雅思阅读同义替换考点之死穴分析(（共5篇））由网友“狂妄自哒”投稿提供，以下是小编为大家准备了雅思阅读同义替换考点之死穴分析，欢迎参阅。
篇1：雅思阅读同义替换考点之死穴分析
雅思阅读同义替换考点之死穴分析
首先，我们来看一道雅思阅读判断题，选自C5-P42-Q13 Bakelite was only available in a limited range of colours.本题定位原文最后一段难度不大，但很多同学把最后一段看了一遍又一遍，还是没有结果。大家也不妨试一下。原文如下:
Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion - 'the material of a thousand uses,. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre-plastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors' marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.
实际上，此题就运用了雅思阅读同义替换之上义词替换下义词这一伎俩。我们可以通过colours 定位到原文这样的信息‘ no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre-plastic era’。也就是将colours替换了文中大部分学员比较熟悉browns。由于看出limit与restrict的替换难度并不大，那么此题与原文中no longer矛盾，选FALSE也就很轻松了。
其实，不仅仅是判断题，在雅思阅读填空题中的应用也让不少学员尝到很多苦头。我们再看一个例子，选自C6-P29-Q40 ........... produce is particularly expensive. 此题在原文中的定位难度也不大，很多学员都定位了如下的原文内容。
Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around ?7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat.
但是，具体答案定位哪一句，很多同学犯了难，原文中根本就没有与答案最为密切的produce。我们再仔细分析一下，原来题干中的produce (农产品)可以替换原文中meat，答案也就是imported了。在这里，我只能说不熟悉这种命题思路的烤鸭被害惨了。
其实，相比以上两种题型，上义词与下义词在雅思阅读段落信息配对题的出现频率更高。比如，C9-P93-Q18：
reference to a possible link between culture and a particular form of behaviour, 其中‘a particular form of behaviour’替换了原文H段的‘a struggle over toy’, 再比如C9-P43-Q5： a list of medical conditions which place some children more at risk from noise than others，其中‘medical conditions’替换了原文D段的 ‘hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit disorders (ADD/ADHD)’。
我们发现，题干中的名词可能会作为上义词来考查，回原文定位时需要留意该词的具体化概念，并谨记‘题上文下’的雅思阅读同义替换原则。
雅思分类词汇：教育
instruction, education 教育
culture 文化
primary education 初等教育
secondary education 中等教育
higher education 高等教育
the three R's 读、写、算
school year 学年
term, trimester 学季
semester 学期
school day 教学日
school holidays 假期
curriculum 课程
subject 学科
discipline 纪律
timetable 课程表
class, lesson 课
homework 家庭作业
exercise 练习
dictation 听写
spelling mistake 拼写错误
(short) course 短训班
seminar 研讨班
playtime, break 课间,休息
to play truant, to play hooky 逃学,旷课
course (of study) 学业
student body 学生(总称)
classmate, schoolmate 同学
pupil 小学生
student 大学生
schoolboy 男生
schoolgirl 女生
auditor 旁听生
swot, grind 用功的学生
old boy 老生
grant, scholarship, fellowship 奖学金
holder of a grant, scholar, fellow 奖学金获得者
school uniform 校服
teaching staff 教育工作者(总称)
teachers 教师(总称)
primary school teacher 小学老师
teacher lecturer 大学老师
professor 教授
schooling 教授,授课
assistant 助教
headmaster 校长 (女性为:headmistress)
deputy headmaster, deputy head 副校长
rector 校长
dean 教务长
laboratory assistant, lab assistant 实验员
beadle, porter 门房,学校工友
games master, gym teacher, gym instructor 体育教师
private tutor 私人教师,家庭教师
pedagogue 文学教师(蔑称)
of school age 教龄
beginning of term 开学
matriculation 注册
to enroll, to enroll 予以注册
to take lessons (学生)上课
to teach (老师)上课
to study 学习
to learn by heart 记住,掌握
to revise, to go over 复习
test 考试
to test 考试
to take an examination, to sit an examination, to do an examination 参加考试
convocation notice 考试通知
examiner 考试者
board of examiners 考试团
examination oral, written examination 口试,笔试
question 问题
question paper 试卷
crib 夹带 (美作:trot)
to pass an examination (或exam), 通过考试
pass, passing grade 升级
prizegiving 分配奖品
to fall an examination 未通过考试
failure 未考好
to repeat a year 留级
degree 学位
graduate 毕业生
to graduate 毕业
project, thesis 毕业论文
General Certificate of Education 中学毕业证书 (美作:high school diploma)
holder of the General Certificate of Education 中学毕业生 (美作:holder of a high school diploma)
doctorate 博士学位
doctor 博士
competitive examination 答辩考试
Chinese 语文
English 英语
