[新东方]考研英语翻译深入剖析(推荐12篇)由网友“Jkan”投稿提供,以下是小编收集整理的[新东方]考研英语翻译深入剖析,仅供参考,希望对大家有所帮助。
篇1:[新东方]考研英语翻译深入剖析
[新东方]考研英语翻译深入剖析
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not American, who have become anti-intellectual.
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an intellectual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to this decision.
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals―the average scientist for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties―he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This deion even fits the majority eminent scholars. “Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, “is something else.”
纵观今年的考研翻译题目,我们觉得其难度适中。与近三年的考题相较,20的翻译比的难,而比容易一些。换而言之,今年试题的难度值应该介于0.52与0.53之间。另外,本篇翻译题目就其文体而言,仍然属于近年非常热门的社会科学类文章。由此可见,考研翻译难度总体趋于稳定已成定局。
盘点今年考题,我们发现:传统的考点出现了一边倒的局面,如定语从句、比较结构、指代关系等考点的出现频率有所上升(2004―全是如此),而宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、被动结构、插入结构等送分型考点的重要性则相对降低。此外,定语从句和指代关系的难度有所下降,而比较结构的难度则有所上升。较之以往,今年的考题,对学生实际运用英语的`能力有更高的要求。
以下,我们将逐一分析此次考试的五道试题:
46:I shall define him as an intellectual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems.
很明显,本题是以定语从句作为分水岭的,我们由此将句子分成两部分:即主句和定语从句。前一部分中,有以下得分点值得关注:首先,我们应该可以把握“define…as”(把……定义为……)这个词组。然后,我们需要对 “him”做一些处理。这里的“him”我们既可以翻译成为“知识分子”,也可以省略不译。也就是说,前句我们可以翻译成:“我会把‘知识分子’定义为这样的人,他们……”或者是“我对于‘知识分子’的定义是……的人”。再次,本句中出现的“intellectual”(知识分子)是一个高频词汇,曾经在历年的考研试卷中出现过至少20次。在的62题中,“intellectual enquiry”翻译为“知识探究”,可见,“intellectual”本身是一个一词多义的高频词,我们考生在平时的复习过程中需要给予这样的小词以足够的关注。
后一部分,是由who引导的定语从句。在这个从句中,我们首先注意到一个词组“elect…as”(把……作为)。进而我们不难发现,这里由于句子本身的宾语比较长,因此宾语补足语被前置了。即本来是elect A as B这样一个结构,但由于A太长,最终变成了elect as B A这样一个结构,即elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life(B) the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems(A).从语法角度讲,这就是把S+V+O+C 主谓宾补结构(S=主语;V=谓语;O=宾语;C=宾补)中的C前置成为S+V+C+O。同样的结构,以往也曾考过,比如20第65题,本来是make something possible,但由于something以及它的修饰成分太长,结果变成了make possible something (which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding)。同样是possible作为句子的宾补,如果something是短宾语,那么适用make something possible的结构,而如果something是长宾语,那么就适用make possible something的结构。
最后,本句中出现的“moral”(道德)一词也是历年考研试卷中的高频词汇,已经考察近30次了。
综上,本句可以翻译为:“我会把‘知识分子’定义为这样的人,他们把以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题的活动作为人生的主要任务和乐趣。”
47:His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to this decision.
