GRE写作3阶段备考细节攻略指点Issue&Argue都要抓牢（精选7篇）由网友“戒指yong”投稿提供，以下是小编帮大家整理后的GRE写作3阶段备考细节攻略指点Issue&Argue都要抓牢，欢迎大家分享。
篇1：GRE写作3阶段备考细节攻略指点Issue&Argue都要抓牢
GRE写作3阶段备考细节攻略指点 Issue&Argue都要抓牢
GRE写作备考一阶段：重视并研究官方作文题库
重视新GRE作文题库，Arg题库如何准备?每个GRE考试题目都要看，把逻辑错误找出来，提取关键词或者信号词。Issue题库的准备，按照传统分类模式可以分成社会、科技、行为、教育、历史、媒体、艺术、国际化等几个大类。但是在后期复习中这样的分类方式无法满足高效复习的需求。所以，一开始准备Issue题库的时候，需要对题库进行在分类。找出每个大类之间的横向关系。比如科技在教育、社会、行为、历史中的应用和影响等等。这样对每个GRE考试题目采取二位定位，GRE考试题目的核心点就会更加清晰，写起来方向也多。题库梳理的时间为7~10天，需要完成度任务还是很多的。
GRE写作备考二阶段：ARGUMENT要规划攻击顺序
Arg的第二阶段核心是规划攻击顺序。经典的让步攻击必须掌握，但这种方法存在一些限制，因为论据和论据之间的逻辑关系可以分为两种，递推和并列。递推型的数据结构用让步发当然是非常完美。但是论据是并列关系的话，让步法就会显得松散。在第二阶段中，一定要做好的事情就是分析论据结构。如果是并列型论据，我们需要找到论据支撑的核心假设，然后弱化论据和核心假设之间的logic link，使得核心假设无法成立。攻击语言不要太过强硬，多用might这样的词，但是逻辑要强大。如何分辨论据结构?如果论据之间存在推理关系，那就是递推型。如果只是单纯的事实堆砌，甚至主语都是一样的，那么自然就是并列型。
Arg第二阶段要开始计时练笔了，规定30分钟写到450~600词。
GRE写作备考二阶段：Issue要学会挖掘隐藏逻辑
Issue第二阶段中，需要挖掘GRE考试题目的隐含逻辑。比如说竞争就要想到合作，说历史就要想到现在和未来等等。其次，要了解Issue的一个核心是推理而不是堆砌。中国学生写Issue分数一般的原因就是很喜欢举例子证明，慢慢的就成了阐释what的过程，但是Issue要求我们对概念加以阐释和推理，用逻辑手法证明我们的观点，也就是需要解释why的过程。拿竞争举例，我们写的方向是竞争促进种群进步，一个例子;竞争促进企业发展，一个例子;不良竞争不利于社会发展，一个例子;所以要适度竞争。这样是一直在说what，而高分的文章会这样竞争的本质源于物质稀缺性，物种为了生存延续不得不去争抢稀缺的物质，这个过程产生竞争。得到物质的个体存活下来，能力不足没有得到的个体就被淘汰，这就是竞争刺激优胜劣汰。这样的一个推理过程就是为什么竞争是好的，这个推理过程是ETS想看到的。再比如“诺贝尔奖是给少数人的，这样不利于科学发展”，这个GRE考试题目本质是资源分配中的马太效应，不揭示这个概念，文章只能写得很表面。
第二阶段准备Issue提纲，最好配上素材大全，可以找一些核心概念引导。这时候需要开始练笔了30分钟600字甚至更多。写提纲的时候要深度剖析一下。
GRE写作备考三阶段：每天列提纲积累实际练笔经验
对于Arg和Issue都是，每天看写过的提纲。用模考软件练笔，争取27分钟写到400+，找一些厉害的人批改也会很促进成长。自己修改也是可以的，但是要注意对句子进行润色和再修饰。
GRE考试中作文想要拿到高分，同学们在复习的时候要注意以上三阶段的复习规划，小编提醒各位考生，新GRE写作并非一件容易的事情，希望上文能够帮到要进行GRE考试的同学们。
GRE分类词汇记忆：放荡的人
3.1.11 放荡的人
bohemian adj./n. 放荡不羁的(人)
dandy n. 花花公子，好打扮的人
fop n. (喜好精致服装的)花花公子
libertine n. 性行为放纵者，浪荡的人
vagabond n. 浪荡子，流浪者;adj. 流浪的
knave n. 流氓，恶棍
rapscallion n. 流氓，恶棍
riffraff n. [贬]群氓，乌合之众
GRE分类词汇记忆：丑恶的人
3.1.10 丑恶的人
fury n. 狂怒的人;(希神)复仇女神;狂怒，狂暴，激烈
gargoyle n. 面貌丑恶的人;(雕刻成怪兽状的)滴水嘴
harridan n. 凶恶的老妇，老巫婆(骑坏的老马)
reptile n. 卑鄙的人;爬行动物
virago n. 泼妇，好骂人或好支配人的女人
desperado n. 亡命之徒
knave n. 恶棍，流氓
malefactor n. 作恶者，罪犯
miscreant n. 恶棍，歹徒
rapscallion n. 恶棍，流氓
ruffian n. 恶棍，歹徒;adj. 残暴的
GRE分类词汇记忆：善变的人
3.1.9 善变的人
chameleon n. 善变之人;变色龙，蜥蜴
apostate n. 背教者;变节者
insurgent n. 叛乱分子;adj. 叛乱的，起事的
mutineer n. 反叛者，背叛者
quisling n. 卖国贼，内奸
renegade n. 叛教者，叛徒
traitor n. 卖国贼，叛徒
turncoat n. 背叛者，变节者
篇2：GRE写作备考细节攻略
GRE写作备考细节攻略
GRE写作中单词的准确性往往会忽略细节