Japanese 日语
mathematics 数学
science 理科
gymnastics 体育
history 历史
algebra 代数
geometry 几何
geography 地理
biology 生物
chemistry 化学
physics 物理
physical geography 地球物理
literature 文学
sociology 社会学
psycology 心理学
philosophy 哲学
engineering 工程学
mechanical engineering 机械工程学
electronic engineering 电子工程学
medicine 医学
social science 社会科学
agriculture 农学
astronomy 天文学
economics 经济学
politics 政治学
commercial science 商学
biochemistry 生物化学
anthropology 人类学
linguistics 语言学
accounting 会计学
law, jurisprdence 法学
banking 银行学
metallurgy 冶金学
finance 财政学
mass-communication 大众传播学
journalism 新闻学
atomic energy 原子能学
civil engineering 土木工程
architecture 建筑学
chemical, engineering 化学工程
accounting and statisics 会计统计
business administration 工商管理
library 图书馆学
diplomacy 外交
foreign language 外文
botany 植物
major 主修
minor 辅修
school 学校
kindergarten 幼儿园
infant school 幼儿学校
primary school, junior school 小学
secondary school 中学
high school, secondary school 专科学校
business school 商业学校
technical school 工业学校
technical college 专科学校
(university) campus 大学
university 大学
boarding school 供膳宿的学校
day school 日校,无宿舍学校,走读学校
day student who has lunch at school 提供午餐的走读学生
academy 专科学院
faculty 系
hall of residence 学校公寓
classroom 教室
lecture theatre 阅览室 (美作:lecture theater)
amphitheatre 阶梯教室 (美作:amphitheater)
staff room 教研室
headmaster's study, headmaster's office 校长办公室
(assembly) hall 礼堂
library 图书馆
playground 操场
desk 课桌
blackboard 黑板
(a piece of) chalk 粉笔
slate pencil 石板笔
wall map 挂图
skeleton map 轮廓图,示意图
globe 地球仪
text book 课本
dictionary 词典
encyclopedia 百科全书
atlas 地图集
satchel 书包
exercise book 练习本
rough not book 草稿本 (美作:scribbling pad)
blotting paper 吸墨纸
tracing paper 描图纸
squared paper, graph paper 坐标纸
(fountain) pen 自来水笔
biro, ballpoint (pen) 圆珠笔
pencil 铅笔
propelling pencil 自动铅笔
pencil sharpener 铅笔刀,转笔刀
ink 墨水
inkwell 墨水池
rubber, eraser 橡皮
ruler, rule 尺
slide rule 计算尺
set square 三角板
protractor 量角器
compass, pair of compasses 圆规
雅思分类词汇：蔬菜名称
tomato 番茄,西红柿
asparagus 芦笋
cucumber 黄瓜
aubergine, eggplant 茄子
bean 菜豆
beet, beetroot 甜菜
pepper 胡椒
pimiento 甜椒
potato 马铃薯
carrot 胡萝卜
cauliflower 菜花,花椰菜
pumpkin 西葫芦
broad bean 蚕豆
cabbage 圆白菜,卷心菜
chilli 辣椒
garlic 蒜
chive 葱
fennel 茴香
cos lettuce 莴苣
marrow 嫩葫芦
melon 香瓜,甜瓜
mushroom, celery 芹菜
onion 韭
leek 韭菜
radish 萝卜
tarragon 狭叶青蒿
thyme 百里香
mushroom 蘑菇
artichoke 洋蓟
broccoli, brocoli 硬花甘蓝
Brussels sprouts 芽甘蓝
caper 刺山柑,老鼠瓜
cardoon 刺菜蓟
chervil 雪维菜,细叶芹
chick-pea 鹰嘴豆
chicory 苣荬菜
cress 水田芥
cumin, cummin 孜然芹,枯茗
dandelion 蒲公英
French bean 法国菜豆
gherkin 嫩黄瓜
horseradish 辣根
Jerusalem artichoke 洋姜,鬼子姜
kale 无头甘蓝
kohlrabi 甘蓝
laurel 月桂
lentil 兵豆
lettuce 莴苣
lupin 羽扇豆 (美作:lupine)
parsley 欧芹
parsnip 欧防风
pea 豌豆
rhubarb 大黄
salsify 婆罗门参
sorrel 掌叶大黄
truffle 块菌
turnip 芜菁
watercress 豆瓣菜
篇2：雅思阅读新思路之定位+同义替换
雅思阅读新思路--定位+同义替换
在雅思培训中，阅读老师基本上宣称讲的都是“做题技巧”，而阅读方法技能本身讲的很少。因为讲做题技巧最有针对性，学生来听课的主要目的也是希望知道怎么做题，因此大部分老师都在分析总结各种题型的解题特点，解题规律等。但是，笔者发现有一个突出的事实就是，一般教师授课太注重题目的特征，很多做题技巧就难免有牵强附会之嫌。而忽视了剑桥雅思阅读考试的本质特征：英语原版文章，词汇量大，学术性和“反投机”(即尽可能防止考生在读不懂文章的情况小，蒙对答案)。特别是因为“反投机”机制的存在，如果教师自己都没有概念，那么你的解题技巧说不定就把你的雅思培训学生送上了“歧途”。因为你的所谓“技巧”恰恰就是雅思阅读考试题目“革命”的对象，学生也就刚刚好成了牺牲品。多年的教学经验告诉我，有些题目是不能纯粹靠做题技巧来解决的，必须结合一定的阅读技能(比如，单词理解，长难句)才能顺利解出。而且，雅思阅读题型有10种之多，这么多纷繁复杂的题型似乎又各自有着自己的一些解题技巧和解题步骤，在考试时一篇文章后面往往会有几种题型，而考生需要记清不同的解题方法会显得力不从心，手忙脚乱。本文单纯从揣测剑桥雅思的出题意图的角度，来讨论一下雅思阅读和其他英语考试阅读在解题上方法的差异……
一.剑桥雅思考试阅读考题中的替换
在几乎所有的英语阅读理解类的考试中，由于阅读文章原文所提供的信息要远远大于题目所考察的信息，所以英语阅读考试有一个非常关键的技巧就是，利用“信号词”或“定位词”在原文中的重现去定位(“Pin down”)所考察的细节，这个过程就是英语阅读理解考试解题中的“定位法”。
但是，很多第一次甚至部分多次参加雅思考试的考生都发现一个奇怪的现象：利用以往国内四六级英语考试的定位方法时，在原文根本找不到你要的那个单词或者考题的信息点，也就浪费大量的时间，最终解题还是要靠感觉去瞎蒙。而按照自己的常识来蒙答案，又往往猜错答案?那么是什么地方出了问题呢?
