新GRE阅读该如何备考（推荐5篇）由网友“minæmo”投稿提供，以下是小编整理过的新GRE阅读该如何备考，欢迎阅读分享，希望对大家有帮助。
篇1：新GRE阅读该如何备考
新GRE阅读备考
1，答案在原文找，不可凭记忆答题。再者牢记：it’s not how much you read, it’s what you read。要读到focus，作者态度，逻辑结构(文章类型)和TS。
2，两遍法：第一遍快速扫原文抓大意，长阅读采取2-1-1-F原则，短阅读需要全文快速扫描;通过此法抓住main idea，即找出TS，也即是能用自己的话复述得出(简单中文判断句即可)，才说明理解了，如果一头雾水，就再读一遍。
详读：2-1-1-F，略读(不求理解)甚至快速扫视转折、缺陷、比较处，切忌速度平均。
第二遍看题目和选项，根据指定行数和关键词定位到原文，关注前5句和后5句话，然后排除选项。
3，题型分类
第一：general questions： 主旨题、态度题、结构题、段落大意或作用、续写内容;TS的改写。
注意干扰选项：过于具体和细节化，过于general，超出文章范畴，含有新内容。
态度要一致，从前不从后，末段态度不是主题态度。
文章题目一定要包含focus。
第二：细节问题，需要定位到原文。干扰选项：原文正确，但不能回答问题。
定位时，看原文完整的句子，最主要目的是找到原句的主语，再排除，答案中没有句子主语的一律排除。
强对比/改进型取非题：题干(infer, imply)问的一方是另一方的取非，问一个东西怎样会更好，即是找这个东西的不好之处。unless句+缺陷;给定行数题答案一定不在本行，要联系上下文。写作用意题：问具体事物(例子、数据、人物等)作用时，先到上文找观点句(前一句或两句话，若无，找段落主题句;仍无，全文主题句)，通常正确答案是将该事物与该观点之间的关系，证明or驳斥。泛指化题：提问方式是according to the passage which is true or not true?在确定某选项是原文改写后，不必再看其它选项。
第三：weird问题;不定项、排除题、句子点选题、词汇题、逻辑阅读题
排除题：读选项是按E-D-C-B-A，先找原文中列举处。
词汇题：先自己判断，再排除。
逻辑题：找出前提和结论，使用排除法。
4，选项特点：先大概纵向看选项，若有共同之处，拿共同元素定位。
正确选项：一定是原文改写，有词性变换、主动/被动变换、取非或反义取反、逻辑改写。主主谓宾补可以变，但定状不变(定语及状语限定的不能变)。
错误选项：排除
包含极端词汇：only, any, never, must, impossible，比较级，最高级，唯一性等通常错误，除非原文有对应的。
用同性元素排除，原文中同样的东西，全对或全错;
无中生有、与原文相反、不严谨的推理;
如果某选项出现了和题干所问事物不在同一位置出现的词汇，那么该选项必然错误。
违反常识。
5，文章结构
新旧观点型： TS为新观点。提示词traditionally, common, usually believed, most argued, 通常首段中部或第二段开头会否定，用but, yet, however或强对比。重点是对老观点的否定和新观点。
结论解释型;TS为该结论。首句必须是判断句，但不一定是判断句式，一般也包含态度和评价，开头是主题句，后面展开具体内容，通常是总分结构。
现象解释型：TS是作者给予正评价的解释。首段给出自然或社会现象，往往很古怪，后面解释。标志：前面出现phenomen之类词汇，中部出现explain, intepret，后面评论explanation。
问题解决型;答案即为TS。首段出现设问句，TS是正评价的回答，套路：首先是问题task/problem/question;接着solution/answers; 最后评价/态度。
混合型：围绕focus，不断出现让步和转折，但从前不从后，靠前的态度为主态度。根据文章内容，如评价某人理论、著作或观点，标志是开头出现人名(大写字母)或书名(斜体字)，出现study, work analysis等词汇。评价以正评价为主，重点是作者的态度评价。
6，标记考点：人名及特殊年代首次出现处、TS、作者态度、事物之间关系、缺陷、强对比、转折、列举。
7，表态度词汇：正、负、复杂态度(大正小负、大负小正)，下面词不能做为正确答案：
新GRE逻辑阅读
1. At the Shadybrook dog kennel, all the adult animals were given a new medication designed to reduce a dog’s risk of contracting a certain common infection. Several days after the medication was administered, most of the puppies of these dogs had elevated temperatures. Since raised body temperature is a side effect of this medication, the kennel owner hypothesized that the puppies’ elevated temperatures resulted from the medication’s being passed to them through their mothers’ milk.
Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the kennel owner’s hypothesis?
(A) Some puppies have been given the new medication directly but have not suffered elevated temperatures as a side effect.
(B) The new medication has been well received by dog breeders as a safe and effective way of preventing the spread of certain common canine infections.
(C) None of the four puppies in the kennel who had been bottle-fed with formula had elevated temperatures.
(D) an elevated temperature is a side effect of a number of medications for dogs other than the new medication administered at the kennel.
(E) Elevated temperatures such as those suffered by most of the puppies in the kennel rarely have serious long-term effects on a puppy’s health.
2. Which of the following most logically completes the argument? Alivia’s government has approved funds for an electricity-generation project based on the construction of a pipeline that will carry water from Lake Cylus, in the mountains, to the much smaller Lake Tifele, in a nearby valley. The amount of electricity generated will be insufficient by itself to justify the project’s cost, even if the price of imported oil-Alivia’s primary source of electricity-increases sharply. Nonetheless, the pipeline project is worth its cost, because ——
(A) the price of oil, once subject to frequent sharp increases, has fallen significantly and is now fairly stable
(B) the project could restore Lake Tifele, which is currently at risk of drying up and thus of being lost as a source of recreation income for Alivia
(C) the government of Alivia is currently on excellent terms with the governments of most of the countries from which it purchases oil
(D) it would cost less to generate electricity by moving water from Lake Cylus to lake Tifele than to do so by moving water from Lake Cylus to another valley lake
(E) Alivian officials do not expect that the amount of electricity used in Alivia will increase substantially within the next ten years
3. Amusement rides at permanent fairgrounds are dismantled once a year for safety inspections by independent consultants. Traveling fairs, which relocate each month, can slip past the net of safety inspections and escape independent inspection for several years. Therefore, the rides at traveling fairs are less safe than the rides at permanent fairs.
Which of the following, if true about traveling fairs, most seriously weakens the argument?
(A) Before each relocation, the operators dismantle their rides, observing and repairing potential sources of danger, such as worn ball bearings.
(B) their managers have less capital to spend on the safety and upkeep of the rides than do managers of permanent fairs.
(C) Since they can travel to new customers, they rely less on keeping up a good reputation for safety.
