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8月托福阅读全真试题

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8月托福阅读全真试题

篇1：8月托福阅读全真试题

198月托福阅读全真试题

Questions 1-10

The word laser was coined as an acronym for Light

Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Ordinary

light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is emitted spontaneously,

when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves,

without any outside intervention. Stimulated emission

is different because it occurs when an atom or molecule holding

onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light.

Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of

stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However ,

for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules

always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and

that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker.

It was not until after the Second World War that physicists

began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They

sought ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate

many other to emit light , amplifying it to much higher

powers.

The first to succeed was Charles H.Townes, then at

Colombia University in New York . Instead of working with

light , however, he worked with microwaves, which have a

much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a

“maser” for Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated

Emission of Radiation. Although he thought of the key idea in

1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years

later. Before long, many other physicists were building masers

and trying to discover how to produce stimulated emission at

even shorter wavelength.

The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and

Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote

a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify

stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the same time,

similar ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a

37- year-old gradu

篇2：《8月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》

《198月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》

Question 1-10

In the 1600 s when the Spanish moved into what later

was to become the southwestern United States, they encoun-

tered the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo, Hopi, and Zuni

peoples. These ancestors, known variously as the Basket

Makers, the Anasazi, or the Ancient Ones, had lived in the

area for at least 2,000 years. They were an advanced agricultural

people who used irrigation to help grow their crops.

The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of adobe and

wood. Anasazi houses were originally built in pits and were

entered from the roof. But around the year 700 A.D., the

Anasazi began to build their homes above ground and join them

together into rambling multistoried complexes, which the

Spanish called pueblos or villages. Separate subterranean rooms

in these pueblos---known as kivas or chapels---were set aside

for religious ceremonials. Each kiva had a fire pit and a hole

that was believed to lead to the underworld. The largest pueblos

had five stories and more than 800 rooms.

The Anasazi family was matrilineal, that is, descent was

traced through the female. The sacred objects of the family

were under the control of the oldest female, but the actual

ceremonies were conducted by her brother or son. Women owned

the rooms in the pueblo and the crops, once they were harvested.

While still growing, crops belonged to the man who,

in contrast to most other Native American groups, planted

them. The women made baskets and pottery, the men wove

textile and crafted turquoise jewelry.

Each village had two chiefs. The village chief dealt with

land disputes and religious affairs. The war chief led the men

in fighting during occasional conflicts that broke out with

neighboring villages and directed the men in community building

projects. The cohesive political and social organization of

the Anasazi made it

篇3：1995年8月托福考试阅读理解全真试题（上）

question 1-9

the ocean bottom – a region nearly 2.5 times greater

than the total land area of the earth – is a vast frontier that

even today is largely unexplored and uncharted. until about a

century ago, the deep – ocean floor was completely inaccessible,

hidden beneath waters averaging over 3,6000 meters deep.

totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds

of times greater than at the earth s surface, the deep – ocean

bottom is a hostile environment to humans, in some

ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.

although researchers have taken samples of deep – ocean

rocks and sediments for over a century, the first detailed global

investigation of the ocean bottom did not actually start until

1968, with the beginning of the national science foundation s

deep sea drilling project (dsdp). using techniques first

developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the dsdp s drill

ship, the glomar challenger, was able to maintain a steady

position on the ocean s surface and drill in very deep waters,

extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.

the glomar challenger completed 96 voyages in a 15 – year

research program that ended in november 1983. during

this time, the vessel logged 600,000 kilometers and took

almost 20,000 core samples of seabed sediments and rocks at

624 drilling sites around the world. the glomar challenger s

core samples have allowed geologists to reconstruct what the

planet looked like hundreds of millions of years ago and to

calculate what it will probably look like millions of years in the

future. today, largely on the strength of evidence gathered

during the glomar challenger s voyages, nearly all earth scientists

agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental

drift that explain many of the geological processes that shape

the earth.

the cores of sediment drilled by the glomar challenger

have also yielded information critical to understanding the

world s past climates. deep – ocean sediments provide a

climatic record stretching back hundreds of millions of years,

because they are largely isolated from the mechanical erosion and

the intense chemical and biological activity that rapidly destroy

much land – based evidence of past climates. this record has

already provided insights into the patterns and causes of past

climatic change – information that may be used to predict

future climates.

1. the author refers to the ocean bottom as a “frontier” in line 2 because it

(a) is not a popular area for scientific research

(b) contains a wide variety of life forms

(d) is an unknown territory

2. the word “inaccessible” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(a) unrecognizable

(b) unreachable

(d) unsafe

3. the author mentions outer space in line 9 because

(a) the earth s climate millions of years ago was similar to conditions in outer space

(b) it is similar to the ocean floor in being alien to the human environment

(d) techniques used by scientists to explore outer space were similar to those used in ocean exploration

4. which of the following is true of the glomar challenger?

(a) it is a type of submarine.

(b) it is an ongoing project.

(d) it made its first dsdp voyage in 1968.

5. the word “extracting” in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(a) breaking

(b) locating

(d) analyzing

6. the deep sea drilling project was significant because it was

(a) an attempt to find new sources of oil and gas

(b) the first extensive exploration of the ocean bottom

(d) funded entirely by the gas and oil industry

7. the word “strength” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(a) basis

(b) purpose

(d) endurance

8. the word “they” in line 36 refers to

(a) years

(b) climates

(d) cores

9. which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as being a result of the deep sea drilling project?