其实，雅思阅读考试的阅读文章相对于大学英语四六级甚至于托福考试阅读都有一个难度的提升，那就是：在IELTS阅读考试中，替换是出题者经常使用的一个原则。这种替换出现，造成在题干中的关键词和关键词组不会在原文中直接出现，而是用同义或近义的表达替换出现。
我们可以用一个示意图来表示
1. 大学英语四六级(CET)考试
题干中单词“AAA” 原文中单词还是“AAA”
其中AAA是一个普通词汇，大部分考生都认识;
2. 托福(TOEFL)，BEC考试
题干中单词“BBB” 原文中单词还是“BBB”
其中BBB是一个难度较大的词汇，小部分考生不认识;
3. 剑桥雅思(IELTS)考试
题干中单词“BBB” 原文中单词替换为“CCC”
其中BBB和CCC都是难度词汇，大部分考生都不认识;
通过示意图，我们可以看出，雅思阅读考试是三类英语考试中一般型“定位法”使用难度最大的考试。通俗的讲“考生在剑桥雅思阅读考试中，原文和题干中的单词没有办法联系到一起。
下面，我们通过结合剑桥雅思系列的教材中的实例，来讲解剑桥雅思阅读真题中的这些替换：
例子1：《剑桥雅思4》 第44页Question1-4 (雅思全真考题)
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the world. This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1……... But in today's world, factors such as government initiatives and 2……... are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered language do not die out completely is people's increasing appreciation of their 3……...
…………………
在《剑桥雅思4 》第42页(第3自然段第1行)原文中有这么一句话对应的是 第1个填空题的原文：“Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is pepped with languages spoken by only a few people…………..” 。很显然，用来编撰summary题目题干的句子已经在原文上进行了大量的替换而改成“This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1(……...)”，进一步认识这种替换，我们可以总结：
第一， 原文中的linguistic diversity被替换成题干中的 variety of languages;很多雅思考生可能都不认识linguistic的意思是“语言的, 语言学的, 语言研究的”的意思;而diversity和variety 的替换也是英语中常用的，只是大家平时没有注意积累罢了;
第二， 剑桥雅思原文中根本就没有出现用于解题最重要的指示词“geographical”，因为按照常识，只要找到“geographical”，这个词，就能在原文中找到出处，它的后面那个名词就是答案。事实上，这里的剑桥雅思阅读原文却没有让考生轻松(原文里根本就没有“geographical”)，这一点也让很多习惯传统的四六级，托福阅读考题的考生“崩溃”。
第三， 细心的考生还会发现，原文和题干在句子的结构顺序页几乎是颠倒的，先看题干：“This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1(……...)” 根据语法和句子结构，我们要找的答案，应该是一个名词，“geographical(……...)” 它应该是作为“great variety of languages”的原因状语 “as a result of ”等同于“ because of ”。但是原文中的句子“(geographical)Isolation breeds linguistic diversity”很明显，原文中的“isolation” 却是句子的主语，而使用一个 谓语“breeds” 原意是“交配; 繁殖, 饲养”在这里也是 “产生”的意思。巧妙的避免的一个简单的“because of”来提示“因果关系”，从而增加解题难度。
综上所述，我们可以看出，本题的答案就是“isolation”。 当然同样的替换还出现在第3题，原文(《剑桥雅思4 》第43页(第3自然段末行) 使用的“......a growing interest in cultural identity……”在题干中替换成为“……people's increasing appreciation of their (cultural identity)……” 其中“growing= increasing”和“interest in = appreciation of”
我们再看一个例子
例子2 《剑桥雅思5》 第27页Question34 (雅思全真考题)
这是一道选择题：
34 The writer quotes from the Worldwide Fund for Nature to illustrate how
A influential the mass media can be 、
B effective environmental groups can be
C the mass media can help groups raise funds
D environmental groups can exaggerate their claims
