土木工程英语翻译2（共8篇）由网友“就是不吃榴莲糖”投稿提供，下面是小编为大家整理后的土木工程英语翻译2，仅供参考，喜欢可以收藏与分享哟!
篇1：土木工程英语翻译2
土木工程英语翻译2
The history of civil engineering
Another advance in steel construction（结构） is the method of fastening together（连在一起） the beams. For many years the standard method was riveting. A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screw（圆头螺丝钉） without threads（螺纹）. It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces of steel（钢构件）, and a second head is formed at the other end by hammering（锤击）it to hold it in place（固定就位）. Riveting has now largely been replaced by welding, the joining together of pieces of ste Fundamentally, engineering is an end-product-oriented discipline that is innovative, cost-conscious and mindful of human factors. It is concerned with the creation of new entities, devices or methods of solution: a new process, a new material, an improved power source, a more efficient arrangement of tasks to accomplish a desired goal or a new structure. Engineering is also more often than not concerned with obtaining economical solutions. And, finally, human safety is always a key consideration.Engineering is concerned with the use of abstract scientific ways of thinking and of defining real world problems. The use of idealizations and development of procedures for establishing bounds within which behavior can be ascertained are part of the process.
Many problems, by their very nature, can’t be fully described―even after the fact, much less at the outset. Yet acceptable engineering solutions to these problems must be found which satisfy the defined needs. Engineering, then, frequently concerns the determination of possible solutions within a context of limited data. Intuition or judgment is a key factor in establishing possible alternative strategies, processes, or solutions. And this, too, is all a part of engineering.
Civil engineering is one of the most diverse branches of engineering. The civil engineer plans, designs, constructs, and maintains a large variety of structures and facilities for public, commercial and industrial use. These structures include residential, office, and factory buildings; highways, railways, airports, tunnels, bridges, harbors, channels, and pipelines. They also include many other facilities that are a part of the transportation systems of most countries, as well as sewage and waste disposal systems that add to our convenience and safeguard our health.The term “civil engineer” did not come into use until about 1750, when John Smeaton, the builder of famous Eddystone lighthouse near Plymouth, England, is said to have begun calling himself a “civil engineer” to distinguish himself from the military engineers of his time. However, the profession is as old as civilization.
In ancient Egypt the simplest mechanical principles and devices were used to construct many temples and pyramids that are still standing, including the great pyramid at Giza and the temple of Amon-Ra at Karnak. The great pyramid, 481 feet(146.6 meters)high, is made of 2.25 million stone blocks having an average weight of more than 1.5tons (1.4 metric tons). Great numbers of men were used in the construction of such monuments. The Egyptians also made obelisks by cutting huge blocks of stone, some weighing as much as 1000 tons (900 metric tons). Cutting tools of hard bronze were used.The Egyptians built causeways and roads for transporting stone from the quarries to the Nile. The large blocks of stone that
were erected by the Egyptians were moved by using levers, inclined planes, rollers, and sledges.The Egyptians were primarily interested in the know-how of construction; They had very little interest in why-for of use .In contrast, the Greeks made great strides in introducing theory into engineering problems during the 6th to 3rd centuries B.C. They developed an abstract knowledge of lines, angles, surfaces, and solids rather than referring to specific objects. The geometric base for Greek building construction included figures such as the square, rectangle, and triangle.
The Greek architekton was usually the designer, as well as the builder, of architectural and engineering masterpieces. He was an architect and engineer. Craftsmen, masons, and sculptors worked under his supervision. In the classical period of Greece all important buildings were built of limestone or marble; the Parthenon, for example, was built of marble.
The principal construction materials
The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry-brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers（砖层）were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tarlike substance, or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or clamps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens（雅典的帕台农神庙）, for example, have holes drilled（钻孔） in them for iron bars that have now rusted away（锈蚀殆尽）. The Romans also used a natural cement called pozzolana, made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water. Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced（推广） in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron （铁合金）and a small amount of carbon, had been made up to that time（到那个时候） by a laborious（繁复的） process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades（刀刃）. After the invention of the Bessemer process （贝塞麦炼钢法）in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile strength; that is, it does not lose its strength when it is under a calculated degree (适当的) of tension, a force which, as we have seen, tends to （往往）pull apart many materials. New alloys have further increased the strength of steel and eliminated some of its problems, such as fatigue, which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress（连续的'应力变化）.Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone（石灰石） and clay, which is heated and then ground into a powder（磨成粉末）. It is mixed at or near the construction site （施工现场）with sand, aggregate (small stones, crushed rock, or gravel), and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients （配料）produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into （喷射成）all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other（互补）.They also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where（在…情况下） both compression and tension are factors（主要因素）. Steel rods（钢筋） are embedded in（埋入）concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will develop（出现）. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond - the force that unites（粘合） them - that the steel cannot
slip（滑移） with the concrete. Still（还有） another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid（酸） corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.
The adoption of structural steel and reinforced concrete caused major changes in traditional construction practices（施工作业）. It was no longer necessary to use thick walls of stone or brick for multistory buildings, and it became much simpler to build fire-resistant floors（防火地面）. Both these changes served to（有利于） reduce the cost of construction. It also became possible to erect（建造）buildings with greater heights and longer spans.Since the weight of modern structures is carried（承受） by the steel or concrete frame, the walls do not support the building. They have become curtain walls, which keep out the weather and let in light. In the earlier steel or concrete frame building, the curtain walls were generally made of masonry; they had the solid look of bearing walls（承重墙）. Today, however, curtain walls are often made of lightweight materials such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various combinations.
el by melting（熔化） a steel material between them under high heat.