(a) geologists were able to determine the earth s appearance hundreds of millions of years ago.

(b) two geological theories became more widely accepted by scientists.

(d) geologists observed forms of marine life never before seen.

questions 10-21

basic to any understanding of canada in 20 years

after the second world war is the country s impressive

population growth. for every three canadians in 1945, there were

over five in . in september 1966 canada s population

passed the 20 million mark. most of this surging growth came

from natural increase. the depression of the 1930 s and the

war had held back marriages and the catching – up process

began after 1945. the baby boom continued through the decade

of the 1950 s, producing a population increase of nearly

fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. this rate

of increase had been exceeded only once before in canada s

history, in the decade before 1911, when the prairies were

being settled. undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the

1950 s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion

also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an

increase in the average size of families. in 1957 the canadian

birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the

world.

after the peak year of 1957, the birth rate in canada

began to decline.

it continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the

lowest level in 25 years. partly this decline reflected the low

level of births during the depression and the war, but it was

also caused by changes in canadian society. young people

were staying at school longer, more women were working,

young married couples were buying automobiles or houses

before starting families, rising living standards were cutting

down the size of families. it appeared that canada was once

more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that

had occurred all through the western world since the time of

the industrial revolution.

although the growth in canada s population has slowed

down by 1966(the increase in the first half of the 1960 s was

only nine percent). another large population wave was coming

over the horizon. it would be composed of the children of the

children who were born during the period of the high birth

rate prior to 1957.

10. what does the passage mainly discuss?

(a) educational changes in canadian society.

(b) canada during the second world war

(d) standards of living in canada

11. according to the passage, when did canada s baby boom begin?

(a) in the decade after 1911

(b) after 1945

(d) in 1966

12. the word “five” in line 4 refers to

(a) canadians

(b) years

(d) marriages

13. the word “surging” in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(a) new

(b) extra

(d) surprising

14. the author suggests that in canada during the 1950 s

(a) the urban population decreased rapidly

(b) fewer people married

(d) the birth rate was very high

15. the word “trend” in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(a) tendency

(b) aim

(d) directive

16. the word “peak” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(a) pointed

(b) dismal

(d) maximum

17. when was the birth rate in canada at its lowest postwar level?

(a) 1966

(b) 1957

(d) 1951

18. the author mentions all of the following as causes of declines in population growth after 1957 except

(a) people being better educated

(b) people getting married earlier

(d) couples buying houses

19. it can be inferred from the passage that before the industrial revolution

(a) families were larger

(b) population statistic were unreliable

(d) economic conditions were bad

20. the word “it” in line 34 refers to

(a) horizon

(b) population wave

(d) first half

21. the phrase “prior to” in line 36 is closest in meaning to

(a) behind

(b) since

(d) preceding

questions 22-30

are organically grown foods the best food choices? the

advantages claimed for such foods over conventionally grown

and marketed food products are now being debated. advocates

of organic foods – a term whose meaning varies greatly –

frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more

nutritious than others.

the growing interest of consumers in the safety and more

nutritional quality of the typical north american diet is a

welcome development. however, much of this interest has been

sparked by sweeping claims that the food supply is unsafe or

in adequate in meeting nutritional needs. although most of

these claims are not supported by scientific evidence, the

preponderance of written material advancing such claims makes it

difficult for the general public to separate fact from fiction. as

a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically

grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other

benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the

basis for folklore.

almost daily the public is besieged by claims for “no-aging”

diets, new vitamins, and other wonder foods. there are

numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are

superior to synthetic ones, that fertilized eggs are nutritionally

superior to unfertilized eggs, that untreated grains are better

than fumigated grains and the like.

one thing that most organically grown food products

seem to have in common is that they cost more than conventionally

grown foods. but in many cases consumers are misled

if they believe organic foods can maintain health and provide

better nutritional quality than conventionally grown foods. so

there is real cause for concern if consumers, particularly those

with limited incomes, distrust the regular food and buy and buy

only expensive organic foods instead.

22. the world “advocates” in line 3 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

(a) proponents

(b) merchants

(d) consumers

23. in line 6, the word “others” refers to

(a) advantages

(b) advocates

(d) products

24. the “welcome development” mentioned in line 8-9 is an increase in

(a) interest in food safety and nutritional quality of the typical north american diet

(b) the nutritional quality of the typical north american diet

(d) the number of consumers in north america

25. according to the first paragraph, which of the following is true about the term “organic foods”?

(a) it is accepted by most nutritionists.

(b) it has been used only in recent years.

(d) it is seldom used by consumers.

26. the word “unsubstantiated” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(a) unbelievable

(b) uncontested

(d) unverified

27. the word “maintain” in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(a) improve

(b) monitor

(d) restore

28. the author implies that there is cause for concern if consumers with limited incomes buy organic foods instead of conventionally grown foods because

(a) organic foods can be more expensive but are often no better than conventionally grown foods

(b) many organic foods are actually less nutritious than similar conventionally grown foods

(d) too many farmers will stop using conventional methods to grow food crops.

29. according to the last paragraph, consumers who believe that organic foods are better than conventionally grown foods are often

(a) careless

(b) mistaken

(d) wealthy

30. what is the author s attitude toward the claims made by advocates of health foods?

