文章写作中的逻辑技巧（推荐8篇）由网友“王牌大贱碟”投稿提供，以下是小编精心整理的文章写作中的逻辑技巧，希望对大家有所帮助。
篇1：文章写作中的逻辑技巧
文章写作中的逻辑技巧
逻辑指的是思维的规律和规则，是对思维过程的抽象。文章写作，在公务员考试申论科目中占据重要位置，但是鲜有人能够真正去认知理解并去真正操刀写作。
写作前提我们要知道，这是什么文体。
是议论文，那就意味我们的整篇文章一定是在讲清楚某个道理，试图让人去信服你，既然要讲清楚道理，肯定要围绕着某个中心来展开，也就是我们的中心论点，也就是说，通过中心论点做出了一个判断，后续的文字则是围绕这个判断来把道理讲清楚即可。
比如中心句是“所有人都包藏私心”，接下来就用一系列道理来说清楚生存的本质是获取，或者社会本质是为了更好的满足，或者用其它来证明人人都包藏私心。
既然是判断句，则必须有判断的对象，如文化、经济、工匠精神、动物保护、心理健康等等，我们定义为：主题。
必须有判断对象具备的特质，我们定义为：角度申论答题技巧：文章写作必须知道的逻辑思维申论答题技巧：文章写作必须知道的逻辑思维。
所以完整的判断句是：某个对象离不开(具备)(需要)(拥有)(成为)某种特质;既判断句为：主题+角度。
所以中心论点一般为主题+角度构成判断。
如：好政策能够滋养公民的.理性与德性、通过文化输出成为大国、幸福始终充满着缺陷。
中心论点确定之后，必然要围绕中心论点讲道理，既然需要讲清楚幸福始终充满着缺陷，就得利用道理或者事实来说明，所有幸福都不能缺少一个要素就是“缺陷”。
才能真正证明所提出的观点
那我们将幸福表示为：A。
缺陷表示为：B。
则：A⇒ B。
所以要论证，必须从A上寻找论据，通过论证，从而证明B。
如果从A上论据的论证可以分成若干类型，则每一个类型可以命名为一个分论点
淘宝精品
如图：
申论答题技巧：文章写作必须知道的逻辑思维
如果要证明A推出B，若A有A1、A2、A3、A4四个部分，则这四个部分可以作为分论点申论答题技巧：文章写作必须知道的逻辑思维公务员考试。
即：
如果：
A1—B
A2—B
A3—B
A4—B
那么：
A—B
例：
比如宜居城市的建设需要注重生活质量，主题：宜居城市。
角度：注重生活质量(这样的选题必须深刻理解申论材料，从中找出主题、角度)。
我们可以三步走写出作文。
1、确定框架：
总论点：宜居城市—生活质量
分论点：
资源环境协调—生活质量
服务设施完善—生活质量
产业发展引领—生活质量
2、加工要点：
总论点：宜居城市要向生活质量型转变
分论点：
宜居城市体现在资源环境的协调
宜居城市体现在服务设施的完善
宜居城市体现在产业发展的引领
最后根据上面的框架写出文章。
篇2：文章写作中的逻辑技巧
在老外这里学习写作方面的最大的收获是四点(从强到弱):一是文章的逻辑性，
二是少出初中级别的语法错误，三是用几个漂亮的collocation，四是尽量用复杂句。
前两个最重要!
关于逻辑性，这一点恐怕是中国学生备考中最缺乏的，因为市面上的一些应试教材，包括各种辅导班的老师都很少提及。
逻辑性主要有两点:一是全篇文章要有逻辑，比如先说自己反对一方的观点，然后再反驳之，这点大家应该都能做到。
关键是第二点，每一段的各个支撑理由之间，和每个支撑理由内部也要有逻辑性。
观点或理由之间应该是logical的链接而不只是用linking词来link。
所以，形式上，我的作文也许用first of all，但绝不会再用secondly，thirdly 这样的linker。
另外，少用模板，或者少用中国模板。
我曾故意在一篇文章中用了类似这样的“Just like a coin has two sides，this question also has its drawbacks。
那雅思考官老师一看就说你是不是从中国商业书上背下来的，呵呵。
篇3：文章写作中的逻辑技巧
雅思写作一直是雅思考生需要攻克的难题。
那么通关秘笈是什么?很显然，雅思写作模板的时代已经过去了。
“英文写作逻辑和衔接才是那条通往罗马的必经之路。
参照雅思官方发布的评分标准，不难看出雅思对英文写作逻辑的重视:
“逻辑与衔接(Coherence and Cohesion)为四项写作评分原则之一。
以6分的标准为例，写作评分标准中对“逻辑与衔接是这样描述的:
arranges information and ideas coherently and there is a clear overall progression
(连贯地组织信息及论点，总体来说，能清晰地推进行文发展);
uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical
(有效地使用衔接手段，但句内及/或句间的衔接有时有误或过于机械)
所谓“清晰的推进行文发展，至少要做到文章中使用到准确、有效的逻辑连词(logical conjunction) 又名信号词。
信号词对于文章过程的连贯起到了作用,它也是英语写作中众多过渡手段之一。
雅思写作中常用到的逻辑连词按照分类如下10类:
(1)表示递进:and, also, too, in addition, moreover, besides ,furthermore, not only… but also…,
along with, next, what’s more.
(2)表示时间: after, before, soon, when, until, during, immediately, then.
(3)表示举例: for example, for instance, such as, that is, in other words, in fact.
(4)表示相同即第二个观点在某些方面和第一个观点相似:Like, as, similarly, in the some way, as well, too, equally, likewise.