(D) While they are traveling, the fairs do not receive notices of equipment recalls sent out by the manufacturers of their rides.
(E) The operators of the rides often do not pay careful attention to the instructions for operating their rides.
4. When cut, the synthetic material fiberglass, like asbestos, releases microscopic fibers into the air. It is known that people who inhale asbestos, fibers suffer impairment of lung functions. A study of 300 factory workers who regularly cut fiberglass showed that their lung capacity is, on average, only 90 percent of that of a comparable group of people who do not cut fiberglass.
The statements above, if true, most strongly support which of the following hypotheses?
(A) People who work with fiberglass are likely also to work with asbestos.
(B) Fiberglass fibers impair lung function in people who inhale them.
(C) Fiberglass releases as many fibers into the air when cut as does asbestos.
(D) Coarse fibers do not impair lung function in people who inhale them.
(E) If uncut, fiberglass poses no health risk to people who work with it.
5. Politician: Pundits claim that by voting for candidates who promise to cut taxes, people show that they want the government to provide fewer services than it has been providing. By that reasoning, however, people who drink too much alcohol at a party in the evening want a headache the next morning. Which of the following could replace the statement about people who drink too much without undermining the force of the politician's argument?
(A) People who spend more money than they can afford want the things they spend that money on.
(B) People who seek different jobs than they currently have do not want to work at all.
(C) People who buy new cars want to own cars that are under manufacturer's warranty.
(D) People who decide to stay in bed a few extra minutes on a workday morning want to have to rush to arrive at work on time.
(E) People who buy lottery tickets want the economic freedom that winning the lottery would bring.
6.Like most other coastal towns in Norway, the town of Stavanger was quiet and peaceful until the early 1960's, when it became Norway's center for offshore oil exploration. Between then and now, violent crime and vandalism in Stavanger have greatly increased. Stavanager's social problems probably resulted from the oil boom, since violent crime and vandalism have remained low in coastal towns in Norway that have had no oil boom.
Which of the following most accurately describes the method of reasoning employed in the argument?
(A) Arguing that a circumstance is not a precondition for a phenomenon on the grounds that the phenomenon sometimes occurs where the circumstance is not present
(B) Arguing that a circumstance is a cause of a phenomenon on the grounds that the phenomenon has not occurred where the circumstance is not present
(C) Arguing that a particular thing cannot have caused a phenomenon because that thing was not present before the phenomenon occurred
(D) Attempting to establish a claim by arguing that the denial of the claim is inconsistent with the observed facts
(E) Attempting to establish that certain circumstances that would have had to occur for a particular explanation to be correct could not have occurred
7. Excavations at a Mayan site have uncovered jewelry workshops located some distance from the center of the site on roads radiating outward from the center. Since the nobility lived only in the area of the center, archaeologists conclude that these workshops made jewelry, not for the nobility, but for a middle class that must have been prosperous enough to afford it.
The archaeologists' argument assumes which of the following about the artisans who worked in the workshops'
(A) They were themselves prosperous members of a middle class.
(B) They lived near their workshops.
(C) Their products were not made from the same materials as was jewelry for the nobility.
(D) They worked full-time at making jewelry and did not engage in farming
(E) They did not take the jewelry they had made in the workshops to clients who were members of the nobility.
8. Over the last 40 years there has been a great increase not only in the number of agricultural pesticides in use but also in the care and sophistication with which they are used by farmers. Nevertheless, the proportion of agricultural crops lost to certain pests worldwide has increased over the same period, even when the pests concerned have not developed resistance to existing pesticides.
Which of the following, if true. best explains how improvements in pesticide use have been accompanied by greater losses to certain pests?
(A) Some dangerous but relatively ineffective pesticides common 40 years ago are no longer in widespread use.
(B) As pesticides have become increasingly pest- specific, controlling certain pests with pesticides has turned out to cost more in many cases than the value of crop losses caused by those pests.
(C) Because today's pesticides typically have more specific application conditions than did pesticides in use 40 years ago, today's farmers observe their fields more closely than did farmers 40 years ago.
(D) Certain pest-control methods that some farmers use today do not involve the use of chemical pesticides but are just as effective in eliminating insect pests as those that do.
(E) Forty years ago, much less was known about the effects of pesticides on humans and other mammalian species than is now known.
9.Authorities in California required drivers to use their headlights on a certain road during the daytime as well as at night and found that annual accident rates on the road fell 15 percent from the previous level. They concluded that applying the daytime rule statewide would lead to a similar reduction in accidents.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the authorities' argument?
(A) Because an alternate route became available, the volume of traffic on the test road decreased during the test period.
(B) Drivers were informed of the requirement to use their headlights on the test road by means of a series of three conspicuous signs in each direction of travel.
(C) Under certain conditions, among them fog and heavy rain, most drivers in California already use their headlights during the daytime.
(D) Full-scale application of the daytime rule would cause headlight bulbs to burn out sooner than they currently do and thus to require more frequent replacement.
(E) The test road was selected to include a great variety of the sorts of road conditions that drivers in California are likely to encounter.
10. Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the passage?
Every fusion reaction releases neutrinos. To test a hypothesis about the frequency of fusion reactions in the Sun, physicists calculated the number of neutrinos the Sun would produce annually if the hypothesis were correct. From this they estimated how many neutrinos should pass through a particular location on Earth. The fact that far fewer neutrinos were counted than were predicted to pass through the location would seem to prove that the hypothesis is wrong, except that------.
(A) the physicists, using a different method for estimating how many neutrinos should reach the location, confirmed their original estimate
(B) there are several competing hypotheses about the frequency of solar fusion reactions
(C) there is not enough energy in the Sun to destroy a neutrino once it is released
(D) the method used to count neutrinos detects no more than approximately ten percent of the neutrinos that pass through
(E) neutrinos released in the fusion reactions of other stars also reach the Earth
11.An economist concluded that Kregg Company deliberately discriminated against people with a history of union affiliation in hiring workers for its new plant. The economist's evidence is that, of the 1,500 people hired to work at the new plant, only 100 had ever belonged to a labor union, whereas in Kregg Company's older plants, a much higher proportion of workers have a history of union affiliation.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the economist's argument depends?
(A) None of the people with a history of union affiliation who were hired to work at the new plant were union organizers.
(B) Applicants for jobs at the new plant were not asked by Kregg's recruiters whether they had ever belonged to a labor union.
(C) In the plants of some of Kregg's competitors, the workforce consists predominantly of union members.
(D) The company believes that the cost of running the new plant will be lower if labor unions are not represented in the workforce.
(E) The pool of potential candidates for jobs at the new plant included some people, in addition to those Kregg hired, with a history of union affiliation.