(a) very enthusiastic

(b) somewhat favorable

(d) skeptical

篇4：1995年8月托福考试阅读理解全真试题（下）

questions 31-40

there are many theories about the beginning of drama in

ancient greece. the one most widely accepted today is based

on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. the

argument for this view goes as follows. in the beginning, human

beings viewed the natural forces of the world, even the seasonal

changes, as unpredictable, and they sought through various

means, to control these unknown and feared powers.

those measures which appeared to bring the desired results

were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed

rituals. eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the

mysteries of the rites. as time passed some rituals were

abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and

provided material for art and drama.

those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also

argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because

music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used.

furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances,

and when the entire community did not participate, a

clear division was usually made between the “acting area” and

the “auditorium.” in addition, there were performers, and

since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes

in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed

that task. wearing masks and costumes, they often

impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings,

and mimed the desired effect - success in hunt or battle,

the coming rain, the revival of the sun - as an actor

might. eventually such dramatic representations were separated

from religious activities.

another theory traces the theater s origin from the

human interest in storytelling. according to this view, tales

(about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated,

at first through the use of impersonation, action, and

dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of

the roles by a different person. a closely related theory traces

theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and

gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.

31. what does the passage many discuss?

(a) the origins of theater

(b) the role of ritual in modern dance

(d) the variety of early religious activities.

32. the word “they” in line 6 refers to

(a) seasonal changes

(b) natural forces

(d) human beings

33. what aspect of drama does the author discuss in the first paragraph?

(a) the reason drams is often unpredictable

(b) the seasons in which dramas were performed

(d) the importance of costumes in early drama

34. which of the following is not mentioned as a common element of theater and ritual?

(a) dance

(b) costumes

(d) magic

35. the word “considerable” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(a) thoughtful

(b) substantial

(d) ceremonial

36. the word “enactment” in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(a) establishment

(b) performance

(d) season

37. the word “they” in line 23 refers to

(a) mistakes

(b) costumes

(d) performers

38. according to the passage, what is the main difference between ritual and drama?

(a) ritual uses music whereas drama does not.

(b) ritual is shorter than drama.

(d) ritual has a religious purpose and drama does not.

39. the passage supports which of the following statements?

(a) no one really knows how the theater began

(b) myths are no longer represented dramatically.

(d) dramatic activities require the use of costumes.

40. where in the passage does the author discuss the separation of the stage and the audience?

(a) lines 8-9

(b) lines 12-14

(d) lines 22-24

questions 41-50

staggering tasks confronted the people of the united

states, north and south, when the civil war ended. about a

million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized,

readjusted to civilian life, and reabsorbed by the devastated

economy. civil government also had to be put back on a

peacetime basis and interference from the military had to be

stopped.

the desperate plight of the south has eclipsed the fact

that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the north,

though less spectacularly. industries had to adjust to peacetime

conditions, factories had to be retooled for civilian needs.

financial problems loomed large in both the north and

the south. the national debt had shot up from a modest $65

million in 1861, the year the ear started to nearly $3 billion

in 1865, the year the war ended. this was a colossal sum for

those days but one that a prudent government could pay. at

the same time, war taxes had to be reduced to less burdensome

levels.

physical devastation caused by invading armies, chiefly in

the south and border states, had to be repaired. this herculean

task was ultimately completed, but with discouraging

slowness.

other important questions needed answering. what

would be the future of the four million black people who were

freed from slavery? on what basis were the southern states to

be brought back into the union?

what of the southern leaders, all of whom were liable to

charges of treason? one of these leaders, jefferson davis,

president of the southern confederacy, was the subject of an

insulting popular northern song,“hang jeff davis from a sour

apple tree.” and even children sang it. davis was temporarily

chained in his prison cell during the early days of his two-

year imprisonment. but he and the other southern leaders

were finally released, partly because it was unlikely that a jury

from virginia, a southern confederate state, would convict

them. all the leaders were finally pardoned by president johnson

in 1868 in an effort to help reconstruction efforts proceed

with as little bitterness as possible.

41. what does the passage mainly discuss?

(a) wartime expenditures

(b) problems facing the united states after the war

(d) the results of government efforts to revive the economy

42. the word “ staggering” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(a) specialized

(b) confusing

(d) overwhelming

43. the word “devastated” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(a) developing

(b) ruined

(d) fragile

44. according to the passage, which of the following statements about the damage in the south is correct?

(a) it was worse than in the north.

(b) the cost was less than expected

(d) it was remedied rather quickly.

45. the passage refers to all of the following as necessary steps following the civil war except

(a) helping soldiers readjust

(b) restructuring industry

(d) increasing taxes

46. the word “task” in line 21 refers to

(a) raising the tax level

(b) sensible financial choices

(d) reconstruction of damaged areas

47. why does the author mention a popular song in lines 30?

(a) to give attitude towards the south

(b) to illustrate the northern love of music

(d) to compare the northern and southern presidents

48. the word “them” in line 36 refers to

(a) charges

(b) leaders

(d) irons

49. which of the following can be inferred from the phrase “ _____it was unlikely that a jury from virginia . a southern confederate state ,would convict them” (lines 25-26)?

(a) virginians felt betrayed by jefferson davis

(b) a popular song insulted virginians

(d) all of the virginia military leaders had been put in chains.