(5)表示不同，即观点和我们所期望的观点不同(读者需要对下一句的意思转换做好准备):
Unlike, in contrast with\to, whereas, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead, but,
however, yet, although, nevertheless, even though, in spite of, despite, rather than.
(6)表示因果:since, because, due to, owing to, for, as, because of, on account of,
as a result, therefore, thus, hence, so, consequently, so…that.
(7)表示目的:in order to, in the hope that, so as to, so that.
(8)表示总结 in conclusion, on the whole, to conclude, to sum up, finally, at last.
(9)表示顺序:first, then, next, after that, finally, last of all, still, soon, later, initially.
(10)表示条件:if, unless, on condition that, as long as, in case, suppose.
这些起桥梁作用的过渡词语(Transitional Words\Phrases) 把文章有条理的衔接起来，使整篇文章流畅自然、语义连贯。
然而，这些看似简单的词语，在实际写作中却不容易掌握。
根据近几年学生作文的情况来看，大部分学生都开始有意识的使用连接词来达到语篇的逻辑连贯，但在使用上仍存在问题。
下面我们重点分析逻辑连接词使用时几个常见的问题:
一、漏用逻辑连词。
如:
1Home-working enables employees to work at ease. For example, those with childcare responsibilities could arrange their
schedule flexibly. 2Working at home ensures employers’ multiple options in human resource.
仔细理解不难发现其实1句和2句之间的关系是平等的，均属于观点句。
为了让这两个句子凸显出相应的地位，以区别中间的举例部分，
建议在1句和2句之前各添加表示递进的逻辑连词，如what’s more或 in addition. 修改后如下文:
To begin with, home-working enables employees to work at ease. For example,
those with childcare responsibilities could arrange their schedule flexibly.
What’s more, working at home ensures employers’ multiple options in human resource…
二、错用逻辑连词。
如:
1 One hand, home-working enables employees to work at ease. 2 Nevertheless,
these who are disabled can avoid many difficulties.
原文中1句和2句的逻辑连词都用错了。
首先，从语法形式上看，逻辑连接词一般由连词、连接副词、介词、介词短语等充当。
而1句的句首“one hand是一个名词短语，证明不正确。
我们需要做的修改是将“one hand改成一个介词短语“on one hand作为1句的逻辑连词;
而相对应的逻辑连词应该是“on the other hand，衔接与1句中观点相对应的另一方观点。
比如:
On one hand, home-working enables employees to work at ease. On the other hand,
employees may be confronted with some problems brought by home-working.
而对于2句中的连词使用错误是“nevertheless这个逻辑词的意义与2句中的内涵不符。
原文中的2句 these who are disabled can avoid many difficulties 是对1句观点的一个扩展和支持。
所以2句和1句之间的逻辑不应该是nevertheless所表达的转折关系;相反，应该是递进或举例关系，所以可以做以下修改:
On one hand, home-working enables employees to work at ease, especially to those who are disabled,
who can avoid many difficulties by working at home.
或者修改为:
On one hand, home-working enables employees to work at ease. For example,
those workers who are disables can avoid many difficulties by working at home.
三、滥用逻辑连接词。
有的雅思考生主观地认为尽量多用连接词语可以加强句际衔接，但结果是连接词语过分堆积，
造成多余，评分标准中所提到的“机械地句子衔接(见上文下划线部分)。
如:
1 Working at home ensures employers’ multiple options in human resource.
2 However, if they hire staff through modern technologies, such as internet, fax, or telephone.
3 It is hard to know how the employee’s quality is which takes disadvantages of the company.
4 Although it is hardly capitalize on employer.
请注意红色字体标注的部分，均属于滥用逻辑连词的部分。
可以 看到，在4个句子中，这位考生错用了3个逻辑连词。
这个现象属于 “makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices
(衔接手段不足、不准确或过度使用)——这是5分写作水平的评价。
为了改善这个问题，达到6分的标准，建议可以做如下修改:
1 Working at home ensures employers’ multiple options in human resource.
2 However, if they hire staff through modern technologies, such as internet, fax, or telephone ,
3 it is hard to know how efficient the employees are.
4 Therefore, home-working can hardly benefit employers.
1句是观点句，保持不变。
根据意义判断，原文的2句是想要反驳该观点，所以原文中使用however是正确的。
问题是表示条件的逻辑连词if后面引导的是从句，而原文当中却没有相应的主从关系句型跟if搭配，导致严重错误。
修改方法是将2句和3句之间的句号改为逗号，使3句成为2句的主句，突出if条件句的主次关系。
对于原文的4句来说，用逻辑连词although是不恰当的。
因为显然句子内容想要表达的是对前面三句的一个小总结，因此逻辑关系应该用therefore来引导。
篇4：文章写作中的逻辑技巧
提高英语写作能力的原则
一)渐进性原则。
要坚持“句—段—篇的训练程序，由易到难，循序渐进。
在英语写作的初始阶段，要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯，狠抓基本功训练。
在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后，再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。
在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等，这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。
在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。
(二)多样性原则。
要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。
从形式上而言，可以用回答提问的口头作文，也可以用续写故事。
可以改写课文，也可以仿写课文。
可以写提纲训练谋篇布局，也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。
从文体上而言，可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文，也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。
(三)结合性原则。
要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。
根据语言习得理论，学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识，
从而了解别人的思想，再通过说和写来表达自己的思想，让别人了解自己。
大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。
因此，写与听说读紧密结合，进行多元化的能力训练，可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。
(四)控制性原则。
要坚持写作前的指导，控制学生的汉语语言思维，发展英语语言思维。
语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿，而非随心所欲地自由表达。
教师要加强写作前的指导，可给出范文让学生模仿，以熟悉其语篇结构。
同时要控制其汉语语言思维，尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维，以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。
篇5：GRE写作ARGUMENT逻辑技巧
GRE写作ARGUMENT区分主次要逻辑技巧
GRE写作怎样判断主次要逻辑漏洞?