12. Hastings’ contracture is a disorder of the connective tissue in one or both hands, most commonly causing loss of mobility. A survey of thousands of medical-insurance claims found that over 30 percent of people who had one hand operated on for Hastings' contracture underwent surgery a second time for this disorder within three years. Clearly, therefore, a single surgical treatment of Hastings' contracture is often ineffective at providing long-term correction of the disorder.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
(A) The medical-insurance claims did not specie whether the surgery was on the patient's right or left hand.
(B) The surgical techniques used to treat Hastings' contracture are identical to those used successfully to treat certain work-related injuries to the hand.
(C) A separate survey found that 90 percent of patients operated on for Hastings' contracture report increased hand mobility within one month after the surgery.
(D) All of the patients in the survey were required by their insurance companies to seek a second opinion from a qualified surgeon before undergoing the operation.
(E) Many people who have Hastings' contracture choose to tolerate its effects rather than undergo the risks of surgery.
13.The most widely used therapy for a certain type of ulcer completely heals such ulcers in 44 percent of patients within six months. In a six-month trial of a new therapy for this type of ulcer. 80 percent of ulcers treated achieved significant healing and 61 percent were completely heated. Since the trial treated only ulcers of this type that were worse than average, the new therapy clearly promotes healing more effectively than the most widely used therapy.
The answer to which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the argument given?
(A) What differences are there, if any, in the ways that the two therapies are administered?
(B) Is there any significant difference between the costs associated with the two therapies?
(C) What percentage of people with ulcers of this type who were treated with the most widely used therapy for six months experienced significant healing?
(D) How quickly do ulcers of this type, if left untreated, become significantly worse.
(E) What percentage of patients involved in the six-month trial of the new therapy were disappointed at the rate of healing were experiencing?
14.A society can achieve a fair distribution of resources only under conditions of economic growth. There can be no economic growth unless the society guarantees equality of economic opportunity to all of its citizens. Equality of economic opportunity cannot be guaranteed unless a society's government actively works to bring it about.
If the statements given are true, it can be properly concluded from them that
(A) no government can achieve a fair distribution of resources under conditions of economic growth
(B) all societies that guarantee equality of economic opportunity to all of their members are societies that distribute resources fairly
(C) a society can achieve a fair distribution of resources only if its government actively works to bring about equality of economic opportunity
(D) there ran be no economic growth in a society unless that society guarantees a fair distribution of resources
(E) some societies that experience economic growth fail to guarantee equality of opportunity to all of their citizens
15.High Towers, a company that occupies several office buildings, is considering installing new energy-efficient lightbulbs in its buildings. The new bulbs require less than half the electricity consumed by the conventional bulbs currently used to produce the same amount of light. The new bulbs also last considerably longer. It follows that by replacing old bulbs as they bum out with the new kind of bulb, High Towers would significantly reduce its overall lighting costs. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument given?
(A) If the new bulbs are widely adopted, as seems likely, they will be produced in large enough quantities to be offered at prices comparable to those of conventional bulbs.
(B) The utility that supplies High Towers with electricity offers discount rates to its largest customers.
(C) High Towers has recently signed a contract to occupy an additional small office building.
(D) High Towers has begun a campaign to encourage its employees to turn off lights whenever they leave a room.
(E) The company that manufactures the new bulbs has been granted a patent on the innovative technology used in the bulbs and thus has exclusive rights to manufacture them.
篇2：如何备考GRE阅读
如何备考GRE阅读
众所周知长阅读是GRE阅读中的一个难点，文章长已经不是问题了，而是在有限的时间内不仅要读完这么长的一篇文章，还要快速理清文章的脉络和逻辑帮助你作答。
要想提高长阅读的做题能力，就必须要以提高阅读速度为首要目标，从而，提高重要信息的抓取能力，主要逻辑线的整理能力，以及视角功能词，逻辑词等的标记能力。
提高单词的识别能力
提高单词的识别能力并不是说需要你认识文章中的所有单词，比如一些抽象名词，需要根据上下文来推测，不认识也没有关系。
而需要识别的是一些重要的具有态度方向的形容词，负向动词，因为这些词恰恰反映了作者的态度和文章的转折、递进等逻辑结构。
长难句训练
GRE考试的题目句子大都比较长，所以长难句的训练是必要的，每天都看 一点GRE 长难句图解与精练，自己尽量分析，画逻辑图的方式，差不多每天5-10句花费10-20分钟左右的时间即可。
GRE 逻辑框架训练
逻辑框架的训练就是要求同学们在分析文章时，要注重预测下文的行文方向，理清楚文章的框架和主旨，是什么观点，是怎么论证的，有哪些重要的证据。
要多去思考及分析，做到主动阅读而非被动阅读。
限时训练
就如前文所说，咱们的核心就是要提高文章的阅读速度，读文章的时候，把握住文章的逻辑结构和主要观点即可，不需要深究细节，把握阅读及做题的pace，这需要一定时间的练习，所以在备考后期要逐渐开始进行限时训练，考前进行模考练习，专门针对考试的时间分配进行适应性训练。
综合练习
做GRE阅读的时候切忌完全的翻译成中文去理解，而是去分析文章的逻辑结构，可以利用逻辑单项里的题型：
比如：recognizethe assumption，review/evaluate the argument : weaken，strengthen, find the missing but must-be-true informationthat can be inferred and mostly supported by the passages, and apply theprinciples from the authors。
或者，也可以运用Argument作文中的驳论结构去找文章的行文结构。切忌翻译理解哦~~
GRE阅读记忆训练的三个步骤
如何培养考试所需的短期记忆能力呢?下面的小编将为你介绍具体步骤：
步骤一：首先记住文章框架
1.在3.5分钟左右阅读文章。
2.在每一段的结尾，一句话概括了该段的主要思路。
3.读完全文后，浏览每一段主旨，并做一个归纳性的总结。
4. 提炼文章的整体主旨。
上述步骤可以帮助考生熟悉全文并加快解决问题的速度。
步骤二：回顾检查记忆内容
1. 把刚才看过的文章翻过去，暂时不去看。
2. 在纸上写下刚才的每段主旨和文章整体主旨。
检查记忆是测试你在文章中实际记住了多少内容，这实际上也是GRE阅读理解考察的能力。
如果在刚开始练习时没有记住任何内容并不重要，但请不要在此阶段直接阅读该文章。只要尽可能地记下你记得的东西即可。
步骤三：结合记忆答题
1.现在我们可以把刚刚的文章翻回来再看一遍。
2.如果主题涉及到特定的细节，比如在某一行中描述特定的内容，那么立即找到文章的相关部分寻找答案。
3.如果这不是一个细节题，直接回答它。
4.如果能够确定答案，便立刻回答并继续进行下一个问题。
5.如果不能确认答案，再返回文章快速找到。
6.如果前面的步骤无法解决问题，那就做个记号空下，继续跟进下一个问题。
GRE阅读备考真题解析之器官移植
The transplantation of organs from one individual to another normally involves two major problems: (1) organ rejection is likely unless the transplantation antigens (a usually protein or carbohydrate substance (as a toxin or enzyme) capable of stimulating an immune response) of both individuals are nearly identical, and (2) the introduction of any unmatched transplantation antigens induces the development by the recipient of donor-specific lymphocytes that will produce violent rejection of further transplantations from that donor. However, we have found that among many strains of rats these “normal” rules of transplantation are not obeyed by liver transplants. Not only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently. Our hypothesis is that (1) many strains of rats simply cannot mount a sufficiently vigorous destructive immune-response (using lymphocytes) to outstrip the liver’s relatively great capacity to protect itself from immune-response damage and that (2) the systemic unresponsiveness observed is due to concentration of the recipient’s donor-specific lymphocytes at the site of the liver transplant.