这道题是问文章引用“Worldwide Fund for Nature”是为了illustrate(举例说明)什么。也就是说出题人的考察目的是希望我们能在原文中读出作者使用这个quote是为了说明什么观点。一般的同学很容易选择出定位词：肯定是大写的Worldwide Fund for Nature。根据这个定位词我们很快可以定位到文章的第五段当中的这句话(《剑桥雅思5》第24页(第5自然段第3行)) “In , for example, the Worldwide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: “Two thirds of the world’s forests lost forever.” The truth turns out to be nearer 20%。”
我们定位到的这句话是这个引用(quote)本身，其实也就是例证。原文这句话中的for example(提示举例的连接词)就告诉了我们这个例子是为了说明前面某一个观点。所以原文中往for example前一扫发现这么一句话：“Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments。”再和选项匹配一下，我们就能发现这句话就是D选项的一个同义替换转述：they 当然就是上文中提到的environmental groups，overstate就是题干中exaggerate ((使)扩大, (使)增加) 的替换，而arguments就是题干中的claims。因此答案为D。当然，做过这个考题的考生心中一般会有两个疑问?为什么真正考察出答案的句子却不是那个例子“In 1997, for example, the Worldwide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: “Two thirds of the world’s forests lost forever.” The truth turns out to be nearer 20%。”?第二个问题是，为什么答案在本段原文的第三句话“Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments。”而不是前面两句话“Secondly，environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money rolling in”因为大量的考生就是读了这么几句错选了答案A或者C。其实，在我的课堂上已经给出了剑桥雅思阅读出题的另一个原则，希望能在以后的文章与大家分享……
二.传统定位法和新主动替换定位法
剑桥雅思阅读出题者为了防止题目变得容易，已经在出题上做出了“令人发指”的替换和隐藏，而且迷惑选项编的比正确选项更像“答案”。有鉴于此，我来介绍一种适用于剑桥雅思阅读的改进的定位方法----主动替换定位法。为了区分传统的定位法，我们来看流程图：
A.传统的定位法流程：
步骤1在题干中选择定位词如“geographical”，“Worldwide Fund for Nature”步骤2到原文中去浏览寻找定位词的出现的原文句子步骤3阅读原文句子结合题干解题得出答案
这种传统的定位法在雅思阅读考试中，显然对于很多像我刚刚举例的考题那样是完全无效的，比如第一个例子，原文中就没有出现过“geographical” 这个英文单词。第二个例子，你找到了“overstate”如果不知到“exaggerate”就是它的同义词，也是功亏一篑。
B.主动替换定位法流程
步骤1仔细研究题干中的单词和句子结构，选择定位词(多个名词)步骤2对于原来题干中的词，多想想它们经常会替换成哪些词?步骤3到原文中去浏览寻找定位词和它们的替换词的出现的原文句子
辅助步骤5：发现有题干和原文经典的替换的地方，那就是答案步骤4 阅读原文句子结合题干解题得出答案(特别留心词语替换关系)
从流程示意图可以看出，主动替换定位法是针对剑桥雅思出题“死穴”的一种阅读方法，不仅快速而且可以从本质上排除干扰，准确地判断出正确答案。譬如，《剑桥雅思4》 第44页Question 2定位词不仅要选“language variety” 还要事先做一个替换(步骤2)把“linguistic”和“diversity” 选作定位词，这些真实考试中，都要有所考虑。
同样是 《剑桥雅思5》 第27页Question34这一道选择题，新的主动替换定位法，我们找到了“Worldwide Fund for Nature”所在的句子，在解题中，我们困惑到底是选A，B还是C时，扫描选项，我们按照替换的法则 选项A 中“influential”-“有影响力的”的替换词在原文没有出现，而C答案中的“exaggerate”就是原文中的“overstate”，因此更加确定地选择答案 D。
三.主动替换定位法的替换如何准备
最后，雅思考生也许会问，那我怎么知道剑桥雅思考试的替换词有哪些?比如，我知道单词“language” 但我不知道它的替换词是“linguistic”，那怎么办?这个问题要回答，就指向了一个根本的答案：“任何技巧和方法都是建立在英语语言能力提高的基础上的，“linguistic同义language”，“variety同义diversity” 还有 “interest 尽然和appreciation凑成一对”，对于词汇量普遍只有3000-5000的一般中国考生而言，可能是难度不小，完全没有概念。但是一旦你的英语词汇量达到8000甚至更多，你会发现，这些同义替换不过就是“常识”。
现在，好在我们专业的雅思培训教师为大家准备了剑桥雅思常用的词汇替换列表，考生只需要熟读记忆这些替换关系，应对雅思考试是游刃有余了;同时也提高了自己的词汇量，雅思考试写作文时也不会用词单一，岂不美哉?
附表1 常见的词语替换类型：
1. 同义词替换。如 scientist 和 researcher 之间的替换，disadvantage 和 drawback 的替换，sign和indication的替换。
2. 同义词组的替换。如：keep to oneself 替换 be not friendly
3. 主动与被动的替换。The passengers were rescued by boats and pleasure-craft 替换 Boats and pleasure-craft came to rescue the passengers.