50. it can be inferred from the passage that president johnson pardoned the southern leaders in order to

(a) raise money for the north

(b) repair the physical damage in the south

(d) help the nation recover from the war

篇5：托福阅读经典加试题汇集

托福阅读加试-苏美尔文明

Mesopotamia的背景：美索不达米亚(亚洲西南部 Tigris 和Euphrates 两河流域间的古王国, 今伊拉克所在地)美索不达米亚古代西南亚介于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的一个地区，位于现在的伊拉克境内。可能在公元前50以前就开始有人在此定居。这一地区孕育了众多的人类早期文明，其中包括苏美尔文明、阿卡德文明、巴比伦文明和亚述文明。蒙古侵略者在公元1258年破坏了该地区发达的灌溉系统之后，这一地区的重要性就此减小。

纳米比亚地区，一种civilization 还和埃及比较了一下。关于两河civilization和Egypt civilization的。他们同时存在，有交流，但没有一方压倒另一方。Egypt的体制根两河的政治体制不一样，一个united under 一个什么体制下，另外一个则由于地理条件的制约不存在united format。另外两河的文明很少有tangible substance 留下来，因为他们的architecture? structure 与Egypt不一样，对他们文字的研究也是通过发掘fragment的方法研究的。还讲了两河的local lord,这人不是fiction的，他对他那个city state具有很大的influence，文中讲到的是economic aspect.同时，他传话通过一个叫做人君的人传话。讲Mesopotamia的culture，和Egypt的文化对比。因为两者是两河流域的同时发展起来的文化(考：Mesopotamia文化是独立于Egypt的文化)然后讲述Mesopotamia culture的特点：建筑物没有Egypt的牢固，文化没有文字记载等。好像有个考题：location of Ur。)

Sumerian civilaization

开头，it is astonishing that...两个地方在同一时间产生了两种文化，并且互有交流。一个是尼罗河的埃及文化，一个是两河流域的M地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼罗河，河水孕育了富饶的土地，两岸有沙漠作为自然屏障。M地不一样，河水土地narrow and shallow,周围没有起保护作用的天然屏障。

(1) astonishing这个词是什么意思?我选的amazing

(2) 在公元_X年，尼罗文化和M文化同时发展。对原文这句话的同意改写。M地很少出现一个唯一的统治者，即使有，掌权时间也是很短暂的。地理上容易受外界侵袭，不像埃及那样，有唯一的统治者。埃及有divine kingship,M地内乱外乱一堆，内乱和外乱是替换。

(3) 内乱外侵are its substitute.考察指代，its substitute是什么、我选的devine kingship。

即使M地这么乱，它的culture and artistic continuity are remarkable.

(4) 那个对m地文化的描述不对?我选的：文化和艺术发展不连续。M地的文字和其他的文化没有什么联系。M地人没有埃及那样对hereafter来世的概念。而且他们的建筑材料是mud and wood,不持久，虽然在city of Ur.发现了一些富人的坟墓。

(5) Ur城市地点在哪里?前一段末尾说M地的什么在两河交流处。本段说m人来自P地，在southern M地。选项记得三个，egypt, northern M,两河交汇处。我选的最后一个。

(6) 虽然在city of Ur.发现了一些富人的坟墓。这句话的作用?对M地的了解只能通过extration的东西，上面有vast _X。

(7) vast这个词的意思我选的large number

(8) 插入，插入文字：虽然学者们对M地的研究取得了如此成就，我们对M地人的生活了解很有限。M地不同地区有不同的god和human ruler。human ruler带领人们进行祭神的活动。god不仅呼风唤雨，对土地有所有权，而且能够分配人力资源，还能_X。divine的_X不是fiction，从M地的神身上就能看出来。M地有divine socialism，神庙条配人力和庄稼。所以说，虽然wrting是宗教相关的，我们会发现神庙的记录都是和经济和农业相关的。

(9) 对M地神的描述哪个不对?我选的，一个神和另一个神打架。

(10) 为什么说那个 divine_X 不是ficiton?答案对应原文，记不清楚了。

(11) ....a considerable part of harvest... considerable是什么意思?选表示很多的那个词。

(12) 考察全文主要内容的多项选择。

托福阅读加试-达尔文进化论

关于natural selection，Darwin 的natural selection本来需要long time evolution 来验证，本文则是用了两个relatively short evolution's examples 来support natural selection。1st，人为控制条件。有一种鱼，在predator多的时候，life-span, size, mate, reproduction都有变化，为什么变化。然后，再将一部分放入predator少的pool中，offspring发生了很多changes，比如比它们的ancestor size上要大，下egg少了，等等。整个实验耗时11y;2ed，自然条件变化。我们需要做的只是observe。讲的是finch，有关它们beak的大小的。cause是lethal drought。自然选择对生物的影响(与达尔文的不同)两个例子，guppy 在predator多和少池塘里生活，大小不同 (offspring 的大小多少)和一种鸟在小岛上适应干旱( large &small) 讲Darwin的nature selection，开始讲到生物的自然演变要经历很长的时间，这种限制是Darwin当时不能用experiment证明nature selection的原因(第一题考)，然后讲了现代生物学家发现在短期可以观察到nature selection给动物的一些特性带来的变化。举例时用guppy这种鱼，他们生活在下游时由于predator很多，所以繁殖的速度很快;但当科学家把他们带到上游生活(那里的predator很少)，他们的繁殖的速度明显变慢了。

又举了一个bird的例子，当干旱(drought)时那些站着长而硬的beak的bird往往能生存下来(这里考了个生词decimation=destruction)，这样一来这一地区的这种bird很快都有了长而硬的beak(考：长而硬的beak可以打碎large size的grain)

开头，达尔文认为自然选择are too slow for people to witness.