17. The primary purpose of the passage is to treat the accepted generalizations about organ transplantation in which of the following ways?
(A) Explicate their main features
(B) Suggest an alternative to them
(C) Examine their virtues and limitations
(D) Criticize the major evidence used to support them(E)
(E) Present findings that qualify them
18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that an important difference among strains of rats is the
(A) size of their livers
(B) constitution of their skin
(C) strength of their immune-response reactions
(D) sensitivity of their antigens(C)
(E) adaptability of their lymphocytes
19. According to the hypothesis of the author, after a successful liver transplant, the reason that rats do not reject further transplants of other organs from the same donor is that the
(A) transplantation antigens of the donor and the recipient become matched
(B) lymphocytes of the recipient are weakened by the activity of the transplanted liver
(C) subsequently transplanted organ is able to repair the damage caused by the recipient’s immune-response reaction
(D) transplanted liver continues to be the primary locus for the recipient’s immune-response reaction(D)
(E) recipient is unable to manufacture the lymphocytes necessary for the immune-response reaction
20. Which of the following new findings about strains of rats that do not normally reject liver transplants, if true, would support the authors’ hypothesis?
I. Stomach transplants are accepted by the recipients in all cases.
II. Increasing the strength of the recipient’s immune-response reaction can induce liver-transplant rejection.
III. Organs from any other donor can be transplanted without rejection after liver transplantation.
IV. Preventing lymphocytes from being concentrated at the liver transplant produces acceptance of skin transplants.
(A) II only
(B) I and III only
(C) II and IV only
(D) I, II, and III only(A)
(E) I, III, and IV only
GRE双语阅读：五件事加快衰老速度
Your Lunchtime cola
午餐时的可乐
What it ages: Your bones
老化部位：骨骼
The science: Older women who drank a cola every day had significantly lower bone-mineral density than those who consumed less than one cola per month, according to a study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. It’s not exactly clear why cola had this effect, but the study researchers believe that it could be the combination of caffeine and phosphoric acid (which most other carbonated drinks don’t have) that causes the problem.
科学研究：《美国临床营养期刊》研究发现，年纪较大的女性如果每天喝一杯可乐，骨密度会远低于那些每月只喝不到一杯可乐的同龄女性。尚不明确可乐为何会产生这种影响，不过许多研究者认为可能是咖啡因与磷酸(其他大多数碳酸饮料不含该成分)结合，造成这个问题。
What you can do: Cut back. Keep in mind that diet cola had similar effects and, to a lesser extent, so did decaf versions. If you need bubbles, try seltzer instead.
解决办法：少饮可乐。记住，健怡可乐也会影响骨密度，不过程度比较轻，脱咖啡因可乐亦如此。如果你想喝碳酸饮料，选择苏打水泡腾片吧。
Your Daily Commute
日常交通
What it ages: Your skin
老化部位：皮肤
The science: The air you’re exposed to on the highway is no friend to your complexion. Traffic-related pollution can lead to age spots, according to a review in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, while another review in Frontiers in Environmental Science found that pollution contributes to overall skin aging, plus other problems like acne, eczema and psoriasis.
科学研究：路上的空气可不是皮肤的好朋友。《皮肤病学研究杂志》表明，交通污染会引发老年斑。《环境科学前沿》还发现，污染会导致皮肤整体老化并产生一系列问题，如粉刺、痤疮和牛皮鲜。
What you can do: Until someone comes up with a way to make a long commute shorter, these tips should help. First, if you drive an older car, roll your windows down instead of up when you’re sitting in traffic. (With an older air-filter system, you’ll just breath in your car’s own exhaust if you keep them up). Second, apply a topical antioxidant product to your face, neck in the morning to help protect your skin from environmental pollution.
解决办法：如果行程不可缩短，那这些方法也许有用。首先，如果你开的是旧车，开车时要把车窗摇下来。因为旧车的空气过滤设备老化，摇起车窗只会吸入车的尾气。其次，在脸和脖子上涂一些抗氧化性产品，减少环境污染带来的伤害。
A Hypercritical Boss
吹毛求疵的老板
What it ages: Your brain
老化部位：大脑
The science: Anxiety and stress can shrink your hippocampus, and in people already experiencing the cognitive decline that can lead to Alzheimer’s, they could potentially speed up the progression of the disease.
科学研究：压力和焦虑会使大脑中的海马体缩小。对于那些认知能力已经开始下降的、可能会得老年痴呆症的人来说，病情可能会加速发展。
Your hippocampus controls memory formation and also plays a role in regulating your emotions. It naturally gets smaller as we age, but a review in Current Opinion in Psychiatry found that stress can cause structural damage and accelerate the shrinking process.
海马体是大脑中负责记忆和感情的部分。随着年龄增加，它会不断缩小。不过，《精神医学最新观点》发现，压力会造成海马体结构性损伤，加速缩小进程。
“Cortisol is released when you’re stressed and cortisol is toxic to the hippocampus,” explains lead study author Linda Mah, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Toronto and clinical scientist at the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care. Before you get anxious about how stress and anxiety are affecting your brain, know this: The researchers concluded that “pathological anxiety and chronic stress” are the real dangers, meaning the kind that’s unrelenting and never seems to go away. If you think that’s what you’re experiencing, talk to your doctor about ways to manage it.
“紧张时会释放出皮质醇，对海马体百害无利，”研究作者Linda Mah表示，同时他还是东京大学的精神学助教、Baycrest老年护理中心的临床科学家。在你焦急的想知道焦虑和紧张是如何影响大脑之前，先弄清楚这些：研究人员认为“病态焦虑和慢性压力”是真正的元凶，这些可是顽固性因子。如果你觉得自己有这些症状，和医生谈谈解决办法。
Dr. Mah led another study in focusing on people with mild cognitive impairment, or MCI. (MCI is considered a precursor to Alzheimer’s. Not everyone with MCI develops Alzheimer’s, but almost all cases of Alzheimer’s start as MCI.) Subjects who experienced anxiety at any time were more likely to progress to Alzheimer’s during the three-year study. The more severe the anxiety, the higher the risk.
