得高分。注意，讲故事语言和句式也是可以复杂的;或者大家可以选择简单但地道的表达，可同样可以获得满分。
答题战略、以及举例和说理的优劣小结
因此我们以后考场上的答题战略很简单。第一段为例证段落。目的为使劲凑字，尽量直接写满200字。第二、三段可以选择简短的小故事或者解释性段落，分别写到60～100字左右。这样主体段已经达到至少320字，再加上开头结尾段，可以轻松满足350字的字数要求。
如何练好说理?
说理对语言和句式的要求要明显高于例证。因此一定要有扎实的基本功的支持才能够写出漂亮的说理段落。关于句式的练法，可以参考强化班上的句型基本构成以及句型转化练习。
如何练好例证?
例证的套路大家都很熟悉。很多同学的问题出在没思路上。比如，一道题目问说：我们的闲钱应该拿去旅游好，还是存到银行好?有同学说，存起来更好，因为可以未雨绸缪。这是一个很好的分论点，那么如何以例证的方式来展开呢?有同学说可以使用反证法：我有一个朋友Foosen，他就不存钱，后来他就死的很惨。用此例来强调存钱的必要性。大部分同学都能够想到这一步，问题会处在如何用故事来展开死的很惨，以及什么事情导致Foosen死的很惨。我们来看一篇范文：
To begin with, as a young man living in a big city, I need to start saving up from now on, because there are a lot of things in the future costing tons of money. Take my good friend Foosen for example. He is an optimistic guy who prefers to seize the day. He can spend all his salary within just two days either on luxuries or on trips. Before he was even 22, he already went around the whole Africa. Unfortunately, not everything goes according to plan. Last year during his trip to South Africa, he accidentally broke his leg and had to go through surgery. However, since he could not cover the expense, he had to call everybody to borrow money. It took so long for him to collect the money that the surgery was delayed. As a result, the recovery period for him was 2 months longer than everyone else’s. Now, this example might be a particular instance, and it is out of his expectation. Nonetheless, in today’ssociety, even the potential spending within our expectation is already quite worrying. For instance, in Beijing, if I wish to purchase a 30-squaremeter apartment, it would cost me over 3 million yuan; if I want to invite, say, 20 friends to my wedding, I would have to pay over 200,000 yuan; not to mention if I have a child and want to support his education, it would cost at least 50,000 yuan per year just for him to go to kindergarten. It aches mejust to look at these horrifying numbers. If I don’t save up for my future, there would be no future. (275 words)
故事描述了主人公Foosen，由于是乐天派并且坚持活在当下，进而展开月光、全世界各地旅游;到之后有一次意外摔断腿，需要做手术，但没有存钱，从而导致恢复期比普通人长了两个月。大部分的同学就是这些故事的“细节”想不到，或者没思路。如何解决?很简单，就是多看。因为讲故事并没有一个明显的模式或公式可以使用。
其实就是我们中学老师总说的那句话，“量的积累产生质的飞跃。”大家想练好例证，只需要找到优秀的讲故事型范文，仿写10篇左右，自然会掌握规律。
托福写作：题库范文附思路解析
1. Doing work: by hand or using machines? Some people like doing work by hand. Others prefer using machines. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
『分析』分情况。有些事情适合用手做，比如：洗衣服：有些人就喜欢用手洗衣服(wash clothes)，而不用洗衣机(laundry machine)。写字：不用电脑，而坚持用笔，基本上只有50岁以上的人才干得出来。很多的事情只能手工去作(举例);而另外也有很多事情只能用机器去做(举例)。还有一些事情要二者结合才可以，比如统计工作。搜集数据(collect data)，往往更依赖人工(manual work);数据处理(data processing/manipulating)，最好由计算机完成。相关题目：[140]
『范文』 Some people like doing work by hand. Others prefer to use machines. I definitely fall into the latter category. I use a machine for almost all of the work I do. The reasons why I prefer to use machines are that most hand work is tedious, machines are faster and more efficient, and I am more proficient with most machines. Two things that I spend a copious amount of time doing are writing and sewing. Both of these endeavors border on pain if I do not have a computer or a sewing machine, respectively. What was once a fun task becomes very monotonous, and no longer enjoyable. Using a machine can turn ordinary tasks into exciting ones. Using machines to do work is also much faster and more efficient than using your hands to do it. For example, if I wrote this essay by hand, rather than using the computer, it would probably take me at least five times as long. Hand sewing a shirt would take ten times longer than using a machine to do the same work. Not only are machines faster and more efficient, I am much more proficient using machines than I am doing the same work by hand. I find that when I am sewing by hand, all of my seams are very uneven and crooked. However, when I sew on a machine, my seams are perfect. The machine helps to keep my hand in line, therefore I can turn out a much better product. It is the same for writing essays. My handwriting is messy at times. If I had written a paper, I cannot correct it as easily as if I had written it on the computer. My writing blurs together, and sometimes I cannot even read what I have written down. Machines are definitely a better way for me to work efficiently, proficiently, and enjoyably. 102. Should schools ask students to evaluate their teachers? Schools should ask students to evaluate their teachers. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
2. 『分析』有保留地同意 (agree with reservations)。学生在评判教师时，是否全部学生都可以客观评价(objective evaluation)?是否有足够的能力(包括academic knowledge等等)去进行客观评价? 如果采取了这样的方式，就会出现老师迎合(cater to/ pander to/ play up to students' taste)学生而不是引导 (guide; lead)学生，违背了教育的原则。保留意见/这种方式：允许学生进行评价，但是应该作为一个参考，同时要有其他的评判方式。参见：[97]