本句同样考到(非限制性)定语从句,所以句子也可以分成主句和定语从句两部分。主句部分相对容易,而这其中“analogous”算是个难词。但是有上下文“to that (function) of a judge”这本身就显示“his function”和“that of a judge”之间是某种类比关系。而此处的“analogous”正是“类似”的意思。
定语从句部分则相对较难,也是本句翻译的关键。众所周知,理解长难句的关键是找出主干,本句定语从句的主干就是“who must accept the obligation”,而“obligation”后面全部是修饰成分――整个定语从句是从句套从句的复杂结构,无法很好地融合在同一个修饰成分中,所以不妨采取后置法,通过重复先行词把本句定语从句译成:“后者(即法官―作者注)必须接受如下(这一)义务,即……”。
此外,这个定语从句对语言的运用能力要求更高,比如“in as obvious a manner as possible”是“reveal”(揭示)的“manner”(方式),因此,本结构亦可作“in a manner as obvious as possible”(以尽可能浅显的方式)。
再比如,“revealing”的宾语本来是“the course of reasoning which led him to this decision”,但中间插入了较长的方式状语“in as obvious a manner as possible”,这就给理解造成一定困难。
还有,which led him to this decision是一个简短的定语从句,可以作为一个修饰成分。因此我们不妨采用前置法,把该定语从句作为中心词的修饰语。其中值得注意的是“lead to”这个词组在考研翻译中也已经出现数次了。
由此,我们可以如下翻译:“知识分子的作用与法官类似,后者必须接受如下义务,即以尽可能浅显的方式揭示导致他做出某一决定的推理过程。”
48:I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
纵观全句,句子虽长,可是理解还是比较简单的。主要是主句加上一个本身带有让步状语从句的原因状语从句。
主句部分主要考察了指代关系。其中,当第一次出现代词“him”的时候,考生不难发现它指代的就是最近的中心词“average scientist”(一般科学家)。而在后面的原因状语从句中,则再一次考察了“his”的指代关系。根据“代一不代二”的原则,同句出现反复指代,那么只要翻译首次出现的代词即可。因此,这里的“his”可以直接翻译为“他的”。
篇2:考研英语翻译解题技巧剖析
考研英语翻译解题技巧剖析
》翻译本身是一个复杂的心理思维活动过程,任何做翻译的人都会感到翻译的艰巨性。大多数初学翻译的人,感觉最明显的问题是:理解英语不容易,表达成汉语不轻松。如何理解和如何表达,就成了大多数感觉自己英语基础知识比较匮乏的考生的严重问题了。下面,根据历年真题翻译呈现出的特点和规律,为的广大考生寻找考研英语翻译的应对策略。一、题型特点
从题型改革至今,命题组更侧重考生综合运用语言的能力,题目难度加大,趋向稳定。考题要求考生在理解全句、全段或全文的基础上,把语法、词汇的意思和上下文结合起来理解,表面看上去画线的句子语法不很复杂,词汇似乎也不陌生,但翻译时很多考生觉得难以动笔,难度增大体现在:不能采用就词论词、就句子论句子的简单直译方法,而要求把词和句子放在篇章里去理解,还强调英语习惯用法、语感和翻译技巧的掌握。这样仅靠熟悉语法规则和孤立地背单词已远远不够了,这也是考生得分普遍不高的主要原因。近年来英译汉试题主要特点如下:
(1)反映自然科学、社会科学的常识性、科学类和报刊评论文章占很大比例;
(2)考题难度加大;
(3)语法现象难度有所降低;
(4)突出简单翻译技巧,如:词、词组的省略及补译,译出it,they,this,that等代词的真正代表的含义,词义选择、引申、词性转换,长句的拆句与逆序翻译法等。考研教育提醒考生们应针对这些特点认真做好适当的准备。
二、应对策略
考研大纲规定:翻译主要考察考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章,并将其中5个划线部分(约150词)译成汉语,要求译文准确、完整、通顺,即主要考查考生依据上下文的帮助对于具有较大难度的语句在理解和书面表达方面的能力。
通常来讲,考生在“理解”上的难度表现在:语句形式上的复杂,理不清各部分的关系;语句内容涉及不了解或不熟悉的背景知识,或是语句涉及较深的、难以理解的思想内容。而在“表达”上的难度可能有:对于英语的语句没有看懂;自身汉语综合能力存在问题。
所以,考生在复习英语翻译的时候要掌握以下策略:
1.要有意识地进行长句,复杂句式结构分析的训练。善于在复杂的句式结构中找出主体结构,特别是主句的主语和谓语,并以此作为句子理解和翻译的起点。
2.善于积累词汇。特别要注意一词多义,常见词一般具有多义性,翻译时要根据搭配和上下文确定意义,如develop除了“发展”的意思外,还有“形成”的意思。同时要注意一词多性,特别是名词、动词、形容词三种词性的互换,平时要有意识地做一些“名词动译”、“动词名译”等方面的训练。
3.注意词语的固定搭配。特别注意动词+介词、动词+副词的搭配,因为此类搭配常常伴有词义的改变。
4.注意同义词、近义词、形近词的`区分和辨析。这是提高英语应用能力的必由之路。
5.学习并掌握基本的翻译技巧。
此外,大部分考生做题时还存在一个情况:一边读句子,一边思考每一个单词分别是什么汉语意思,在没有完整理解英语句子的情况下,就直接做了“字字对等”的翻译,或者在读完之后,并没有理解句子,就马上在自己积累的词汇中找与看到的英语词对应的汉语来表达,只要碰到不认识的生词就束手无策。这样的译文,不仅扭曲了英语原文的意思,汉语句子本身也晦涩难懂。所以,考研教育辅导专家提醒考生切勿陷入这种翻译误区,要按照上面的策略来准备和复习翻译试题。
总之,在备考英语翻译的过程中,考生在不断积累知识的同时,还要不断总结思路和方法,逐渐掌握一套属于自己的答题策略。
kaoyan/篇3:考研英语翻译
考研英语翻译是考研英语整张试卷中难度系数较大的题型。在一篇约500-600字的文章中,选出五句话要求考生进行翻译,虽然只有五道题,分值10分,但是考察的是学生在理解的基础上将英语转换成汉语的能力,是一种高层次的要求。根据中公考研英语研究院对历年考研真题的研究分析,这五句话句式各异,结构复杂,内容有一定深度,因此在理解上对考生来说有一定挑战。那么考生该如何找到切入点,以备战的考研呢?