Prestressed concrete is an improved form of reinforcement（加强方法）. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strength. They are then used to prestress （对..预加应力）concrete, usually by one of two different methods. The first is to leave channels in a concrete beam that correspond to（相应于） the shapes of the steel rods. When the rods are run through the channels, they are then bonded to the concrete by filling the channels with grout, a thin mortar or binding agent. In the other (and more common) method, the prestressed steel rods are placed in the lower part of a form（模板） that corresponds to the shape of the finished structure（成品结构）, and the concrete is
poured around them. Prestressed concrete uses less steel and less concrete. Because it is so economical, it is a highly desirable（非常理想） material.Prestressed concrete has made it possible to develop（建造） buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern sports arenas, with large space unbroken by any obstructing supports（阻碍的支撑物）. The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed（不断地扩大）.The current tendency is to develop（采用） lighter materials, aluminum, for example, weighs much less than steel but has many of the same properties. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings.
Lightweight concretes, another example, are now rapidly developing（发展） throughout the world. They are used for their thermal insulation(绝热性). The three types are illustrated below（举例说明如下）: (a) Concretes made with lightweight aggregates; (b) Aerated concretes (US gas concretes) foamed（起泡） by whisking（搅拌）or by some chemical process during casting; (c) No-fines concretes.
All three types are used for their insulating properties（绝热性）, mainly in housing, where they give high（非常） comfort in cold climates and a low cost of cooling（降温成本）in hot climates. In housing, the relative weakness of lightweight concrete walls is unimportant, but it matters（有重大关系） in roof slabs, floor slabs and beams.
In some locations, some lightweight aggregates cost little more than（几乎等于） the best dense（致密） aggregates and a large number of （大量） floor slabs have therefore been built of lightweight aggregate concrete purely for its weight saving, with no thought of（没考虑） its insulation value.
The lightweight aggregate reduces the floor dead load（恒载） by about 20 per cent resulting in（导致）considerable savings in the floor（楼盖结构） steel in every floor and the roof, as well as in the column steel and (less) in the foundations. One London contractor（承包商）prefers to use lightweight aggregate because it gives him the same weight reduction in the floor slab as the use of hollow tiles, with simpler organization and therefore higher speed and profit. The insulation value of the lightweight aggregate is only important in the roof insulation, which is greatly improved（改进）.
Structural Analysis
A structure consists of（由..组成）a series of connected parts used to support loads. Notable（显著的） examples include buildings, bridges, towers, tanks, and dams. The process（过程）of creating any of these structures requires planning（规划）, analysis, design, and construction（施工）. Structural analysis consists of （包括）a variety of mathematical procedures（数学程序）for determining such quantities as the member forces and various structural displacements（位移） as a structure responds to its loads. Estimating realistic loads for the structure considering（根据）its use and location is often a part of structural analysis. Only two assumptions are made regarding（关于）the materials used in the structures of this chapter. First, the material has a linear stress-strain relationship（线性的应力-应变关系）. Second, there is no difference in the material behavior when stressed in tension vis-a-vis（与..相比）compression. The frames and trusses studied are plane structural systems（平面结构体系）. It will be assumed that there is adequate bracing perpendicular to（垂直于）the plane so that no member will fail due to an elastic instability（弹性失稳）. The very important consideration regarding such instability will be left for the specific（具体的）design course.
All structures are assumed to undergo only small deformations as they are loaded. As a consequence（因此）we assume no change in the position or direction of a force as a result of （由于）structural deflections（变位）. Finally, since linear elastic materials and small displacement are assumed, the principle of superposition will apply in all cases. Thus the displacements or internal forces that arise from two different forces systems applied one at a time（一次一个）may be added algebraically（几何相加）to determine the structure’s response when both system(s) are applied simultaneously.In the real sense（真正意义上）an exact analysis of a structure can never be carried out since estimates always have to be made of the loadings and the strength of the materials composing（构成）the structure. Furthermore, points of application（作用点）for the loadings must also be estimated. It is important, therefore, that the structural engineers develop（形成）the ability to model（模拟）or idealize（使..理想化）a structure so that he or she can perform a practical force analysis of the members.
Structural members are joined together in various ways depending on the intent（意图）of the designer. The two types of joints most often specified（规定的）are the pin connection and the fixed joint（节点）. A pin-connected joint allows some freedom for slight（轻微）rotation, whereas the fixed joint allows no relative rotation between the connected members. In reality, however, all connections exhibit（显现）some stiffness toward joint rotations, owing to friction（摩擦）and material behavior. When selecting a particular model for each support
（支座）or joint, the engineer must be aware of how the assumptions will affect the actual performance（运行）of the member and whether the assumptions are reasonable for the structural design. In reality, all structural supports actually exert（产生）distributed surface loads（面荷载）on their contacting members. The resultants（合力） of these load distributions are often idealized as the concentrated forces（集中力）and moments, since the surface area （表面积）over which the distributed load acts is considerably smaller than the total surface area of the connecting members. The ability to reduce an actual structure to（将..简化为）an idealized form can only be gained by experience. In engineering practice, if it becomes doubtful（不明确）as to how to model a structure or transfer the loads to the members, it is best to consider several idealized structures and loadings and then design the actual structure so that it can resist（抵抗）the loadings in all the idealized models.
Almost all truss systems are configured（装配）so that analysis using the method of joints must begin at one end and proceed（继续）joint by joint toward the other end. If it is necessary to evaluate the forces carried by a member located（位于）some distance from the ends, the method of joints requires the calculation of the forces in many members before the desired one is reached. The method of sections provides a means（方法）for a direct calculation in these cases. After the support reactions have been calculated the truss is cut through（切开）(analytically分析上) so that one part of the truss is completely severed from the rest. When this is done, no more than three unknown members should be cut. If possible（如果可能）the cut（切口）should pass through the member or members whose internal forces are to be found. A free-body diagram of the part of the truss on one side of（在..一边）this section is drawn, and the internal forces are found through the equilibrium equations. Since the system of forces（力系）on the free-body diagram is a plane non-concurrent（非共点）force system, three equilibrium equations may be written and solved for the three unknowns.
