句子(Sentences) (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)（共13篇）由网友“dong1989”投稿提供，以下是小编帮大家整理后的句子(Sentences) (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到您。
篇1：句子(Sentences) (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
句子(Sentences)
一、句子的定义
句子的定义:句子是包含主语和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用以表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子开头的第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问号或感叹号。如: (1) The foundation of democracy is the will of the people to preserve liberty. 民主的基础就是人民维护自由的意愿。(2) What motives governed his actions? 是什么动机支配他的行动的？(3) This story is great! 这则故事太棒了！
二、句子的种类和类型
句子按其用途可分为四个种类:
1、陈述句(declarative sentence), 用以陈述事实。如:
(1) The daisy is a common flower in English fields.
雏菊在英格兰大地上是一种常见的花。
(2) I don’t care what she thinks.
我不在乎她想什么。
2、疑问句(interrogative sentences), 用以提出问题。如:
(1) Your friend is a doctor, isn’t he?
你朋友是个医生，对吗？
(2) When do we meet again?
我们什么时候再见面？
3、祈使句(imperative sentences), 用以表示命令、请求等。如:
(1) Have a good sleep and think it over.
好好睡一觉，再仔细考虑一下。
(2) Let the meat cook slowly.
把肉用文火煮。
4、感叹句(exclamatory sentences), 用以表示各种强烈的感情。如:
(1) What a delicious hamburger!
多美味的汉堡！
(2) The noise will deafen us all!
该噪音会使我们大家耳聋的！
句子按其结构可分为四种型式:
1、简单句(simple sentences),由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。如:
(1) The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end.
这次火灾是由一根烟头造成的。
(2) He asked to see the chief of the tribe.
他求见这个部落的酋长。
2、并列句(compound sentences)，由两个或两个以上的分句组成。如:
(1) Cotton is falling in price, and buyers hold off.
棉花正在落价，可买主仍犹豫不决。
(2) Henry prefers strawberry pie, but his wife always bakes apple pie.
亨利喜欢吃草莓馅饼，可他的妻子经常烤苹果馅饼。
3、复合句(complex sentences)，由主句和其他从句组成。如:
(1) I have to hurry to deposit this money before the bank closes.
我得赶在银行关门前把这笔钱存起来。
(2) He was an old man who wore thick glasses.
他年纪大了，戴着很深的眼镜。
4、并列复合句(compound complex sentences)， 即含有复合句的并列句。如:
(1) The ad said that the coat was on sale for $20, but it was actually $22.
广告说这件外衣卖20美元，可它实际上是22美元。
(2) I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it. 我问一个有妻子和三个孩子的人，他家谁做饭; 他回答说，谁先下班回来，谁就做饭。
三、句子的成分
句子由各个组成部分构成，这些组成部分叫做句子的成分(members of the sentences)。总的来说，句子皆由两大部分组成。一是主语部分(subject group), 一是谓语部分(predicate group). 如:
1、The People’s Republic of China was born in 1949.
中华人民共和国成立于1949年。
句中的the People’s Republic of China即是主语部分，was born in 1949即是谓语部分。但句子的成分要比句子的两大部分更加明确具体，可分为主语、谓语(或谓语动词)、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、独立成分等。如:
2、The weather was quite nice.
天气相当好。(weather 是主语，nice 是表语，quite 是状语)
3、I need a quite room to study in.
我需要一间安静的屋子进行学习。(need是谓语或谓语动词，room是宾语，quite是定语)
4、In a fierce shootout five criminals were shot dead.
在一次猛烈交火中，五个罪犯被打死。(dead是主语补语)
5、Unfortunately, he had his watch stolen.
很不幸，他的表被偷了。(unfortunately是独立成分，stolen是宾语补语)
词类与句子的成分不同。前者纯指单词的分类，后者则指词类、短词、从句等在句子中的功能。词类中也只有具有实义的词类，如名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词和副词等，才可用作句子的成分。其他无实义的虚词，如冠词、连词和介词，则不可用作句子的成分。
四、英语语句基本结构分析：
>>主谓宾结构：
主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.
宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等
例：The boy needs a pen.主语the boy，谓语needs(need的第三人称单数形式)，宾语a pen.
>>主系表结构：
主语：同‘主谓宾’结构。
联系动词（Link verb)：be动词（am,is,are,was,were,have been)；其他联系动词如：become成为，turn变成,go变。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语多为形容词或副词，既，不可能是宾语。
表语：说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。当联系动词不是be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达‘转变为’之意，注意与动宾关系的区别。
感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻
例：Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩）/主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is，表语为a boy
>>There be 结构：
There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。
此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’
试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。
一、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。 返回
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。
数词作定语相当于形容词：
Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。
代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom's pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。
分词（短语）作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。
定语从句：
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。
二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。 返回
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作‘In the classroom, the boy calls the girl.'
副词（短语）作状语：
The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）
The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）
介词短语作状语：
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
分词（短语）作状语：
He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）
Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）
不定式作状语：
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）
To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.
名词作状语：
Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语）
状语从句：
时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 结果状语从句
比较状语从句 让步状语从句 条件状语从句 目的状语从句
三、直接宾语和间接宾语：
>>>特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如Show this house to Mr.Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please.
四、宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。 返回
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作.
名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
五、同位语： 返回
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’)
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’)
六、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。 返回
感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。
肯定词yes 否定词no
称呼语：称呼人的用语。
插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story, I think, has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.
情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概, acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。
七、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。例：
错句：Studying hard, your score will go up.
正确：(1) Studying hard, you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard, your score will go up.
解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).
分词独立结构常省略being, having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略.
如：
Game (being) over, he went home.
He stands there, book (being) in hand.
独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
如：
With nothing to do, he fell asleep soon./无事可做，他很快就睡了。
The teacher came in, with glasses on his nose./老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）
五、基本句式
句子用词准确、合乎语法规范是一篇文章最起码的要求。英语句子虽然千变万化，但就一个简单句来说，其基本结构不外乎以下五种：
1、主语 + 系动词 + 表语
Our city is at the crossing of some important railways.
主语 系动词 表语
The city will become rich.
主语 系动词 表语
在这类结构中最常用的系动词是be, look（看起来），sound（听起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），feel（摸起来，感到），seem（似乎，好像），appear（显得，好像），remain（仍是），keep（保持），become（变得，成为），turn（变得，成为），get（变得），go（变得）等表示状态和变化的词，而充当表语的词语则有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语和非谓语动词等。
2、主语 + 谓语
Building has started.
主语 谓语
The train leaves at 7:40.
主语 谓语
该句型中的谓语为不及物动词，其后不带宾语，但可以根据实际需要带上一个合适的状语，状语的位置可放在句首、句中或句尾，一般以句尾为多见。谓语动词的前面根据需要还可加上适当的情态动词或助动词。如果多个谓语动词并列，可用and, but等并列连词将它们连接起来。
在英语中，主语是动作的执行者，充当主语的词和结构有：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式和从句等。充当谓语的词只能是动词。
谓语动词在人称和数上须与主语保持一致。
3、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
The boss employed five more workers.
主语 谓语 宾语
Few students like taking exams.
主语 谓语 宾语
动词后接宾语时应该用及物动词，若动词不及物则须在动词后再加上合适的介词，如What are you looking for?
在这类结构中，宾语是动作的承受者。常见的充当宾语的词语和结构有；名词、代词、非谓语动词和从句等。
4、主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语/主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + 间接宾语
He has fetched us some new textbooks.
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
A car factory will bring the province more jobs.
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
此句型中的及物动词须跟两个宾语，间接宾语一般指人，直接宾语一般指物。间接宾语可以放在直接宾语的前面，也可放在直接宾语的后面，但间接宾语放在后面时需在其前面加上适当的介词。例：A car factory will bring more jobs to the province.
可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise等。
5、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
The villagers didn’t allow them to do this.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
I will keep the box in the shade.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
该句型中的“宾语 + 宾语补足语”又叫做“复合宾语”，其特点是宾语与其补语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语相当于汉语里的兼语式，它既充当前面谓语的宾语，又兼作其后宾语补足语的逻辑主语。
充当宾语补足语的词语和结构有：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等。
当主语、宾语、宾语补足语是由名词充当时，根据需要还可在其前面加上名词、数词、形容词，或在其后面加上副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等定语成分来修饰相关名词。
可接复合宾语的常见动词有：ask, tell, find, help, like, allow, take, make, let, have（使得）, force（强迫）, call, advise, persuade（劝服）, watch, see, hear, feel（认为，觉得）, consider（认为）, choose, elect（选）等。
上面句型中只列出了句子的主要成分，事实上，句子中还常常有定语、状语和同位语等修饰语，有时还有不充当句子成分的插入语等。例：
Professor Wang bought a new computer at a high price.
定语 状语
在句子中，不同的句子成分对词性有不同的要求。主语、宾语和同位语一般由名词、代词、动名词和动词不定式充当；谓语一般由动词充当；表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和插入语一般由动词以外的词或短语充当。
一般来讲，一个句子至少具有一个主语和一个谓语（或系表结构），但在上下文中有时可能会有省略现象。省略后的句子可能会缺少包括主语、谓语在内的一些句子成分。祈使句中的主语按要求也是应该舍去的。例：
“Do give her my regards.” “Of course I will.”