首先,我们要明确的是考研英语中的翻译考察的还是考生的阅读能力,和翻译专业的翻译考试有区别,这也是为什么出题人把翻译归结为阅读理解Part C的原因。因此,考生若想在这个题型中取得比较好的分数,一是要注意词汇的翻译,即词汇的理解到不到位;二是要注意句子结构的分析,即是否将句子捋顺,是否与上下文衔接;三是汉语的表述,是对前面两个能力的综合。经常有学生会说,我知道句子说的是什么意思,但是就是组织不好语言,读起来自己都觉得怪怪的。其实,对于大部分来说,这是一个普遍的现象,和我们在写英语作文的时候使用汉语思维造句是一个道理。为什么会出现这种情况呢,原因很好理解。我们说翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容重新表达出来而达到语言的沟通和交流,因此,在英汉翻译的过程中涉及到两种语言之间的切换,而这两种语言之间肯定存在千差万别,需要我们对这两种语言进行一个宏观上的区分。拿英语来说吧,英语是一种形合语言,逻辑关系非常明确,而且大量使用名词,以及有名词功能的介词和动名词等,在表达上被动使用的频率非常高。而汉语正好相反,汉语是一种意合语言,单句之间的逻辑关系不明显,而且主动语态使用的比较频繁。因此,在英译汉的过程中,我们应该考虑汉语的表达习惯,在理清句子的逻辑关系之后,对句子意思进行重组,以使表达流畅通顺。
当然,若要理清句子的逻辑关系,明白句子的含义,必须在词汇和长难句分析上下功夫。大家可以不必急着对该题型进行练习,从现在开始,应该好好地打好基本功,为构建大厦准备好地基。在七八月份的强化阶段之前,先花时间好好复习词汇、长难句分析,培养逻辑思维。强化阶段之后对各种句型进行练习,比如大家可以找历年真题进行翻译练习,也可以找整篇真题进行练习。到了冲刺阶段,总结自己曾经用过的一些翻译技巧,比如词类转换、长难句的拆分等等,总结常考句型、常考词汇、常考词组,最后完成冲刺。其实同学们也不用太担心,只要准备充分,掌握采分点和答题技巧,拿七八分应该是没有很大问题的。
虚拟语气
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,而不表示客观存在的事实,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。第二点:动词的时态。考研中的虚拟语气一般会出现在阅读理解中。是阅读理解中的一个考点。
Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”,with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. ( TEXT1)
这是个含有同位语从句的复合句。that引导的同位语从句的谓语动词由would+动词原形be构成。
参考译文:这样的行为被认为“完全是人类独有的特点”,其潜在的含义是其它动物没有这种敏锐的委屈感。
省略
省略句是英语的一种习惯用法。按照语法的分析,句子应该具备的成分,有时出于修辞上的需要,在句中并不出现,这种句子叫做省略句。其特点是:虽然省去句子语法构造所需要的组成部分,但仍能表达其完整的意义。省略形式多样,从单词、短语到分句,都可以省略,而且各有一定的衔接关系,不容臆断。省略一般出现在翻译中,在翻译的时候,一定要把省略的部分翻译出来,否则会扣分的。
Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.(,翻译)
参考译文:如果这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的唯一方式不能也随之继续受到排斥。
从句
从句不能单独成句,但它也有主语部分和谓语部分,就像一个句子一样。所不同在于,从句须由一个关联词(connective)引导。根据引导从句为主不同大概可分为:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词,所以通称名词性从句;定语从句功能相当于形容词,称为形容词性从句;而状语从句功能相当于副词,称为副词性从句。
状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、地点状语从句和时间状语从句。在翻译的时候,它会成为一个考点,所在在做题的时候,一定要辨清它到底是什么从句,正确地翻译出来。
例如:Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on“worthless”species.(,翻译)
分析:本题中含有两个并列的同位语从句,that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on“worthless”species.两个that的内容是对前面的evidence进行补充说明或解释。
篇4:英语翻译考研科目
学硕考研:
1、英语专业初试的.4门课程中,只有政治一门是国家统一命题,其他3门都是个招生单位自己出题。
2、第二外语是报考学校出题,法语或者日语或者德语或者俄语任选一门。
3、专业课两门中,一门一般为基础英语或者综合英语,只是名称不同而已,考核范围和题型大体类似。
4、而另一门专业课视报考学校和专业方向不同,考的科目也不同,国家没有统一出题,都是各个招生单位自己出题。
翻译硕士:
1、翻译硕士英语(100分),该科目考查考生是否符合MTI学习要求的英语水平,难度为专业八级。试题形式分为完形填空、改错、句子重述、文本缩写、命题作文五个部分。
2、英语翻译基础(150分),该科目主要考查考生的英汉互译实践能力是否达到进入MIT学习阶段的水平,具体考查双语基本功以及双语转换的基本技能。
3、汉语写作与百科知识(150分),该科目主要考查考生是否具备进行MTI学习所要求的汉语水平。百科知识部分考查考生对中外文化,国内国际政治、经济、法律以及中外人文、历史、地理等方面知识的掌握。
篇5:考研英语翻译解题技巧
一、掌握语法,做到对原句精确的拆分