4. 加减关系的替换。如，原文为 The bottles made in most places contain about three-quarters new glass and the rest is recycled.
附表2 剑桥雅思4-6阅读常见用词替换情形
剑桥雅思456阅读真题中的非典型词语替换关系
1. Aesthetic=beautiful
2.Rigid = not yielding
3.Legitimate= have right to
4.long term=chronic
5.Recognize = identify
6. Ethical=Moral
7.Better=Improve
8. first=initial=primary
9.Important=worthy trying=significant=essential
10. Feasible=practical
Reflect=feature=represent11. Almost certainly=little doubt
12. plenty of=considerable=significant amount of
13. Modification=change=alteration=adjust
14. Susceptible=allergic predisposed vulnerable
15. mistaken=misconception=confusion=misunderstanding
16. have yet to determine =yet not known
17. release stress/tension= (psychic tension is) punctured
18. Diversity=variety
19. accompanying=with
20. Interest (for borrowing)=slightly more money
21. People=mortal=human=mankind
22. Live=residence=inhabitant附表3雅思阅读典型词语替换428组表
2.阅读题（填空，判断，标题等）词汇替换秘籍- 题干/原文考查的单词 正确的选项 词性 中文含义 1. abundant plentiful a. 大量的 2. accelerate increase v. 加速；加大 3. accessible available a. 可用的 4. account explain v. 解释；说明 5. account for explain v. 解释，说明 6. accumulate collect v. 聚集 7. adhere stick v. 黏附；胶着 8. adjunct addition n. 附加物 9. administered managed v. 管理 10.adorn decorate v. 装饰 11.adversely negatively ad. 不利地；有害地 12.advocate proponent n. 倡导者；辩护者 13.aesthetically artistically ad. 审美地；美学地 14.aided helped v. 帮助 15.alert wary a. 机敏的 16.alter change v. 改变；调整 17.alternative option n. 替代；替代物 18.altogether completely ad. 完全地 19.ancillary secondary a. 附属的；辅助的 20.annihilate conquer v. 消灭；征服 21.antagonist enemy n. 对手；敌人 22.antecedent predecessor n. 先辈 23.anticipate look forward to v. 期待；盼望 24.appealing attractive a. 吸引人的 25.apply used for v. 应用；适用 26.appreciated recognized v. 赏识 27.arduous difficult a. 艰巨的；艰苦的 28.article object n. 物品，物体 29.ascend climb v. 攀升；升高 30.assemble gather v. 装配；组合
因篇幅限制，本文列举其中30组替换
雅思阅读全真练习系列：How a Frenchman is reviving McDonald's in Europe
How a Frenchman is reviving McDonald's in Europe
A. When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald's in January , the world's biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia, but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining. One exception was France, where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group's French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti-globalisers' favourite enemy operates.
B. So far Mr Hennequin is doing well. Last year European sales increased by 5.8% and the number of customers by 3.4%, the best annual results in nearly 15 years. Europe accounted for 36% of the group's profits and for 28% of its sales. December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain, and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly.
C Mr Hennequin's recipe for revival is to be more open about his company's operations, to be “locally relevant”, and to improve the experience of visiting his 6,400 restaurants. McDonald's is blamed for making people fat, exploiting workers, treating animals cruelly, polluting the environment and simply for being American. Mr Hennequin says he wants to engage in a dialogue with the public to address these concerns.
D. He introduced “open door” visitor days in each country which became hugely popular. In Poland alone some 50,000 visitors came to McDonald's through the visitors' programme last year. The Nutrition Information Initiative, launched last year, put detailed labels on McDonald's packaging with data on calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates and salt content. The details are also printed on tray-liners.
E. Mr Hennequin also wants people to know that “McJobs”, the low-paid menial jobs at McDonald's restaurants, are much better than people think. But some of his efforts have backfired: last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport” that allows McDonald's employees to work anywhere in the European Union. Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheap labour from eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald's managers across the continent.
F. To stay in touch with local needs and preferences, McDonald's employs local bosses as much as possible. A Russian is running McDonald's in Russia, though a Serb is in charge of Germany. The group buys mainly from local suppliers. Four-fifths of its supplies in France come from local farmers, for example. (Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in the late 1990s subsequently discovered that it was, in fact, buying their produce.) And it hires celebrities such as Heidi Klum, a German model, as local brand ambassadors.
G. In his previous job Mr Hennequin established a “design studio” in France to spruce up his company's drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local tastes. The studio is now masterminding improvements everywhere in Europe. He also set up a “food studio”, where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends.
H. Given France's reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe, it seems odd that McDonald's revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman, using ideas cooked up in the French market. But France is in fact the company's most profitable market after America. The market where McDonald's is weakest in Europe is not France, but Britain.