虽然，作为一种语言测试，GRE作文中过于宽泛过于简单的单词，不能让考官意识到你运用单词的能力，那自然不能高分。如果你想在文章中展示你的语言能力，你必须使用复杂的词汇。这是我们经常使用的词。事实上，这种理解也是完全正确的。然而，使用“in depth”，在文章中使用一个完全不为人知的高端词汇，有时会适得其反。
在GRE写作中，很容易忽略句型的复杂性
gre写作方法仔细研究GRE写作的评分要求要求后，你就会发现，在GRE中，文章切题和逻辑思维占了很重要的地位。但是，如果我们在备考的过程中主攻句型的组织，而放弃了GRE写作中主题的把握，那真着本末倒置了。gre写作怎么练在GRE的过程中，很gre备考要多久多学生也会花上一番心思去准备一些复杂句型。因为，几乎所有备考同学都相信，和高端词汇的使用一样，只有学会了在GRE中长句的驾驭，才能体现出自己的文章水平，才能为自己最后高分冲刺带来帮助。
GRE写作的双刃剑是很容易忽略模板的细节
GRE写作模板是一把“双刃剑”，如果使用不当，也会给你带来很多危害。当我们背诵模型文本或复制模板时，您能想象有多少人同时在使用文本吗?如果你故意写这篇文章作为答案，结果会是什么?因此，在GRE写作准备过程中，要全面把握和学习优秀范文，适应练习远胜于刻意背诵写作。
GRE如何提高写作能力
1.大量阅读
A.读文章
必须体会地道的、漂亮的语言是怎么写出来的，通过对范文的语言内容和逻辑的理解来学习写作中词汇的使用、句型的使用。在阅读中，你有机会把语言与语言所包含的内容、思维方式联系起来。范文中的一个词或者词组、句式，由于处在具体的语言环境中，你就能体会到它的确切内涵和外延，以及用法，通过不断的积累这些好词好句的用法，你的写作用词和炼句的能力就稳步的提高。因此，对于考生来说，不要死记范文，应该怎么利用范文呢?从宏观角度说：要从范文中提炼文章的结构和逻辑层级，也就是论证体系。从微观角度说，要从范文中提炼语言点(词、短语、句式)。
B.读历史、哲学、政治等相关书籍，储备GRE写作必须的知识量
GRE写作之所以有其独特的魅力，是因为所考的题目特点涉及大量的哲学观点、宗教、政治、艺术、社会问题、历史现象，而且要求考生要有理有据的进行insightful分析和论证，如何做到insightful，你就必须对一些哲学观点有所了解，这样你自然能够分析得透彻、论证得很有说服力，同时对相关话题在知识储备上有所铺垫，否则将无从说起，无话可说。例如GRE的Issue部分有这样一道真题：“Rituals and ceremonies helpdefine a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of whothey are.”典礼和仪式有助于确立一种文化，否则人们的社会或群体的角色归属感削弱。怎么去理解ritual,西方社会都有哪些对人影响和大的rituals，rituals和归属感为什么有联系，如何联系在一起的，这个话题如果不对宗教有所了解，肯定感觉无从下手。
其次，GRE写作，有其是Issue写作对于论据的要求是非常高的，因此你的名人事例的储备，相关知识量的积累是非常重要的，历史长河中的大量的事例是你最有说服力的例证，这一环节也正是GRE考生最为头疼的一部分，举不出支持自己的观点的例子，因此让自己的文章显得只有苍白的论证，缺乏说服力。因此要多读历史，积累例子，有其关注那些重要的哲学家、科学家、艺术家、政治领袖、商业领袖他们的生平事迹、主要贡献。例如Issue里的这样一道真题：“Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are alwaysout of step with their time and their society.”真正影响深远的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家们总是与他们的时代和社会步伐不一致。这个题目你如果没有必备的那些思想家和艺术家的例子，文章必然缺乏说服力。因此读历史积累写作素材，具体说就是论据素材是拿GRE作文高分的一个重要环节。
2.研习题库、写提纲、练习
Argument部分题库一共242个题目，首先要熟悉每一个题目，因为题目就是从这242个题目中随机的抽取，对于每一个题目找出主要的逻辑错误，也就是Argument题目的提纲，同时每一个逻辑错误准备一套语言套路去说，本书的Argument部分对每个逻辑错误都给出了详细的解析，同时提供了详细的攻击框架和漂亮的论证语言。写完242个题目的提纲后，写10-15篇完整的文章(语言能力弱的话，可以增加写作量)，找partner帮你改，知道错误以后重写。
Issue部分题库一共243个题目，写提纲对于这一部分的备考是至关重要的，也是最占用时间、最核心的一个环节，每一个题目的提纲力求详细，不用去写开头段和结尾段，就写正文各段你的各个分支观点，也就是正文部分的论证过程，除了论证以外，写完后想想可以用些什么论据，把支持论证的论据也写上。这里，再次强调的是，一定要较为详细的写Issue提纲，否则，在考场如果遇到没有思考过的题目，很容易乱了阵脚，临场去想，导致失败。此外，题目必须考前按题材分类去写提纲，看懂，知道对立面和大致写作思路，往往论据在同类的很多题目中通用;写完提纲后，再写20-40篇完整的文章(语言能力弱的话，尽量多写)。