第一句是祈使句，动作执行人you已经舍去。第二句是省略句，根据上句I will后省略了give her your regards。
以上主要介绍的是简单句的基本句型，除简单句外，还有并列复合句和主从复合句等句式，但这些复合句实际上是由若干个简单句通过连词连接起来的，因此，写作复合句时仍可遵循简单句的结构形式。
例：My sister likes skating, but I don’t. (并列复合句)
I like to take a walk after I have my supper. (主从复合句)
练习：用括号内所提示的基本句型将下列句子译成英语，需要的话可加上适当的修饰语或插入语。
1、你的故事听起来很有趣。（主语 + 系动词 + 表语）
2、我感到有一点累。（主语 + 系动词 + 表语）
3、我妹妹是在农村长大的。（主语 + 谓语）
4、这家医院创建于1950年。（主语 + 谓语）
5、他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）
6、他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）
7、顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？（主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语）
8、下学期谁教你们生物？（主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语）
9、他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）
10、什么促使你这样想的？（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）
参考答案：
1.Your story sounds very interesting.
2.I felt a bit tired.
3.My younger sister grew up in the country.
4.This hospital was set up in 1950.
5.He broke the traffic rule because he drove his car too fast.
6.He brought out a bottle of beer and drank it up quickly.
7.By the way, has she paid you the money?
8.Who will teach you biology next term?
9.He always keeps his bedroom clean.
10.What made you think so?
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇2：时态 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
时态
英语动词的形式：
英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：
(1) 动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。
(4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
(5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
这里提到的“语法规定的其他情况”以后会详细介绍。
下面把这些动词形式的构成说明一下。
动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表：
词尾变化（规律与名词变复数相同，读音也与名词复数相同） 举例
一般加-s help---________; read---_________
在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es do--- __________, fix---__________,
pass---__________, push---___________, teach ---_____________
以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加-es try--- _________, study ---_______________
动词过去式和过去分词，大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成，这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表：
词尾变化 举例
动词后面加-ed help---______ work---_______
Watch---____________
want--___________ need---__________
Turn---___________ play--_____________
以不发音的“e”结尾的词，加-d Love---__________Serve---__________
结尾是辅音字母+y时，y变i，再加-ed Study---_________ Try---____________
结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写辅音字母再加-ed Stop---___________ Drop---____________
不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式，需要个别记忆.
现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成，规则如下表：
词尾变化 举例
一般加-ing Look--_________, try---______________
以不发音的e结尾的词，去掉e，再加-ing Write---___________, dance---___________
以一个辅音字母（x除外）词尾的重读闭音节词，先双写词尾的辅音字母，再加-ing Begin---___________, swim---____________,
Run---__________, sit---_____________
以-ie结尾的词，变ie为y，再加-ing Die---_____________, lie---__________
“时态”就是通过动词的形态变化，来表达动作发生的时间（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）及所处的状态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。
比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时；
在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时；
在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。
在这三句话中，动词do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。
常用的时态有12个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。
下面我们把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
1、一般现在时
（1）构成：通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时，用现单三形式。
动词be和do各人称的单数形式为：
第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数
Do do do does
Be Am Are is
（2）用法：
1）一般现在时表示现状、性质、状态和经常的或习惯性的动作。
He ______(have) an uncle.
It _______(be) fine today.
You __________ (look) pale.
He ________ (be) good at music.
He ______________ (know) a lot of English.
这些动词可与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays, never 等表示经常性或习惯性的时间状语连用。例如：
Do you often go to the cinema? 你经常去看电影吗？
He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。
Tom does not study as hard as Jane. 汤姆在学习方面不如简努力。
My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.我父亲从来不坐公共汽车，他走着去上班。
2）一般现在时表示客观现实或普遍真理。
Japan ________ (lie) to the east of China.
The sun _________ (rise) in the east.
A horse _______(be) a useful animal.
Water ________(boil) at 100℃.
October 1st ___________(be) our National Day. 十月一日是我们的国庆节。
3）少数动词如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的事情。
The plane _____________ at six past five. 飞机将于六点零五分起飞。
Tomorrow ____________ Sunday. 明天是星期天。
Our summer vacation _______________ in early July. 我们的暑假七月初开始。
4）在时间和条件状语从句中, 用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I’ll let you know as soon as I __________ from him. 我一接到他的信就告诉你。
He’ll go if it _________ fine tomorrow. 如果明天天气好，他就去。
I shall be away when he _____________. 等他到了我就不在了。
We shall not begin the discussion until he __________. 等他来了，我们再开始讨论。
5）在某些以here, there 开头的句子中用一般现在时表示现在发生的动作。
Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Here they come. 他们来了。
6）在进行体育比赛过程中解说员叙述迅速、短暂动作时，可用一般现在时表示正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作。例如：
Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots？A fine shot! 巴特尔把球传给姚明，姚明投篮，好球！
7）在戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的说明文字中，可用一般现在时表示动作。例如：
When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly. 幕启，朱丽叶坐在桌旁。电话铃响，她拿起听筒，静静地听着。
2、现在进行时
（1）构成：由助动词be ＋ 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，有三种形式：第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。
现在进行时的否定式是：直接在助动词be后面加上not；疑问式是：把助动词be提到主语之前。以study 为例：
否定式 疑问式
I am not studying Am I studying?
You are not studying, Are you studying?
He is not studying. Is he studying?
（2）用法：
1）现在进行时表示说话时正在发生或进行着的动作。例如：
I _______________ (write) a letter. 我正在写信。
They ________________(learn) English. 他们正在学习英语。
It ______________ (rain) now. 现在在下雨。
2）有些动词，如come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start等，它们的现在进行时可表示不远的将来要发生的事情。例如：
Flight 1095 ______________ soon. 第1095号航班马上要着陆了。
I know the end _________________. 我知道马上就要结束了。
Mary ______back from her visit to Shanghai. 玛丽很快就要从上海访问回来了。
3）现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作。这种用法常表示说话人的某种感情，如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如：
比较下列句子：
He always asks questions. You always say that sort of thing.
He is always asking questions. You are always saying that sort of thing.
3、一般过去时
（1）构成：一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did, 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I did not (didn’t) study…. Did I study…?
You did not (didn’t) study…. Did you study…?
He did not (didn’t) study…. Did he study…?
（2）用法：一般过去时动词主要表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况，其中包括习惯性动作，通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
The train _______________ (arrive) ten minutes ago. 火车十分钟前就到了。
What time_ you ___ (get) up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么时候起床的？
He always ________ (go) to work by bus. 他过去老乘车去上班。
4、现在完成时
（1）构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.
现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I have not (haven’t) studied…. Have I studied…?
You have not (haven’t) studied…. Have you studied…?
He has not (hasn’t) studied…. Has he studied…?
（2）用法：
1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。而一般过去时也表示动作已经完成，但强调的是过去发生了某一动作这样一个事实。有的同学觉得这种说法比较难以理解，因为任何过去的动作对现在都有影响，很难判断用一般过去时或现在完成时。事实上，这种说法没有把现在完成时与一般过去时的根本区别说清楚。如果没有说明动作发生的具体时间，则一般用现在完成时；如果说明了动作发生的具体时间，带有表示过去的时间状语，则用一般过去时。例如：
My daughter _____________ (go) out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we ______________ (meet) before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She _____________________(arrive). 她到了。
2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如today, these days, recently, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如：
I _______________(hear) from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We _____________________ (see) you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They __________________ (be away) for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She __________________________ (be with us) since Monday.
她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。
注意：
1）表示短暂意义的动词如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等，在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：
×He has come here for 2 weeks.
×The old man has died for 4 months.
×They have left only for 5 minutes.
以上三句话可以改为：
It’s two weeks since he came here. He has been here for 2 weeks.
It’s 4 months since the old man died.
They have been away only for 5 minutes
2）have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别：表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。试比较：
他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）
Where has he been?
Where has he gone?
他上哪儿去了？（人不在）
Where has he been?
Where has he gone?
They have been to Canada.
_______________________________________
They have gone to Canada.
_______________________________________.
3）现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用， 但可以和不明确指出时间的状语，如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。例如：
She has already come. 她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。
I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。
I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。
I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。
5、现在完成进行时
（1）构成： have/has been + 动词的现在分词
（2）用法：
1）表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，可能刚刚终止，也可能仍然在进行。
I’ve been waiting for you since eight o’clock in the morning.
It has been raining for three hours.
What book have you been reading recently?
2）有些动词不能用于现在进行时，如be, have, like, love, know, see, hear等，这些词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时。如：
I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久没见到你了。
I have loved her for a long time. 我一直爱她。
I have known him for a long time. 我认识他很久了。
3）现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，强调结果；而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性，强调“一直”，往往表示动作仍未结束。如：
我一直在读这本小说。（我仍然在读） ____________________________
我已读过两本小说。（可能刚读过，也可能很久以前读的）
____________________________________________
我一直都在写信。_____________________________
我已经写完三封信了。__________________________
6、过去进行时
（1）构成：由助动词be 的过去式 ＋ 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，第一、第三人称单数用was，其他用were.
（2）用法：
1）过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如：
This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson.
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.
While we were having supper, all the lights went out.
7、过去完成时
（1）构成：一律用had + 过去分词构成。
（2）用法：
1）表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情，即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。例如：
She ______ (tell) me she __________(be) there three times before. 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。
When we _________ (arrive), the football match ______________ (begin). 我们到的时候，足球赛已经开始了。
She ___________ (visit) China twice before she __________ (come) this year. 她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。
8、一般将来时
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式：
（1）shall/will + 动词原形
表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will，其余用will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I shall/will not study…. Shall I study…?