Influence lines（影响线）have important application for（应用）the design of structures that resist large live loads（活荷载）. An influence line represents（代表）the variation of either the reaction, shear, moment, or deflection at a specific （特定的）point in a member as concentrated force moves over the member. Once this line is constructed（作图）, one can tell at a glance（一眼便知）where a live load should be placed on the structure so that it creates（引起）the greatest influence at the specified point. Furthermore, the magnitude（大小）of the associated （相关的）reaction, shear, moment, or deflection at the point can then be calculated from the ordinates（纵坐标）of the influence-line diagram. For these reasons（因此）, influence lines play an important part in the design of bridges, industrial crane rails（吊车轨道）, conveyors, and other structures where loads move across their span（全长）. Although the procedure（步骤）for constructing an influence line is rather basic（基本的）, one should clearly be aware of the difference between constructing an influence line and constructing a shear or moment diagram. Influence lines represent the effect of a moving load only at a specified point on a member, whereas shear and moment diagrams represent the effect of fixed loads at all points along the axis of the member.
Deflections of structures can occur from various sources（原因）, such as loads, temperature, fabrication errors, or settlement. In design, deflections must be limited in order to prevent cracking of attached（附属的） brittle materials such as concrete or plaster (石膏) . Furthermore, a structure must not vibrate or deflect（变位）severely in order to “appear” safe
for its occupants（居住者）. More important, though（然而）, deflections at specified points in a structure must be computed if one is to analyze statically indeterminate structures. We often determine the elastic deflections of a structure using both geometrical and energy methods. Also, the methods of double integration（双重积分）are used. The geometrical methods include the moment-area theorems（弯矩图面积定理）and the conjugate-beam method（共轭梁法）, and the energy methods to be considered are based on virtual work（虚功）and Castigliano’s theorem（卡氏最小功定理）. Each of these methods has particular advantages or disadvantages.
Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant（主要的） structural material in engineered construction（建造的建筑物）. The universal（通用的）nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from（归因于）the wide availability of reinforcing bars（钢筋）and the constituents（组成部分）of concrete, gravel,sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction（施工）, and the economy（经济性）of reinforced concrete compared to other form of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts（各种各样）, underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures（近海石油开采和生产结构）, dams, and even in ships.
value of Reinforced Concrete
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop（形成）whenever（每当）loads, or restrained shrinkage（收缩限制）or temperature changes, give rise to（导致）tensile stresses in excess of（超过）the tensile strength of the concrete. In the plain concrete（素混凝土）beam, the moments due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tension-compression couple（拉压力偶）involving tension in the concrete. Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crack forms. In a reinforced concrete beam, steel bars（钢筋）are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars.
Economy Frequently, the foremost（最重要的）consideration is the overall cost（总费用）of the structure. This is, of course, a function of the costs（费用函数）of the materials and the labor necessary to erect them. Frequently, however, the overall cost is affected as much or more by the overall construction time（总的建造时间）since the contractor and owner must allocate（分配）money（资金）to carry out the construction and will not receive a return on this investment （收回投资）until the building is ready for occupancy（居住）. As a result, financial savings（财务的节约）due to rapid construction may more than offset（足以抵消）increased material costs. Any measures designer can take to standardize the design and forming（加工）will generally pay off（使人得益）in reduced overall costs.
The choice of whether a structure should be built of concrete, steel, masonry, or timber（木材）depends on the availability（可得性）of materials and on a number of（许多）value decisions（价值判断）.
Economy Frequently, the foremost（最重要的）consideration is the overall cost（总费用）of the structure. This is, of course, a function of the costs（费用函数）of the materials and the labor necessary to erect them. Frequently, however, the overall cost is affected as much or more by the overall construction time（总的建造时间）since the contractor and owner must allocate（分配）money（资金）to carry out the construction and will not receive
a return on this investment （收回投资）until the building is ready for occupancy（居住）. As a result, financial savings（财务的节约）due to rapid construction may more than offset（足以抵消）increased material costs. Any measures designer can take to standardize the design and forming（加工）will generally pay off（使人得益）in reduced overall costs. In many cases the long-term economy（长期的经济性）of the structure may be more important than the first cost. As a result, maintenance（维护）and durability（耐久性）are important considerations.
Suitability of Material for Architectural and Structural Function A reinforced concrete system frequently allows the designer to combine the architectural and structural functions（功能）. Concrete has the advantage that it is placed in a plastic condition（塑性状态）and is given the desired shape and texture（密度）by means of the forms and the finishing techniques（加工技术）. This allows such elements（构件）as flat plates or other types of slabs to serve as load-bearing elements while providing the finished floor and ceiling surface（楼面和顶棚面）. Similarly, reinforced concrete walls can provide architecturally attractive surfaces in addition to having the ability to resist gravity, wind, or seismic loads. Finally, the choice of size or shape is governed（决定）by the designer and not by the availability of standard manufactured members.
Fire Resistance The structure in a building must withstand the effects of a fire and remain standing（直立）while the building is evacuated（撤空）and the fire is extinguished（熄灭）. A concrete building inherently（固有地）has a 1- to 3-hour fire rating（耐火等级）without special fireproofing （防火）or other details（说明）. Structural steel or timber（钢结构或木结构） buildings must be fireproofed to attain similar fire ratings.
Rigidity The occupants of a building may be disturbed （干扰）if their building oscillates（摇动）in the wind or the floors vibrate as people walk by（走过）. Due to the greater stiffness and mass（刚度和质量）of a concrete structure, vibrations are seldom a problem. Low Maintenance Concrete members inherently require less maintenance than do structural steel or timber members （结构钢构件或结构木构件）. This is particularly true（尤其正确）if dense, air-entrained concrete has been used for surfaces exposed to the atmosphere, and if care has been taken in the design to provide adequate drainage off and away （使水排出） from the structure.
Availability of Materials Sand, gravel, cement, and concrete mixing facilities（搅拌设施） are very widely available, and reinforcing steel（钢筋）can be transported to most job sites（施工现场）more easily than can structural steel（结构钢）. As a result, reinforced concrete is frequently used in remote areas.