I. “Fixing Britain should be his priority,” says David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS. Almost two-thirds of the 1,214 McDonald's restaurants in Britain are company-owned, compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America. The company suffers from the volatility of sales at its own restaurants, but can rely on steady income from franchisees. So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible, says Mr Palmer.
J. M.Mark Wiltamuth, an analyst at Morgan Stanley, estimates that European company-owned restaurants' margins will increase slightly to 16.4% in . This is still less than in the late 1990s and below America's 18-19% today. But it is much better than before Mr Hennequin's reign. He is already being tipped as the first European candidate for the group's top job in Illinois. Nobody would call that a McJob.
Questions 1-6 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
TRUE if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1. McDonald was showing the sign of recovery in all European countries except France after Denis Hennequin took office as the boss of Euro-markets.
2. Starting from last year, detailed labels are put on McDonald’s packaging and detailed information is also printed on tray-liners.
3. France is said to be the most anti-American country in Europe, but the ideas of the “open door” visiting days and “McPassport” are invented in the French market.
4. Britain possesses the weakest McDonald market among European countries and approximately 1214 McDonald’s restaurants are company-owned.
5. According to David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS, David Hennequin should treat the problem about McDonald in Britain as the most important thing.
6. David Palmer suggested that the management of McDonalod in Italy should sell as many its outlets which lose money in business as possible for revival.
Questions 7-10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-10 on your answe sheet.
7. The word “sterling” in line 3 of Paragraph A means__________.
A. difficult
B. menial
C. terrible
D. excellent
8. Which of the following statements on the accusation of MacDonald is NOT TRUE?
A. It tends to make people fat.
B. Its operations are very vague.
C. It tends to exploit workers.
D. It tends to treat animals cruelly.
9. Which of the following measures taken by Denis Hennequin produced undesired result?
A. “Food Studio” scheme.
B. “Open Door” visitor days.
C. The “McPassport” scheme.
D. The Nutrition Information Initiative.
10. What did Denis Hennequin do so as to respond to local trends?
A. set up a “Food Studio” .
B. established a “Design Studio”.
C. hired celebrities as local brand ambassadors.
D. employed local bosses as much as possible.
Questions 11-14 Complete each of the following statements (Questions 11-14) with words or number taken from Reading Passage 1.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
11. After January 2004, McDonald was making improvement following a period of slump in America and Australia, but sales in Europe were ………………………….
12. Business of McDonald in France and Britain was particularly good in December since customers took to ……………………………..
13. Compared with other countries, France is McDonald’s ………………………. next to America.
14. ……………………. of McDonald’s restaurants in America are companied–owned and the figure is much lower than that in Britain.
篇3：浅析考研英语阅读之同义替换
浅析考研英语阅读之同义替换
随着炎炎夏日的到来, 同学们的复习进度也正在进行的如火如荼。在英语阅读块面，仔细阅读考研文章之后, 再来看题目和选项, 相比很多同学都已经发现一个共性，那就是：同义替换。很多题目和选项都或多或少的与原文里的句子有些不大一样，但是意思却基本相同。下面考研英语教研室仇永香老师就文中里出现的同义替换简要跟大家来分享下，希望在以后的阅读过程中注意此类选项和原文做对比, 以提高做题效率。
Text1 是一篇讲述如何在对话中有效使用幽默的文章
1. ：To make your humor work, you should ________.
答案C：address different problems to different people
定位原文：Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.
答题要点：既然是细节题,并且出现在第一道,那么应该正确答案理应出现在文章前面段落,并且很可能就是第一段.正确选项和原文之间并非出现词汇的同义替换, 而是换了句型.
2：The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.
正确答案B：very conscious of their godlike role
原文复现：“Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that's God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor.”
答题要点：这个题目难度较大, 但是解本题的时候, 除了找到此同义替换局外, 还有一点是关键的, 那就是这个例子出现的背景, 那就是护士对医生有着一致的'看法和观点, 并且绝对不是一种好的评价, 所以才会拿来开玩笑. 所以再结合原文, 应该推断, B为正确选项.说明医生很在乎自己上帝般的角色God再次出现。
3： It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.
正确答案D：have often been the laughing stock
原文定位：You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.
答题要点：the Post Office or the telephone system与public services属于上下义的关系，因此一定程度上属于同义替换, 并且laughing stock与scapegoats如果仔细看这段文字的话, 也会发现, 其实就是同义的表达而已.
4：To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.
答案D：as casually as possible
原文定位：If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.
答题要点：先定位, 然后再来分析发现原文中nature, casual, off-the-cuff，relaxed, unforced全都是答案中casually的同义词, 如此之多, 完全可以判定正确选项D
Text 2
1: Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.
正确答案C：the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
原文定位：Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.
解题要点：本题的难度较小, 很容易辨析, 在原文与选项的对比之后发现tools 再次出现，difficult, dangerous是dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty的同义替换, 也就是换个方式把原文的意思重新表达一次, 很明显为正确选项.
2: The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ________.
正确答案C：devices
原文定位：As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.