You will not study…. Will you study…?
He will not study…. Will he study…?
否定疑问式 简单回答（肯定/否定）
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you) study…? Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t.
Will he not (Won’t he) study….? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
例如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。
The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。
When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢？
He probably won’t go with us. 他大概不能和我们一起去。
注意：
1）shall, will的缩写形式为’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。
2）will 用于第一人称时，可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等；shall用于第二、三人称时，可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如：
I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。（允诺）
I will take the college entrance examination. 我将参加大学入学考试。（决心）
Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗？（征求允诺）
You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到书就给你。（说话人的允诺）
The enemy shall not pass. 决不让敌人通过。（说话人的保证）
I will do my best to help you. 我愿意尽力帮助你。（意愿）
Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。（说话人的命令）
（2）be going + 动词不定式
1）这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如：
My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。
She is not going to be there. 她不会到那儿去的。
When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么时候做完？
He is going to stay a week. 他准备呆一星期。
We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。
2）这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如：
Look at these black clouds？it is going to rain. 看这些乌云？要下雨了。
I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。
注意：
1）will 和be going to 都可以表示某种意愿。例如：
I won’t (am not going to) tell you my age. 我不（愿意）告诉你我的年龄。
be going to 和will在含义和用法上略有不同。Be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will多表示意愿，决心。有时不能互换。例如：
I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen with them.我买了些砖，我要用它们盖个厨房。（不能用will替换）
Can somebody help me? ？I will. 谁能帮我一些吗？―？我来。（不能用be going to替换）
2）be going to 可用于条件从句，表示单纯的将来；will则不能。例如：
If you are going to go to the cinema this evening, you’d better take your umbrella with you. 你若今晚去看电影，最好带着雨伞。
（3）be to + 动词原形，表示安排、命令或肯定将会发生的事情；在问句中表示征求意见。如：
You are not to smoke in this room. 你不许在这个房间里抽烟。
In future you are not to go out alone. 将来你不许一个人出去。
The worst is still to come. 最糟糕的还在后面呢。
Tomorrow is still to come. 明天过了还有明天。
（4）be about + 动词不定式。这种结构表示正要、即将发生的事情。例如：
Let’s go in. The class is about to begin. 咱们进去吧。马上开始上课了。
They are about to get married. 他们即将结婚。
My book is about to be published. 我的书即将出版。
一般将来时的关键是记住表示将来的几种句型及其用法。
练习：
用be going to 或will.填空：
1）What are you doing with that spade? ？I ___ (plant) some trees.
2）This is a terribly heavy box. ？I ___ (help) you carry it.
3) I’ve left my watch upstairs. ？I ___ (go) and get it for you.
4) Who will post this letter for me? ？I ____.
5) She has bought a length of cloth; she ____ (make) herself a dress.
二、关于动词时态的几点说明
1、一般不用进行时的动词，它们用一般现在时表示现在进行时
（1）表示心理状态的词：accept, agree, allow, believe, care, dislike, fear, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, mind, need, prefer, realize, remember, respect, understand, want, wish等。还有 admit, decide, permit, promise, receive, refuse等。
I accept what you say. 我接受你说的话。
I don't agree to this proposal. 我不同意这个建议。
（2）感官动词和表示状态的动词一般不用进行时。系动词：如hear, look, notice, see, smell, sound, taste等词。表示状态的词：be, belong to, exist, have, remain, seem, stay等词。如：
I see him now; he’s talking to a girl.
The warships belong to the navy and the tanks belong to the army.
It sounds strange, but it is true.
2、时态的呼应
时态的呼应也叫时态的一致，是指在复合句中，某些从句（主要是宾语从句等名词性从句）的时态常受主句时态的影响，因而要注意主从句两部分的时态呼应。
（1）主句是现在时态或将来时时，从句可以用任何所需要的时态。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher.
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai.
（2）主句是过去时态时，从句要在原来的时态的上加一个过去：
三、几个常用时态的比较
1、一般现在时与现在进行时
（1）一般现在时用以说明客观事实，或用于强调动作的永久性、经常或反复性。而现在进行时强调动作正在进行，因此它表示动作含有暂时性（即动作的持续时间是有限的）和未完成性。
The writer writes children’s stories. 那位作家是写儿童小说的。（说明客观事实）
The writer is now writing a story. 那位作家现在正在编写一个故事。
She is kind. 她很善良。（指她一贯心地善良）
She is being kind. 她现在显得很善良。（表示暂时性，平时她并不善良）
Tom types his own letters. 汤姆自己用打印机打信。（说明经常性）
Tom is typing his own letters today. 汤姆今天自己正在用打印机打信（表示暂时）
（2）有些动词，如：like, hate, believe, guess, know, mean, remember, hear, see, sound, seem等，不能用于进行时，即使表示说话时正在进行的动作也通常用一般现在时。如：
I know him. 我认识他。（不说：I am knowing him.）
Jenny likes this green coat.
某些动词既可用于一般现在时，又可用于现在进行时，但意义有所不同。试比较：
I feel (=think, believe) you are right/there’s something wrong. 我觉得（=认为、相信）你是对的/有点不对头。（这个意思不用进行时 ）
I’m feeling cold. 我觉得冷。
What are you thinking about? 你在想些什么。
What do you think of the idea? 你认为这个主意怎样？
某些表示身体感觉的词（如 hurt, ache, feel等），用一般现在时和现在进行时没有多大差别，只是进行时更生动、更有感情色彩。例如：
How do you feel today? (or: How are you feeling today?) 你今天的感觉怎样。
My head is aching. (or: My head aches.) 我头疼。
I feel cold.=I’m feeling cold. 我觉得冷。
（3）一般现在时说明事实，一般不带感情色彩；现在进行时与always, often, frequently等词连用时带有感情色彩。例如：
He always asks questions. 他总是提问题。（无感情色彩）
He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。（表示强烈的感情色彩）
Don’t be complaining all the time. 别老是抱怨个不停。
She’s always blaming others. 她总是在埋怨别人。
2、一般过去时与现在完成时
（1）一般过去时只是单纯说明过去的情况，和现在不发生联系，它可以确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和具体的表示过去的时间状语连用。如：
I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。（还没有找到）
She lost her pen yesterday. 她昨天把钢笔丢了。（现在找到与否，没有说明）
（2）有些时间状语，如 this morning, tonight, this month等，既可以用于一般过去时，也可以用于完成时，但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括“现在 ”而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。例如：
I have read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。（讲话时仍是四月）
I read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。（讲话时四月已过）
I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。（讲话时仍是上午）
I wrote two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。（讲话时是下午或晚上）
3、一般过去时与过去进行时
一般过去时表示过去发生的事情，往往表示动作已结束；而过去进行时侧重动作正在进行、未完成。试比较：
Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. （信写完了）
Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night. （信不一定写完）
I read a novel last night. 昨天晚上我看了一本小说。（指已经看完了）
I was reading a novel last night. 昨天晚上我在看小说。（指看了一些）
4、一般过去时和过去完成时
（1）一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时表示在过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前。试比较：
The class had already begun when I came to school. 我来到学校时，已经开始上课。
He had gone home before I got to his office. 我到他办公室以前，他已回家了。
（2）有after或before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时：
He called on me soon after he had returned. 他回来不久便拜访我。也可以说：He called on me soon after he returned.
The train had left before I got to the station. 我到车站时,火车已经开走了。也可以说：The train left before I got to the station。
（3）描述一连串的过去动作，无需用过去完成时，例如：
He stood up, took his bag, put on his hat, left the room and went away.
She looked around but saw nothing.
由于汉语与英语表达时态的方式不同，中国人在学习和应用英语时经常犯时态错误，尤其是在写信、写电子邮件、写记叙文时。常见的时态错误类型有：时态不对应；通篇须用几种时态时用一种时态；时态混用或串用（如在描写过去的经历时，有时用现在时）；不用进行时。我们如果在日常口头交际中犯点时态错误，这在所难免，也可以理解。但是，在正式场合，如正式写作中，就不能允许出现时态错误，因为这是英语语法的基础。我们学习时态的目的，主要在于应用。因此，在使用英语，尤其是在写作时，一定要有时态意识，长此以往就能养成正确使用时态的习惯。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇3：被动语态 ````(人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
被动语态
（一）简介
在英语中，语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态(active voice) 表示主语是动作的执行者；
被动语态（passive voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。
如：
Saddam is being tried（审判）. ______________
The Iraqi government is trying Saddam. ______________
More and more people use computers now. ________________
Computers are more and more widely used now. ________________
（二）英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异
汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了，用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示，如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂，用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化，而这正是英语被动语态的难点。
（三）被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词，因为不及物动词不能带宾语，也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态；被动语态常用的有8个，以give为例说明如下：
时态 动词形式
一般现在时 am/ is/ are given
一般过去时
一般将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
过去将来时
现在完成时
过去完成时
被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号；
否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。
如：
“面试的时候，用英语问你问题了吗？
“During the interview, ________________________________________”
“没有，没有用英语问我问题。”
“No, __________________________________.””
那家餐馆正在装修(decorate)吗？
___________________________________________?
那家餐馆没有在装修。
___________________________________________.
实际上，那家餐馆从来没有装修过。
In fact ______________________________________.
（四）被动语态的用法
1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法，有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的，这时就用被动语态。
I felt a little nervous when I was being interviewed.
These fighters are imported from Russia.
That place has been turned into a swimming pool.