On the other hand, there are a number of factors that may cause one to select a material other than (..除外，不是..）reinforced concrete. These include：
Low Tensile Strength As stated（叙述）earlier, the tensile strength of concrete is much lower than its compressive strength (about 1/10), and hence concrete is subject to（易遭受）cracking. In structural uses this is overcome by using reinforcement to carry tensile forces and limit crack widths（宽度）to within acceptable values. Unless care is taken in design and construction, however, these cracks may be unsightly（难看）or may allow（使..能）penetration（渗透）of water.
Relatively Low Strength Per Unit of Weight or Volume The compressive strength of concrete is roughly 5% to 10% that of steel, while its unit density is roughly 30%
that of steel. As a result, a concrete structure requires a larger volume and a greater weight of material than does a comparable（类似的） steel structure. As a result, long-span structures（大跨结构）are often built from steel.
篇2：英语翻译2
英语翻译2
她一家商店一家商店地看，最后以她能付出的价格买了她所需要的东西。
She looked around till she got what she wanted at a price she could afford.
除了向我要东西，他从来不跟我说话。He never speaks to me other than to ask for something.
你永远应该以搞好你的工作为目的。You should aim at doing your job well.
几个星期以来她一直呆在家中照顾有病的父亲。
She has been tied to the house for weeks looking after her invalid father.
修建这条路是为了缓解交通拥挤。The route was designed to relieve traffic jam
社会是由形形色色的.人组成的。有些人很好，有些人很坏，也有些人介乎两者之间。
Society is made up of a variety of people, some are good, others bad, and still other in between.
这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你如何解释？
How do you account for your being late every day this week?
政府已经承诺改善落后地区人民的生活条件。The government has committed itself to improving the life conditions of the people living in the underdeveloped areas.
据最新报道，这次火车交通事故造成多名乘客死亡。According to the latest report , the train accident resulted in the death of many passages.
多呼吸新鲜空气有助于身体健康。Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health.
他试图竞争学校学生会主席，但是没有成功。He attempted to compete for the position of chairman of the Student’ Union, but he didn’t get succeed.
经过一年辛勤的努力，公司本年度目标全部达到。
Throughout one-year industrious work, the company has achieved all its goal this year.
盗贼从这家银行偷走了一大笔美金。
The thieves made off with a large sum of money from the bank.
高血压使千百万人有患心脏病的危险。
High blood pressure places millions of people at the risk of heart attack.
在做任何重要决定之前都要慎重思考。
Think twice before you make any important decisions.
非洲大陆的一大片区域有变成沙漠的危险。
A large part of the African contentment is in danger of becoming a desert.
他从来没有给我提出过解决问题的好方法。
Not once has he suggested a good way to deal with any problem.
在文化交流中，误解常常是不可避免的。In cultural exchanges, misunderstanding is often unavoidable.
在英国留学的几年中，我有机会见到了不同国籍的留学生。 In my few years of studying in Britain, I had chances to meet students of all sorts of nationalities.
在西方国家，向老师赠送圣诞节贺卡，是一种常见的表达敬意的方式。
In Western countries, it is a common way for student to send Christmas cards to teachers to show their respect. 老师望着我，脸上露出不解的表情。
My teacher looked at me, with a puzzled expression on the face.
我们都十分清楚，市场竞争是非常残酷的。
We are all aware that competition in the market is very fierce.
一些汉语习语被译成英语后，会使一些英语读者感到很吃惊。 When some Chinese idioms are translated into English, their meanings may startle some readers of English.
上学期王刚表现出色，被授予优秀学生的称号。Last semester, Wanggang was awarded the title of an outstanding Student for his excellent performance.
同学们在教师节给老师做了一张贺卡，以表示对老师过去一年工作的感谢。
One Teacher’ Day, the students made a greeting card for their teacher, which symbolized their appreciation of what the teachers had accomplished in the past year.
孩子们听了关于那只猫的故事都笑了起来。
The children were amused by the story about the cat.
连续几个晴天，气温骤然升高。The continual sunny days made the temperature soar sharply. 饭后散步有助于消化。Walking after supper promotes digestion.
这几家公司签署了一项新的协议。These companies entered into a new agreement . 一家大规模生产移动电话的公司已经建立。
A business has been set up to produce mobile phone on. A large scale.
这次事故造成两名乘客死亡。The accident resulted in the death of two passengers. 我们最好将房子投保火险。We had better insure the house against fire.
因不经心造成的任何损坏须由借用者赔偿。
Any damage resulting from carelessness must be paid for by the borrower.
他们试图离开营地，但被大雪困住了。
They attempted to leave the camp but were stopped by the heavy snow.
由于开车速度太快而引起的交通事故在不断增加。
Accidents due to driving too fast are on the increase.
他们在相同的环境下长大，因此在举止上有许多共同点。
They grew up in the same environment so their behaviors had much in common.
和山区的孩子们相比，我们就幸运多了，能有机会使用计算机。
In contrast to children in the mountainous areas, we are lucky to have access to computers. 我们对她过于繁琐地讲述她过去的荣誉感到厌烦。
We were bored at hearing her dwell so much on her past glories.
你必须有成功的欲望并努力争取实现。
You must have the appetite for success and try hard to realize it.