(1) witness是什么意思，选observe

(2) 为什么达尔文这么认为?选自然选择要进行很长一段时间。R科学家那guppy做试验。

(3) 试验描述guppy总是grow as quickly as possible to mate,产生as many offsprings.早熟的代价是life span变短，每个offspring也不能得到太多母guppy的engergy。the risk of early death are offset by other risks.说的这一段是什么作用?前一段末尾说了，R put the predications into test.这段是描述试验，测试猜测。

(4) offset这个词的意思?balanced。 R又测试，把guppy从捕食者多的地方放到捕食者少的pool里养，他们相对晚熟，活的更久，每窝产更少的蛋，蛋的个头比对比组都大。

(5) 对上述内容那个说法不对?对，每窝产更多卵。有些自然选择不需要人的干预就能在短时间内发生。

(6) 插入，插入内容是，在这种情况下，生物学家只要活的久就能观察到变化。某地干旱，一对夫妇学者观察那里的一种鸟， birds with small beaks only eat small seeds. birds with long beaks could eat large seeds because their beaks are strong enough to break the large seeds.干旱的时候小种子少，嘴短的鸟死了，嘴长的鸟存活。存活的鸟和第二年的鸟交配，后代的鸟嘴整体变长。雨量又充足的时候，又足够小种子，这个时候，新出生的鸟的鸟嘴又变短了。

(7) 长嘴鸟的优势?打碎种子。

(8) 鸟嘴和guppy试验的共同点?好像选的都在相对短的时间发生，自然选择人类可以观察到。

(9) 雨量充足的日子鸟嘴又变短了，忘了考的什么题目。

(10) 考察全文主要内容的多选

托福阅读加试-电报在美国和欧洲的发展史：

科技进步，1840S的电报已经有了长足进步云云，Telegraph有很重大的意义：拉进了long distance communication。但是遇到了一些obstacle: fund不够; 也缺少management;好像还有一个缺陷。然后提出了两个问题：到底是由谁来负责，投资?

电报在美国的发展史：当时Telegraph在美国发展得不如在欧洲发展得好，因为美国人还把精力放在电话telephone的研究上。

在美国，telegraph system掌控在私人企业手里(私有化的private)，很多私人商务行为都用电报来联系。这些私企有些很垄断monopoly。在19世纪，电报被纳入政府监管under governmentregulation。之后， although美国那时有科技的限制，但电报在美国发展得最好的，得到了普及。

电报在欧洲的发展史：当时很多欧洲国家担心电报会使情报外流，就在犹豫要不要立法来规范电报行为。随着发展，欧洲国家把telegraph纳入governmental control(国家政府管理), 主要应用在邮政系统postal system方面，因此欧洲国家的传统邮政postal业又恢复生机。

电报需要建立net，这为后来的网络的建立提供了很多思路，所以说telegraph是非常revolutionary invention。虽然telegraph重要，但其不像人们猜测的那么重要，因为在当时，transportation已经发展了，人们之间的距离被缩短了(物流发达)，因此，不应过分夸大电报发明的意义。电报只产生了little change 。(这点在后面也有考到)。

托福阅读加试-bird song鸟类鸣唱：

虽然鸟类都会唱歌，但它们唱歌的旋律、调调是各有差异的。为了研究它们唱歌的技能是先天遗传(基因)的还是后天习得(外界因素)的，researchers做了很多实验。Chaffinch和北美的white X crow (X可能=necked，winged，billed等)的幼鸟是如何学会唱歌的。

试验一、Researchers首先把刚出生的一只小chaffinch带离鸟巢，放在另外一个地方单独养，与其他大chaffinch隔离isolate，不让它听到大鸟唱歌song。在三个月以后，到雄性该求爱时放回自然，听它的song是怎样的。结果显示该chaffinch还是会唱这种歌，只是调子有方言variation、很简单、不连续disconnected。这就证明了chaffinch先天就有唱歌的本领的。

试验二、Researchers首先把刚出生的一只小white X crow/sparrow带离鸟巢，放在另外一个地方单独养，与其它大white X crow隔离，不让它听到大鸟的歌。在刚开始的3个月，还没有形成自己的歌声前，给小鸟听其它鸟唱歌的磁带recording。它很快就学会了recording里的鸟的叫声(dialect)，它的调子很快就和那些鸟的调子一样了。此研究显示：它的dialect不是由基因决定，而是与环境有很大关系。研究还发现4个月以后，它都只会唱自己的调调，再给它听别的recording，它也学不会了unreceptive(考了这个词的意思)。说明后天学习也有时间限制。

试验三、另一种鸟，F开头的。说这种鸟如果不让它们听到自己的声音，它们就只能形成破碎的音节而已，连不成歌。一定要让它们听见自己在发什么音，才能让它们唱好。

单词题：ultimately, reinforce, proliferate/proliferation, superb, optimal, blur。

托福经典加试真的有用吗

经常有同学问我说，老师您那儿有托福经典加试的题目吗?托福经典加试在哪里下载呢?看了托福经典加试真的有用吗?