语法体系不完善的同学应该牢记并不断用真题巩固原句拆分的六个黄金分割标志点,能够快速、准确定位连词、引导词、介词、分词、单词to和重要意群标点符号以在最短时间内完成长句意群解拆并明确句子主干。理清句子结构层次就显得至关重要。在翻译句子之前,先通读全句,注意一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构。
例1:Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and
their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that
natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(考研翻译真题)
拆分句子:
(1)句子的主干是:Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry;
(2)定语从句:which后面是一个定语从句,其先行词是social science;
(3)方式状语:in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner是方式状语。其中的reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned是并列定语,修饰manner;
(4)定语从句:that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena是定语从句,其先行词是manner;
(5)拆分后句子的总结构是:
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry(主干) which seeks to study humans and their endeavors(定语从句) in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner(方式状语) that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(定语从句)
二、多义词、熟词等高频词的词义选择
在的考试当中,重点词汇和重点词组都有复现现象,这使得词汇和常用词组在翻译过程当中得分点更加集中,风险更大,如果核心单词掌握出现漏洞,可能出现在一篇文章中同一个知识点反复丢分的想象。另外,提醒的考生们需要在考试前熟练把握词缀分析、上下文提示、中文习惯搭配、同近词义替换四大选词原则,并能够在遇到生词时能够多元化思维综合应用上述技巧。在试卷中,大部分的翻译错误都是起因于考生的理解错误、没有正确的理解,考生传达的就不是原文的意思,这样就可能扭曲原文的意思,造成严重的扣分现象,甚至会不得分。
三、意群的整体翻译,踩准语法得分点
最为主要的依然是定语和定语从句,以及定语从句中限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的位置处理、分词和介词短语作后置定语的翻译、状语的翻译定位和顺序、名词性从句(主、宾、表)的翻译为重中之重!20考试中的第三句出现了较大规模的语序和句式的调整,对考生在处理中文长句中的句式架构的驾驭能力提出了高级要求,同学们可以在阅读部分对于长难句多加注意并尝试在中文语境内根据翻译技巧理论尝试翻译,并反复修改以锻炼流畅构建中文长难句的能力。被动语态和虚拟语气的翻译为关键得分点,需要将真题的相应部分完全吃透。同时,能够正确处理否定结构、并列结构的译文句式选择,一定做到做题的时候每走一步心中都有相应技巧作为理论支持。
四、润色,调整,成文
这步要求大家将直译过来的汉语意群再加工,选用的词汇要准确,句子结构要符合我们的表达习惯。在准确理解画线部分英语句子的含义后,如何用通顺的汉语将其表达出来是关键。表达是理解的结果,是把已经理解了的原作内容选择适当的译文重新表达出来。由于两种语言存在着语言,语法以及表达方式上的差异,所以在翻译的时候必须做相应的调整和改变,使我们的读者阅读译文时感到自然流畅。
英语翻译的备考不能只停留在“看”的层面上,要扎扎实实的“做”翻译,提高动手、动笔的能力,那样才能切实的提高翻译水平。翻译是一门艺术,一门永无止境的艺术,有人把翻译说成戴着手铐脚镣在跳舞,不管什么类型的翻译,我们都需要完成两个最基本的任务,即理解与表达。
篇6:考研英语翻译习题精选
Relativity theory has had a profound influence on our picture of matter by forcing us to modify our concept of a particle in an essential way. (47)In classical physics, the mass of an object had always been associated with an indestructible material substance, with some “stuff” of which all things were thought to be made. Relativity theory showed that mass has nothing to do with any substance, but is a form energy. Energy, however, is a dynamic quantity associated with activity, or with processes.(48)The fact that the mass of a particle is equivalent to a certain of energy means that the particle can no longer be seen as a static object, but has to be conceived as a dynamic pattern, a process involving the energy which manifest itself as the particle’s mass.