如上文所说，其实很多时候一篇argument题目素材里，存在的逻辑漏洞往往不止一处，对于一些写作驳论文经验丰富的考生来说，有些题目甚至一眼望去就是千疮百孔的。但这并不代表大家随便抓住一点就可以写出很有说服力的文章。学会区分逻辑漏洞的主要和次要，集中精力从主要漏洞入手进行写作才能让文章更有说服力。下面小编通过一个实例为大家分析：
GRE写作ARGUMENT真题实例分析
The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.
A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night.
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
作文题目翻译
最近一项研究根据每晚平均睡眠时间对300名男性和女性Mentian广告经理需要的睡眠总量与他们公司的成功之间的关联。被研究的广告公司中，那些报告每晚需要的睡眠不超过6小时的经理有较高的利润率和较快的增长。这些结果表明，如果一个企业想要成功，就应该雇佣那些每晚只需要不超过6小时睡眠时间的人。
写一篇回应文章，探讨上述论据中明示和/或隐含的假设，并解释该论据如何建立在这些假设之上;如果这些假设不合理，会对该论据产生什么影响“;
逻辑链整理
如果一个企业想要成功，就应该雇佣那些每晚只需要不超过6小时睡眠时间的人。
写作思路解读
这道题目选自9月18日GRE考试机经，可以看出这道题目其实本身存在许多逻辑漏洞。比如STUDY的结论是否权威，300人的样本数是否足够，还有受访者的男女比例，企业成功能否只靠经理，该现象是否只存在特定行业中等等。逻辑漏洞一大堆，但并不代表着每个都值得大家大写特写一番。
一般来说，比较主要的漏洞往往是从题目本身出发的，比如刚才提到的企业成功能否只靠经理以及广告行业现象是否只是特定行业问题等等。对这些漏洞进行攻击，可以让你的文章更有说服力。而其他诸如针对调查结果合理性权威性的漏洞，只能说是次要漏洞，大家可以在写到最后的时候稍微提一提，但如果把这些次要问题当成主要问题来展开写作，就显得有些小题大做了。
GRE写作高分范文：审查的公正性
GRE作文题目：
Censorship is rarely, if ever, justified.
审查很少能够做到公正。
GRE写作正文：
“Censorship” is a word which seems to be authoritative rather than democratic, which implies the will of the governors rather than the will of general people. Since the occurrence of the censorship, which could be traced back to the Ancient Rome, it has been playing an important part in the domestic affairs while arousing applause and condemnation as well. Here the our government faces a dilemma, is it fair to carry on the censorship at the cost of sacrificing part of democracy, or just open the gate letting flows of ideas and thoughts in, at the risk of losing its own rampart.
Since censorship suggest an act of changing or suppressing speech, writing or any other forms of expression that is condemned as subversive of the common good, it must have a close relationship with the one who applies such supervision, and the word “common good” should be redefined under different conditions. There is time when we were all under a powerful monarchy, and the “common good” is the “monarch good”, then the censorship itself is the instrument of the monarch which solely depended on the will of the monarch; in the Middle Ages, both the Roman Catholic and the Protestant Churches practiced censorship that seemed to be oppressive to any ideas challenging the doctrines of churches and the existence of God; even now, in some authoritative countries, the censorship is used to rule its people by restricting their minds, of course, for the stability of their governing over the people. With these regards, censorship itself is questioned at the rationality of existing, regardless of the practices made by the democratic government, while the justice of the democratic government is quite doubtable.
The matter concerning is not only who practices the censorship but also how it is practiced. Since different men make different comments on the same work of art, for example, it is hard to set up a measure by which we could decide whether one should be prohibited, especially to the work of arts, as its content always labeled as “subversive” and “revolutionary”, two words detested by the governors most. Such cases could be found in Ulysses by J. Joyce and Lady Chatterley’s Lover by D.H Lawrence, these two great novels were firstly considered to be guilty of obscenity and were put to prohibition by the American government, but turned out to be true masterpieces today. So any form of censorship, to some extent, lags behind the development of ideas and will put more or less a negative effect on their development.
Though the censorship is such a disgusting word embodying so much oppression and might, it is a compromise we made with the reality far from being perfect, to provide a comparative stable ground which we could stand on. At this point, I don’t agree with the institute like ACLU who oppose any censorship. The censorship, though rarely justified, should exist as long as a more ideal and practical form is found to replace it, or we could only expect our God to create a more ideal species instead of imperfect human beings.
GRE写作高分范文：information
GRE写作题目：
Much of the information that people assume is factualactually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus，any piece of information referred to as a‘fact’should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future.
大多数人们认为是事实的信息结果实际上都是不准确的。因此，任何据称是事实的信息都应该被质疑，因为它在将来很可能会被证明为是错误的。
GRE写作范文：
Should we be doubtful to all the information at hands because the rightness of which is uncertain? The speaker claims so，I concede that people often commit various fallacies in the course of cognizing things，however I fundamentally take exception of the arguer's assertion to mistrust every fact we might encounter. And I will substantially discuss my views thereinafter.
To begin with，the speaker seems to implicate that a fact would be proven false in the future under numerous circumstance. Nevertheless I prefer to arguer that facts never change. No matter how did the Medieval Church and Inquisition persecute Bruno，the fact never changes that the earth is far from being the center of the universe as the religious sovereigns had assumed or hoped for，while just a minor particle in it. Equally，no matter how Edison had tried to incite the public fear and distrust to the alternative current electricity，the fact never changes that Teals’ electrical system is vastly superior to his direct current electrical one，and would be accepted and applied in larger range.