解题要点：从题型来看, 这属于典型的词汇题, 而词汇题的做题关键则是在原文的上下文中找出相应的近义词, 同义词和反义词之类, 也可以使同义表达.从后面定语从句来看，重点是remove human labor. 再从后面的几个例子中，factory, banking, subway train几个东西都是工具，得出答案。
3：题：According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can __
正确答案D：respond independently to a changing world
原文定位：“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”
答题要点：reliably interact with a dynamic world是文章中的respond independently to a changing world同义转化，并且题目中也有类似的同义替换, 如beyond man’s ability 等同于原文中的 can not yet give…
4：Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.
正确答案B：deal with some errors with human intervention
原文定位：But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves ― goals that pose a real challenge….while we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error…
答题要点：同义替换, with human intervention替换了文中with less human supervision.
比其他一些题目更难的地方在于, 这句话无论是原文还是正确选项都有个前提, 所以必须考虑进来, 如果不考虑前提, 很有可能出现断章取义, 导致错选了A, make a few decision for themselves.
篇4：雅思阅读同义替换4个套路学习一下
雅思阅读同义替换1：小词和大词(词的变体)
其实第一种就是一个形象的小栗子，Apples and other fruits常见的变体是fruits，such as/including apples.
比如剑11中的一个填空题：
题目：20th century: …………and other manmade fibres cause decline in silk production
我们同种明显定位词20th century定位到出题句
原文：Then in the twentieth century, new manmade fibres, such as nylon, started to be used.
此时不用把句子看全，便知道所填的空是nylon，因为题目中的…… and other manmade fibres经常变成的形式为manmade fibres，such as……，所以一目了然。
再来看最新的剑12 上的一道题目：
题目：Activity in this part of the brain is associated with the expectation of ‘reward’ stimuli such as ……..
同样这道题目也是有明显定位词‘reward’，定位到即出答案，原文句子如下：
原文：What is rather more significant is the finding that the dopamine neurons in the caudate—a region of the brain involved in learning stimulus-response associations, and in anticipating food and other ‘reward’ stimuli—were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants’ favorite moments in the music.
怎么会有那么长的句子?关键好多词汇不认识neuron?stimulus? caudate?……Take it easy，不要着急，利用咱刚才讲的形式，只看形式不看意思，重点看的内容是food and other ‘reward’ stimuli，所以呢，答案为food，是不是很简单呢?此时，有木有感觉整个宇宙都是你的?
雅思阅读同义替换2：比较级
题目中常出现的最高级，特别要引起注意，而且要期待文章中会出现比较级形式，二者进行同替(最高级替换比较级!)，且看下例：
题目：The most probable development is that food will be grown on ………. in towns and cities.
高度警惕，因为此处有最高级最高级最高级，where is 比较级，文中出题句：原文：While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in the future, most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available on urban rooftops.
看到possible不要着急填空，虽然possible 的确相当于题目中的probable，但是题目中是most probable，所以对应后面提到的比较级far more likely。一个栗子哪过瘾，再来一个。
One of the easiest qualities to acquire is ………..
非常简单的题干，可以根据quality定位，但是也万万不能忽略最高级，文中的出现qualifies的地方有很多，是哪一处呢?
第一处Positive psychologists have identified 24 qualities we admire, such as loyalty and kindness, and are studying them to find out why they come so naturally so some people.
第二处What they’re discovering is that many of these qualities amount to habitual behavior that determines the way we respond to the world.
第三处Some qualities are less challenging to develop than others, optimism is one of them.
很显然，第三处才是正确的定位处，答案为optimism。
掌握了这些，就算有不认识的词也不用害怕了呢，此时考的是眼神好嘛!
篇5：雅思阅读同义替换4个套路学习一下
话说，这一部分就得看各位的眼力了，观察要仔细。
a.同样是………be done，doing sth
题目：A …….. is taken out, enabling Wheel to rotate.
原文：A hydraulic clamp, which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel to turn.
简直一模一样，有木有，只不过文中的内容加了一些修饰性的东西迷惑大家。
b.同样是be to do
题目:The only hope was to tell the probe to replace them with ………
Be动词之后加to do的形式比较少见，所以当我们看到题目中有这种形式，就可以留意一下文中是不是会有一样或者类似的形式出现。
原文：The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use spares to change the failing parts.
雅思阅读同意替换4：时态一致
细心的童鞋也会注意到时态的问题，题目和出题句对照来看，会更明显哦~
一篇讲埃及金字塔的文章：
题目：The discovery on one pyramid suggests that they may have experimented with …………
原文：Although it dates from several hundred years after the building of the pyramids, its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long time.
另一篇讲航海家拉皮塔人：
题目：Extreme climate conditions may have played a role in Lapita migration.
原文：EI Nino, the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita.
我们甚至可以根据时态的特殊性来定位哦，最常见的莫过于题目中的时态基调是过去时，而最后一题是现在时，比如人物传记类文章William HenryPerkin。
最后一题如下:
题目：According to the passage, which disease is now being targeted by researchers using synthetic dyes?
而此题之上的五个题目的时态却是过去时，所以说文中出现现在时的地方才有可能是答案哦~
同理另一篇Stepwells中第八题如下：
Who are frequent visitors to step wells nowadays?