托福经典加试的题目在网上流传已久，很多同学指望考前拿来背题，省得考试中在加试部分多花精力。但是事实是从3月4日开始ETS就已经正式宣布取消了托福经典加试。所以还有想临时抱佛脚考前背题背原文的同学可以打消这个念头了，就把托福经典加试当成普通的题目练习就好。

并且ETS不仅取消了经典加试，而且采用A,B,C,D 四套卷子组合，考生的题目不同，给托福考试预测增加了难度。

篇6：托福阅读强化模拟试题

In 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents ― New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.

The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930. A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North America's greatest refining center.

Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center. The downtown business district did not grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.

1. What is the passage mainly about?

(A) The growth of cities in the United States in the early 1900's

(B) The development of the Southern California oil fields

(D) Industry and city planning in Los Angeles

2. The author characterizes the growth of new large cities in the United States after 1900 as resulting primarily from

(A) new economic conditions

(B) images of cities shown in movies

(D) a large migrant population

3. The word “meteoric” in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) rapid

(B) famous

(D) methodical

4. The word “it” in line 8 refers to

(A) aqueduct

(B) vision

(D) agricultural potential

5. According to the passage , the most important factor in the development of agriculture around Los Angeles was the

(A) influx of new residents to agricultural areas near the city

(B) construction of an aqueduct

(D) development of new connections to the city's natural harbor

6. According to the passage , the initial success of Hollywood' s motion picture industry was due largely to the

(A) availability of many skilled workers

(B) beauty of the countryside

(D) region's climate and good weather

7. It can be inferred from the passage that in 1930 the greatest number of people in the Los Angeles area were employed in

(A) farming

(B) oil refining

(D) the motion picture industry

8. According to the passage , the Southern California oil fields were initially exploited due to

(A) the fuel requirements of Los Angeles' rail system

(B) an increase in the use of gasoline engines in North America

(D) innovative planning on the part of the city founders

9. The phrase “apace with” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) anew with

(B) apart from

(D) at the middle of

10. It can be inferred from the passage that the spatial organization of Los Angeles contributed to the relative decline there of

(A) public transportation

(B) industrial areas

(D) oil fields

11. The visitors from the east coast mentioned in the passage thought that Los Angeles

(A) was not accurately portrayed by Hollywood images

(B) lacked good suburban areas in which to live

(D) was not really a single city

CAACB DCBCA D

篇7：托福阅读强化模拟试题及答案

Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year after year. Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.

The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time when that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.

The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbon dioxide levels dropped. When the global temperature dropped 9°F (5 °C), carbon dioxide levels dropped to 190 parts per million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warm interglacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the 160,000 years of that ice record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts per million, but never rose much higher-until the Industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing today.

There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and global temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon dioxide levels may have been much greater than the current concentration during the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a large fraction of the coal deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today.

1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Chemical causes of ice ages

(B) Techniques for studying ancient layers of ice in glaciers

(D) Effects of plant life on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere

2. The word “accumulated” in line 6 is closest in meaning to.

(A) spread out

(B) changed

(D) built up

3. According to the passage , the drilling of the glacier in eastern Antarctica was important because it

(A) allowed scientists to experiment with new drilling techniques

(B) permitted the study of surface temperatures in an ice-covered region of Earth

(D) confirmed earlier findings about how glaciers are formed

4. The phrase “tantamount to” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) complementary to

(B) practically the same as

(D) unlikely to be confused with

5. According to the passage , Grenoble, France, is the place where

(A) instruments were developed for measuring certain chemical elements

(B) scientists first recorded atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide

(D) the relationship between carbon dioxide and temperature was discovered

6. According to the passage , scientists used isotopes from the water of the ice core to determine which of following?

(A) The amount of air that had bubbled to the surface since the ice had formed

(B) The temperature of the atmosphere when the ice was formed

(D) The rate at which water had been frozen in the glacier

7. The word “remarkable” in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) genuine

(B) permanent

(D) continuous

8. The word “link” in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) tension

(B) connection

(D) distance

9. The passage implies that the warmest temperatures among the periods mentioned occurred

(A) in the early eighteenth century

(B) 160,000 years ago

(D) between 360 and 285 million years ago

10. According to the passage , the Carboniferous period was characterized by

(A) a reduction in the number of coal deposits

(B) the burning of a large amount of coal

(D) an accelerated rate of glacier formation

11. The passage explains the origin of which of the following terms?

(A) glacier (line 5)

(B) isotopes (line 11)

(D) Carboniferous period (lines 26)

CDCBC BCBAC D

篇8：老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE21

老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE 21

The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople. Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds. Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture or architectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as “sculptors” in today's use of the word.

On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. Wilton also made a lead equestrian image of King George III that was created in New York in 1770 and torn down by zealous patriots six years later. A few marble memorials with carved busts, urns, or other decorations were produced in England and brought to the colonies to be set in the walls of churches — as in King's Chapel in Boston. But sculpture as a high art, practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling, casting, and carving rich three-dimensional forms, was not known among Americans in 1776. Indeed, for many years thereafter, the United States had two groups from which to choose — either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.

The eighteenth century was not one in which powered sculptural conceptions were developed. Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans — originally trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or cabinetmakers — attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.

1. What is the main idea of the passage ?

(A) There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.

(B) Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770's.

(D) American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials.