However，what do change are the human's objective interpretations to facts. One compelling argument to this point is that，due to the limitation of human’s knowledge and comprehensive capability，they tend to make insufficient or even false understanding to the certain fact. An apt illustration is the changes of cognition to disease. While at the ancient time，our progenitors believed the a man becoming a patient for the reason that he had conduct crimes or offended some ghosts or spirits，the contemporary people have well know that the varies of pathogens are the basic causes to our diseases，and the defects of our immune system and so forth are also the factors as well. Another argument for the change of comprehension to fact is that different people always observe and interpret from different perspectives. Though the Relativity theory is not well compliable with the Quantum mechanism，no one call the greatness of both Einstein and Bohr，because their theories are based on distinct views，the former from the macrocosm and the later from the microcosm.
Notwithstanding the foregoing reasons for that human tend to make fallacies during the cause of comprehending and cognizing facts，these reasons should never be the excuses to doubt every conclusion we might draw from facts. Based on certain rational inference and proper knowledge fundament，the conclusions we make might well be justifiable，if not completely right，to certain degree. What we need to do is to promote the enterprise of pursuing the better answer and try to use the result we have get to application，instead of wasting our time to undue doubt and suspicion. Though the medical scientists have not fully understood the mechanism of how the does the implanted organ interact with the wounded body，they are not refrain from using the implanting skill to save patients，of course the precondition or which is that this technology is much well established than the fundamental theory.
To sum up，while I advocate the speaker's opinion that it is inevitable for human to comprehend facts inaccurately，for the reason of the limitation of the abilities，I essentially disagree with his assertion that facts will continually alter themselves，as well as his recommendation to discredit any piece of fact. In the final analysis，I would arguer once more that facts never change and although the misunderstanding to them is inevitable，we should not defer ourselves from the pursuit to fully comprehending them.
GRE写作
篇6：雅思写作如何搭建文章逻辑结构
雅思写作如何搭建文章逻辑结构
议论文逻辑结构讲解
给大家讲解文章逻辑结构的题目选自剑桥系列丛书中最重要的题目之一：
In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this. (某事件利弊探讨)
此题讨论的问题是著名的“间隔年”，学生中学毕业后是否应该take a year off?
参考范文一：侧重支持taking a gap year
It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school. The trend is not restricted to rich students (who have the money to travel), but is并列谓语 also evident among poorer students (who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time).具象思维Generally, I think that this practice could lead to many desirable results.
立论段：
The reasons for this trend may involve the recognition that同位语从句 a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or travelling to other places, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on. They tend to be more independent, which is a very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of students life.
Outline:
1)general knowledge and experience of the world
have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on
2)tend to be more independent
a very important factor in academic study and research
giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of students life
give sb. an edge/advantage in sth. 给某人某方面的优势
驳论段：
However, there are certainly dangers in taking time off at that important age. Young adults may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to readapt to an academic environment. They may think that it is better to continue in a particular job, or to do something completely different from a university course. But overall, I think it is less likely today, when academic qualifications文凭 are essential for getting a reasonable career.
My view is that young people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons. That is the best way for them to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives and why. Students with such a perspective are usually the most effective and motivated ones and并列句 taking a year off may be the best way to gain this.
本文是考官满分范文，建议6-7分学员认真学习。
分析：
有选择、有侧重的逻辑结构：
第一段：用简洁的语言直接引出讨论，学生无论贫富都可以选择take a gap year。写作开头简洁很重要。如果用看似华丽的套句会给人模板的感觉导致低分。
第二段：立论段：对比直接论证选择take the gap year学生更有优势。本段是议论文写作提出支持文章中心观点的分论点，并对其进行有效支持和扩展的部分，属于主要得分段落。
第三段：驳论段：先让步，说选择gap year的学生会面临的影响，但是又说明这种影响很容易避免，从而进一步论证自己的观点。一个优秀的考生除了能够使用恰当的论据支持自己的观点外，还必须能对自己相反的观点进行有效评价。
第四段：表明文章中心观点，倾向支持学生take the gap year。再次强调重要性。
关于这篇范文分析完毕，同学们对照着老师的分段分析可以进行其他范文的试答，相信会有不一样的收获。
-总结文章的论证，并且得出结论，再次表明文章批判性的中立观点。
-适当对文章的论证进行扩展和升华，可再次强调文章为何持有批判性中立观点，但切忌引入新观点和内容。
雅思写作高分表达句型
雅思写作高分表达一、表示原因
1、There are three reasons for this.
2、The reasons for this are as follows.
3、The reason for this is obvious.
4、The reason for this is not far to seek.
5、The reason for this is that.
6、We have good reason to believe that.
例如：
There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. Firstly, people’s living standard has been greatly improved. Secondly, most people are well paid, and they can afford what they need or like. Last but not least, more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.
注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。
如：Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this. 这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
雅思写作高分表达二、表示好处
1、It has the following advantages.
2、It does us a lot of good.
3、It benefits us quite a lot.
4、It is beneficial to us.
5、It is of great benefit to us.
例如：
Books are like friends. They can help us know the world better, and they can open our minds and widen our horizons. Therefore, reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
雅思写作高分表达三、表示坏处
1、It has more disadvantages than advantages.
2、It does us much harm.
3、It is harmful to us.
例如：
However, everything divides into two. Television can also be harmful to us. It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.