2、说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态
He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。
还有下列常用句型（that后面跟句子）：
据说 ________________________ 据报道 ___________________________
希望 ________________________ 人们相信 _________________________
据宣布 ______________________ 众所周知 _________________________
已经决定 ____________________ 人们认为 _________________________
有人建议 ____________________ 务必记住 _________________________
被视为当然 __________________
（五）主动句变被动句的注意事项
一、________________不能改变；
二、变为被动语态后，谓语动词要和________________ 在人称、数上保持一致。
还要作如下变动：
1. 把主动语态的_________变为被动语态的_____________；
2. 主动语态的主语放在介词 ________ 的后面，组成介词短语，再把这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。
3. 在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时，by短语可以省略。
They will open a new supermarket there soon.
A new supermarket will be opened there soon.
The doctor gave two lectures in English.
Two lectures were given by the doctor in English.
Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats.
We have been warned to be careful of rats.
4. 如果主动语态有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），变为被动语态时，可将其中任何一个宾语变为主语，另一个不变。
The reporters asked the president some questions.
The president was asked some questions by the reporters.
Some questions were asked the president by the reporters.
（六）含有情态动词的被动语态
句中含有情态动词时，其被动语态的结构是：____________________
The timetable can be changed any time.
This book may not be taken out of the reading room.
This dictionary must be taken good care of.
（七）不能用于被动语态的动词
1、不及物动词不能用于被动语态，因为它们没有宾语。
2、表示状态而不是动作的及物动词，如 break out, belong to, cost, deserve, fit, have ( 有、使)，hold (盛下、装下)，lack, resemble, suit, take part in, take place, want, wish等动词不能变为被动语态。例如：
Everybody wanted Doris to be the manager.
We like everybody to say what they think.
Do you wish me to stay？
Will you help me (to) do the work?
The war broke out in 1937.
This car belongs to me.
He has a good job.
They have a large house.
I’ll have him come early.
Though I like the dress, it doesn’t fit me.
We lack manpower at the moment.
My computer cost me seven hundred and ninety dollars.
She resembles her father.
（八）关于被动语态的几点说明
1、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：
They made him go.
He was made______________.
I heard him say good-bye to his friends.
He was heard _______________________.
2、除助动词be外，动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态，是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如:
I got lost in the huge market.
You might get killed/ hurt.
In the end this story got translated into English.
His car got damaged in a road accident.
3、在need, want, require后面，主动的-ing形式表达被动的意思：
My watch needs cleaning. (=…needs to be cleaned)
Your garden needs watering. (=_______________________)
Does your suit require pressing, sir?
(=_______________________)
The car wants servicing. (=_______________________)
（九）练习
1、将下列句子变成被动语态：[主要步骤是：把原句的宾语变成主语（代词宾格要变成主格）；把原句的谓语动词变成被动形式（注意：时态不变，新谓语动词与新主语要一致，疑问句要注意助动词的转换）。复合句中如有可能主句和从句都要变成被动语态。]
1）He gave me a present.
2）My sister made the soup.
3）The workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory.
4）The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river.
5）The police will surely arrest the thieves.
6）My brother will repair my bike for me.
7）You must clean your watch once a year.
8）I didn’t tell you Xiao Wang could do the job.
9）I cannot find my dictionary. Someone has taken it.
10）She cannot find her bag. Someone must have taken it.
11）The pupils asked the teacher to tell a story.
12）The Association asked Mr. Green to make a speech.
13）The government is sending him abroad.
14）He told me to wait here for him.
15）Mr. Hopkins has found his wallet.
16）The workers themselves invented the new machine.
17）They set up this hospital in 1950.
18）Tom broke the window.
19）Did you write the letter?
20）They do not make this kind of watches in Beijing.
21）People call him Little Old Man.
22）John answered all the questions.
23）The farmer was ploughing the field.
24）People speak English in almost all the countries of the world.
25）The wind blew the clouds away.
26）We shall paint the room.
27）Must I do all the exercises on my own?
28）I am going to ring Tom up.
29）Everyone expects that he will win.
30）Did you finish your composition in class?
31）Do you wash your clothes very often?
32）Have they paid you the money?
33）Mr. Wang gave us an English lesson.
34）He told his brother the news.
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇4：试题(人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
1 Some students like staying up late into the night , ____ their lessons for the coming examination .
A to prepare B preparing C prepare D was preparing
2 ____ by the dog twice , he was afraid to go to my house again .
A Having bitten B Having been bitten C Biting D Being bitten
3 Before ____ white , the door should be cleaned thoroughly .
A painting B painted C being painted D having been painted
4 ____ , Tom is loved by all the people in the village .
A Being an honest man B Being that he is an honest man
C He is an honest man D An honest man being
5 The boy sat on the sofa , ___ TV programme attentively.
A watch B watched C watching D to watch
6 The pupil sat there , ___ what to do .
A does knowing B didn’t knowing C not known D not knowing
7 ___ , but he still could not understand it .
A He had been told many times B Having been told many times C Told many times D Although he had been told many times
8 ___ the meeting room , he found all the parents already ___ there .
A To enter ---sitting B Stepping into ---to seat
C Entered ---seat D Entering ---seated
9 ____ several kinds of machines , the workers got much money .
A Produced B Producing C Having produced D To produce
10 The nurse stood by the bed , ____ the sick girl .
A tending B to tend C tending D and tending
11 Living near the sea , ___ .
A we enjoy healthy air and beautiful sight
B healthy air and beautiful fight is what we enjoy
C it is healthy air and beautiful sight is we enjoy
D so we enjoy healthy air and beautiful sight
12 I listened to the rain , ___ that she would not come tonight .
A thinking B to think C thought D being thinking
13 ___ the coffee , the girl washed the cup .
A To drink B Drinking C Having drunk D Having been drunk
14 ___ such a chance , why don’t you have a try ?
A To give B Having give C Given D Giving
15 ___ the past , our life is much better .
A Comparing with B Be compared
C To compare with D Compared with
16 I went to see him , ____ him out .
A finding B find C only to find D to finding
17 ___ , he went to ask his teacher for help .
A Not known how to do it B Unknown what to do
C Knowing how to do D Not knowing how to do it
18 ___ from space , the earth , with water ___ seventy percent of its surface , looks like a blue ball .
A Seen , covered B Seen , covering
C Seeing , covering D Seening ,covering
19 ___ it the heavy snow , he walked into an expensive shop .
A Having caught B To be caught
C Having been caught D Catching
20 She is writing a letter to a friend of hers , ___ him to attend the party .
A having invited B inviting C to invite D invited
21___ since the night before , she felt very hungry now .
A Having not eaten anything B Not eating anything
C Be hadn’t eaten anything D Not having eaten anything
1 The man ____ in a shop was sent to the police station .
A who caught stealing B to be caught stealing C caught to steal
D caught stealing
2 Everyone says he is a ____ boy .
A promised B promising C to promise D promise
3 A parcel ____ two jin has just been posted .
A weighted B weighing C to weigh D having weighted
4 She looked at me with ____ eyes
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇5：高三英语复习（动词短语） (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
高三英语复习专题（动词短语）
(出题人 王海棠)
1. The war _______ the world great suffering and sadness.
A. brought in B. brought about C. brought up D. brought out
2. The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language _____ in the 16th century.
A. came about B. came out C. came along D. came up
3. There are some differences between American English and British English. Do you know how these differences _______?
A. came about B. came out C. came up D. were happened
4. We _____ the children in poor areas clothes and some money.
A. offered B. provided C. supplied D. helped
5. Her mother was ill, so a doctor was _______.
A. called on B. called at C. called in D. called back
6. We _______the Green’s yesterday on our way home from work and stayed there for some time.
A. called on B. called at C. dropped in D. called for
7. Once a plan is made, it must be firmly _______.
A. carried out B. carried off C. carry away D. carried on
8. . King called _____ the black people not to give _____ but to continue the struggle.
A. for; in B. on; in C. out ; away D. in; off
9. A big fire _______ in the hotel last night.
A. broke away B. broke up C. broke out D. was broken out
10. Don’t stay up too late, or your body will_______.
A. break up B. break out C. break off D. break down
11. A truck ______ Jane’s cat and sped away.
A. ran over B. ran into C. ran across D. ran down
12. I was late because my car ______.
A. broke up B. broke off C. broke down D. broke out
13. Nobody realized the importance of the problem when it was first ______ at the meeting.
A. brought about B. brought up C. brought on D. brought in
14. We were suddenly ______ in the middle of our telephone conversation.
A. cut out B. cut off C. rung off D. broken off
15. Can you ______ what is written on the board?
A. make of B. make up C. make out D. make away
16. He first ____ the proposal that men and women should receive equal pay for equal work.
A. put up B. put on C. put forward D. put out
17. ______ the oppression for long years, the peasants at last rebelled(反抗).