GRE作文高分的备考经验
第一，文章开始点明中心句。
在每一段开始的第一行，最好能明确地表达你想说什么，也就是中心句。
这做法虽然死板，但往往有奇效。特别是对自己逻辑推理不是很有信心的各位，说清楚了，没说全面总比说都没说清楚要好。
第二，写作这个东西其实是相通的。
我们中的很大一部分在高考结束后恐怕很少再写这么长的，同时主题又相对深刻的文字。英文只是一个表达方式，而论证过程则和中文没有任何区别。如果实在觉得难以上手，不妨先试试写一篇自己认为很深刻的中文文章看看。在逻辑和思想方面，这样的训练方式会有奇效，同时对于心理是一个不小的鼓舞。
第三，有关范文。
范文是一定要看的，看什么。我建议，开始的时候，不要纠结于某某单词的某某用法，大不了你写的时候不用就是了。要大略的看，看作者是怎么展开题目，从哪几个方面入手，各自怎么论证的。
很重要的一点是，不要迷信范文。没有任何证据表明你看到的这篇范文出自一位逻辑学大师的手，即便确实如此，对于同一问题有不同的见解这是再正常不过的事情。思路可以借鉴，但千万不要僵化。
与此本质相同的另一个方法是，请别人改作文，就观点改或就文字改，按个人情况取舍。
篇3：GRE写作提分备考攻略指点
GRE写作Argument/Issue区别详解
首先，小编来为大家介绍一下GER写作两篇作文的差别所在：
1. 写作具体要求区别
GRE ISSUE作文的写作要求，大体相当于中文里的立论文，也就是根据作文题目给出的内容自己确定一个论点观点后搭框架写文章。而与之相对的ARGUMENT，则是驳论性质的文章，需要考生根据给出的题目和观点进行反驳，也就是通俗意义上的挑错。
2. 写作难度有所不同
对于并非英语母语的中国考生来说，ISSUE作文的难度是比较高的，因为写好立论文需要考生自己根据题目提炼观点，如果考生本身的自主思维能力和创造力比较一般，很有可能出现不知道如何找观点写文章的情况。而且不少考生存在缺乏主动思考能力的问题，对于写作比较被动，很容易就会写偏题。而ARGUMENT作文则相对简单一些，考生只需要根据给出的内容找逻辑漏洞和问题，并针对这些问题攻击挑错就能完成写作任务，更容易找到写作思路。
3. 复习方法花费时间不同
ISSUE作文需要花费更多的时间用于复习，理由上文已经说过，中国考生大多更难写好ISSUE，因此练习的时间也会因此增加。而复习ISSUE作文的重点，应该放在准备作文模板和练习快速列提纲搭框架之上。考生看GRE机经真题等复习资料时，也应该更加着眼于从文章题目的整体出发，把握住题目的主旨，提炼好观点节省考试时间。
ARGUMENT作文难度较低，需要的复习时间也比较少。而复习ARGUMENT，考生则应该把注意力更多地集中在根据官方题库学习找逻辑漏洞进行攻击的具体写法上。因为哪怕题目千变万化，但能够用以攻击反驳的逻辑问题其实就那么固定的几种，大家只要练熟了找茬的本领学会了写作套路，想要写好ARGU并不困难。同时，考生在学习GRE作文机经时，对于ARGU部分的机经，从文章细节漏洞等角度入手会收获更好的复习效果。
篇4：GRE写作提分备考攻略指点
考生在面对两篇GRE作文时，应该如何确保高分呢?
1. 两篇都不能放弃
首先，大家需要明确的是，两篇作文无论哪篇都不能放弃，因为最后成绩是取两者平均值的，因此如果一篇作文分数很低，另一篇作文写得再好也会受拖累。
2. 针对中国考生特点
针对中国考生普遍ISSUE弱ARGU强的特点，比较合理的得分策略是保ISSUE合格和争ARGUMENT高分。ISSUE难度高，确保一个3.5分到4分的成绩比较稳妥，而ARGUMENT大家更容易写出出彩的好文章，可以努力尝试挑战4.5甚至5分成绩。这样大家的作文平均分就能保持在4分以上，这就可以算是相当不错的成绩了。
GRE写作两篇作文相同点
虽然GRE写作中的ISSUE作文和ARGUMENT作文有很多不同之处，但在一些基本的规范和要求上还是有共通之处的：
1. 文章基本要求相同
GRE两篇作文的考试时间都是30分钟。考生需要在30分钟内完成从审题到构思到最后成文的整个流程。而两篇文章的文体风格也基本相同，都是属于议论文性质的写作。因此，很多考生比较惧怕的描述类文章就不会有所涉及了。同时，虽然GRE考试本身并没有做出任何字数方面的限制和要求，但根据历年来的高分范文总结，一般作文字数在400-500字左右是比较稳妥的，这一点ISSUE和ARGUMENT两篇作文也没有太大区别。
2. 文章评分标准相同
除了规范要求外，GRE两篇作文在评分标准上也是基本相同的。满分都为6分。最后总得分为两篇作文分数的平均值。大致都可以分为文章整体结构、逻辑思维能力、对于词句语法的运用以及论据素材的使用这几个方面。当然，由于两篇文章本身具体写作要求的区别，可能在一些评分细节上还存在不同。
3. 官方复习资源相同
无论是ISSUE作文还是ARGUMENT作文，两篇GRE作文的复习资源也是基本相同的。除了ETS官方公布的作文题库外，高分范文、黄金词句和论据素材都是帮助考生练习写作能力锻炼作文水平需要用到的复习必备材料。
总而言之，GRE考试两篇作文的得分大家都不能放松，想要真正提高GRE写作部分的成绩，考生就需要把两篇作文的成绩都提升上来，而本文中讲解的这些提分方法得分策略，相信能够给大家带来一些帮助。
GRE写作高频话题—社会类
1.“One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities.”