雅思写作高分表达四、表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1、It is important(necessary, difficult, convenient, possible、for sb. to do sth.
2、We think it necessary to do sth.
3、It plays an important role in our life.
例如：
Computers are now being used everywhere, whether in the government, in schools or in business. Soon, computers will be found in every home, too. We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
雅思写作高分表达五、表示措施
1、We should take some effective measures.
2、We should try our best to overcome (conquer、the difficulties.
3、We should do our utmost in doing sth.
4、We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced、with.
例如：
The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious. Therefore, we must take some effective measures to solve it.
雅思写作高分表达六、表示变化
1、Some changes have taken place in the past five years.
2、A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications.
3、The computer has brought about many changes in education.
例如：
Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years. The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek. Nowadays, more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein, and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.
雅思写作高分表达七、表示事实、现状
1、We cannot ignore the fact that.
2、No one can deny the fact that.
3、There is no denying the fact that.
4、This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in
5、However, that’s not the case
例如：
We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution. To solve these problems, we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution. The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.
雅思写作高分表达八、表示比较
1、Compared with A, B.
2、I prefer to read rather than watch TV.
3、There is a striking contrast between them.
例如：
Compared with cars, bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable. Firstly, they do not consume natural resources of petroleum. Secondly, they do not cause the pollution problem. Last but not least, they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise.
雅思写作高分表达九、表示数量
1、It has increased (decreased、from...to.
2、The population in this city has now increased (decreased、to 800,000.
3、The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January.
例如：
With the improvement of the living standard, the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased.
再如：
From the graph listed above, it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in .
雅思写作高分表达十、表示看法
1、People have (take, adopt, assume、different attitudes towards sth.
2、People have different opinions on this problem.
3、People take different views of (on、the question.
4、Some people believe that...Others argue that.
例如：
People have different attitudes towards failure. Some believe that failure leads to success.
Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor. However, others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers.
再如：
Do “lucky numbers” really bring good luck? Different people have different views on it.
注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。
雅思写作地图题实例分析
雅思写作地图题大家总是遇到各式各样的问题，在练习地图题过程中很多同学都反映没有思路。不知道该从何入手，并且写完一部分内容不知道如何继续下一部分，该描述图中哪些有效信息。下面雅思小编为大家总结写作地图题的实例讲解。希望备考雅思同学从中借鉴。
第一个学生的写作：
A golf course and park is located in the west of this city, with a river to the south, crossing Branfield from the south-western corner to the north. To the east of the golf course and park is a railway, linking he north-western corner and the south-eastern corner of this city. Situated in the north of Brandfield, a housing estate covers an area between the river and the railway. There is a city center in the middle of this city,located to the south of the railway and divided by the river.It is noticeable that a road is sited between the golf course and park in the west and the city center in the middle,and it goes across the south-eastern corner of the housing estate,connecting the north-eastern corner of this city to the south of the city center and to the south of this city. S1 is located to the north of the city center and the railway, between the road and the river.
这个学生的作文主要问题是她上来不断地描述，而忘记了这个图的首要事情是描述S1 和S2. 这个学生的问题体现了中文和英文的思维差异。也是我们中国人在写PS，大学作业，EMAIL，工作报告，甚至口语交流中的一个普遍问题。
很多学生写信件一上来就是不写目的是什么，而是一大堆背景。而写普通图表就把图里的数据描述的细致入微，而忘记了主要信息的归纳。
这就是为什么很多学生在考场上写的很爽，但是分数很低。因为他们是self-centred, 而不是reader-friendly
下面一个学生也是这个问题，自己写得很勤奋，兢兢业业，但是读者昏昏欲睡
The hosuing estate located in the northern corner of this area with a huge golf course and park to the southwest. Situated in the middle of this area, the City centre is surrounded by two main roads and a railway from northwest to south while a river cross the centre from north to southwest. There is an industrial Estate on the southeastern corner of this area.
It should be noted that the S1 of the shopping mall is to the north of the city center and surrounded by the river, railway and the northern road. In contrast, the S2 located in the south of this city and to the left of the railway and the Industrial Estate.
很多同学遇到地图题很乱，为什么?因为他们太想描述所有的东西，而不知道从什么地方说起。《手把手》上说过，这个时候要一个一个地点描述，而这个我们上课的时候也强调。
譬如说s1:1 靠近housing areas，那里的人可以坐火车去 2 CITY centre 的人可以坐火车或者开车去， 3 靠近河 ，可能景色不错
S2：1 靠近CITY centre ， 人们可以开车或者坐火车去，但是housing areas太远了 2 靠近工业区，有可能有污染和噪音
是不是这么一写，马上清楚了? 比大家在那里一个个说地点好?
下面这是我写的主体部分
S1 is possibly located in the north of Brandfield, lying next to one railway line and one road. This means that this supermarket can be assessed by those living in the residential block to the north and also by the shoppers from the city centre. Another advantage of this site is its proximity to the river that runs from north to south. People may enjoy a good view of the river when shopping.
Similar to S1, S2 is supported by the town’s transport infrastructure, in view of the fact that it is sited between the rainway and the road. The difference is that consumers from the housing area may have to travel a longer distance before reaching this site in the south-north corner. This suggested site is also close to the industrial estate on the eastern edge of the town and pollution is possibly a cause for concern.
当然，大家可以按照上课的办法写得简单点 (下面这一段是按照上课的分句合并法，而且文字信息不多，主要是平铺直叙，在考场上拿个7分也是可以的)：
S1 is possibly located in the north of Brandfield, lying next to one railway line and one road. There is a housing area to the south and residents can travel by car or train to visit S1. This site is also accessible for those working or living in the city centre. A river runs across the town to the east of S1.