A. Having put up B. Having put through C. Having put up with D. Having put over
18. He ______ the family business when his father suffered a heart attack.
A. took up B. took over C. took after D. took on
19. I promise to _______ the matter as soon as I get back to the head office.
A. look for B. look in C. look into D. look up
20. I know all your tricks, so don’t try to take me _______.
A. in B. off C. up D. away
21. Science has ______ many changes in our life.
A. brought up B. brought about C. brought out D. brought down
22. To test his theory, the scientist ______ an experiment.
A. set out B. set off C. set about D. set forth
23. By the time the fire engine arrived, the fire had been ______ by many citizens.
A. put on B. put off C. put out D. put through
24. He’ll soon ______ his disappointment and be quite cheerful again by the morning.
A. get out of B. get over C. get through D. get away
25. I will _______my appointment until tomorrow.
A. put up B. put away C. put out D. put off
26. He _______ a sum of money every week for his old age.
A. sets up B. set out C. sets in D. set aside
27. You should tell from his big ears that he ______ his father.
A. took off B. took down C. took from D. took after
28. The weather forecast was good so it should ______ fine after all.
A. turn into B. turn up C. turn out D. turn over
29. I never expected you to ______ at the meeting. I thought you were abroad.
A. turn in B. turn on C. turn up D. turn to
30. Important people don’t often have much free time as their work ______ all their time.
A. takes away B. takes over C. takes up D. takes in
31. When they had finished playing, the children were made to _____all the toys they had taken out.
A. put off B. put out C. put up D. put away
32. The good service at the hotel _______ the poor food to some extend.
A. made for B. made out C. made up of D. made up for
33. – Why ask me to take that early bus?
--Because that bus _______ the 9:30 a.m. train at Boston.
A. joins to B. joins with C. unites with D. connects with
34. Don’t _______ when your teacher is giving you some advice how to master English.
A. drop in B. let out C. move in D. break in
35. I had a lot of books that I didn’t want to keep, so I _______ them away to a friend.
A. lent B. gave C. turned D. threw
36. If better use is _______ of your spare time, you’ll make great progress in it.
A. thought B. spent C. taken D. made
37. – Did you enjoy the book?
--Yes. It was so interesting that I couldn’t _______ it.
A. get rid of B. break away from C. keep away from D. tear myself away from
38. – Oh, my god! It’s just a sea of cars. How can you ______ your car?
A. took out B. find out C. pick out D. get out
39. – This is Xiao Li speaking.
--Hi, Xiao Li, please stay at home, I’ll_____ you at 6’clock and we’ll go to the cinema together.
A. call for B. wait for C. sent for D. look for
40. If Tim carries on working like this, he’ll ______ sooner or later.
A. break down B. give up C. get down D. break up
41. He said he would ______ what he had said.
A. take back B. take away C. take in D. take up
42. Who was it that ______ the secret?
A. gave out B. let out C. get out D. set out
43. I wish you’d stop _______. We all know how clever you are!
A. showing around B. showing off C. showing up D. showing over
44. Can you tell me how it ______ that you were an hour late?
A. came about B. came up C. came out D. came across
45. She ______ some old letters in the course of her search.
A. came across B. came out C. came up D. came about
46. News reports say peace talks between the two countries ______ with no agreement reached.
A. have broken down B. have broken out C. have broken in D. have broken off
47. Children under six are not______ to school except those of extraordinary intelligence.
A. permitted B. admitted C. accepted D. received
48. The doctor advised that I should______ smoking.
A. cut off B. cut out C. cut down D. cut away
49. He ______ some French while he was away on a business trip in Paris.
A. made out B. picked up C. gave up D. took in
50. University readers can ______ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.
A. get over B. get in C. get along D. get through
51. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ______.
A. give out B. give in C. turned off D. go out
52. The engine of the ship was out of order and the bad weather ______ the helplessness of the crew at sea.
A. added to B. resulted from C. turned out D. made up
53. The hall was full, and hundreds of fans had to be _______.
A. turned down B. turned off C. turned over D. turned away
54. We thought of selling this old furniture, but we’ve decided to ______ it. It might be valuable.
A. hold on to B. keep up with C. turn to D. look after
55. Although the working mother is very busy, she still _____ a lot of time to her children.
A. devotes B. spends C. offers D. provides
56. The seller would sell the sweater for nine dollars, but the customer ______ eight dollars.
A. charged B. asked C. sold D. offered
57. Although he has taken a lot of medicine, his health ______ poor.
A. proves B. remains C. maintains D. continues
58. Burlington isn’t much more than a large village. Its streets were never ______ for heavy traffic.
A. tested B. meant C. kept D. used
59. We’re going to _____ with some friends for a picnic. Would you like to join us?
A. get in B. get over C. get along D. get together
60. His mother had thought it would be good for his character to ______ from home and earn some money on his own.
A. run away B. take away C. keep away D. get away
61. I don’t ______ rock’n’roll. It’s much too noisy for my taste.
A. go after B. go away with C. go into D. go for
62. It was not a serious illness, and she soon _____ it.
A. get over B. got on with C. got around D. got out of
63. We have to ______ the wheat as soon as possible because a storm is on the way.
A. get away B. get across C. get through D. get in
64. Once a decision is made, all of us should ______ it.
A. insist on B. stick to C. refer to D. lead to
65. It was foolish of him to ______ his notes during that important test, and as a result , he got punished.
A. stick to B. refer to C. look up D. point to
66. The final examination is coming up soon. It’s time for us to ______ our studies.
A. get down to B. get out C. get back for D. get over
67. I couldn’t ______. The line was busy.
A. go by B. go around C. get in D. get through
68. The storm died away at last with the golden waves ______ the shore in peace.
A. striking B. hitting C. beating D. knocking
69. Quite a few people used to believe that a disaster ______if a mirror was broken.
A. was sure of striking B. was sure of having struck
C. was sure to be struck D. was sure to strike
70. Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may _______ run over by a car.
A. have B. get C. become D. turn
71. If you ______ any problems when you arrive at the airport, give me a ring.
A. come up with B. set about C. run into D. put aside
72. Don't mention that at the beginning of the story, or it may _______ the shocking ending.
A. give away B. give out C. give up D. give off
73. －What’s the matter with you?－After the long walk ,my legs ______ and I couldn’t go any further.
A. gave out B. gave off C. gave in D. gave up
74. It suddenly _______me that I had to get to the airport to meet a friend.
A. took B. struck C. occurred D. surprised
75. Time will ______whether I made the right choice or not.
A. see B. say C. know D. tell
76. Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and _______ jokes.
A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up
Key：
1-5 BBAAC 6-10 BABCD 11-16 ACBBC 17-20 CBCAB 21-25 BCCBD 26-30 DDCCC
31-35 DDDDB 36-40 DDCAA 41-45ABBAA 46-50 ABCBC 51-55 DADAA 56-60 DBBDD
61-65 DADBB 66-70 ADCDB 71-76 CAABAC
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇6：主谓一致练习`````(人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
主谓一致练习
1. We each _____ strong points and each of us on the other hand ______ weak points.
A. have , have B. has, have C. has , has D. have, has
2. A library with five thousand books ______ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
3. The police _______ determined to bring back the missing boy when his family ______ almost given up all hope.
A. is, has B. are , have C. are , has D. is, have
4. In this institution a medal together with a prize of certain sum of money _____ gains success in science and technology every two years.
A. are given to anyone B. is given to whoever
C. are given to who D. is given to whom
5. You should try Larry and kevin's restaurant because _____ the best in the city.
A. theirs is B. their's is C. they are D. their's are
6. Only one of the students who __ present__ to speak at the meeting .
A. is, is B. are, are C. are , is D. is, are
7. ------ ______ the dollars a big sum of money to him ?
------ I suppose _________.
A. Are, to B. Were, to C. Will be, to D. Is , so
8. When and where to build the new factory ________ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. had not decided D. have not decided
9. Either Tom or Jane did ________ homework in the classroom .
A. their B. theirs C. his D. her
10. Reading magazines and novels ________ helpful.
A. is B. are C. have D. has
11. In spring, many plants bloom, which ____ the world even more beautiful.
A. made B. make C. makes D. have made
12. It's not you but Mr. Anderson who ___ to answer ___ the incident.
A. are, for B. were, to C. is, for D. was , back
13. There are two books on the bookshelf. ______ of them ____ worth ______.
A. Both , are, being read B. All, are , reading
C. Neither, is, being read D. Either, is , reading
14. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them ______ absent for different reasons. ( MENT 96 )
A. were , was B. was, was C. was, were D. were , were
15. I don't think the poor _________ poor.
A. are always B. has been always C. is always D. always are
16. Every means _______ tried but without much result.
A. have been B. had C. has D. has been
17. At the meeting each man and each woman _______ praised by the manager yesterday.
A. was B. were C. would be D. had been
18. One and a half days ________ what I need.
A. was B. is C. are D. were
19. Sixty percent of the work______ . A. have been done
B. had been done C. has been done D. has done
20. ______ neither you nor your brother interested in swimming ?