(49)This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac when he formulated a relativistic equation describing the behavior of electrons. Dirac’s theory was not only extremely successful in accounting for the fine details of atomic structure, but also revealed a fundamental symmetry between matter and anti-matter. It predicted the existence of an anti-matter with the same mass as the electron but with an opposite charge. This positively charged particle, now called the positron, was indeed discovered two years after Dirac had predicted it. The symmetry between matter and anti-matter implies that for every particle there exists an antiparticles with equal mass and opposite charge. Pairs of particles and antiparticles can be created if enough energy is available and can be made to turn into pure energy in the reverse process of destruction.(50)These processes of particle creation and destruction had been predicted from Dirac’s theory before they were actually discovered in nature, and since then they have been observed millions of times.
The creation of material particles from pure energy is certainly the most spectacular effect of relativity theory, and it can only be understood in terms of the view of particles outlined above.(51)Before relativistic particle physics, the constituents of matter had always been considered as being either elementary units which were indestructible and unchangeable, or as composite objects which could be broken up into their constituent parts; and the basic question was whether one could divide matter again and again, or whether one would finally arrive at some smallest indivisible units.
答案
47.在古典物理中,某一物体的质量总是与一种不可毁灭的物质相关联。这是一种构成一切物质的“东西”。
48.某一粒子的质量相当于一定的能量,这一事实意味着该粒子不再被看作是一个静态的物体,而应该被看成是一种动态的形式,一种与能量表现为粒子质量相关的过程。
49.这一新的粒子观是由迪拉克首创的,他列出了描述电子运动行为的相对论方程。
50.粒子生成和毁灭的过程在真正被发现之前,迪拉克的理论已经对它们作出了预测,从那时起人们对此做过数百万次的观测。
51.在相对论粒子物理学诞生之前,人们一直以为物质的构成成分要么是不可毁灭和不可改变的基本单位,要么是可以分解为其构成部分的合成物。
总体分析
本文是一篇关于粒子物理理论的文章。
第一段:指出相对论改变了我们的粒子概念,从而影响了我们对物质的理解。
第二段:指出这一粒子观点是由迪拉克首创的,他的理论揭示了物质和反物质的基本对称。该理论已经得到了证实。
第三段:纯能量创造物质粒子是相对论最惊人的影响。相对论观点的粒子物理学改变了人们对于物质的看法和理解。
本文是一篇科普性说明文,属于正式文体。考生首要的任务是清楚地分析句子结构,并结合自己的物理常识准确把握生疏词汇,在此基础上完成翻译。本题考核的知识点:(一)被动语态。(二)定语,包括定语从句,分词作定语。(三)状语从句。
试题精解
47.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:被动语态、定语从句的译法。
该句的句子主干是:the mass ... had always been associated with an indestructible material substance,其中完成时的被动语态had been associated with,可译成“总是与...相关联”。with some “stuff” of which引导的定语从句修饰indestructible material substance,翻译的时候应该按照汉语习惯,将定语前置,放到所修饰的名词前面。可直译为“所有物质被认为是由这种物质构成的”,或意译为“这是构成一切物质的东西”。考生应该注意of 与be made是词组be made of被分隔了的形式,译成“由...构成的”。
词汇:classical“经典的,古典的”,在该句中取其第二种含义,译成“古典物理”。