一个人要想真正了解一个社会的最大的特点，只用研究一下它的主要城市即可
2.“Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.”
政府必须保证主要城市用于发展的财政支持，因为国家的文化传统发源于并保留在这些主要城市
3..“Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are.”
典礼和仪式有助于给一种文化下定义。没有典礼和仪式，人们就无法很好地了解自己。
4.“The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people.”
人们的外表、衣着和行动表现了他们的态度和兴趣。你可以通过观察人们的外表和行为来获知这个社会的想法和价值
5.. At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.“
在过去不同的时期，很多物种的灭绝都是自然因素造成，而并非人类行为。所以，现在我们花费很大的人力物力去拯救濒临灭绝的物种是没有多少价值的
6.”Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people.“
政府应该保护那些疆域范围内的偏远地区，尽管这些地区人烟稀少
7.”The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.“
当很多人都质疑权威时候社会才会繁荣富强。
8.”Many problems of modem society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated.“
现代社会的许多问题是法律和司法系统不能解决的，因为立法不能左右人的道德行为。
9.”There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.“
有两种法律：公平的和不公平的。社会中的每个人都应该遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，应该不遵守或者违抗不公平的法律
10.”Laws should not be stationary and fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.“
法律不应该太严格、太固定。他们应该根据实际情况而有伸缩性
11.”Scandals—whether in politics, academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.“
丑闻，不管是政治、学术还是其他领域，可能是有用的。它们能吸引人们的注意力，而这点，是任何发言人和改革家都办不到的(传媒)
12.”Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy.“
公众人物，例如演员、政治家和运动员应该预料到人们对他们私生活的关注。当他们决定成为公众角色时，他们应该知道自己的一些隐私将被公布于众(媒体)
13.”'In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.“
在媒体覆盖率很大的当今社会，人们不可能把一个人当作英雄。任何有威望的人在媒体强烈的“关注”下都会名声扫地。
14. ”It is primarily through identification through social groups that we define ourselves.“
我们定义自己，最重要的是通过我们和社会群体的不同来实现的。(不太好翻) %%%%%我们定义自己，最主要是通过我们对社会集体的参与和认识来实现的。 (一个孤立的人只有参与到社会集体中去，才能够定义自己。)
15. ”The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries.“
一个国家的生活质量提高和社会的安定是和其他所有国家的生活质量提高和社会安定密不可分的。
16.-”The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus.“ 195. 政治的目标不应该是追求一个理想，而是寻找普遍合理的大多数人的意见
17.”The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little.“
一个好的领导最主要的品质就是对某些特定原则和目标的坚持。任何领导，如果他很容易受到大众化观点的影响，那他就一事无成。
18.”In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings - trials, debates, meetings, etc. - that are televised, the more society will benefit.“
在很多国家，人们一打开电视就能看到政府人员办公的场景。观看这样的场景有助于人们理解影响他们生活的决议。政府办公的过程，如日常事物、辩论、会议等，向人们开放得越多，人们就越能从中受益
19.”Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them.“
传统和现代是不相容的。人们必须在二者之间做出选择。
20.”In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.“
在任何领域，商业、政治、教育、政府，掌权者应该在5年任期后下台。对任何公司企业来说，取得成功最保险的途径就是聘用新生的人担当领导
21.”Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science.“
一些非主流的领域，如占星、算命以及偏执在社会中扮演着非常重要的角色，它们满足了人们的那些主流科学满足不了的需要。
GRE写作高频话题—科技类
1.”The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.”
人总是比机器聪明，因为机器只不过是人类的工具而已
2”The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time.“
技术进步的最主要的目标就是提高人们的效率，使得每个人都有更多的闲暇时间
3.”Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics.“
科学技术不但影响而且决定了社会风俗和民族习惯
4.”Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life.“
科学技术产生了许多不能解决的问题，对人们的生活质量构成威胁
5”Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress.“
不犯错误就不会有发现和进步
6.The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.”
摄像机可以通过如此精确而有力的纪录手段来再现当代生活，因此它已经代替书面纪录成为一种更重要的纪录手段
7.“High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication.”
8.“In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books.”
在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少
9.“Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete.”
通过电视和全世界联网的计算机，人们得以了解很多他们没有去过的地方。所以，旅游事业会越来越不景气
10.“With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society—including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences—will benefit greatly from international influences.”
随着全球网络的增长，如经济和通讯，整个社会的各方各面，包括教育、政治、艺术和科学，都从中获益非浅。
GRE写作高频话题—历史类
1.“The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.”