A. Are B. Is C. Do D. Does
21. Such films _____ shown yesterday ______ not worth seeing again.
A. that was, is B. as were, are C. as were, is D. those were , are
22. Three fourths of the earth's surface ______ covered with water.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
23. About 85 percent of the students ____ good , and part of them _____ interested in biology.
A. is, are B. are, are C. are , is D. is , is
24. Politics ______ now taught in all schools.
A. is B. are C. be D. being
25. Do you know what his politics _______ ?
A. is B. are C. be D. being
26. The wounded __________ sent to the hospital at once .
A. were B. are C. is D. was
27. The Chinese _____ hard-working.
A. be B. being C. is D. are
28. The United Nations ______ in 1945.
A. are found B. is found C. was founded D. were founded
29. Our headmaster and secretary ______ kind and strict.
A. is B. be C. are D. were
30. More than one girl _______ late for class this morning.
A. are B. is C. was D. were
31. Many a student ______ in the exam.
A. have failed B. had been failed C. has failed D. will be failed
32. A pair of broken glasses ______ on the desk.
A. is laying B. is lying C. are lying D. are laying
33. What _______ the police looking for?
A. is B. are C. will D. did
34. No boy and no girl ______ waiting for the bus.
A. are B. be C. were D. is
35. There ______ I'd like to answer this evening.
A. are one or two letters B. has one or two letters
C. is one or two letters D. have one or two letters
36. Great quantities of fish ______ in the river in the past few days.
A. is caught B. are caught
C. has been caught D. have been caught
37. Why she didn't come here ______ quite clear.
A. are not B. will not C. isn't D. were not
38. What he says and what he does ___________ .
A. is not agree B. are not agree
C. does not agree D. do not agree
39. Not only politics but also English is important. In other word, ______ is important.
A. English , as well as politics B. politics as well as English
C. both politics and English D. politics as well as the English
40. This is the one of the books on the subject that ______ ever been written in Chinese.
A. have B. has C. had D. are
41. The exam he paid no attention to _ him the chance to go to college.
A. being costed B. costing C. cost D. costs
42. Not only the students but also the teacher ______ about the matter.
A. are talking B. is to talk C. have talked D. are having talked
43. On the ceiling of our classroom ______ four lights.
A. hang B. are hanged C. hanged D. hangs
44. The world's supplies of oil _____ gradually ______ up with the development of industry and the increase of cars.
A. is ; used B. are being; used C. has; used D. have been; using
45. He is one of the students who , I am sure, always do _____ best.
A. his B. one's C. my D. their
46. The population of China ____ over 12 million and eighty percent of the population _____ peasants.
A. is; are B. are; is C. is ; is D. are ; are
47. He said that the twelfth and last lesson _______ rather difficult .
A. were B. was C. will be D. are
48. His “Selected Poems” ______ first published in 1965.
A. were B. was C. has been D. were
49. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
50. Seventy percent of the students here ______ from the country side.
A. is B. are C. comes D. has come
51. More than 60 percent of world’s radio programmes ___ in English.
A. is B. was C. are D. be
52. The whole class ______ the teacher attentively.
A. are listening to B. is listening to C. are listening D. is listening
53. The United States of America ______ one of the most developed countries in the world.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
54 The air in big cities ______ very dirty by factories.
A. are often made B. is often made C. have often made D. has often made
55. A large number of students of this school ______ fond of playing football.
A. are B. was C. is D. be
56. Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.
A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study
57. I, who ______ your teacher, will try my best to help you with your lessons.
A. be B. am C. are D. is
58. Ten dollars ______a big sum for a small child , and they will go a long way .
A. are B. being C. have D. is
59. The rich ______ not always happy.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
60. Apples of this kind _______.
A. tastes good B. tastes well C. taste good D. taste well
61. The Olympic Games _______ held every _______ years.
A. is…four B. are…four C. is…five D. are…five
62. No one but her parents ______ it.
A. know B. knows C. is knowing d. are knowing
63. ______ a good enough price for this book.
A. Two yuans are B. Two yuan are C. Two yuans is D. Two yuan is
64. No bird and no beast _______ in the lonely island.
A. are seen B. is seen C. see D. sees
65. The news of victories ______ spreading far and wide.
A. is B. are C. have been D. were
66.Few of his family ______ with his imaginative ideas.
A. agree B. agrees C. are agreed D. is agreed
67. The paper for books and newspapers _____ made of wood.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
68. Neither your mother nor you ______ at home.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
69. It is she who _______ wrong.
A. is B. am C. are D. has been
70. ________ well looked after in that hospital. A. Wounded are
B. Wounded is C. The wounded are D. The wounded is
71. Twenty of us are old. The rest _______ young.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
72. The Smiths ______ to move into the new building.
A. are B. is C. has D. will
73. It is said the police ______ trying their best to catch the murderer.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
74. Here ______ a new pair of shoes for you.
A. is B. are c. have D. has
75. The best ______ still unknown.
A. is B. are C. be D. were
76. We each _______ to pass the entrance examinations.
A. hopes B. hope C. hoping D. is hoping
77. Bread and butter ______ a kind of food.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
78. The watch and chain ______ of gold.
A. is made B. are made C. were made D. am made
79. Half the eggs ______ bad.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
80. ______ this pair of glasses ______ her well?
A. Is…fit B. Do…fit C. Does…fit D. Are…fit
81. About eighty percent of the students in his class ___ below sixteen.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
82. There ______ a map of the world and some pictures on the wall.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
83. A large quantity of water pipes ______ needed.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
84. Large quantities of paper ______ wasted.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
85. How and why he ______ come to Princeton, New Jersey ______ a story of struggle, success and sadness.
A. had…was B. had… are C. had… has d. had… have
86. Not only I but also Jessie and Mary _____ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am d. be
87.My driving licence , rather than my credit cards, ______lost .,
A. have B. are C. is D. has
88. Nobody but Jane and Mary ______ secret.
A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known
89. A great deal of ______ was done to crops.
A. damages B. damaging C. damage D. ruin
90. -Do you want the pants?
-My pants ______ laid in bed.
A. is B. was C. are D. being
91. I told him what I was surprised ____ his attitude towards his study.
A. is B. was C. at is D. at was
92. I have finished a large part of the book; the rest ___ more difficult.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
93. They each ______ a new dictionary.
A. has B. have C. is D. are
94.The pilot as well as four of the passengers ______death .
A. has escaped B. have escaped C. has been escaped D. have been escaped
95. Every hour and every minute ______ important.
A. are B. were C. is D. will
96. Nobody except Bill and Johnny ______entered the second round of the interview.
A. have B. has C. have been D. has been
97. He is one of the old scientists who ______nothing about his personal income and fame .
A. cares B. care C. is caring D. are caring
98. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ________yet.
A.are not decided B.have not been decided
C.is not being decided D.has not been decided
99.Mary is one of the girls who ________by the headmaster at the meeting.
A. is praised B. are praised C.was praised D.were praised
100.Mary is the only one of the girls who________by the headmaster at the meeting.
A.is praised B.are praised C.was praised D.were praised
Keys:
01-10 DABBA CDADA 11-20 CCDCA DABCA
21-30 BABAB ADCAC 31-40 CBBDA DCDAB
41-50 CBABD ABBDB 51-60 CAACA CBDAC
61-70 BBDBA ACCAC 71-80 BADAA BAABC
81-90 BAAAA BCBCC 91-100 DABCC BBDDC
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇7：语法专项训练 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
语法专项训练
第一节 名词
▲ 知识要点总述
一、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。
1． 不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，主要有专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词。常考的有：advice, news, progress, money, furniture, fun, weather, information, luck, housework, wood, rice, grass, soap, medicine, work, bread, meat, wealth, music等。
2． 可数名词有单、复数之分，但下列名词常以复数形式出现。
Manners(礼貌), goods(货物), sands(河滩), ashes(灰烬), glasses(眼镜), make preparations for(准备), congratulations(祝贺), drinks(饮料), works(著作), tears(眼泪), regards(问候), thanks(感谢), trousers(裤子), clothes(衣服), sports(运动), plastics (塑料制品), means(方法手段)
3． 部分词可数、不可数意义不同。如：a paper(报纸); word(消息); a word(词)。
二、抽象名词具体化，不可数名词与可数名词的转化也是高考常考知识。
1． 部分抽象名词前有形容词修饰时，常须加冠词。
a bright future, have a good/ nice/ wonderful time, a great help, a good education, a wonderful supper/ lunch/ dinner
2． 与动词同形的名词构成的短语常加冠词。
have a look, go for a walk, have a smoke, make an answer, have a sleep
3． 部分情绪或心理活动的情感名词，表示抽象概念时，不可数；表示具体的事时，可数。如：
surprise (u.) 惊奇，诧异 in surprise
(c.) 令人惊奇的事 What a surprise!
pity (u.) 怜悯，同情 have pity on sb.
(c.) 可惜的事，憾事 It’s a pity
pleasure (u.) 愉快，高兴 with pleasure
(c.) 乐趣，乐事 It is a pleasure.
三、名词直接作定语与名词所有格作定语不一样，名词作定语主要有：
1． 表示类别：
coffee cup (咖啡杯) man doctor (男医生)
English lesson (英语课) college student (大学生)
shoe shop (鞋店) street light (路灯)
2． 表示原材料：
stone house (石头房子) straw hat (草帽)
wood desk (木桌) paper money (纸币)
3． 表示用途
lunch room (午餐室) sports field (运动场)
注：（1）名词作定语一般用单数，但某些须用复数形式；
a clothes shop, s sports meet, a sales girl, a goods train
(2) man, women 通常与名词一起变复数
men teachers, women drivers
(3) 所有格作定语与名词直接作定语意义不一样
a man driver (男司机)， a man’s driver (男士的司机)
四、名词的所有格
1． 在词尾加’s 表示“所属、所有”。
（1） 有生命的或被看作有生命名词的所有格一般加’s。
如：the worker’s name, the government’s plan, his brother’s bike, women’s Day
（2）表示国家、城市、时间、度量、天体、价值等无生命的名词的所有格加’s。如：China’s industry, the earth’s satellite, the Party’s policy, today’s newspaper, two miles’ walk
（3）表示某店铺、某人的家或省略上文提到的名词时，名词所有格后面的中心词常省略。
如：the Wangs’ , at my uncles’, the barber’s
（4）表示多人共同所有的同一物，在最后一个词尾加’s, 表示多人各自所有时，须分别加’s.