篇3：土木工程常用术语英语翻译及名词解释(十)
第十节 材料性能、构件承载能力和材料性能代表值术语
工程结构设计的材料性能、构件承载能力和材料性能代表值术语及其涵义应符合下列规定：
1． 抗力 resistance
结构或构件及其材料承受作用效应的能力，如承载能力、刚度、抗裂度、强度等。
2． 强度 strength
材料抵抗破坏的能力。其值为在一定的受力状态或工作条件下，材料所能承受的最大应力。
3． 抗压强度 compressive strength
材料所能承受的最大压应力。
4． 抗拉强度 tensile strength
材料所能承受的最大拉应力。
5． 抗剪强度 shear strength
材料所能承受的最大剪应力。
6． 抗弯强度 flexural strength
在受弯状态下材料所能承受的最大拉应力或压应力。
7． 屈服强度 yield strength
钢材在受力过程中，荷载不增加或略有降低而变形持续增加时，所受的恒定应力。对受拉无明显屈服现象的钢材，则为标距部分残余伸长达原标距长度0.2%时的应力。
8． 疲劳强度 fatigue strength
材料在规定的作用重复次数和作用变化幅度下所能承受的最大动态应力。
9． 极限应变 ultimate strain
材料受力后相应于最大应力的应变。
10．弹性模量 modulus of elasticity 来源：
材料在单向受拉或受压且应力和应变呈线性关系时，截面上正应力与对应的正应变的比值。
11.剪变模量 shear modulus
材料在单向受剪且应力和应变呈线性关系时，截面上剪应力与对应的剪应变的比例。
12．变形模量 modulus of deformation
材料在单向受拉或受压，且应力和应变呈非线性或部分线性和部分非线性关系时，截面上正应力与对应的正应变的比值。
13．泊松比 poisson ratio
材料在单向受拉或受压时，横向正应变与轴向正应变的比值。
14．承载能力 bearing capacity
结构或构件所能承受最大内力，或达到不适于继续承载的变形时的内力。
15．受压承载能力 compressive capacity
构件所能承受的最大轴向压力，或达到不适于继续承载的变形时的轴向压力。
16．受拉承载能力 tensile capacity
构件所能承受的最大轴向拉力，或达到不适于继续承载的变形时的轴向拉力。
17．受剪承载能力 shear capacity
构件所能承受的最大剪力，或达到不适于继续承载的变形时的剪力。
18．受弯承载能力 flexural capacity
构件所能承受的最大弯矩，或达到不适于继续承载的变形时的弯矩。
19．受扭承载能力 torsional capacity
构件所能承受的最大扭矩，或达到不适于继续承载的变形时的扭矩。
20．疲劳承载能力 fatigue capacity
构件所能承受的最大动态内力。
21．刚度 stiffness; rigidity
结构或构件抵抗单位变形的能力。
22．抗裂度 crack resistance
结构或构件抵抗开裂的能力。
23．极限变形 ultimate deformation
结构或构件在极限状态下所能产生的某种变形。
24．稳定性 stability
结构或构件保持稳定状态的能力。来源：
25．空间工作性能 spatial behaviour
结构在承受作用情况下的整体工作能力。
26．脆性破坏 brittle failure
结构或构件在破坏前无明显变形或其它预兆破坏类型。
27．延性破坏 ductile failure
结构或构件在破坏前有明显变形或其它预兆的破坏类型。
28．抗力分项系数 partial safety factor for resistance
设计计算中反映抗力不定性并与结构可靠度相关联的分项系数。
29．材料性能标准值 characteristic value of a property of a material
结构或构件设计时，采用的材料性能的基本代表值。其值一般根据符合规定质量的材料性能的概率分布的某一分位数确定，亦称特征值。
30．材料性能分项系数 partial safety factor for property of material
设计计算中，反映材料性能不定性并和结构可靠度相关联的分项系数。有时用以代替抗力分项系数。
31．材料性能设计值 design value of a property of a material 来源：
材料性能标准值除以材料性能分项系数后的值。
32．几何参数标准值 nomianal value of geometric parameter
结构或构件设计时，采用的几何参数的基本代表值。其值可采用设计规定的标定值。
篇4：土木工程常用术语英语翻译及名词解释(八)
第八节 结构可靠性和设计方法术语
工程结构的可靠性和设计方法术语及其涵 义应符合下列规定:
1. 可靠性 reliability
结构在规定的时间内,在规定的条件下,完成预定功能的能力,它包括结构的安全性,适用性和耐久性,当以概率来度量时,称可靠度.
2. 安全性 safety
结构在正常施工和正常使用条件下,承受可能出现的各种作用的能力,以及在偶然事件发生时和发生后,仍保持必要的整体稳定性的能力.
3. 适用性 serviceability
结构在正常使用条件下,满足预定使用要求的能力.
4. 耐久性 durability
结构在正常维护条件下,随时间变化而仍能满足预定功能要求的能力. 来源：
5. 基本变量 basic variable
影响结构可靠度的各主要变量,它们一般是随机变量.
6. 设计基准期 design reference period
进行结构可靠性分析时,考虑各项基本变量与时间关系所取用的基准时间.
7. 可靠概率 probability of survival
结构或构件能完成预定功能的概率.
8. 失效概率 probability of failure
结构或构件不能完成预定功能的概率.
9. 可靠指标 reliability index
度量结构可靠性的一种数量指标.它是标准正态分布反函数可在可靠概率处的函数值,并与失效概率在数值上有一一对应的关系.
10. 校准法 calibration
通过对现存结构或构件安全系数的反演分析来确定设计时采用的结构或构件可靠指标的方法.
11. 定值设计法 deterministic method
基本变量作为非随机变量的设计计算方法,其中,采用以概率理论为基础所确定的失效概率来度量结构的可靠性.
12. 概率设计法 probabilistic method
基本变量作为随机变量的设计计算方法.其中,采用以概率理论为基础所确定的失效概率来度量结构的可靠性.
13. 容许应力设计法 permissible (allowable) stresses method
以结构构件截面计算应力不大于规范规定的材料容许应力的原则,进行结构构件设计计算方法.
14. 破坏强度设计法 ultimate strength method
考虑结构材料破坏阶段的工作状态进行结构构件设计计算的方法,又名极限设计法,苛载系数设计法,破损阶段设计法,极限荷载设计法.
15. 极限状态设计法 limit states method来源：
以防止结构或构件达到某种功能要求的极限状态作为依据的结构设计计算方法.
16. 极限状态 limit states
结构或构件能够满足设计规定的某一功能要求的临界状态,超过这一状态,结构或构件 便不再满足对该功能的要求.
17. 极限状态方程 limit state equation
当结构或构件处于极限状态时,各有关基本变量的关系式.
18. 承载能力极限状态 ultimate limit states
结构或构件达到最大承载能力,或达到不适于继续承载的变形的极限状态.
19. 正常使用极限状态 serviceability limit states
结构或构件达到使用功能上允许的某一限值的极限状态.