S2 is in the south-east of the town and close to the railway and the road. Although shoppers from the city centre can reach this site easily, the journey is long for those from the housing estate. To the east of S2 is the industrial zone.
篇7：辩论中的逻辑技巧
辩论赛的逻辑技巧
一、知己知彼
辩论与一般演讲的不同之处，就在于它是一种。“针锋相对”的“交战”。“知己知彼，百战不殆”是兵法的首要原则，对于辩论这种“舌战”来说，无疑不能例外。知己，是指对于己方的立论自我诘难，反复推敲，以求严谨缜密，万无一失。立论的诘难与推敲，大体有三个方面：
1.是论点检查。
论点是辩论中的“战旗”。辩论者对于自己所持的论点，必须充满自信，如同战场上高举战旗一样。但是，自信绝不是盲目的自我欣赏必须是科学分析的结果。论点的检查，主要有两个方面：一是提炼过程的检查，二是语言表达的检查。从原始材料中提炼出一个论点，其中有复杂的分析、综合、比较、抽象等思维过程。对于论点形成过程进行自我诘难与反复推敲，是保证论点正确性的一项重要措施。在思维活动中，逐渐转化而成的论点表达的语言形式，也是论点检查的重要内容。语言表达的清晰度、逻辑性以及表现力，都应该逐项推敲，反复检验。
2.是论据检查。
论据是辩论中的“弹药”。辩论者如果没有掌握数量充足、威力巨大的“弹药”，就不可能在“交锋”中占优势。因此，论据的准备是一种扎扎实实的物质准备。论据的检查，也可分为两个方面：一是论据的真实性，二是论据的逻辑性。真实可_，是论据选择的首要原则。那些模棱两可、似是而非的论据必须坚决摒弃。推导严密，是论据选择的又一重要原则，那些牵强附会、证明不力的论据也应该果断删去。三是论证方法检查。论证方法是辩论中的“战术设计”。辩论者必须根据论点的需要、论据的特点以及自身的条件，精心设计“战术方案”，即论证方法的选择与组织。只有经过论点、论据、论证方法的反复检查，确信己方“战旗”鲜亮，“弹药”充足，“战术”精巧，方能在辩论中充满自信。这就是知己。
知彼，即了解对方。除事先通过各种途径了解对方的观点、材料以及辩论特点以外在辩论现场的察言观色是知彼的一条捷径。也就是说，借助观察，发现辩论对方的优势、弱点、情绪变化以及战术运用等，以便采取相应的对策，这是辩论技巧运用的客观依据之一。辩论中的观察，说到底是辩论双方对于对方言谈举止、神态表情的微妙变化及其含义进行捕捉与判断。其方法大体有三种：
其一，“投石问路”。所谓“投石问路，是指先提出一两个问题作为试探。探明虚实，才能选定主攻方向这往往用于情况不明的时候。当然，“问路”之“石”的选择十分重要，也就是说，作为试探的问题的选择与表述是否得当、巧妙，这是应用“投石问路”法的关键所在。太直、太露、太浅的“问路”，结果是暴露自己的浅薄和笨拙。
其二，捕捉战机。心理学研究证明，外界事物对人大脑的刺激往往会使人体内部某些相应组织的机能在一个短时间内出现异常现象。就是说，人往往会通过他的举止神态以及习惯性动作，流露出他内心的活动。比如，双手揉搓这个动作，显示紧张的思考;颤抖的语言，显示慌乱……在辩论中，要善于准确地判断对方的情绪，捕捉战机，或麻痹对方，或打乱对方的思绪或超对方慌乱而层层紧逼。这又是观察的一种效用。
其三，缓和气氛。辩论，应该有良好的气氛。辩论绝非争吵，更不是斗嘴。因此，辩论双方都有责任调节气氛，使辩论在心平气和的条件下进行。观察到对方情绪激动时，就应该设法用语言调节，使气氛趋于平缓：当发觉对方怒形于色时，应该考虑用笑容调节，使气氛得以松弛。
二、举事证理
事实胜于雄辩。摆事实、讲道理，这是辩论中最基本，也是最常用的逻辑技巧。可以举事实沦证己方的论点进行立论，也可以举事实反驳对立方的论自进行驳沦。例如：“”结束后，我国开始了社会主义建设的新时期，曾在全国范围内开展了关于实践是检验真理的惟一标准的大讨论。1978年5月《光明日报》以《实践是检验真理的推一标准》为题发表过特约评论员的文章，文章在证明“正是实践，也只有实践才能够完成检验真理的任务”这一论点时，就列举了大量的事实，如门捷列夫创立的元素周期表、哥白尼的太阳系学说、马克思主义、毛泽东思想……都是在实践中经受住考验，被实践证明确实是真理的。这
种列举已为世人所公认的事实来进行说理的方法，确实具有巨大的说服力。再如，：毛泽东同志在《唯心历史观的破产》一文中，在批驳艾奇逊的“革命的发生是由于人口太多的缘故”这一谬论时，为我们树立了以事实进行驳论的典范。他指出：革命的发生是由于人口太多的缘故么?古今中外有过很多的革命.都是由于人口太多么?美国174年以前的反英革命，也是由于人口大多么?艾奇逊的历史知识等于零，他连美国独立宣言也没有读过。华盛顿杰佛逊们之所以举行反英革命，是因为英国人压迫和剥削美国人，而不是什么美国人口过剩。中国人民历次推翻自己的封建朝廷，是因为这些封建朝廷压迫和剥削人民，而不是什么人口过剩。俄国人所以举行二月革命和十月革命，是因为俄皇和俄国资产阶级的压迫和剥削，而不是什么人口过剩，俄国至今还是土地多过人口很垠远的。蒙古土地那么广大，人口那么稀少，照艾奇逊的道理是不能设想会发生革命的，但是却早已发生了。毛泽东同志在这里列举了中国、美国、俄国、蒙古等许多国家确实发生过的历次革命这些事实，有力地驳斥了艾奇逊的唯心主义历史观，事实确凿，不容置辩，说服力是很强的。动用举事证理的逻辑技巧，要注意两点：一是所举事实，越具有典型性，说服力越强。因为不论是历史的还是现实的事例，越具代表性，越能体现客观事物的本质与规律，所表现的道理也就越深刻。二是要对所举事例进行深人的分析，揭示和阐发事例与道理之间的必然联系，使举事与证理有机地结合起来，这才能充分发挥摆事实、讲道理的作用。