Mah医生在做了另一项研究，关注那些患有轻度认知障碍(MCI)的人。MCI是老年痴呆症的早期疾病，不是每一个有MCI的人都会得老年痴呆症，但是大多老年痴呆症的病人都是从患有MCI开始的。在这三年的研究中，容易焦虑的人更容易得老年痴呆症。焦虑程度越高，患病风险也越高。
What you can do: You’ve heard this before, but managing your stress levels is incredibly important. Exercise may be particularly helpful in dealing with work worries, according to a new study in the journal Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, which reported that being physically fit helped protect against the health effects of work-related stress.
解决方法：你之前可能听说过，学会控制压力至关重要。《运动医学与科学》杂志最新研究表明，锻炼也许能帮助减轻工作压力。同时，健康的身体也会帮助我们抵抗工作压力带来的不利影响。
Sleepless Nights
夜间失眠
What they age: Your cells
老化部位：细胞
The science: A startling discovery comes via a study in Biological Psychiatry, which reported that women with five key symptoms of insomnia were almost two years older biologically than women of the same age without sleep issues. (The insomnia symptoms were difficulty falling asleep, restlessness, waking up during the night, trouble dozing off again and waking up too early.) This study didn’t show an obvious cause-and-effect relationship, but study author Steve Horvath, PhD, notes that it’s still good not to let sleep issues linger.
科学研究：生物精神病学研究有一项惊人的发现，有五大失眠症状的女性在生理上要比同龄女性老两岁。五大失眠症包括入睡困难、情绪不安、夜间易醒、午休困难、过早起床。该研究并未显示明显的因果关系，但是研究作者Steve Horvath博士表示还是要解决这些失眠问题。
What you can do: Treat the insomnia. If you’re having trouble sleeping, or notice any of the five symptoms above, ask your doctor for help.
解决方法：治疗失眠。如果你入睡困难，有上述症状，向医生寻求帮助。
An Expanding Waistline
腰围增加
What it ages: Your brain
老化部位：大脑
The science: Our brains naturally lose white matter with age, but researchers from the University of Cambridge found that the brains of overweight and obese people had the same amount of white matter as healthy people 10 years older than them. Being physically unfit in middle age was also linked to smaller brain size, according to research in Neurology.
科学研究：大脑中的白质会随年龄增加而不断损耗。剑桥大学的研究人员发现，体重超重的人大脑中的白质与与比自己大10岁的人含量相当。神经病学研究表明，中年人身体不健康也会导致脑容量减小。
What you can do: Get regular exercise (the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise, or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise, per week) and manage your weight to help keep your brain at a healthy size for your age.
解决方法：锻炼。美国卫生与人类服务部建议，每周至少要有150分钟的有氧运动，或是75分钟的剧烈运动。并且要控制体重，以此保证正常的大脑容量。
篇3：新GRE作文备考
新GRE作文备考
自我定位 明确目标
每位考GRE的考生专业背景、准备时间和英语基础都是不同的，因此在GRE作文中面临的问题也不一样，有的考生可能语言和思想都很出色，有的可能语言好，但思路经常扩展不出去，有的可能思想层面上有了，但不知道用什么语言表述出来，不知道如何正确的表达。因此，考生在准备GRE作文之前，要对自己做好定位，属于哪种类型，明确自己的弊端和优势，才能进行针对性的高效复习。
提高效率 高效备考
很多考生卯足干劲儿，一天一篇issue或argument，但到头来却发现收效甚微。因为如果不注重总结自己的问题，犯过的错误一味走下去，沉溺于题海战术中，只能事倍功半。因此虽然建议多练习，但不推荐一味只知道写写写，而是找考友或老师帮助你修改得更好，让你可以通过修改了解自己语法或思维上存在的问题，找到问题的根源并解决它，下一次不再犯同样的错误，打好基础，方能稳步提高。
实战写作 写好提纲
如果时间很紧，你来不及都练一遍，但至少要都看一遍题库，因为考场上时间短，把太多心思花在构思上，相对的用于准备其他地方的时间就少，但如果题目都已看过，一眼就知道想要写的思路，就可以在语言等方面下更多功夫了，也就更容易写出好的文章。Argument也许用不着每个都准备提纲，但issue最好是能每一篇都仔细想一想大概怎么写，到时再考场上，就能下笔如有神了。
愿考生取得佳绩，实现美国留学梦!
GRE写作解析
The following appeared as a letter to the editor from a Central Plaza store owner.
“Over the past two years, the number of shoppers in Central Plaza has been steadily decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. Many Central Plaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza. There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza. Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in Central Plaza will return to its previously high levels.”
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.
步骤：滑板增多之后生意下降;店主的话 → 滑板导致生意下降
假设：没有它因;店主的话可靠
反例：店主经营不善;经济危机;网购增多
补充证据：商店策略的变化;社会经济环境的变化;消费习惯的变化
步骤：滑板增多之后垃圾和破坏公物增多→滑板导致
假设：没有它因
反例：管理不善
补充证据：调查plaza对于环境维护的投入的变化
步骤：滑板导致生意下降→禁止滑板可以使生意恢复
假设：滑板没有造成plaza声誉的毁灭性打击
反例：滑板彻底使得消费者对plaza失去兴趣，并在其它地方形成了新的商业区，形成了固定的消费行为
补充证据：消费者目前有没有形成新的消费区域
GRE写作官方题库高频ARGUMENT题目满分范文分享： reverse a decline in listener numbers
GRE作文官方题库ARGUMENT题目：
The following appeared in a memorandum from the manager of WWAC radio station:
“To reverse a decline in listener numbers, our owners have decided that WWAC must change from its current rock-music format. The decline has occurred despite population growth in our listening area, but that growth has resulted mainly from people moving here after their retirement. We must make listeners of these new residents. We could switch to a music format tailored to their tastes, but a continuing decline in local sales of recorded music suggests limited interest in music. Instead we should change to a news and talk format, a form of radio that is increasingly popular in our area.”
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
【满分范文赏析】
This memo recommends that WWAC radio station shift from rock-and-roll (R&R) music programming to news and talk programming. To support this recommendation the manager indicates that the number of WWAC listeners is decreasing while the number of older people in WWAC's listening area is increasing. The manager also points out that area sales of music recordings are in decline. Finally, the manager cites the success of news stations in nearby cities. Careful scrutiny of the manager's argument reveals several unproven assumptions, which render the argument unconvincing.