2. The word “motifs” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) tools

(B) prints

(D) designs

3. The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds?

(A) European sculptors

(B) Carpenters

(D) Cabinetmakers

4. The word “others” in line 6 refers to

(A) craftspeople

(B) decorations

(D) shop signs

5. The word “distinct” in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) separate

(B) assembled

(D) inferior

6. The word “rare” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) festive

(B) infrequent

(D) unexpected

7. Why does the author mention Joseph Wilton in line 13?

(A) He was an English sculptor who did work in the United States.

(B) He was well known for his wood carvings

(D) He settled in the United States in 1776.

8. What can be inferred about the importation of marble memorials from England?

(A) Such sculpture was less expensive to produce locally than to import

(B) Such sculpture was not available in the United States.

(D) The materials found abroad were superior.

9. How did the work of American carvers in 1776 differ from that of contemporary sculptors?

(A) It was less time-consuming

(B) It was more dangerous.

(D) It was less refined.

正确答案： BDCAA BABD

托福阅读猜词的七大技巧

一、利用定义式线索进行猜测

定义是作者为了更好地表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜测词义比较容易。例如:Kinetic energy is the energy of moving particles. Kinetic enegry 可能是生词，由定义可知，表语是说明主语性质内容的。所以kinetic energy就是“运动粒子的能量”。再如Typhoons are cyclones，storms with strong winds rotating around a low-pressure center.如果cyclones是生词，推断该词义的线索就是其后面的解释“绕低气压中心形成的暴风雨”由此我们可知cyclones的意思是“绕低气压中心形成的暴风雨”。在这种解释中定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。

二、根据进一步阐述猜测词义

虽然进一步阐述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使我们猜出生词的词义。复述部分可以是适当的词，短语或者句子。例如Experts in kinesics, in their study of body motion as related to speech ,hope to discover new methods of communications. 逗号中短语的意思是“对肢体语言进行研究的学科”。短语与前面生词kinesics是同位关系，因此我们不难猜出kinesics指“肢体语言学”。在这种复述当中,构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等。另外同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, 等副词或短语出现。另外一种会以定语从句的形式出现如从句Obesity, which is a medical disorder that affects approximately 20-30% of the population of the United States of America. It is an excessive accumulation of body fat that results from the storage of excess food energy calories in the body's fat cells. 根据生词obesity后面的非限制性定语从句which is a medical disorder that affects approximately 20-30% of the population of the United States of America. It is an excessive accumulation of body fat that results from the storage of excess food energy calories in the body's fat cells. 我们可以推断出 obesity的含义，即“过度肥胖”。

三、根据举例猜测词义

恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索，例如The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”。

四、根据上下文的语境关联猜测词义

例如Computers have been used for most kinds of crime, including fraud theft, larceny, embezzlement, burglary, sabotage, murder and forgery, since the first cases were reported in 1985. 这句话中有许多生词出现，但通过上文的crime和murder一词，我们可以知道这些下划线词都是与犯罪有关的词。在考试中，就不必费心去考虑它们的具体意思，知道大概类别即可。再如Goran Ivanisevic fears only one service in tennis -- Michael Stichs. His toss is always the same: the straight one or the topspin. Sampras has a good serve and Becker too, but Stichs is the toughest to read.在此例中，大多数词用于网球运动中的一些专门词汇，我们可以不必理会，而主要关注认识的那些词。这样能够大概理解此句讲的是网球选手Goran害怕某种service, 通过上下文大致可得知这是指网球运动中的一个动作(比如发球、扣球等)。其实，service就是“发球”的意思。从形容词straight可知Stichs发球的特点，而且他是最难预测的一个。这样一来就可以很好地把握文章内容了。

五、根据对比关系猜测词义

在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。例如：Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. Gregarious, 对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中单词unlike可以提示我们Gregarious和后面的词unsociable person是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出意为Gregarious是“爱交际的”。

六、根据常识性线索猜测题义

这是指根据篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识来猜测词义。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The cat came quickly through the grass towards the birds ,when it was just a few from the feet from the victim, it gather its legs under itself and pounced.如果pounce 是生词。推测该词我们可以凭借我们的常识，我们知道当猫看到鸟时，通常它会先把爪子收起来，然后再突然向小鸟发起进攻。由此可以推断pounce一词的意思是“突然攻击”。

再如It's really cold out tonight. My hands are practically numb. 根据生活经验，天气寒冷时，手肯定是numb “冻僵的，冻得麻木的”。

七、利用构词法猜测词义

此法包括利用前、后缀及合成词猜测词义。

7.1前、后缀猜测词义

英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多，且特定的“缀”往往表示特定的含义，把握住这一点，可起到“以不变应万变”的效果。例如He had been overworking and fell ill at last. overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成，over有“超过，过于”之意，overwork意思是“工作过多，劳累过度”。再如，overburden负担过重，overcharge要价过高，overdo做得过分。英语中常用的前缀还有：mis-错，误：misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当mid-中央：midnight半夜;midway半路under-低于：underdone半生不熟的;underestimate 低估;anti-反对：antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂。还有一些后缀派生词：例如1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志); 2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志，再如realize, modernize)。

7.2利用合成词猜测词义

Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun. 根据短语构成及上下文意思看，此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词“爆发”)，set out-outset(名词“起始”)，come in-income(名词“收入”)。