三、隐含判断
辩论中，有时巧用隐含判断会比运用直接表达判断的语句显得更有力量。例如，曾有一位胖得流油的大资本家想嘲笑一下瘦于萧伯纳。大资本家说：“我一看见你，就知道你们那儿在闹帆荒。”萧伯纳回故道：“我一看见你，便知道了闹饥荒的原因。在这段对话中，两人都运用了隐含判断。大资本家所用的隐含判断无非是“萧伯纳瘦得像个讨饭的”，而萧伯纳的回答中所隐含的判断则十分巧妙而幽默地揭露了资本家剥削穷人的罪恶实质。这一隐含判断是大家都能分析出来的。从以上分析，我们可以看出，隐含判断的作用是多方面的，对隐含判断的恰当运用能使辩论具有逻辑力量，富于艺术魅力。
四、以牙还牙
以牙还牙，就是在辩论中以其人之道还治其人之身。这种方法一般适用于对方讲歪理、不讲理之类的情况。有个骄傲自大、脱离群众的人辩解说：“只有羊呀、猪呀，才是成群结队的，狮子、老虎都是独来独往的。”作家马铁丁反问他：“狮子、老虎固然是独来独往的，刺猬、癞蛤蟆、蜘蛛又何尝不是独来独往呢?”这就是以人之歪理还击人，使自比兽中之王的狂妄之徒如刺猬、癞蛤蟆、蜘蛛之类的小动物一般。苏联诗人马雅可夫斯基非常善于运用这种方法来反驳一些无赖之徒。他妙语连珠，辩论的语言蕴含着无可辩驳的力量。一次，马雅可夫斯基演讲刚完，一个胖子挤到讲台边嚷道：我应该提醒你，马雅可夫斯基同志，拿破仑有一句名言： ‘从伟大到可笑，只有一步之差。’”“不错”，马雅可夫斯基一边用手指指自己又指指那个胖子，一边说：“从伟大到可笑，正是一步之差。”那胖子的话意是，马雅可夫斯基的演讲有些可笑或者近似可笑，马雅可夫斯基面对这挤讲台的无礼之徒，借用他的话，非常巧妙地向他反击：可笑的正是与我只有一步之差的你!这是借用对方的语言还击对方。
五、假言辩驳
在辩论中，运用假育推理进行辩驳是极富于逻辑力量的。例如：1984年，上海市公安机关侦破一起重大反革命案件，共有八名被告，经法庭审判，结果其中七名被告分别被判处死刑二名、死缓一名、无期徒刑一名、有期徒刑三名，惟独第六被告徐汉勇被宣告无罪，当庭释放。担任本案第六被告徐汉勇辩护人的上海市第二律师事务所副主任郑传本律师，通过认真阅卷调查，以及全面的分析研究，在法庭辩论中，依据事实和法律，为徐汉勇作了无罪辩护。请看郑传本律师的一段法庭辩护词：被告徐汉勇在主观上没有共同犯罪故意，根据我国《刑法》第十一条规定：“明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的结果，并且希望或者放任这种结果发生，因而构成犯罪的，是故意犯罪。”根据刑法原理和司法实践，反革命罪只有直接故意才能构成。而被告人徐汉勇却没有这种故意。郑传本律师这段法庭辩护词中就包含了一个必要条件假言推理否定前件式：只有直接故意才能构成反革命罪;被告徐汉勇没有共同犯罪故意(没有直接故意);所以。被告徐汉勇没有构成反革命罪。以上推理符合必要条件假育推理否定前件式的公式，其形式是正确的，加之这，形式正确的推理又是建立在以法律为准绳，以事实为依据的基础上的，因而，具有雄辩的说服力。正因为如此，郑传本律师被告徐汉勇的无罪辩护得到了法庭的采纳。在一些法庭审讯的质询性辩论活动中，如果法官有较强的逻辑思维能力，运用假言推理可以抓住被告的一些错误的推断，并由此打开缺口，找到犯罪的证据。
六、演绎辩论
演绎是由一般性的前提推出个别性的结论的逻辑方法。由于其前提必然蕴涵结论，所以，只要其前提是真的，其结论也必然是真的。作为一种由已知推出未知的推理过程，演绎对丰富知识、增长经验、加强辩论能力大有帮助。在辩论过程中，正确地掌握和运用演绎推理方法，不仅有助于我们周密地进行论证，完美地表述自己的观点，防止给论敌以可乘之机，而且可以及时地抓住论敌的把柄，揭穿其诡辩的伎俩。因而，演绎推理也是雄辩家经常运用的逻辑方法之一。在演绎推理中，演绎常见的类型就是由两个直言判断组成大、小前提推出结论的“三段论”。由于三段论是一种必然性推理，即其结论是由前提推导出来的，因此，三段论是一种很有力的辩论方法。我们知道，人们经常要对个别事物有所断定。而对个别事物作断定最方便，最有效，也最有说服力的方法就是引用一般原理作根据进行论证，这种引用一般原理来论证个别问题的演绎方法就是三段论法。例如：邓小平同志在《答意大利记者奥琳娜.法拉奇问》中说了这样一句活：“当然我急是做了点事情，革命者还能不做事?”就是运用三段论进行回答的：凡革命者都为革命作了贡献;我是革命者;所以，我也为革命作了贡献。
结合上文来看这句话是在邓小平同志向法拉奇陈述周恩来、刘少奇等老一辈革命家对毛泽东思想的贡献后，法拉奇问他“你为什么不提自己的名字”时说的。在这句话的前面，还有一句“我算不了什么”的话。这里，邓小平同志不称自己为“革命家”，只称“革命者”，不说自己对毛泽东思想作了贡献，只说“做了点事情”。其实，中外皆知邓小平同志是一个对毛泽东思想做出了巨大贡献的伟大革命家，而他这里的回答不仅表现出了一个伟大革命家的谦虚品格、伟大人格，而且，充分体现出了他具有独特风格的谈话艺术，当我们翻读这篇谈话的全文后就会更清楚地体会到这一点。三段论不仅是一种很有力的辩论方法，而且是一种很有力的辩驳方法
七、直接破的
这是在辩论中直接反驳对立方论与的方法。也就是直接去揭示对立方论点的错误、虚假，或逻辑上的混乱。直接反驳对立方论点的方法很多：可以举事实反驳，也可以进行分析反驳，还可以澄清概念来进行反驳。