【本段结构】
本文采用了标准的Argument开头段结构，即C—A—F的开头结构。本段首先概括原文的Conclusion，之后简要提及原文为支持其结论所引用的一系列Assumption及细节，最后给出开头段到正文段的过渡句，指出原文的Flaw，即这些Assumption无法让原文逻辑上没有问题。
【本段功能】
作为Argument开头段，本段具体功能就在于发起攻击并概括原文的结论，即WWAC广播台应当把当下的摇滚音乐节目更换为新闻访谈节目。本段接下来提到了原文中为支持之前的Conclusion所提供的证据，包括WWAC的听众正在下降然而WWAC广播地区的老年人的数量正在上升，这些地区音乐唱片的数量也在下降，以及邻近地区另外一家广播台的成功案例。文章提及这些信息，为是在正文段中对这些Assumption即将进行的具体攻击做铺垫。
First, the manager assumes that the decline in the number of WWAC listeners is attributable to the station's current format. Perhaps the decline is due instead to WWAC's specific mix of R&R music, or to transmission problems at the station. Without ruling out these and other possible reasons for the decline, the manager cannot convince an audience that changing the format would reverse the trend.
【本段结构】
本段采用了标准的Argument正文段结构，即先是提及原文的第一个逻辑错误，之后分析该逻辑错误的原因，接下来，进一步分析这样的错误为什么让原文的Conclusion不成立。
【本段功能】
作为正文第一段，本段攻击原文所犯的第一个重要逻辑错误——因果类错误。原文当中假设广播地区的人数下降导致了WWAC听众下降的Assumption是不成立的，因为可能存在其他原因。因此在没有考虑这些因素的情况下，原文当中的这个观点是不合理的。
Secondly, the manager's assumption that older people favor all-news programming is unsubstantiated. Perhaps WWAC listeners are dedicated R&R fans who will continue to prefer this type of programming as they grow older. Or perhaps as WWAC's regular audience ages, they will prefer a mix of R&R and news programming rather than one format to the total exclusion of the other. Besides, the number of young people in the listening area might be increasing as well. In short, the mere fact that the number of older people in WWAC's listening area is increasing suggests nothing about WWAC's best programming strategy.
【本段结构】
本段采用了标准的Argument正文段结构，即先是提及原文的第二个逻辑错误，之后分析该逻辑错误的原因，接下来，进一步分析这样的错误为什么让原文的Conclusion不成立。
【本段功能】
作为正文第二段，本段攻击原文所犯的第二个重要逻辑错误——因果类错误。原文假设老年人并不会喜欢在广播电视台收听摇滚音乐，但有可能实际情况是恰恰相反的，因为人们爱听摇滚乐，即便岁数增大也会收听。或者另外一种情况，老年人数上升并不意味着摇滚音乐就没有了听众。在没有考虑到这些因素的情况下，原文的这个观点是没有说服力的。
Finally, it is unwarranted to infer from the success of all-news stations in surrounding areas that WWAC will also succeed by duplicating the same format. Those stations might well owe their success to their powerful transmitters, popular newscasters, or other factors. Besides, the very success of these stations suggests that the area's radio listeners might favor those well-established news providers over the fledgling all-news WWAC.
【本段结构】
本段采用了标准的Argument正文段结构，即先是提及原文的第四个逻辑错误，之后分析该逻辑错误的原因，接下来，进一步分析这样的错误为什么让原文的Conclusion不成立。
【本段功能】
作为正文第四段，本段攻击原文所犯的第四个重要逻辑错误——类比类错误。原文假设邻近地区某广播台的成功模式可以应用到WWAC广播台。但实际上这个广播台成功的原因并非是WWAC能够做到的，也就是这种类比并不能成立。所以，原文的这个观点是没有依据的。
篇4：GRE阅读备考建议
GRE阅读备考建议
一、提高技能
其实，提高GRE阅读能力是提高几项具体技能，比如对文章结构的把握(这是做主题和态度题的关键)、对常规考点的熟悉程度、以及对原文与选项之间相应规则的掌握。
如果你只是盲目地做问题，不总结和积累需要掌握的知识和技能，那么做问题的目的只是为了赶上进度，没有任何改进的帮助。因此，在进行gre阅读练习时，不应盲目追求阅读量，而应真正提高阅读质量。
此外，GRE阅读是一个长期的过程，更不用说几天的练习会有效果。即使你做了很长时间，只要你的方法是正确的，效果可能并不明显。因此，这一次是最关键的时刻，往往离胜利只有一步之遥。如果我们坚持下去，我们就会得到启发。
二。掌握文章的结构
文章的结构是阅读问题整体思维的关键。gre阅读备考, gre考试培训掌握文章的结构，就会知道文章的大致脉络，文章的大致意思几乎是一样的。文章的结构类型和标志词，gre阅读备考, gre备考要多久以及文章的结构类型和主题之间的关系，仔细分析一个主题的正确答案是如何描述原文的主题和结构的，事实上，正确答案是文章中心句的改写形式，最重要的是找出原文的中心句，这有助于读者更深入地理解原文的结构。有效的方法。
三、熟悉定期考点
俗话说，知己知彼，百战百胜。如果你想快速克服GRE阅读困难，你需要了解问题制造者的想法。根据题目，我们可以推断出原来的考点，考查了原文的哪些内容，是否注意到这些内容并加以标注，这些内容中可以总结出哪些规律和特色词。这个总结很重要。如果坚持下去，过一段时间就会发现一些固定的原创问题，将来读原创时自然会注意到。
GRE阅读：长难句分析
However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. (4-)
起初，蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，随着她们获得的凝聚力，她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体，并拥有了一种妇女团结意识，而这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存，因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句读到表示并列的连词and开始变难。and之后的不定式与前面的不定式是并列的，to的前面省略了一个与前面一样的谓语came。 lacking之后的分词作定语修饰a sense of female solidarity其后的由who引导的定语从句又修饰逗号前面的salonnieres此从句中又有一个定语从句that each salonniere held in her own salon修饰其前的primacy,但是由于引导词that在从句中作宾语，因此被省略。
GRE阅读：解析倒装句
在GRE阅读中，考生往往会因为倒装结构的不清晰导致无法理顺整个句子的结构与来龙去脉，所谓倒装也就是为了实现强调句子的某个成分对原有句子结构进行的语言顺序上的某些调整和变化。某些情况往往说话人也会为了某种修辞目的采用倒装结构，修辞目的的倒装结构以文学作品居多。通常在考试的情况下，试题命题人往往会出于某种迷惑考生的目的，有意将句子结构进行改写，在GRE阅读的很多文章中我们都可以发现这种情况。下面我们就结合几个典型的实例来对倒装结构进行分析常见倒装搭配的几种情况：
及物动词加介词：固定词组的固定搭配中，经常出现倒装情况。
例如：bring A to B，写作：Bring to B A例：Yet Walter’s argument , however deficient , does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely , that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who ,no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards , often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.