这下大家应该知道从哪里找答案了吗?
雅思阅读临考冲刺模拟试题
Birthdays often involve surprises. But this year‘s surprise on the birthday
of the great British playwright William Shakespeare is surely one of the most
dramatic.
On April 22， one day before his 441st birthday anniversary， experts
discovered that one of the most recognizable portraits of William Shakespeare is
a fake. This means that we no longer have a good idea of what Shakespeare looked
like. “It‘s very possible that many pictures of Shakespeare might be unreliable
because many of them are copies of this one，” said an expert from Britain’s
National Portrait Gallery.
The discovery comes after four months of testing using X-rays， ultraviolet
light， microphotography and paint samples. The experts from the gallery say the
image—commonly known as the “Flower portrait” —was actually painted in the
1800s， about two centuries after Shakespeare‘s death. The art experts who work
at the gallery say they also used modern chemistry technology to check the paint
on the picture. These checks found traces of paint dating from about 1814.
Shakespeare died in 1616， and the date that appears on the portrait is 1609.
“We now think the portrait dates back to around 1818 to 1840. This was when
there was a renewed interest in Shakespeare‘s plays，” Tarnya Cooper， the
gallery’s curator(馆长)， told the Associated President.
The fake picture has often been used as a cover for collections of his
plays. It is called the Flower portrait because one of its owners， Desmond
Flower， gave it to the Royal Shakespeare Company.
“There have always been questions about the painting，” said David Howells，
curator for the Royal Shakespeare Company. “Now we know the truth， we can put
the image in its proper place in the history of Shakespearean portraiture.”
Two other images of Shakespeare， are also being studied as part of the
investigation(调查) and the results will come out later this month.
______________________________________________________________.
1. Why this year‘s surprise on the birthday of Shakespeare is dramatic?
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Now we know what Shakespeare looked like. (T/F)
3. “Flower portrait” was actually painted using X-rays， ultraviolet light，
microphotography and paint samples. (T/F)
4. In history， many people doubted the painting. (T/F)
5.Which is the best sentence to fill in the blank in the last
paragraph?
A.Soon we‘ll know which portrait is reliable.
B.Maybe we cannot find a real portrait of Shakespeare.
C.If the two portraits are found to be false， they will test more.
D.For now what Shakespeare really looked like will remain a mystery.
1. The Flower portrait has been found to be a fake. 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. D
雅思阅读小范围预测
文章题目 Consumer advertisement
重复年份 20160305 20141002
题材 商业
题型 判断 7+填空 6
文章大意 消费者广告。过度广告会造成消费者对广告无感，有时候还会起到适得其反
的作用。广告设计如何才有吸引力，更能有效宣传
参考阅读： The report was published in Vietnam e-Business Index (EBI) 2015 and
made public at a recent press conference to introduce the Vietnam Online
Marketing Forum to be held late this August. The EBI 2015 was based on a survey
among 5,000 enterprises across the country, up nearly 50 percent, compared to
2014. According to Nguyen Thanh Hung, chairman of the Vietnam e-Commerce
Association (VECOM), the EBI 2015 indicated that the number of e-commerce
transactions grew sharply against 2014 and transactions were diversified.
However, e-commerce businesses have yet to work out effective solutions to win
consumer confidence...
文章题目 The tuatara-past and future
重复年份 20151024 20141018 20120331
题材 动物
题型 判断 4+填空 5+选择 4
文章大意
新西兰蜥蜴生活习性的地特性，数量不断减少。减少的原因和采取的措施，但效果未知。新西兰一个机构正致力于保护，并且越来越多的人加入栖息地进行保护。通过历史的发现以及各个科学家的研究，说明谁最先到岛上生存，最后说将来给后代留下的不仅仅是动物。
参考阅读： Tuatara are reptiles endemic to New Zealand. Although resembling most
lizards, they are part of a distinct lineage, the order Rhynchocephalia. Their
name derives from the Māori language, and means “peaks on the back” The single
species of tuatara is the only surviving member of its order, which flourished
around 200 million years ago. Their most recent common ancestor with any other
extant group is with the squamates (lizards and snakes). For this reason,
tuatara are of great interest in the study of the evolution of lizards and
snakes, and for the reconstruction of the appearance and habits of the earliest
diapsids, a group of amniote tetrapods that also includes dinosaurs, birds, and
crocodilians...
文章题目 Ocean power
重复年份 20150829A 20091024
题材 能源
题型 选择 3+配对 5+句子填空 5
文章大意 本文介绍了各种海洋资源，包括了潮汐能、洋流能、波浪能和海底热能。。
部分答案参考：
选择
在海洋中建立 Tidal power plant 的 positive effects?
A. A range of sea shore
B. cost of establishing a tidal power plant
C. it is helpful to establish transportation system
D. effect of fish and some other sea life around
配对题
A. Tidal energy
B. Current energy
C. Thermal energy
1. which kind of energy has already been subject to a successful trial
A
2. A
3. Which kind of energy has been largely used during the past time? B
★ 听力范文
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