托福阅读常见错误选项大汇总

一、编造事实

这类选项其内容在原文中并没有提到，也不能从原文中推断出来，它们往往将原文中的信息和原文中没有的信息糅合在一起来迷惑考生，或者通过改动文中的关键语句使选项与原文信息大相径庭，形成陷阱。例如：

A. ccording to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings? (备考指导3-Architecture)

A. Because new building materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed very little from past generations.

B. The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures that may be built.

C. The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.

D. Architects in earlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.

这道题中的D选项就犯了编造事实的错误。原文中的相关信息是“In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.”，说的是早期的建筑材料种类少，只有木材、石头和砖块等，并没有说数量上是否充足，因此D选项是错误的。

二、改变范围

这类选项其内容和原文内容在范围上是不一致的。它们往往将原文内容的范围随意扩大或缩小，即以偏概全或者以一般代替个别，从而形成陷阱。例如：

8. All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater EXCEPT(练习题1-The Origins of Theater)

A. Theater allows people to face that they are afraid of.

B. Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.

C. Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.

D. Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.

这道题中D选项在原文中的相关信息是“The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.” 意思是：“所以，戏剧成为了一种帮助人们认识和理解这个世界，或是帮助人们逃避不满现实的工具。”文中说的是“understand their world”，但D选项则把范围缩小成了“understand the human mind”，因此这道题的答案就是D选项(注意这道题是一个“Except”题)。

三、偏离题意

这类选项往往是不符合题干的，也就是我们所说的“答非所问”。它们很有可能就是原文的内容或者可以从原文中推断出来，其本身是正确的，所以具有很大的干扰性。如果考生审题不认真，就很容易误选。例如：

According to paragraph 6, what is the main disadvantage of the proposed plans to transport river water to the High Plains?(练习题3-Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer)

A. The rivers cannot supply sufficient water for the farmer’s needs.

B. Increased irrigation costs would make the products too expensive.

C. The costs of using capillary water for irrigation will increase.

D. Farmers will be forced to switch to genetically engineered crops.

根据题干中的 “disadvantage”和“transport river water”定位到原文中的“Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international mark.” 意思是：“不幸的是，通过以上任何一种方式(通过运河或管道输送河水)获得水资源都会将抽水的成本提高10倍以上，进而导致这一地区的灌溉农产品成本在国内和国际市场上失去竞争力。”可见解决成本问题是从河流引水这样的解决方案的关键所在，灌溉成本增加导致农产品在国内及国际市场上的竞争力下降。C选项提到了灌溉成本，但题干说的是引入河水的解决方案的缺陷，因此C选项是不正确的。

老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE 21

篇9：老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE16

老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE 16

The first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the “winged lizards.” The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.

Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason — in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings

(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx

(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds

2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?

(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.

(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.

(D) They required fingers of equal length.

3. The word “literally” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) creating

(B) meaning

(D) simplified

4. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies

(A) in the early Triassic period

(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs

(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.

5. The author mentions airplanes in line 8 in order to

(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs

(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines

(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils

6. The word “They” in line 10 refers to

(A) powerful muscles

(B) bodies

(D) flying reptiles

7. According to the passage , pterosaurs were probably “not skillful fliers” (lines 10-11) because

(A) of their limited wingspan

(B) of their disproportionately large bodies

(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power

8. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from

(A) a similarity in body structure to pterosaurs

(B) an evolution from pterosaurs

(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs

9. The word “classified” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) perfected

(B) replaced

(D) protected

10. Which of the following helped researchers determine that Archaeopteryx was not a dinosaur?

(A) Its tail

(B) Its teeth

(D) Details of its bone structure

11. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?

(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.

(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.

(D) It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was apowerful dinosaur.

正确答案：DBBCA DCDCDA

托福阅读的实用技巧整理

首先，无论什么技巧都必须要有基本的单词量做基础。没人喜欢背单词，但是只有有足够的单词量才能应对托福阅读中的各种层出不穷的问题。用的是谁的单词书其实没有多大分别，你只要认认真真的把一本单词书背个70%，那也就差不多了，托福阅读的主要考察对象不是单词，只是透过单词来表达一种意思，只要你能猜出来这种意思并且在这个基础上把题答对，那么，对少单词都不是问题。

其次，对于难句长句的理解。还是要明白大意就好，但是要能够根据大意准确定位找到答案。大家可以专门找些难句和长句来进行有针对性的练习。把那些句子反复读，反复看，看上十几遍，觉得很通顺、觉得句子写得很好自己以后也要这么写了才算好。速度慢不是问题，但是坚持下来，大家对难句和长句的理解能力就好冥想提高。

再次，大家在专门练习托福阅读题的时候，还是多看看OG，OG是非常有指向性的，而且那上面说的一些小技巧还是不错的。Delta上的题目要难一些，主要是有一些题目需要考生进行引申、做一些文学上的理解，当然这些在托福中是不会出现的。所以做题的时候不要想得太复杂，第一感觉是什么就选什么，很有效。

托福阅读词汇的积累练习

mores 风俗，习惯

submit 屈从;提交;主张，认为

backfire 产生反效果;逆火

speculate 推测;思索;投机(venture)

wield 行使(权利);挥舞(宝剑)

recreation 再创造; 消遣，娱乐

peer 同等人，同辈人;凝视

project 预测;凸出;投掷，发射;计划

mitigate减轻，缓和