20. 分项系数 partial safety factor
用极限状态法设计时,为了保证所设计的结构或构件具有规定的可靠,而在计算模式中采用的系数,分为作用分项系数和抗力分项系数两类.
21. 设计状况 design situation
以不同的设计要求,区别对待结构在设计基准期中处于不同条件下所受到的影响,作为结构设计选定体系,,设计值,可靠性要求等的依据.
22. 持久状况 persistent situation 来源：
出现的持续时间长,几乎与结构设计基准期相同的设计状况.
23. 短暂状况 transient situation
出现的持续时间较短,而出现概率高的设计状况.
24. 偶然状况 accidental situation
偶然事件发生时或发生后,其出现的持续时间短,而出现概率低的设计状况.
篇5：土木工程常用术语英语翻译及名词解释(七)
第七节 地基和基础术语
工程结构设计的地基和基础术语及其涵义,应符合下列规定: 来源：
1. 扩展(扩大)基础 spread foundation
将块石或混凝土砌筑的截面适当扩大,以适应地基容许承载能力或变形的天然地基基础.
2. 刚性基础 rigid foundation
基础底部扩展部分不超过基础材料刚性角的天然地基基础.
3. 独立基础 single footing
用于单柱下并按材料和受力状态选定型式的基础.
4. 联合基础 combined footing
有两根或两根以上的立柱(简体)共用的基础,或两种不同型式基础共同工作的基础.
5. 条形基础 strip founcation
水平长而狭的带状基础
6. 壳体基础 shell foundation
以壳体结构形成的空间薄壁基础.
7. 箱形基础 box foundation 来源：
由钢筋混凝土底板,顶板侧墙板和一定数量的内隔墙板组成整体的形似箱形的基础.
8. 筏形基础 raft foundation
支承整个建筑物或构筑物的大面积整体钢筋混凝土板式或梁板式基础.
9. 桩基础 pile foundation
由桩连接桩顶,桩帽和承台组成的深基础.
10. 沉井基础 open caisson foundation
上下敞口带刃脚的空心井筒状结构下沉水中到设计标高处,以井筒作为结构外壳而建筑成的基础.
11. 管柱基础 cylinder pile foundation ; cylinder caisson foundation
大直径钢筋混凝土或预应力混凝土圆管,用人工或机械清除管内土,石,下沉至地基中, 固于岩层或坚实地层的基础.
12. 沉箱基础 caisson foundation
用气压排水,开挖水下土(岩)层,把闭口箱下沉到设计标高所建成的基础.
13. 路基 subgrade of highway (railway) 来源：
道路路面或铁路轨道下面的基础结构,高于原地面的填方路基称路堤,低于原地面的挖方路基称路堑.
14. 基床 bed ; bedding
一般指天然地基上开挖(或不开挖)的基槽,基坑,经回填处理,形成可以扩散上部结构荷载传给地基的传力层,分明基床和暗基床两类.
篇6：土木工程常用术语英语翻译及名词解释(五)
第五节 水工期建筑物术语
1．坝 dam
阻拦或拦蓄水充、壅高或调节上游水位的挡水建筑物。顶部不泄水的称非溢流坝，顶部泄水的称溢流坝。
2．坝轴线 dam axis
代表坝位置的一条横贯河谷的线。
3．重力坝 gravity dam
主要依靠自身重力，抵抗壅水作用于坝体的推力以保持稳定的坝。
4．拱坝 arch dam
平面呈拱向上游的曲线形坝，主要依靠拱的作用将壅水作用于坝体的推力传至两岸，以保持稳定的坝。
5．支墩坝 buttress dam
由一系列支墩和其上游挡水结构组成的坝
6．土石坝 earth-rock dam; embankment dam
用土、砂、砂砾石、卵石、块石、风化岩等材料经碾压或填筑建成的坝。
7．混凝土坝 concrete dam
用混凝土筑成的坝。
8．橡胶坝 rubber dam; flexible dam; fabric dam
锚着于底板上，以聚酯或橡胶为基质合成纤维织物形成袋囊，经充水（气）后形成的坝。
9．丁坝 spur dike; groin
一端接河岸，一端伸向整治线，在平面上形成丁字形，坝轴线与流向交角分上挑、下挑或正挑的横向整治建筑物。
10．顺坝 training dike
一端接河岸，一端向下游延伸，坝轴线与流向平行或成一锐角，引导水流的纵向整建筑物。
11．溢洪道 spillway
从水库向下游泄放超过水库调蓄能力的洪水，以保证工程安全的泄水建筑物。
12．堰（溢流堰） weir来源：
在顶部溢流的挡水、泄水建筑物。
13．围堰 coffer dam
用于水下施工的临时性挡水设施。
14．水工隧洞 hydraulic tunnel
在山体中或地面以下开挖的，具有封闭形断面和一定长度的过水建筑物。
15．深式进水口 deep water intake
人水库水面下一定深度处引水的水工隧洞或坝下埋管的首部建筑物。
16．堤坝式水电站 dam type hydropower station
用筑坝集中河段落差，形成发电淼砂的水电站。
17．引水（引水道）式水电站 diversion conduit type hydropower staion
利用引水道集中河段落差，形成必电水头的水电站。
18．潮汐电站 tidal power station
建于港湾入口处，利用海洋潮汐的动能转烃为电能的水电站。
19．抽水蓄能电站 pumped storage power station
具有抽水蓄能及发电两种功能的水电站。
20．水电站厂房 powerhouse of hydropower station
水电站中装置水轮发电机组及其辅助设备并为其安装、检修、运行及管理服务的建筑物，分河床式、坝后式、坝内式厂房或建在地面下的地下厂房
21．前池 forebay
设置在引水渠道末端及压力管道进口前的水池
22．压力管道 pressure nconduit
承受内水压力的封闭式输水管道。
23．调压室 surge chamber
设置在水电站较长的有压水疲乏中，使水流具有自由水面以减小水锤压力的贮水调压设施。
24．尾水渠 tailrace
尾水管与下游河槽之间输送发电尾水的渠道。
25．船闸 navigation lock
供船舶在水位集中落差处通航的一种箱形建筑物。