翻译：然而，沃尔泽的论点，无论它不充分到何种地步，确实揭示了资本主义体制中最为严重的一个弱点，即它将某一类人置于社会中的显赫位置，这类人无论以怎样合法的手段获得了其物质报酬，却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人爱戴和钦佩的品质。
如果从bring A to B的角度去分析这个句子，则这个句子应该将people who....or admiration写到it brings 后面，之所以原句子不这样做，则遵循了英语的句尾信息焦点原则，从而尾部信息成为一种受到强调的部位.根据这条原则，说话人要强调什么意思，便可以让他出现在句子的句尾，而传递的信息便主次分明了.句尾信息焦点和“尾重”原则就是采用这一原理.对比下面这两句话：
The patient was taken good care of, and began to recover immediately.
The patient was taken good care of, and immediately began to recover.
这两个句子的意思都是病人受到了很好的照顾，很快开始康复。但第一句的意义重心是immediately, 强调了康复的速度，而第二句的意义重心则在于“康复”而不强调“马上”。
另外上面的第一个例句中的倒装部分还考虑了一个因素，那就是使之读起来不至于让人产生头重脚轻的感觉，而“people who....or admiration”带有一个较长的定语从句，所以就放在了末尾，另外作者在本句中所强调的部分显然是“often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration，却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人爱戴和钦佩的品质”另外“no matter how......material rewards”为本句当中的一个插入语成分
篇5：GRE阅读备考经验
GRE阅读备考经验分享：要学会取舍和做好标记
1、一句话只看一遍，充分利用自己的语法知识，时刻把握句子主干，修饰成分要毫无感觉得快速浏览。
2、做标记除了大写字母、时间年代、最高级、转折标志词、因果标志词、列举、让步、强对比以外，还要标记出并列连接词、分号、冒号、表示态度的词，原因我会在下面的取舍中谈到。我的做标记的小窍门：标记符号不要只用一种，也不要过多，个人感觉最多三种，分别标记原因、转折和其他，不过我自己只用下划线和括号。
3、一定要取舍。
我以前的标准是：
a)让步分句一律跳过，只看后半个分句;
b)such as后的内容一律跳过，也用括号括起来，不过我会数数列举的个数，如果是4个，则必出题，其他个数不用管，出题了再回头看;
c)for example举例只要提炼关键词的首字母就可以了，也要括起来，重点看后面或前面的结论。
d)原因——标志词常为because、since——一律跳过，括起来，只看结果。比较容易被忽略的是result in和result from，遇到这两个，我在下面划横线做标记。
e)老观点只把握关键词、知道讲的是什么就行，其他一律跳过。
f)冒号后一律跳过，冒号下做标记。
g)分号后一律跳过，因为表示并列，内容和前面大体一致，分号做标记，出题的话再回来看。
我现在的标准是：
上面这些全看，因为速度上来了，但看这些内容时仍然是“毫无感觉”地看，可以不用担心它们会分散注意力了。
当这些内容都做标记后，文章结构就非常清楚了，哪儿是举例、哪儿是结论、哪儿是原因、哪儿是转折一目了然，定位非常容易。
4.我的提高阅读速度的不二法门：反复阅读已经读过的文章，5遍左右吧!慢慢地就会产生一种直觉，知道哪里略读哪里重读。
新GRE逻辑阅读
1.Patel:Although enrollment in the region's high school has been decreasing for several years, enrollment at the elementary school has grown considerably. Therefore, the regional school board proposes building a new elementary school.
Quintero: Another solution would be to convert some high school classrooms temporarily into classrooms for elementary school students. Which of the following, if true, most helps to support
Quintero's alternative proposal?
(A) Some rooms at the high school cannot be con-verted into rooms suitable for the use of ele-mentary school students.
(B) The cost of building a high school is higher than the cost of building an elementary school.
(C) Although the birth rate has not increased, the number of families sending their children to the region's high school has increased markedly.
(D) A high school atmosphere could jeopardize the safety and self-confidence of elementary school students.
(E) Even before the region's high school population began to decrease, several high school class-rooms rarely needed to be used.
2. Peter: More than ever before in Risland, college graduates with science deGREes are accepting permanent jobs in other fields. That just goes to show that scientists in Risland are not being paid enough.
Lila: No, it does not. These graduates are not working in science for the simple reason that there are not enough jobs in science in Risland to employ all of these graduates.
Which of the following, if true in Risland, would most undermine the reasoning in Peter's argument?
(A) The college graduates with science deGREes who are not working in science are currently earning lower salaries than they would earn as scientists.
(B) Fewer college students than ever before are receiving deGREes in science.
(C) The number of jobs in science has steadily risen in the last decade.
(D) A significant number of college graduates with science deGREes worked at low-paying jobs while they were in college.
(E) Every year some recent college graduates with science deGREes accept permanent jobs in nonscientific fields.
3.Counselor: Every year a popular newsmagazine pub-lishes a list of United States colleges, ranking them according to an overall numerical score that is a composite of ratings according to sev-eral criteria. However, the overall scores gen-erally should not be used by students as the basis for deciding to which colleges to apply.Which of the following, if true, most helps to justify the counselor's recommendation?
(A) The vast majority of people who purchase the magazine in which the list appears are not college-bound students.
(B) Colleges that are ranked highest in the magazine's list use this fact in advertisements aimed at attracting students.
(C) The rankings seldom change from one year to the next.
(D) The significance that particular criteria have for any two students is likely to differ according to the students' differing needs.
(E) Some college students who are pleased with their schools considered the magazine's rankings before deciding which college to attend.
4. A thorough search of Edgar Allan Poe's correspon-dence has turned up not a single letter in which he mentions his reputed morphine addiction. On the basis of this evidence it is safe to say that Poe's reputation for having been a morphine addict is undeserved and that reports of his supposed addiction are untrue. Which of the following is assumed by the argumentabove?
(A) Reports claiming that Poe was addicted to mor-phine did not begin to circulate until after his death.
(B) None of the reports of Poe's supposed morphine addiction can be traced to individuals who actu-ally knew Poe.
(C) Poe's income from writing would not have been sufficient to support a morphine addiction.
(D) Poe would have been unable to carry on an extensive correspondence while under the influence of morphine.
(E) Fear of the consequences would not have pre-vented Poe from indicating in his correspon-dence that he was addicted to morphine.
5. Adelle: The government's program to reduce the unemployment rate in the province of Carthena by encouraging job creation has failed, since the rate there has not changed appreciably since the program began a year ago.
Fran: But the unemployment rate in Carthena had been rising for three years before the program began, so the program is helping.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly counters Fran's objection to Adelle's argument?
(A) The government is advised by expert economists, some of whom specialize in employment issues.
(B) The unemployment rate in the province of Carthena has historically been higher than that of the country as a whole.