鲁迅先生在《“友邦惊诧”论》中，为了反驳国民党政府通电中加给请愿学生的所谓“捣毁机关，阻断交通，殴伤中委，拦劫汽车，袭击路人及公务人员，私逮刑讯，社会秩序，悉被破坏”的种.种罪名，特在文章结尾援引《申报》的南京专电再反驳：“考试院部员张以宽，盛传前日为学生架去重伤，兹捆张自述，当时因车夫误会，为群众引至中大，旋出校回寓，并无受伤之事。至行政院某秘书被拉到中大，亦当时出来，更无踪之事。”而“教育消息”栏内，又记本埠一小部分学校赴南京请愿学生死伤的确数，则云：“中公死二人，伤三十人，复旦伤二人，复旦附中伤十人，东亚失踪一人(系女性)。上中失踪一人，伤三人，文生氏死一人，伤五人……”可见学生并未如国府通电所说，将“社会秩序，破坏无余”，而国府则不但依何能够镇压，而且依然能够诬陷、杀戮。“友邦人士”从此可以不必“惊诧莫名”，只请放心来瓜分就是了。在这里，鲁迅先列举确凿的事实，直接反驳了国民党政府的谬论，异常有力。这是举事例直接破的方法的功效。
八、两难逼进
“二难逼进”就是二难推理于辩论中的运用。二难推理是由假言判断和选言判断做前提构成的推理。之所以称为“二难”，是因为它可以使人陷入左右为难、进退维谷的境地。由于它能较为明显地表现辩论者进攻的锋芒和力量，人们也叫它两刀论法”。“二难推理”是极有力量的辩论工具，善用的人可以使对方逃不出他的结论而陷人两难境地，无论古今中外雄辩大师们都极善于使用“二难术”，生活中也随处可见用“二难推理”令对方进退维谷的生动例子。例如：在一次外交场合，前苏联霸权主义者曾说：“中国反对缓和世界局势。”周恩来总理驳斥道：“你那么想缓和世界局势为什么不做一两件事情，比如从捷克斯洛伐克或蒙古撤退军队，归还日本北方四岛，来证明你的诚意呢?……”周恩来总理的驳斥，雄辩地作了这样的推理：如果前苏联霸权王义者真想缓和世界局势，那么就应该从捷克斯洛伐克或蒙古撤军;如果前苏联霸权主义者真想缓和世界局势，那么就应该归还日本北方四岛;既然前苏联霸权主义者不肯从捷克斯洛伐克或蒙古撤军，也不肯归还日本北方四岛，可见前苏联霸权主义者不是真的想缓和世界局势，而是在制造世界紧张局势。
篇8：雅思写作词汇语法和逻辑技巧
A foreign visitor has only one day to spend in your country.
Where should this visitor go on that day? Why?
Model Answer:
Traveling is a good way to find out more about different countries with different traditions and customs. Some travelers prefer to spend in one country just a few days or one day and then leave for another country. This way of traveling allows people to visit more countries in fewer days. Unfortunately, in this case such travelers have to hurry in order to visit more places.
I am from Saint-Petersburg, Russia. So, if a foreign visitor has only one day to spend in my country I think I would advice him to visit the ”Hermitage“ - the most well known and amazing museum in Russia. The ”Hermitage“ has 3 floors and more then 100 halls. It is really amazing to visit that place. Many people from all over the world every day enter its walls. Some of the rooms devoted to the history of other countries. Others devoted to the art of a famous painter and the history of his life. However, most of the halls conclude many things such as paintings, royal belongings, sculptures from Russian history.
Some people say that it is impossible to feel deeply and see all these amazing historical values for one visit. I have to completely agree with this statement. When I first visited the ”Hermitage“ I was 14 years old. It impressed me so much that I was back next day to see what I had not been able to see the day before.
The ”Hermitage" is an impressive and beautiful museum. I think it is worth to spend there a whole day and I believe that after that a foreign visitor can claim with a proud that he or she saw Russia.
★ 读金字塔原理有感
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