只有后来人评价以前的人，而不应该同时代的人相互评价
2..“When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers.” 110. 当我们把自己和历史关联起来时，我们变成了讲故事的人。因为我们无从知道过去发生的事情，但是又必须要把她们表述出来，所以历史研究是一个非常有创造性的领域，而并非一个客观的过程。所有的历史学家都是讲故事的人(storyteller)
3. “The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines.”
理解一个社会特征的最好的方法就是研究那个社会所认为的伟大人物
4.“The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten.”
对历史的研究把太多的重点放在对某些个人上。而历史上一些重大的事件和发展趋势不是由个别名人决定的，而可能是由那些已经被人们淡忘的人制造的
5“Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served.”
很多人认为建筑代表了一个社会过去的历史价值，但是当现代城市的规划者想要利用老建筑占用的地盘做新的规划时，就会引起很多争辩。在这样的情况下，现代的发展应该优先被考虑，以使当代的需要得到满足。
6“History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.”
7.“So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present.”
现在的生活日新月异，对过去的研究学习没有实际的指导意义
8.“The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives.”
只有当历史和我们的生活相关时，对它的研究才有扩展性和价值
篇5：GRE备考Issue写作详细解析
Issue
“The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves.”
Sample Essay
Many advertisements do indeed use attractive models or celebrities to entice consumers into buying the products that are being promoted. Who would not like to look like the beautiful models that are depicted enjoying the product? Who would not like to be like a Michael Jordan or Tiger Woods? To a certain extent, buying products to emulate the persons shown in the advertisements can make a person feel better about him or herself. But this type of advertisement can be a double-edged sword - when the product does not make the person “be like” the person in the advertisement, there can be disappointment and disillusionment with the product.
Marketing departments have long known that using attractive models and celebrity endorsers can help to persuade consumers to buy a product. Some customers may actually believe that buying and using the product will make them “be like” the people featured in the ad. For other consumers, there is probably at least some subconscious reaction that causes them to believe that they will in fact assume some of the characteristics of the person depicted in the advertisement. Consumers with a lower sense of self-esteem are more likely to buy a product based on the motivation that they will become like someone else.
Proof of this marketing axiom can be found by simply looking at advertisements from around the world. People featured in advertisements are almost always good-looking, healthy and physically fit. Marketers are savvy enough, and enough market research has proven that, consumers are motivated to buy by advertisements featuring attractive models. Even advertisements that are aimed at the older people of a population will feature attractive older people. Although there has been some criticism about the effect of showing only “beautiful people” on the general population, particularly on young women, advertisers know that beauty sells. But whether this practice makes people feel better about themselves depends on the individual and is certainly open to debate.
Some individuals with a low sense of self-esteem, especially younger people, may purchase products in an attempt to make themselves be like the person featured in the advertisement. Young women in particular may buy cosmetics or clothing advertised by beautiful models in an attempt to look the same as them. Young men may buy athletic shoes or apparel in an attempt to perform athletically in the same way that the person featured in the advertisement plays. These people may then become further discouraged when they use or wear the product and find out that they are the same person that they were before. Buying the product hasn't changed anything.
There are others that may derive a certain sense of satisfaction over the fact that they wear the same underwear as some beautiful models or that they drink the same soft drink as Britney Spears. These people in general already have a good sense of who they are and don't expect a particular product to perform miracles for them. For these people, the purchase of the product is not so much as an image enhancer; it is more of a form of self-expression. Perhaps drinking a Pepsi-Cola makes them feel younger or wearing Nike shoes makes them feel more athletic, no matter how old or inactive they may be in reality. In this manner, it is possible that advertising can make people feel better about themselves.
Marketing and advertising absolutely must appeal to people in one way or another to be successful. Research has shown that using celebrities and attractive people can motivate consumers to purchase a product. In whatever manner, advertisers hope that they actually can make people feel better about themselves, because that can help foster repeat purchases of a product. Ultimately, whether an advertisement makes a person feel better about him or herself depends on the individual and how they perceive themselves as compared to the particular advertisement in question.