48.[精解] 本题考核知识点:同位语、宾语从句、定语从句、现在分词作定语的译法。
该句的句子主干是The fact means that...,fact后是that 引导的同位语从句,同位语从句的翻译和定语从句翻译有很多相似之处,如果句子较长,可单独成句,并用“这一事实...”将从句和主语连接在一起,that可以省略不译。Means后是that引导的宾语从句,其中有两个并列的谓语:can no longer be seen as和has to be conceived as,译为“不能再被看成...,而应该被看成...”。a process 是宾语补足语a dynamic pattern的同位语,可以译成并列结构。Involving...部分是现在分词作定语,修饰a process,按照汉语习惯译成“与……有关的过程”。Which...mass是定语从句,修饰the energy,可译成“表现为粒子质量的能量。”
词汇:be equivalent to“等同于,相当于”。 Be conceived as“被看成,被认为”。Dynamic“动力的,动态的”。
49.[精解] 本题考核知识点:被动语态、状语从句、现在分词作定语的译法。
该句的句子主干是被动语态结构This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac,在翻译被动语态时,通常按照汉语习惯转换成主动语态,但是有时候为了突出施动者,也可译成“由...所做的”。该句中为了突出initiated这一动作是由Dirac发出,应译成“这一观点是由...首创的”。When 引导时间状语从句,可译成“当...的时候”,或者为了突出正在发生的事件,译成“那时候...”。describing ... electrons部分是现在分词作定语,修饰relativistic equation,应该按照汉语习惯译成“描述电子运动行为的相对论方程”。
词汇:initiated“开始,发起”,句中译为“首创”。Formulated“用公式表达,明确地表达“。relativistic equation“相对论方程”。
50.[精解] 本体考核知识点:状语从句、被动语态的译法。
该句由两个并列的分句构成:These processes had been predicted和since then they have been observed。前一分句中of particle creation and destruction部分是介词短语作定语,修饰主语processes,应译为“粒子生成和毁灭的过程”。Before...in nature部分为时间状语,翻译时,可按照汉语习惯前置,译成“在...之前”。后一分句中的时间状语since then可译成“在..之后”或“从那时”。此外翻译被动语态结构had been predicted from Dirac’s theory时,为了突出施动者,可以按照汉语习惯,译为主动结构。
词汇:creation and destruction“生成和毁灭”。predict“预测,预言”,文中谈论的是科学现象,应该译为“预测”。in nature“实际上”。
51.[精解] 本题考核知识点:完成时的被动语态、状语从句、定语从句、either...or结构的译法。
该句的句子主干是:the constituents of matter had always been considered as either...or....。完成时的被动语态had always been considered,可按照汉语习惯译成主动语态,即“人们一直以为”。状语before...可直接翻译,在句中位置不变。Either...or...句型应该译成“或者...或者...”,也可以译成“要么...要么...”。本句中两个as...部分均为宾语补足语,与consider一起译成“看成是...”。两个which引导定语从句,修饰两个宾语补足语,翻译时采用前置法将定语提前。
词汇:relativistic particle physics“相对粒子物理学”,constituents of matter“物质构成成分”, composite objects“合成物”。
全文翻译
相对论迫使我们从本质上改变了粒子概念,从而深深地影响了我们对物质的理解。在古典物理中,某一物体的质量总是与一种不可毁灭的物质相关联。这是一种构成一切物质的“东西”。相对论表明,质量与任何物质都毫无关系,它只是一种能量形式。而能量则是与运动或过程联系在一起的动态的量。某一粒子的质量相当于一定的能量,这一事实意味着该粒子不能再被看作是一个静态的物体,而应该被看成是一种动态的形式,一种与能量表现为粒子质量相关的过程。
这一新的粒子观是由迪拉克首创的,他列出了描述电子运动行为的相对论方程。迪拉克理论的极大成功不仅是因为证明了原子结构的微细节,还因为它揭示了物质与反物质的基本对称。这一理论预测了反物质的存在,反物质与电子质量相同,电荷相反。迪拉克做出预测两年后,就有人真正发现这种释放正电的粒子,也就是现在的正电子。物质和反物质的对称显示了每个粒子都存在着一个质量相同但电荷相反的反粒子。如果有足够的能量,就能创造出粒子和反粒子的粒子对,并在其逆向破坏的过程中转化成纯能量。粒子生成和毁灭的过程在真正被发现之前,迪拉克的理论已经对它们作出了预测,从那时起人们对此做过数百万次的观测。
纯能量创造物质粒子无疑是相对论产生的最惊人的影响,也只有通过上述粒子观才能理解。在相对粒子物理学诞生之前,人们一直以为物质的构成成分要么是不可毁灭和改变的基本单位,要么是可以分解为其构成部分的合成物。基本的问题是:人们是否可以一次又一次地分裂物质,或者说人们是否可以最终达到一些最小的不可分割的单位。
篇7:考研英语翻译常用多义词
单词 熟义 生义
accomplished a.已完成的,实现的. a.熟练精通的
account n.账户 n.报告,陈述
acknowledge v.(不情愿地)承认 v.致谢
answer v.回答 v.负责answer for
approach v.靠近,接近v.开始,着手(工作,任务)
(approach their work .开始他们的工作)
artificial a.人工的,人造的 a.不自然的,不真实的