26．升船机 shi lift; ship elevator
在通航水道上有水位集中落差的地区，用机械或水力方法驱动升隆船舶，使船舶在水位落差处通过拦河坝的一种过船建筑物。
27．水闸 sluice; barrage
利用闸门控制流量、调节水位，既可挡水，又可泄水的建筑物。
28．渠道 caual
在地面上人工建造的开敞式输水通道。
29．渡槽 aqueduct; bridged flume
跨越洼地、道路、水道等衔接渠道的桥式建筑物。
30．陡坡 chute
以大于临界坡的底坡连接高、低渠道的开敞式过水建筑物。
31．跌水 drop
以集中跌落方式连接高、低渠道的开敞式或封闭式建筑物。
32．坝内廊道系统 gallery system
设在坝体内相互连通，并有进出口通向坝外的纵向、横向及竖向通道系统，具有灌浆、排水、检查、交通等多种功用。
33．消能防冲设施 energy dissipating and anti-scour facility
位于泄水建筑物下游侧，用以消减水流动能，并保护河底免受冲刷的结构设施。
34．防渗设施 seepage control facility
为防止和减少通过建筑物或地基渗流的设施
35．排水设施 drainage facility
排邮建筑物及地基中渗流的设施。
36. 反滤设施（倒滤设施） reverse filter
为防止渗流导致土粒流失，而在渗流逸出外沿渗流方向按砂石材料颗粒粒径、土工织物纪隙尺寸，以逐渐增大的原则，分层填铺的滤水设施。
37．水轮泵站 turbine-pump station 来源：
利用水轮泵提水的泵站。
38．水锤泵站 ram station
利用水锤泵提水的泵站。
39．坝下埋管 under dam culvert
埋设在土石坝坝底，并在进口处设控制闸门的输水管道（或洞）
40．沉消池 silting basin
沉淀和清除水中部分泥沙的池。
41．堤 dike; levee
沿江、河、湖、海分洪区岸边修筑的挡水建筑物。
42．防波堤 breakwater; mole
防御风浪侵袭港口水域，保证港内水域平稳的水工建筑物。
43．码头 wharf; quay
供船舶停靠、装卸货物、上下旅客用的水工建筑物。
44．斜坡码头 sloped wharf
岩边断面呈斜坡状，设有固定坡道，并在坡道前端有趸船的徘船码头。
45．墩式码头 dolphin wharf
由靠船墩及工作平台、引桥等组成的靠船码头，主要型式有重力式墩式码头和高桩墩式码头。
46．重力式码头 gravity quay-wall
以结构本身和填料的重力保持稳定的靠船码头，主要型式有方块、沉箱及扶壁式等。
47．板桩码头 sheet-pile quay-wall
由板桩、帽梁（或胸墙）、导梁和锚碇结构等所组成的靠船码头。
48．高桩码头 open pier on piles; high-pile wharf
主要是由部分桩身露出地面的桩和桩台组成的高桩承台式靠船码头。其特点是通过桩台将施加在码头上的荷载由桩传递到地基。
49．浮（趸船）码头 floating pier; pontoon wharf
由随水位涨落而升隆的趸船、支撑设施、引桥及护岸等组成的靠船码头。
50．船坞 dock
用于建造或检修航船的水工建筑物。由坞首、坞门、坞室、灌泄系统、拖 系缆设备、动力和公用设施以及其它附属设备等组成，主要型式有干船坞和浮船坞。
51．船台 ship-building berth
在船舶上墩、下水构筑物中专门为修、造船舶有物场地。有露天船台、开敞船台和室内船台三种。
52．滑道 slipway
船舶上墩、下水用的轨道。
篇7：土木工程常用术语英语翻译及名词解释(十一)
第十一节 几何参数和常用量程术语
工程结构设计的几何参数和常用量程术语及其涵义应符合下列规定：
1． 截面高度 height of section; depth of section
一般指构件正截面在弯矩作用平面上的投影长度。
2． 截面宽度 breadth of section
一般指构件正截面在与高度相垂直方向上的某一尺寸。
3． 截面厚度 thickness of section
一般指构件薄壁部分截面边缘间的尺寸。
4． 截面直径 diameter of section
圆形截面通过圆心的弦长。
5． 截面周长 perimeter of section
截面边缘线的总长度。
6． 截面面积 area of section
截面边缘线所包络的材料平面面积。
7． 截面面积矩 first moment of area
截面各微元面积与微元至截面上某一指定 轴线距离乘积的积分。
8． 截面惯性矩 second moment of area; moment of inertia
截面各微元面积与各微元至截面上某一指定轴线距离二次方乘积的积分。
9． 截面极惯性矩 polar second moment of area; polar moment of inertia
截面各微元面积与各微元至垂直于截面的某一指定点距离二次方乘积的积分。
10． 截面模量（抵抗矩） section modulus
截面对其形心轴的惯性矩与截面上最远点至形心轴距离比值。
11． 截面回转半径 radius of gyration
截面结其形心轴的惯性矩除以截面面积的商的正二次方根。
12． 偏心矩 eccentricity
偏心受力构件中轴向力作用点至截面形心的距离。
13． 偏心率 relative ecdentricity来源：
偏心构件的偏心距与截面高度或截面核心距的比值。
14． 长度 length
结构或构件长轴方向的尺寸。
15． 跨度 span
结构或构件两相邻支承间的距离。
16． 矢高 rise
拱轴线的顶点至拱趾连线有竖直距离，或一般壳中面的顶点至壳底面的竖直距离。
17． 长细比 slenderness ratio
构件的计算长度与其截面回转半径的比值。
18． 纵坡 longitudinal gradient
路线纵断面上同一坡段两点间高差与水平距离的比值。
19． 超高 superelevation
在曲线地段上，公路横断面的外侧高于内侧单向横坡的高差；或铁路的外侧钢轨高于内侧钢轨的高差。
20． 视距 sight distance
沿公路车道中心线上1.2m高度能看到该车道中心线上高为100m m的物体顶点的水平距离。
21． 路面宽度 width of subgrade