(692 words)
观点陈述型作文[题目]
“许多广告的目的在于，通过使顾客购买某种商品，从而让他们觉得他们将会和广告中的那个人'相差无几'.这一做法甚为有效，因为它不仅能售出产品，而且也帮助人们有更好的自我感觉。”
[范文正文]
许多广告确实使用迷人的模特或名人来诱使顾客购买所推销的产品。试想，谁不想看上去像广告所描绘的那个正在享受该产品的漂亮模特呢?谁不喜欢成为麦克尔·乔丹或泰格·伍兹呢?在某种程度上，通过购买产品从而去模仿广告中所表现的人物可以使人产生较好的自我感觉。但这类广告却是一把双刃剑——当产品不能使购买者与广告人物“相差无几”时，人们就会对产品产生失落感和幻灭感。
营销部门早就深知，使用迷人的模特和名流有助于说服顾客顾买某一产品。某些顾客可能实际上相信购买和使用该产品会使自己与广告中描绘的人物“相仿”.对某一些顾客来说，至少有可能存在某种潜意识的反应，使他们相信他们在实际上可以获取广告中所表现的人物的某些特征。自尊感较低的顾客更有可能购买某一产品，其动机便是他们将能变得类似于另一个人。
要证明这一营销公理，我们仅须审视一下世界各地的广告。广告所刻划的人物几乎总是漂亮，健康，精力充沛。营销人员个个老谋深算，有足够的市场研究已证明，有迷人模特的广告可激发起顾客的购买欲望。即使是面向老年人的广告也会展示迷人的老年人形象。尽管只展示“漂亮脸蛋”对普通民众，尤其是对年轻妇女姓，所产生的影响已遭到某些批评，但广告商深知，美能带来商业效益。但该做法是否真能使人有更好的自我感觉，这因人而异，且值得商榷。
某些自尊感低的个人，尤其是年轻人，他们购买产品有可能是试图让自己类似于广告中所表现的人物。特别是年轻女性，她们购买那些漂亮模特作广告宣传的化妆品或服饰，可能是为了能和广告人物显得一模一样。年轻男性购买运动鞋或服装，试图能在运动方面与广告中的人物相媲美。然而，当这些人使用或穿上广告中的产品，却发现他们还是他们以前的那个样子时，他们会倍受打击。购买广告产品并没有改变什么。
另外有一些人可能会从这样的事实中获得某种满足感，即他们穿着和漂亮模特一样的内衣或喝着与Britney Spears一样的饮料。这些人普遍而言早已清楚自己是什么样的人，并不希望某一特定产品为他们创造奇迹。对这些人来说，购买产品与其说是在提升自己的形象，还不如说是一种自我表现。或许，喝百事可乐使他们觉得年轻，或穿上耐克鞋使他们觉得更象一个运动员，不管他们实际上年龄有多大或多么的不爱运动。广告有可能以这样的方式使人们有更好的自我感觉。
市场营销和广告绝对应该以一种方式或另一种方式来打动人们，以便取得成功。研究表明，应用名人或迷人的人物可以促使消费者购买某一产品。无论用何种手法，广告商们希望，他们能够使人们实际上形成更好的自我感觉，因为这样有助于培养人们反复购买某一产品的习惯。最终来说，广告是否能使人们有更好的自我感觉取决于个人，取决于他们将自己与某一特定广告联系起来时是如何看待他们自己的。
篇6：GRE备考Issue写作详细解析
Issue
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.“Too much emphasis is placed on the development of reading skills in elementary school. Many students who are discouraged by the lonely activity of reading turn away from schoolwork merely because they are poor readers. But books recorded on audiocassette tape provide an important alternative for students at this crucial stage in their education, one the school board should not reject merely because of the expense involved. After all, many studies attest to the value of allowing students to hear books read aloud; there is even evidence that students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become able readers. Thus, hearing books on tape can only make students more eager to read and to learn. Therefore, the school board should encourage schools to buy books on tape and to use them in elementary education.”
In this argument, the writer claims that elementary schools place too much emphasis on the development of reading skills; therefore books on audiocassette should be provided as an alternative method of learning. The arguer attempts to substantiate the conclusion by citing studies that show the value of allowing students to hear books read aloud; including evidence that students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become better readers. This argument ultimately fails as it suffers from several critical fallacies.
First of all, the writer flatly states, without any supporting evidence whatsoever, that many students are discouraged by the “lonely” activity of reading, then continues on in the same sentence to state that students turn away from schoolwork solely because they are poor readers. Students often read to themselves or to the other students in a classroom situation - hardly a lonely activity. Additionally, this argument puts the effect before the cause - inviting the circular logic that students stop trying to learn to read because they are poor readers. Following this argument to its logical conclusion, because they are poor readers, they should not try to learn how to improve their reading. This absurd argument is analogous to saying that a new student should never start to learn in the first place, because he or she knows nothing.
Secondly, the writer cites as evidence in favor of the use of audiocassettes the idea that students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become proficient readers. It is at best doubtful that this provides proof that listening to someone read a book stimulates a young mind to learn to read better. It is far more likely that the child gains an interest in learning to read from the parents themselves, not the physical act of having something read to them. In this situation, the parent is showing the child his or her ability to read, which the child will naturally want to emulate. Furthermore, it is likely that a parent that spends time reading to a child is likely to be a much more encouraging parent, particularly when it comes to that child's education.
Thirdly, the writer fails to convince in his argument that hearing books on audiocassette makes a child more eager to read and to learn. The author cites many studies that show value in allowing students to hear books read aloud - he or she does not state that the studies show whether that value manifests itself as better reading skills or simply better listening skills, which seems more likely than any improvement in reading ability.
Finally, the author fails to take into consideration that merely listening to books on audiocassette fails to provide the visual stimulation necessary to develop higher level reading skills. It is more likely that hearing a book on audiocassette would discourage that student from ever reading that particular book on his or her own. Elementary schools are the main developing grounds for a student's reading abilities- there is no substitute for actively learning to actually see the writing and comprehend what it is trying to say. Listening skills can be developed through means other than by hearing books on audiocassette. Reading skills are an absolutely irreplaceable and fundamental part of an elementary student's education.
In conclusion, the writer's argument fails to address several weak areas that lead to a rejection of the overall conclusion that the school board should encourage schools to buy books on tape for use in elementary education. To strengthen the argument, direct cause and effect evidence should be set forth that shows better overall learning without any loss in the development of higher level reading skills for students.