assume a.假定,臆测 a.采取,担任
(assume many roles 担任许多角色)
attribute v.把----归于(to) v.认为是。。。所为 n.品质,属性,特征
balance n.平衡 n.差额,余款,结余
beam n.横梁,光束 v. 发光,微笑
(来源:考研教育网)
(中国大学网考研 )篇8:考研英语翻译: 比较结构
考研英语翻译: 比较结构
1 Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.2 Yet their present development is wholly different, not so much because of different people even, but because of the different thoughts that exist in the minds of their inhabitants.
3 If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.
4 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
5 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
6 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
7 Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
8 It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other is on the microscope.
9 There is probably no better way for a foreigner (or an Englishman) to appreciate the richness and variety of the English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare uses it.
10 These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than exist in traditional media.
篇9:考研英语翻译技巧
考研英语翻译技巧
英语中长句较多,句中修饰语多且长,使句子结构复杂,所以英译汉时,不能照样克隆复制,而是要根据汉语语法的特点,灵活处理。切分就是一种常用的方法,是指把英语中的长句分解成两个或两个以上的句子。它通常包括单词分译、短语分译和句子分译这三种情况。
一、单词分译
单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词拆译成一个小句或者句子。采用单词分译主要有两个目的:一是为了句法上的`需要。由于一些单词在搭配、词义等方面的特点,直译会使句子生硬晦涩,翻译腔十足,而把某个单词分译却能使句子通顺,且不损伤愿意。二是为了修饰上的需要,如加强语气,突出重点等。英语中的名词、动词、形容词和副词等都可分译。
【例】Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as law-breakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society.
【译文】显然,数百万美国人从来没有想过自己会违法,更不用说犯罪了,而就是他们越来越肆意歪曲的旨在保护和培育这个社会的法律条文,这真令人痛心。
【解析】原文中painfully apparent如果照字面译成“痛心地明显的”,就不符合汉语表达习惯,而如将painfully单译成句,既突出了重点,表明作者对这一现象感到痛心的心情,又使语言自然流畅。
二、短语分译
短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个句子。名词短语、分词短语、介词短语等通常都可以分译成句。
【例】These cheerful little trams, dating back to 1873, chug and sway up the towering hills with bells ringing and people hanging from every opening.
【译文】这些令人欢快的小缆车建于1873年,嘎嚓噶嚓摇摆爬上高耸的山峦。车上铃儿叮当作响,每个窗口都是人。(介词短语分译)
三、句子分译
句子分译可以分为简单句的分译、并列复合句的分译、主从复合句的分译以及其他情况的分译。
1.简单句的分译
【例】But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.
【译文】但是,如果该地区再次发生战争,显然会使国际关系处于紧张状态。
2.并列复合句的分译
英语并列复合句常常在分句连接处加以切分,译成两个或两个以上的句子。
【例】The entire cable-car system recently got an overhaul after more than a century of operations, so you are on firm ground even if the streets seem to be tilting beneath you.
【译文】在运行了一个世纪之后,最近对整个缆车系统进行了彻底检修。所以即使你觉得街道似乎在下面倾斜,你在缆车上仍很安全。(在连词so处切分)
3.主从复合句的分译
英语复合句汉译时常在分句连接处加以切分,分译成两个或两个以上的句子。
【例】One day, while out on the bleak moors, Pip is startled by a hulking, menacing man who threatens him if he does not bring him some food immediately.