(C) The current government was elected by a wide margin, because of its promises to reduce the unemployment rate in Carthena.
(D) Around the time the government program began, large numbers of unemployed Carthena residents began leaving the province to look for work elsewhere.
(E) The unemployment rate in Carthena had been relatively stable until shortly before the current government took office.
6. Soft Drink Manufacturer：Our new children's soft drink, RipeCal, is fortified with calcium. Since calcium is essential for developing healthy bones, drinking RipeCal regularly will help make children healthy. Consumer Advocate：But RipeCal also contains large amounts of sugar, and regularly consuming large amounts of sugar is unhealthful, especially for children. In responding to the soft drink manufacturer, the consumer advocate does which of the following?
(A)Challenges the manufacturer's claim about the nutritional value of calcium in children's diets
(B)Argues that the evidence cited by the manufac-turer, when properly considered, leads to a conclusion opposite to that reached by themanufacturer.
(C)Implies that the manufacturer of a product is typically unconcerned with the nutritional value of that product.
(D)Questions whether a substance that is healthful when eaten in moderation can be unhealthful when eaten in excessive amounts.
(E)Presents additional facts that call into question the conclusion drawn by the manufacturer.
7.Over a period of several months, researchers attached small lights to the backs of wetas—flightless insects native to New Zealand—enabling researchers for the first time to make comprehensive observations of the insects' nighttime activities.Thus, since wetas forage only at night, the researchers' observations will significantly improve knowledge of the normal foraging habits of wetas.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Researchers were interested only in observing the wetas' foraging habits and so did not keep track of other types of behavior.
(B) No pattern of behavior that is exhibited by wetas during the nighttime is also exhibited by wetas during the daytime.
(C)Attaching the small lights to the wetas' backs did not GREatly alter the wetas' normal nighttime foraging habits.
(D)Wetas typically forage more frequently during the months in which the researchers studied them than they do at other times.
(E)The researchers did not use other observational techniques to supplement their method of using small lights to track the nighttime behavior of wetas.
8.People whose bodies cannot produce the substance cytochrome P450 are three times as likely to develop Parkinson's disease, a disease that affects the brain, as are people whose bodies do produce this substance. Since cytochrome P450 protects the brain from toxic chemicals, toxic chemicals probably play a role in the development of Parkinson's disease. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?
(A)It will soon be possible for cytochrome P450 to be synthesized for the treatment of people whose bodies cannot produce this substance.
(B)Many people whose bodies are unable to produce cytochrome P450 lack the ability to produce certain other substances as well.
(C)Cytochrome P450 has no effect on the brain other than to protect it from toxic chemicals.
(D)People with Parkinson's disease often exhibit a marked lessening in the severity of their symp- toms when they are treated with dopamine, a chemical produced naturally in the brain.
(E)Many people with Parkinson's disease have the ability to produce cytochrome P450 naturally.
9.The early universe contained only the lightest elements, hydrogen and helium. Heavier elements, such as carbon, form only in nuclear reactions in stars and are dispersed when the stars explode. A recently discovered gas cloud contained carbon several billion years ago, when the universe wasno more than two billion years old.If the statements above are true, which of thefollowing must, on the basis of them, also be true?
(A)The earliest stars contained only hydrogen.
(B)Some stars were formed before the universe was two billion years old.
(C)The carbon in the gas cloud later formed part of some stars.
(D)No stars identified to date are as old as the gas cloud.
(E)The gas cloud also contained hydrogen andhelium.
10.Sleep deprivation is a known cause of workplace error, and many physicians frequently go without sleep for periods of 24 hours or more. However, few of these physicians have, in the course of a routine examination by a peer, been diagnosed with sleep deprivation.So there is little cause for concern that habitual sleep deprivation will cause widespread physician error. The answer to which of the following questions would be most helpful in evaluating the argument?
(A)Do physicians who have been diagnosed with sleep disorders also show signs of other ills not related to sleep deprivation?
(B)Is the ability to recognize the symptoms of sleep deprivation in others significantly impaired by habitual sleep deprivation?
(C)Do factors other than habitual sleep deprivation ever lead to errors in the workplace on the part of physicians?
(D)Of people who have recently been treated by physicians, what percentage believe that many physicians have occasionally suffered from sleep deprivation?
(E)Is the incidence of sleep deprivation higher among physicians than it is among other health care workers?
11.A list of the fifteen operas most frequently performed in recent times includes no works by the nineteenth- century German composer Richard Wagner. Although music producers tend to produce what audiences want, relative infrequency of performance probably does not indicate lack of popularity in Wagner's case, since Wagner's operas are notoriously expensive to perform on stage. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the conclusion of the argument above?
(A)The list of most frequently performed operas does not include operas produced by small amateur groups.
(B)Some opera companies are backed by patrons who are willing to commit large sums of money in order to enjoy lavish productions.
(C)All of the fifteen most frequently performed operas of recent times are works that have been popular for at least 75 years.
(D)More recordings have been produced recently of the works of Wagner than of the works of any other composer of opera.
(E)Operatic works of all kinds have been increasing in popularity in recent years.
12.The bodies of dwarf individuals of mammalian species are generally smaller in relation to those of nondwarf individuals than are the teeth of the dwarf individuals in relation to those of the nondwarf indi- viduals. Fragmentary skeletal remains of an adult dwarf woolly mammoth were recently found. The teeth are three-fourths the size of the teeth of an average adult nondwarf woolly mammoth. The statements above, if true, most strongly support which of the following?
(A)The body of the dwarf woolly mammoth was less than three-fourths the size of the body of an average adult nondwarf woolly mammoth.
(B)None of the teeth of the dwarf woolly mammoth that were recently discovered was as large as any of the teeth of nondwarf woolly mammoths that have been discovered.
(C)The teeth of most adult dwarf individuals of mammalian species are three- fourths the size of the teeth of the adult nondwarf individuals of the same species.
(D)Dwarf woolly mammoths had the same number of teeth as did nondwarf woolly mammoths.
(E)Dwarf individuals of most mammalian species are generally no more than three-fourths the size of the adult nondwarf individuals of those species.
13.Excluding purchases by businesses, the average amount spent on a factory-new car has risen 30 per- cent in the last five years. In the average household budget, the proportion spent on car purchases has remained unchanged in that period. Therefore the average household budget must have increased by 30 percent over the last five years.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?
(A)The average number of factory-new cars pur-chased per household has remained unchanged over the last five years.
(B)The average amount spent per car by businesses buying factory-new cars has risen 30 percent in the last five years.
(C)The proportion of the average household budgetspent on all car-related expenses has remained unchanged over the last five years.
(D)The proportion of the average household budget spent on food and housing has remained unchanged over the last five years.
(E)The total amount spent nationwide on factory- new cars has increased by 30 percent over the last five years.
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