『范文』 Teachers have a very difficult job in society. They not only have to learn how to teach material effectively, but also must learn how to deal with a wide variety of personalities. While teaching is a difficult job, I think it is important for schools to ask students to evaluate their teachers. I think this is the right thing to do because it encourages teachers to try their best, it gives students the opportunity to choose effective teachers, and it allows the schools to have the best teachers possible teaching. If a teacher knows that at the end of the term, the students will be evaluating his/her work, then the teacher will be driven to do a very good job. If there is no pressure from evaluation, a teacher might be prone to doing a less than perfect job. I believe that everyone needs an occasional evaluation to ensure they are doing their job correctly. In the case of a teacher, the students will give the most important evaluations. If there was a public summary of which teacher scored the highest on his/her evaluations, then students would be able to take courses based on which teacher was the best at the job. This would allow students to excel in their studies, and achieve better grades. Finally, if schools ask students to evaluate their teachers, the schools themselves would be able to have the best teachers working on campus. If a teacher scored too low on an evaluation, a replacement could be found. This is a much better method than waiting for students to complain about a teacher. Teachers do have a difficult job, but regardless of this, they must excel at it. If a person is a particularly poor teacher, the students will not learn the required material, and suffer for it.
3. The most important characteristic that a person can have to be successful in life In your opinion, what is the most important characteristic (for example, honesty, intelligence, a sense of humor) that a person can have to be successful in life? Use specific reasons and examples from your experience to explain your answer. When you write your answer, you are not limited to the examples listed in the question. 参见：[15]、[27]
『范文』 To be successful in life, one should have the characteristic of independence, that is, he/she has the ability to think critically. By critical thinking, one is capable of analyzing insightfully, concentrating on the right target, thereby making a wise decision. Thinking critically can enable one to analyze problems insightfully. We live in a world where controversial issues are often simply taken for granted. For example, most people are reluctant to think carefully about issues like whether boys and girls should take separate classes. Recently a high school in Beijing announced that their students from then on take separate classes. Many parents support such ridiculous decision without careful consideration. They are poor thinkers. Critical thinking is but to ask some simple yet essential questions, which always brings amazing sometimes appalling outcomes. Is such a scheme capable of eliminating underage sexual behaviors among adolescents? Is such a scheme guarantee boys and girls free of negative effects? Sadly, the decision had been made but the question left unanswered. Thinking critically can help one concentrate on right targets. We all have only and exactly 24 hours a day, but we often have mountainous work to do in hands, along with which many personal affairs seem equally urgent. Concentrating on right targets is probably the only way to overcome such dilemmas. For example, ETS has recently announced that GRE examination will be transformed back to paper based test. Grumbles are all around, and complains are posted almost on every BBS on the Internet. But if students think critically, however, they will find out the simple fact that even if ETS had made an awkward decision, test preparers should concentrate on the right target—preparing test as prudently as possible, and at the same time, grumbling never helps. Only by thinking critically can one make decisions wise and prudent. Sound decision making is essential to success. Decisions such as which movie theater we should go tonight are simple enough to make by tossing a coin, but decisions such as which university or which major we should choose are complicated enough so that we need careful comparisons. A comparison sheet will help a lot, simply by listing several relevant questions such as “Am I really interested in this major?” or “Are there more opportunities in the city where the university locates?” By analyzing insightfully and concentrating on the right targets, wise decisions are not hard to reach at all.
4. Artists' contribution or scientists' contribution, which is more valuable? It is generally agreed that society benefits from the work of its members. Compare the contributions of artists to society with the contributions of scientists to society. Which type of contribution do you think is valued more by your society? Give specific reasons to support your answer.