如：Mary and Jane’s room (共有)，Li Hua’s and Zhang Ying’s bikes (分别所有)
（5）以s结尾的复数名词一般加 “ ’ ”，以s结尾的专有名词加 “ ’ ” 或 “ ’s ”.
如：the boys’ desks the teachers’ desks
Engels’s works/ Engels’ works Dickens’/ Dickens’s book
（6）复合名词、不定代词、相互代词或以整体形式出现的名词一般在最末单词后加“ ’s ”
如：somebody else’s bike, whose else’s car, my daughter-in-law’s house
2． 用of表示所有格
（1） 无生命的名词一般用of表示所属关系。
如：the lights of the street, the parks of the city, the map of the country
（2） 某些有生命的名词的所有格两者均可，但修饰语较长时，须用of表示。
如：monkey’s tail/ the tail of the monkey
the story of the brave sisters
the son of the old man who lived in the country
3． 词的双重所有格，由 “of + 名词 + ’s ”或 “of + 名词性物主代词” 构成。
（1） 表示所属物的名词有冠词、不定代词或数词时（如：a, some, no, the, any, one, few等）。
a friend of her mother’s = one of her mother’s friends;
a photo of mine = one of my photos
（2） 被修饰的名词前有指示代词时或用来表示赞扬或厌恶等感情色彩时。
Everyone loves the little son of his sister’s.
We all dislike that pride of Tom’s. 我们都讨厌汤姆那种骄傲态度。
▲专项练习强化
1. A rough estimate, Nigeria is__________ Great Britain.
A. three times the size as B. the size three times of
C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of
2. He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his _______ was seen at its best when he worked with others.
A. temper B. appearance C. talent D. character
3. I am sure David will be able to find the library-he has a pretty good _______ of direction.
A．idea B．feeling C．experience D．sense
4. Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_______.
A. ability B. force C. strength D. mind
5. My ______ of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends.
A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought
6. The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has _________ all over the country.
A．companies B．branches C．organizations D．businesses
7. --- I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired.
--- There is no ____ for this while you are on duty.
A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation
8. “I don’t think it’s my _____ that the TV blew upl I just turned it on, that’s all.” said the boy.
A. error B. mistake C. fault D. duty
9. One of the consequences of our planet’s being warming up is a(n) ____ in the number of natural disasters.
A. result B. account C. reason D. increase
10. Life is tough in the city. In order to lose their ____, some people drink alcohol.
A. temper B. mood C. consciousness D. pressures
11.-How can I use this washing machine?
-Well, just refer to the ________.
A. explanations B. expressions C. introductions D. directions
12. I keep medicines on the top shelf , out of the children’s .
A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place
13.--Yang Yang carried off the first Winter Olympic ______ medal for China.
--Great! What ______ she won for our motherland!
A. golden; honour B. gold; honour C. golden; honours D. gold; honours
14. People need _________to live, which is measured in calories.
A. power B. energy C. strength D. force
15. Since the factory brought in the new technology, the _________ has risen _________ 20%.
A. products; by B. produce; from C. production; at D. production; by
16. The happy _______ of children playing in the garden disappears, and it is quiet again.
A. scene B. scenery C. scare D. spot
17. -Don’t do that again. Don’t you think it ______ time?
-But it may ______to be successful.
A. waste of; turn B. wastes of; turn in
C. waste of; turn up D. a waste of; turn out
18. In the storm, the three of us took under a big tree at the foot of the hill.
A. a cover B. a shower C. shelter D. care
19. My son is training hard on the state football team and he is showing great a great player.
A. interest in B. hope for C. experience of D. promise as
20. You’ll find this map of great ________in helping you to get round London.
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness
第二节 冠词
▲ 知识要点总述
一、词的基本用法
1．不定冠词a/an的用法：
（1）an 用于以元音开头的词前。如：an orange
a用于以辅音开头的词前。如：a book
注意：a university a useful book a European country
（2）泛指某人或事物，或表示类别。
She is a newcomer to chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.
（3）意为one 或every。
He should take the medicine three times a day.
（4）用语某些固定词组中。
all of a sudden, a few, a bit, a little
（5）不定代词的位置，一般置名词前，但置such, half等词后
a book an important report half a book such a book
注：so/ too/ how + 形容词 + a + 名词
He is so good a man that all like him.
2．定冠词的用法
（1）表示特定的或上文提到的人或物。
The warmth of the sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used.
（2）指世界上独一无二的事物。
如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the stars
（3）用在形容词前表一类人。
The rich should help the poor.
（4）用于姓氏复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇俩。
The Blacks are going to call on the Whites.
（5）用于整十位的复数数词前，指某世纪的某个年代。
in the 1970’s/ in the 1970s 在20实际70年代
in the fifties 在五十年代
（6）用于由普通名词构成的专有名词以及江、河、湖等名词前。
the United States, the Yellow River, the West Lake
（7）用于乐器名称前面。
Alice is fond of playing the piano while Henry is interested in listening to music.
（8）用于下列固定结构中。
the younger of the two boys
The sooner, the better.
The guard caught him by the arm.
二、不定冠词的情况
（1）物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词（人名、地名）一般不用冠词，但物质名词、抽象名词具体化或专有名词泛指时，常用不定冠词。
Mr Zhang wants to visit Beijing.
A Mr Zhang wants you to go for a walk.
（2）泛指节假日、季节、月份、星期几时不用冠词。
on New Year’s Day/ Children’s Day, in June, on Friday, in winter
（3）球类、棋类名词、学科名词前不用冠词
Tom likes playing volleyball while I like playing football.
This term we will study maths, physics and chemistry.
（4）餐名前一般不用冠词。
have/ at/ after/ before breakfast (lunch, supper, dinner)
但餐名前如有形容词修饰时，长用a/ an; 特指时也需用the.
They had a wonderful dinner.
The lunch was well cooked on Women’s Day.
（5）含有对比意义或习惯上一起使用的普通名词并列时，不用冠词。
day and night, body and soul, knife and fork, husband and wife, arm in arm
（6）by + 交通工具，不用冠词
by car/ bus/ boat/ bike/ air/ sea/ plane
但 in/ on a train/ bus, in a car, in a boat, on a bike, take a bus
（7）注意下列习惯用法，有无冠词意义不一样
go to college (上大学) go to the college (到学院去)
go to school (上学) go to the school (到学校去)
go to hospital (看医生) go to the hospital (到医院去)
at see (出海) at the sea (在海边)
in charge of (管理、负责) in the charge of (由……主管、负责)
at table (吃饭) at the table (在桌旁)
four of us (我们中的四人，我们不只四人)
the four of us (我们四人，我们只有四人)
▲专项练习强化
1. When he left college , he got a job as reporter in a newspaper office .
A. 不填；a B. 不填；the C. a ; the D. the ; the
2. I knew ______ John Lennon, but not ______ famous one.
A. 不填；a B. a；the C. 不填；the D. the；a
3. I can't remember when exactly the Robinsons left __ city. I only remember it was ____ Monday.
A. the, the B. a, the C. a, a D. the, a
4. On May 5, , at ________World Table Tennis Championship, Kong Linghui and Wang Hao
won the gold medal in men's doubles with ________ score of 4: 1.
A. a; a B. 不填; the C. a; 不填 D. the; a
5. If you grow up in ______ large family, you are more likely to develop ______ ability to get on
well with ________ others.
A．/; an; the B．a; the; / C．the; an; the D．a; the; the
6. If you go by _________ train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get __________ fast one.
A．the; the B．不填；a C．the; a D．不填；不填
7.The most important thing about cotton in history is part that it played in Industrial Revolution.
A.不填；不填 B. the；不填 C. the ;the D. a; the
8. After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson ______ ride to ______ Capital Airport.
A. the; a B. a; the C. 不填; a D.不填; the
9. This book tells ________ life story of John Smith, who left ______ school and worked for a
newspaper at the age of 16.
A．the; the B．a; the C．the; 不填 D．a; 不填
10.The sign reads“ In case of _______fire, break the glass and push _______red button.”
A.不填;a B.不填; the C. the ;the D. a ;a
11. I earn 10 dollars ____ hour as ____ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.
A. a… an B. the… a C. an… a D. an… the
12. Historically, ________ main material for making tables has been wood, but ________ metal and stone have also been used.
A. the;不填 B.不填；不填 C. the; the D.不填；the
13. While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made ______ discover
which completely changed ______ man’s understanding of color.
A. a…不填 B. a…the C. 不填…the D. the…a
14.The party last night was ____success. We sang and danced until it came to ___ end at twelve.
A. a; an B. a; the C. the; an D./; an
15. --Do you mind if I change another book? Because ___ page of the book is torn, and ___cover looks dirty.
--No, of course not.
A. the; the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a
16. ____Shanghai you see today is quite ____different city from what it used to be.
A. The; / B. /; the C. The; a D.A; a
17. Many people believed that ____prison isn't___only cure for law-breakers.
A. a; the B./; the C. the; the D. the; a
18. The young manager already speaks ___English like a native. Now he's learning___really difficult language Arabic.
A. an; a B./; the C. the; a D./; a
19. --Have you seen__watch? I left it here this morning.
--I think I saw one somewhere. Is it ___new one?
A. a; / B. a; the C. the; a D. a; a
20.--I hear the workers in this factory get paid by ____ week. --Correct, and most of them get about 300 yuan_____ week.