公路上行车道的路面的宽度。
22． 路基宽度 width of subgrade
路基横断面上两路肩外缘之间的宽度。
23． 公路建筑限界 clearance of highway
在公路路面以上的一定宽度和高度范围内，不允许有任何设施及障碍物侵入的规定最小净空尺寸。
24． 轨矩 gauge
钢轨面以下规定距离处，左右两根钢轨头部内侧之间的最短距离。
25． 铁路建筑限界 railroad clearance
铁路轨道面以上一定宽度和设计范围内，不许有任何设施和障碍物侵入的规定最小净空尺寸。
26． 桥下净空 clearance under bridge
桥跨结构底面至通航或设计水面、路面或轨面之间的空间。
27． 桥建筑高度 construction height of bridge
桥跨结构底面至顶面的竖直距离。
28． 桥建筑限界 clearance above bridge floor
桥面以上一定宽度和高度范围内，不许有任何设施和障碍物侵入的规定最小净空尺寸。
29． 隧道建筑限界 clearance of tunnel
隧道内公路路面或铁路轨面以上一定宽度和高度范围内，不许有任何设施和障碍物侵入的规定最小净空尺寸。
30． 泊位 berth
一艘设计标准船型停靠码头所占用的岩线长度或占用的趸船数目。
31． 富余水深 additional depth; residual depth
为保证码头前航道的水深，在满足设计标准船舶的水深后，需要再增加的深度。
32． 波浪要素 wave characteristics; wave parameters
表示波浪形态和运动特征的主要物理量，一般指波高、波长、波浪周期、波速等。
33． 潮位 tide level
受潮汐影响而产生周期性涨落的水位，在某一地点及某一时刻相对于基准面的高程。
34． 水位 water level
地表水水体的自由面以及地下水的表面，在某一地点及某一时刻相对于基准面的高程。
35． 设计水位 design water level
水工建筑物在正常使用条件下，根据选定的设计标准所确定的计算水位。
36． 坝高 dam height
坝基的最低点至坝顶的高度。
37． 坝长 dam length来源：
坝顶沿坝轴线两岩端点间的长度。
38． 安全超高（富余高度） free board
水工建筑物顶部超出最高静水位或最高静水位加波浪高度以上所规定的余留高度。
39． 水库死水位 dead water level
水库在正常运行情况下，允许降落的最低水位。
40． 水库设计（正常）蓄水位 normal (pool) level
水库在正常运行下，为满足兴利要求的设计最高蓄水位。
41． 水库设计洪水位 design flood level
当水库在出现大坝设计标准洪水时，所达到的最高水位。
42． 水库校长核洪水位 exceptional flood level
水库在出现大坝校核标准洪水时，允许达到的最高水位。
43． 水库死（垫底）库容 dead storage
死水位以下不起兴利利用的水库容积。
44． 水库兴利（有效、调节）库容 usable storage 来源：
正常蓄水位与死水位间，可供调节兴利水量的水库容积。
45． 水库总库容total reservoir storage
水库在校核洪水位以下的容积。
篇8：土木工程常用术语英语翻译及名词解释(二)
第二节 房屋建筑结构术语
1. 混合结构 mixed structure来源：
不同材料的构件或部件混合组成的结构。
2. 板柱结构 slab-colume system
由楼板和柱（无梁）组成承重体系的房屋结构，如升板结构、无梁楼盖结构、整体预应力板柱结构。
3. 框架结构 frame structure
由梁柱组成的能承受竖向、水平作用所产生各种效应的单层、多层或高层结构。
4. 拱结构 arch structure
由拱作为承承重体系的结构。
5. 折板结构 folded-plate structure
由多块条形或其它外形的平板组合而成，能作承重、围护用的薄壁空间结构。
6. 壳体结构 shell structure
由各种形状的曲面板与边缘构件（梁、拱、桁架）组成的大跨度覆盖或围护的空间结构。
7. 风架结构 space truss structure
由多根杆件按一定网格形式通过节点连接而成的大跨度覆盖的空间结构。
8. 悬索结构 cable-suspended structure
由柔性受拉索及其边缘构件所组成的承重结构。
9. 充气结构 pneumatic structure
在以高分子材料制成的薄膜制品中充入空气后而形成房屋的结构。分气承式和气管式两种结构形式。
10. 剪力墙（结构墙）结构 shear wall structure
在高层和多层建筑中，竖向和水平作用均由钢筋混凝土或预应力混凝土墙体承受的结构。
11. 框架—剪力墙结构 frame-shear wall structure
在高层建筑或工业厂房中，剪力墙和框架共同承受竖向和水平作用的一种组合型结构。
12. 筒体结构 tube structure
由竖向箱形截面悬臂筒体组成的结构。筒体有剪力墙围成竖向箱形截面的薄壁筒和密柱框架组成竖向箱形截面的框筒。筒体由一个或多个组成；分筒中筒、单框筒、框架—薄壁筒和成束筒等四类。 13. 悬挂结构 suspended structure
将楼（屋）面系统的荷载通过吊杆传递到悬挂的水平桁架（梁），再由悬挂的水平桁架（梁）传递到被悬挂的井筒上直至基础的结构。
14. 高耸结构 high-rise structure 来源：
高度大，水平横向向剖面相对小，并以水平荷载控制设计的结构。分自立式塔式结构和拉线式桅式结构两大类，如水塔、烟囱、电视塔、监测塔等。
【土木工程英语翻译2（共8篇）】相关文章：
土木工程实习总结2023-03-23
太原理工大学机电工程研究所研招招生目录2022-05-06
英语专业技术工作总结2024-01-28
英国留学土木工程专业的优势及申请条件2023-11-03
地方院校构建应用型人才培养模式理念的探析2024-01-29
太原理工大学煤化工研究所研招招生目录2022-12-01
水保工程施工课系统创建的论文2022-09-14
《环境学概论》教学改革探索2023-06-11
影响员工自我调节学习的组织因素研究2023-09-04
农田水利建构状况研讨论文2023-02-19