(612 words)
[题目]
下述文字摘自一封致某地方报纸编辑的信函：“在小学里，人们对阅读技能的培养强调得过分了。许多对孤独的阅读活动望而却步的学生无心专注于学业，仅仅是因为他们阅读能力薄弱。但是，录制在盒式录音磁带上的书本内容却可以向学生在其教育中如此关键的这一阶段提供另外一个重要的选择方案。对于这一方案，校董事会不能纯粹因为所涉及到的费用而予以摈弃。不管怎么说，许多研究均可验证让学生聆听大声朗诵书本内容这一做法的价值。甚至还不乏这样的证据，即有些学生，由于其父母将书本内容朗读给他们听，就更有可能成为阅读能力很强的人。因此，在盒式录音磁带上听书本内容只会使学生更迫切地去阅读和学习。故校董事会应该鼓励学校去购置磁带书本，并将其应用于小学教学之中。”
[范文正文]
在本段论述中，作者宣称小学过分强调对学生阅读能力的培养;因此，录制在盒式录音磁带上的书本内容应提供给学生，作为又一种可选择的学习方法。论述者通过援引某些研究，力图来证明自己的结论，所援引的研究表明，让学生聆听书本内容被大声朗读这一做法不无价值。论述者还提供了这样的证据，即有些学生，由于其父母亲将书本内容朗读给他们听，就较有可能成为阅读能力很强的人。该论点由于存在着某些严重的逻辑谬误而最终无法站得住脚。 首先，作者言之凿凿地、且在毫无任何佐证性证据的情况下陈述道，许多学生对“孤独的”阅读行为望而却步，接着在同一个句子中继续陈述道，学生会仅仅因为阅读能力差而无心投入到学业之中。学生常常会在课堂氛围中自己默读或者朗读给其他学生听，这就很难将阅读说成是一种“孤独的”活动。此外，该论点将因果倒置——诉诸于循环论证式逻辑推理 ——学生们因为阅读技能差而不愿努力去学习阅读。按此论据得出的逻辑结论便是：因为他们阅读能力差，他们就不必作任何努力去学习如何来提高其阅读能力。这一荒谬的论述仿佛就像是在说，一个新生永远没有必要开始学习任何东西，因为这位新生一无所知。
其次，作者援引了某一理念作为证据，用来为盒式录音磁带的使用进行辩护，这一理念便是，当一个学生有父母对他进行朗读时，他便更有可能成为一个精于阅读的人。如果将这视为证据，说明听他人朗读一本书便能刺激一颗年幼的心灵去学习如何具有更强的阅读能力，这充其量也是十分令人怀疑的。更有可能的是，孩子从父母身上所获得的是一种去学习阅读的兴趣，而非由他人对他们进行朗读这一具体行为本身。在此情形中，父母所做的是向孩子表明他或她的阅读能力，孩子自然愿意模仿这一能力。再者，一位花时间来给孩子进行朗读的父亲或母亲更有可能是一个教子有方的人，尤其是在涉及到孩子教育这一方面。
第三，作者在其论述中没能让我们相信在盒式录音磁带上听书能使孩子更加渴望去阅读和学习。作者援引了多项研究，以期证明让学生听人大声朗读书本这一做法的价值。但这位作者并没能说清楚，这些研究所表明的价值是否呈现为更强的阅读技能，或者只是呈现为更强的听力技能，而这一技能似乎比任何阅读能力方面的提高来得更有可能。
最后需要指出的是，作者没有考虑到这样一个因素，即纯粹在盒式录音带上听书是无法提供培养较高层次阅读技能所必需的视觉刺激的。情况更有可能是，在盒式录音带上听某一本书会打消该学生自己去阅读那本特定的书的积极性。小学教育是发展孩子阅读能力的主要阶段，没有任何东西可以来替代积极的学习行为，亲眼去看所写的内容并去理解字里行间所要表达的内容。要发展听力技能，并不必定需要借助在盒式录音带上听书这一手段。阅读技能是小学生教育中绝对无可替代的和最基本的部分。
归纳而言，作者的论述没有能解决某些薄弱之处，正是这些没能纠正的薄弱之处，使学校董事会应该鼓励学校去购买磁带书本用于小学教育这一总体结论无法得以成立。若要使其论据更具充分说服力，必须摆出直接的因果证据来证明，学生在发展较高层次的阅读技能方面在没有蒙受任何损失的情况下，总体学习效果得到了提高。
篇7：GRE备考Issue写作详细解析
Issue
“When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers.”
Sample Essay
There would seem to be two different perspectives presented in the above statement. The first two sentences are concerned with exploring history and would seem to discuss looking at history that has already been written. People who concern themselves with the study of history are not storytellers, but rather story interpreters. The last sentence refers to the people that write about history, the historians themselves. Certainly, to a certain extent, historians must be storytellers because they have a story to tell. But the term “storyteller” seems to imply a greater amount of creativity than what is involved in actually explaining what has happened in history. For the purposes of this essay, I will focus on the perspective of the historian, as it would appear to be the underlying core idea.
From the perspective of the historian, most historians do not have the benefit of having lived through the period of history that they are writing about. By researching through thousands of old letters, legal documents, family heirlooms and the like, historians must look at fragments of history and somehow put these pieces together to reconstruct what actually happened. In this sense, they must be storytellers because inevitably, their personal insights become part of what others will see when they read the historian's writings. As an example, there are many differing opinions as to whether Thomas Jefferson actually fathered children with one of his slaves. Some historians have written that it is a virtual certainty, while others argue that it was his brother, rather than Thomas himself, that fathered the children. They both cannot be right. Although they are all historians, they are also storytellers giving their opinion on what version of events actually transpired.