『分析』不要急于选择;一定要进行比较陈述科学家做出的贡献陈述艺术家做出的贡献在不同的时期(比如战争时期vs和平时期)，二者做出的贡献不同。参见：范文
『范文』 Art and science are essentially a strange coupling. Yet more often than not, they are considered as divergent rather than consistent with each other. The artist employs image and metaphor; the scientist uses number and equation. By casual juxtaposition, these two fields seem to have little in common: there are few, if any, references to art in any standard textbook of science; art historians rarely interpret an artist's work in light of the conceptual framework of science. Despite what appear to be irreconcilable differences, however, they do have at least one thing in common—both of them have significant contribution to the society, but through probably distinctive way. The development of science and technology has always accompanied the progress of the society. The invention of the steam engine brought a new era of thrift of world economy; the employment of electricity has multiplied the productivity and virtually reproduced limited resources on the Earth; the innovation of computer technologies has made the Earth a little village and connected distant countries as a single market. While sometimes the progress of science and technology, such as that of human cloning, cause troubles or originate dilemmas, it seems always undeniable that in a broad sense, the development of science has provided people a much higher standard of living than that of their counterparts in any phrase of the history. Visualization and fascination have been the major power of any form of art. For example, any' religion in this world cannot exist without music, which helps realize the faith of the church to an astonishing extent. Each and every revolution on this earth was accompanied by numerous corresponding art productions, because the artists sense the circumstances, and then reflect their sensations with sophisticated techniques in their production, which can be easily perceived by the public through powerful empathy. Nobody could evaluate art as correct or not standard, needless to say the public, they simply feel it is good or not, therefore art has always had magic influence on the public and society in general. However, it's been said that there is no science without fancy and no art without facts. Science fictions have long been functioning as a major vehicle for the public dissemination of science; scientists share parallel view of space, time and light, etc. with artists. Not only are art and science interrelated with each other but they also contribute to each other in various way. Therefore, it is hard to compare the contributions of art and science, it is simply partial to say that either one contributes more to the society than another does.
5. Living in university housing or in an apartment in the community? Students at universities often have a choice of places to live. They may choose to live in university dormitories, or they may choose to live in apartments in the community. Compare the advantages of living in university housing with the advantages of living in an apartment in the community. Where would you prefer to live? Give reasons for your preference.
『分析』一定要进行比较。住在宿舍的优缺点：便宜(不用付或者付很少的租金;很少的交通费用);方便;但是可能不自由自己租房子住的优缺点：自由;安静;干净;但是费用高 (也许合租的话，就会便宜很多)。根据自己的情况进行选择
『范文』 Being a new student at a university is an excitement. Choosing where to live, whether on campus in a dormitory, or off campus in an apartment, is in fact quite a big decision. Both of these options have their relative benefits. Living in a dormitory has many advantages over living off campus. For example, one has the opportunity to meet dozens of new students. One is usually placed in a room with a roommate, who can help with homework, and give much needed support during difficult times. Another advantage of living in a dormitory is not having to cook food. Most students coming to a university have lived their whole lives with their parents, and inexpert at preparing food, for they were not in charge of the cooking in home. Many students who first learn to cook their own food while going to school eat a very unhealthy diet. On top of this, many students are so preoccupied with their studies that they do not have time to cook a nutritious meal. Therefore, the fact that the dormitories include a cafeteria is very beneficial. However, living off campus has its advantages as well. In most situations, one has much more freedom to do what they want in these living conditions. For instance, one can stay up late studying or come home late without disturbing a roommate. Also, one is not limited to the cafeteria food if he/she is a particular eater. Living by oneself also has its benefits. One never has to deal with rude or messy roommates. Overall, I think that both of these options are good choices. However, I recommend that first or second year students live in a dormitory, and perhaps wait until they are older and more accustomed to university life before venturing out on their own. This way, one gets the best of both worlds: the camaraderie of living with many people and the independence of living by oneself.
篇17：GRE写作：分类解析
准备时，最重要的一个步骤在于熟悉题库和认真准备提纲。对于立论文(Issue)而言，自己动手拟一份完整的提纲是很有必要的，当然可以参考各种资料，但必须勤动脑，想一想提纲的逻辑连续性。实际上，有偏向性、但又不要绝对化的思路才是最易上手的。
对于驳论文(Argument)而言，熟悉题库更为重要。很多人觉得一个题目拿过来随便就能挑出五六个错误。正常情况下是这样的，但的确有些难题若不事先好好准备，五分钟之内能找出两个错误就不错了。在第一次考试时，我正是因为在准备时放掉了一道我只找出两个错误的题目，而在正式考试时恰恰碰到了这道题目，所以写得很不好。
虽然逻辑作文满分只有6分，可千万别小看了它的重要性。从某种程度上来说，它是GRE作文的精华——因为GRE考试的就是逻辑，用英语写两篇作文只是形式而已，主要目的就是考察你的逻辑分析水平。
写驳论文有很多小窍门，如需要锻炼出区别“事实”和“观点”的能力，不论题目中所给的事实有多夸张都需认为它是对的，不能攻击，只能攻击观点中的逻辑漏洞;凡是跟统计数字、统计方法有关的逻辑错误都尽量不要攻击，最多只能一笔带过等等。
★ 何谓文化读书笔记
★ 苏轼《红梅》赏析
★ 范文正公
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