【译文】匹普外出在阴冷的荒原上游荡时,一个魁梧、凶狠的男子把他吓了一跳。这个男子威胁他,让他立即为他送些食物来。(在who引导的从句前切分)
4.其他情况的分译
有些长句的翻译需根据具体情况、意群的分布等进行灵活处理,合理进行切分,使译文层次分明,观点明确。
【例】Suddenly the door bursts open and the Time Traveler appears, dirty, disheveled, and bedraggled, with a nasty cut on this chin.
【译文】突然,门猛然开了,时间旅行家出现了。他十分肮脏,衣冠不整,满身是泥,下巴颏被严重划伤。(在appear后切分)
阅读是考研英语中重要的得分点和难点,对长难句的分析则决定了对阅读的彻底理解,也是学习语法,积累高级词汇、句型不可或缺的来源。希望对于每位考生来说,长难句都不再难!
篇10:考研英语翻译: 并列结构
考研英语翻译: 并列结构
1 Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.2 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.
3 The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only as little more than a hundred years age, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
4 Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
5 Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
6 The test of any democratic society lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.
7 The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
8 You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.
9 Very few people, no matter how intelligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds.
10 But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators; and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests.
篇11:考研英语翻译 比较结构
考研英语翻译也是考研英语中很重要的一个题型,下面是中国考研培训网整理的考研英语翻译提高笔记,关于比较结构句型的翻译方法。
比较结构
一、as…as…句型
(一)as…as…句型
My parcel is as heavy as yours.我的包裹和你的.包裹一样重。
She is as much interested in music as ever.她和以前一样对音乐感兴趣。
The economic development in our country is as stable recently as formerly.最近,我国的经济发展和以前一样稳定。
考研英语翻译提高(二)not as (or so)…as…句型
My uncle is not as (or so) tall as your father.我叔叔不如你父亲高。
People are not so honest as they once were.人们现在不如过去那样诚实了。
(三)not so much …as…句型
通常翻译为“与其说…不如说…”。
was not so much angry as disappointed.他与其说是生气,还不如说是失望了。(可以理解为:“他的生气不如失望多”,就是说“他更多的是失望,愤怒是其次。”)
The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.海洋与其说是把世界分割开来,还不如说是把世界连接在一起。
Bad writing is caused not so much by mistakes in grammar as by weakness in style.拙劣的写作,与其说是语法上的错误,还不如说是由于文体上的弱点。
考研英语翻译提高 (四)not so much as…句型
not so much as…这个结构相当于“not even…”,所以通常翻译为“甚至不…,甚至没有…”。请注意与not so much …as…这个结构的区别。
He didn’t so much as ask me to set down. 他甚至没有请我坐下。
He cannot so much as spell a word 他甚至连一个词也不会写。
He hadn’t so much as his fare home. 他甚至连回家的路费都没有了。
二、比较级+ than to do…句型
通常翻译为“不至于做某事”。
You ought to know better than to go swimming on such a cold day. 你不至于这么冷的天气去游泳吧。
大学网考研频道。篇12:考研英语翻译不是鸡肋
很多时候,把事情做完了还不够,更重要的是要选对你要做的的事情。考研辅导专家认为,考研英语复习必须一开始就明确复习的轻重缓急,才能将功夫都用在刀刃上。考研英语的所有模块中,有一个部分的复习最应该用心去揣摩、练习并且备考始终的,这个部分就是翻译。
英语翻译要把握方法
面对英语翻译,考场上有人叹息,觉得它太难;有人摇头,看它不懂;有人咬牙切齿,因为总是呕心沥血披肝沥胆翻出一句却只得了0.5分;有人面如菜色,因为权衡利弊而毅然壮士断腕将它舍弃后却痛得五脏六腑如油煎火烤。于是乎,在许多考生眼里,考研翻译成了一块食之无味弃之可惜的鸡肋,真的如此吗?考研辅导专家认为,英译汉,并不是鸡肋,很多人百思不得其解,考研英语为何要专门设置翻译这个板块?其实翻译的目的主要考查考生准确理解内容或结构较复杂的英语材料的能力,英译汉只是手段,其实质还是考查研究生阶段用的最多最广的一项技能――阅读理解。考研辅导专家提醒考生,大家一定要透过现象看本质,英语翻译虽然难度较大,但并不是无法可循,只要大家能够多加练习,就能够翻过这道鸿沟。
★ 文化差异英语作文
★ 大学英语学习计划
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