Historians that are documenting events as they happen today have much less of an opportunity to fall into the “storyteller” category as they are present as witnesses to these events as they are happening. Television, newspaper and other media coverage is widespread and almost unrelenting. Television captures visuals and audios that are spread rapidly around the world and theoretically can last forever. There is much less room for putting one's own “spin” on an event, especially regarding the exact details of what happened. But even with today's events, there is room for opinion on the part of the historian. For example, historians are already arguing what evidence the United States government had regarding potential terrorism prior to the incredible tragedy of September 11, 2001. Looking back now, it seems obvious that the government should have known that something on a large scale was going to happen. With the benefit of hindsight, there were several failures in the government's counter-terrorism efforts. Historians will now argue over the exact version of what happened, as they become storytellers to try to explain 9/11 to future generations.
Another example showcasing the idea that all historians are storytellers is that of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Variations on who was responsible and what actually happened have been the focus of hundreds, if not thousands, of books and historical accounts. Many historians argue vehemently that his or her account of history is the “true” version. Given the same evidence, historians decide which evidence is credible and which is not to arrive at their own conclusions. Clearly storytelling is a big part of how history is written.
Particularly when it concerns ancient history, all historians must be storytellers to a certain degree. “Connecting the dots” of surviving evidence from the time period or event being examined requires a certain amount of personal intuition and supposition. Historians that write about events from the more recent periods will probably be less inclined to be “storytellers” as the sheer mass of evidence that is presented will likely lead to better documentation of historic events as they happen.
(684 words)
观点陈述型作文/[题目]
“当我们关注历史研究时，我们便成为故事讲述者。由于我们永远也不可能直接知道过去。而只能通过对证据的解释来构建历史，因此，探究历史更多地成为一项创造性的事业，而不是一种客观的求索。所有历史学家都是故事讲述者。”
[范文正文]
上述陈述中似乎存在两个不同的视角。开头两个句子所涉及到的是探究历史，所探讨的似乎是审视业已被著述的那种历史。专注于历史研究的人不是故事讲述者，而是故事解释者。毫无疑问，在某种程度上，史学家必须是故事讲述者，因为他们有故事要讲。但“故事讲述者”这一术语似乎暗示着一种更大程度上的创造性，要超过实际解释历史上所发生过的一切这一过程中所涉及的程度。为了本文的目的，我将集中在史学家这一视角，因为这似乎是论题中所包含的核心主题。
从史学家这一视角看，大多数史学家均无幸亲身经历他们所著述的那段历史。通过研究数以千计的古老书信，法律文件，家族的传世之宝等物件，史学家必须分析一个个残缺不全的历史片断，以某种方式将这些碎片拼凑起来，重新构建实际所发生的一切。从这层意义上讲，他们不得不成为故事讲述者，因为他们的个人见解不可避免地成为其他人研读史学家著作时所见到的一部分。例如，围绕着托马斯·杰佛逊实际上是否与他的一个女奴生有几个孩子、这一问题，史学们众说纷纭。有些史学家著述道，这几乎是一个铁定的事实。但其他一些史学家则反驳说，是他的兄弟，而不是杰佛逊本人，才是这些孩子的父亲。双方不可能都对。他们都是史学家，他们也是一些故事讲述者，给出他们自己的观点，以期说明究竟哪个版本才是实际发生的事件。
记载当今正在发生的事件的史学家们，不太可能被归入“故事讲述者”这一范畴，因为他们作为历史见证者亲身经历了各种事件的发生。电视、报纸和其他媒体的报道铺天盖地，几乎从不间断。电视所捕捉到的视频和音频信息会被迅速地传遍全球，并在理论上可永久地存在。对某一事件作出个人“诠释”的余地越来越小，尤其是有关所发生事件的确切细节。但即使是对于当今发生的事件，史学家仍有表达个人观点的空间。例如，史学家早就在争论美国政府在无法令人置信的2001年9月11日悲剧发生之前关于潜在的恐怖主义活动已拥有了哪些证据。现在回顾起来，情况似乎十分明朗，即政府早就知道某种大规模事件将要发生。得益于后见之明，我们现在可以看清楚，政府的反恐努力中存在着诸多漏洞。史学家从现在起将会针对事件发生的确切版本争论不休，因为他们在试图向后代解释“9.11事件”时都将成为“故事讲述者”.
例证“所有史学家都是故事讲述者”这一观点的另一个实例是约翰·弗·肯尼迪的谋杀事件。谁对这起事件负责?实际上发生了什么?有关这类问题的各种说法构成了成千上万部史学著作的焦点。许多史学家都言之凿凿地宣称，他(她)对那段历史的叙述才是“确凿无疑”的版本。即使在被给予相同证据的情况下，史学家也会去判断哪些证据是可信的，哪些不足为信，并最终得出自己的结论。显而易见，讲述故事在历史著述中占有相当大的一部分。
尤其是在涉及到古代历史时，所有史学家在一定程度上都是故事讲述者。从被审视的历史时期或事件残存的证据中将“蛛丝马迹”串连起来，这需要一定程度上的个人直觉和假设。对较为近期的历史事件进行著述的史学家可能不太愿意成为“故事讲述者”，因为所能获得的大量证据可能导致对所发生的事件的过程更为详尽的记载。
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