A./; a B. the;/ C. a; the D. the; a
第二节 代词
▲ 知识要点总述
一、代词的分类及其基本用法
单数 复数 功能
第一人称 第二人称 第三
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三
人称
人称代词 主格 I you he, she, it we you they 主
宾格 me you him, her, it us you them 宾
物主代词 形容词性 my your his, her, its our your their 宾
名词性 mine yours his, hers, its ours yours theirs 主、宾、表
反身代词 myself your- self himself, herself, itself ourselves yourselves themselves 同位语宾
指示代词 this, that these, those 定、主、宾
相互代词 宾格 each other, one another 宾
所有格 each other’s, one another’s 定
不定代词 可数 each, one, many (a)few, bother, another , either, neither 主、定、宾
不可数 much, (a)little
可数，不可数 all, some, none, such, any, other 定、主、宾
复合
不定代词 anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody, nothing, everybody, everyone, everything 主、宾、表
疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what 主、宾、定
连接代词 who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ever), which(ever), what(ever) 主、宾、定
关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as 主、宾、定
例：His camera is more expensive than hers.
Kate and her sister went on holiday with a cousin of theirs.
Tom felt that he knew everybody’s business better than they knew it themselves.
二、it的用法是高考常考点。
1． it 代前面提到过的人或事物。
Someone is knocking at the door, who is it?
He has lost his car but he can’t find it.
2． 指时间、距离、天气、环境等。
It is ten minutes’ walk.
It is raining hard.
3． 用作引导词，代替动作、不定式或that从句在句中作主语、宾语等。
（1） 形式主语
It is very kind of you to help me.
It is no use crying for spilt milk.
It takes me two hours to finish the work.
（2） 形式宾语，当复合宾语中的宾语为动名词、不定式、宾语从句时，常将宾语置宾补后，而用it 作形式宾语。
We found it no use quarrelling with her.
Mary thought it very important to read English aloud.
She made it known that he had beaten her before.
4． 用于强调句。用来突出、强调句子的某一部分（主要是句子的主语、宾语、状语等）。
（1） 被前掉部分指人时，用who或that均可。
It was jenny that/who I saw yesterday.
（2） 指物、时间、地点等用that。
Was it in this palace that the last emperor died?
It was during the second world war that he died?
（3） 被强调的部分有人、物时只能用that。
It was the things and people that I still remember when I was a child.
（4） 被前掉的代词的格式与原句的格式一致。
It is her that he wants to see.
It is we who want to see her.
（5） 被前掉的如是原句的主语，谓语在人称和数上应和原句的主语一致。
It is I who am going to study there.
（6） 强调特殊疑问句中的疑问词时，须将疑问词置句首，仍是疑问句。
Who is it that will come to see us?
（7） 强调名词从句中的特殊疑问词时，须将疑问词置从句之前。
I don’t know what it is that he wants.
（8） 对not…until…强调时，应将not until连在一起。
It was not until you told me about it that I knew the news.
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous star.
三、部分不定代词的区分也是高考考查的重点
1. it, one, that, ones
it: 替代特定的同一事物，可代指不可数名词或可数名词单数，复数为them;
one: 替代一个不确定的泛指的人或无，只代指可数名词单数，复数为ones;
that: 代指特定的，但不是同一的事物，可代指不可数名词或单数可数名词，复数为 those.
比较：Peter lost his English book but he found it.
He was looking forward to a bike and he now has one.
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Wuhan.
2. some, any, one
(1) any 常用语否定句、疑问句或掉件状语从句中，some 多用语具有肯定意义的句中。
There are some books on the table. There aren’t any pens.
(2) some 也可用语说话人期待肯定回答或语气婉转的场合，any 意为“任何”时可用于肯定句，后接单数或复数名词。
Would you like some tea?
Any student can do it.
(3) one 可泛指任何人，可置形容词或the, that, this 等词之后代指刚提到的可数名词，复数为ones, 反身代词为 oneself。
The book is not the one I’m looking for.
One should respect oneself.
3. the other, other, others, another
(1) the others “其余的人或物”，指一定范围内的所有其余部分。others “另外的人或事物，其他的人或事物”，指没有明确特指的别的人或物。
This book is better that the others.
We should not think of ourselves but more of others.
(2) the other 接单数名词意为“两个中的另一个”，接复数名词，表示“一定范围内的另外一些人/物”。
He has a hat in one hand and a flower in the other.
Can you visit the other farms besides this?
(3) another “其他，别的”，指不定数目（超过两个）中的另一个。
This hat is too small. Show me another.
(4) other 不单独使用，后需接单数或复数名词，表示无范围的“另外的，别的”；此外 other 和another 还可与数词连用，注意词序不同。
Another + 数词 + 复数名词； 数词 + other + 复数名词
Tommy is going camping wither two other little boys.
If you want to change for a double room you’ll have to pay another $15.
4. either, neither, both, none, all
all可代指或修饰可数名词（三个或以上）或不可数名词；both 指两个人或物；either 指两者中的任何一个；neither 指两者中任何一个都不；none 可代指可数名词（三个或以上）或不可数名词，“一个也没有”，“一点也没有”。
We couldn’t eat in a restaurant because none of us had any money on us.
---Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end?
---If you keep still, you can sit at either end.
▲专项练习强化
1. I think he's just going to deal with this problem ______ day.
A. next B. other C. following D. another
2. First ,it is important to recognize what kind of person you are and which special qualities make
you different from .
A．everyone else B．the other C．someone else D．the rest
3. You will find as you read fiats book that you just can't keep some of these stones to ______.
You will want to share them with a friend.
A. itself B. yourself C. himself D. themselves
4. Cars do cause us some health problems -in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones
do.
A．one B．ones C．it D．those
5. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help.
A．it B．she C．which D．he
6. I'm moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than________ in the city.
A. ones B. one C. that D. those
7. The chairman thought necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting .
A．that B．it C．this D．him
8. She had long been expecting a chance to study abroad, and at last she got _____.
A. it B. that C. another D. one
9. I think the chairs are not enough. We still need ______ 20 ones.
A. another B. the other C. other D. some other
10. - Victor certainly cares too much about himself.
- Yes. He’s never interested in what ______ is doing.
A. no one else B. anyone else C. someone else D. nobody else
11. I don’t think we’ve met before. You’re taking me for ______.
A. some other B. someone else C. other person D. one other
12.-There's coffee and tea ;you can have__________.
-Thanks.
A. either B. each C. one C. it
13. –Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard .
-Why ________? John is sitting there doing nothing.
A. him B. he C.I D. me
14. Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we’ve decided to stay for ____ two weeks.
A. another B. other C. the other D. other’s
15. I prefer a flat in Inverness to _______in Perth, because I want to live near my Mom’ s.
A. one B. that C. it D. this
16．We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made _____ from some wood we had.
A. it B. one C. himself D. another
17. That' s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after______ he' s done for you.
A. something B. anything C. all D. that
18. She doesn’t know anyone here. She has got______to talk to.
A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. no one
19. It is easy to do the repair , you need is a hammer and some nails .
A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
20.- One week’s time has been wasted.
- I can’t believe we did all that work for .
A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything
第三节 数词和介词
▲ 知识要点总述
数词
1.基数词
(1)hundred, thousand, million, billion表示确切的数目时不能加s，但在表示不确切数目时要用复数形式。
five
篇8：主谓一致练习(人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
主谓一致练习
1.E-mail, as well as telephones, ________an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
2. He is the only one of the students who ________ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
3. She is one of the few girls who ________ in the kindergarten.
A. is well paid B. are well paid C. is paying well D. are paying well
4. Nobody but Jane________ the secret.
A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known
5. All but one________ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
6. A library with five thousand books________ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
7. Either you or the headmaster________ the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting.
A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out
8. Not only I but also Jane and Mary________ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
9.The number of people invited______ fifty, but a number of them______ absent for different reasons.
A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were
10.-Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ________ to go to university.
-So do I.
A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped
11.________of the land in that district ________ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are
12.Every possible means ________ to prevent the pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used
13.. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday________ yet.
A. are not decided B.have not been decided C.is not being decided D.has not been decided
14. When and where to build the new factory ________yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided
反意疑问句练习
1. You'd rather watch TV this evening, ______?
a. isn't it b. hadn't you c. wouldn't you d. won't you
2. I suppose you're not going today, ______?
a. are you b. do you c. don't you d. aren't you
3. I wish to shake hands with you, ______?
a. shall b. may I c. do I d. will I
4. Three hours ought to be enough time, ______?
a. oughtn't three hours b. didn't they c. shouldn't it d. shouldn't three hours
5. They have to study a lot, ______?
a. don't they b. haven't they c. did they d. hadn't they
6. When the car crashed, your brother escaped being hurt, ______ ?
a. didn't he b. did he c. did it d. didn't it
7. I'm sure dirty, ______?
a. am I b. isn't I c. aren't I d. am not I
8. You seem to be dissatisfied with your present post. I don't think you judged your ability objectively when you applied for it, ______ you?
a. do b. did c. don't d. didn't
9. That's the sort of the book you want, ______?
a. is it d. isn't that c. is that d. isn't it
10. All these dictionaries are a great help to you, ______?
a. are they b. aren't they c. are all these dictionaries d. aren't all these dictionaries
11. The movie that we saw last week was quite interesting, ______?
a. wasn't it b. was it c. didn't we d. weren't we
12. Tom has been writing letters all afternoon, but he should have finished them by now, _____?
a. hasn't he b. has he c. shouldn't he d. didn't you
13. David told me that you would take a trip to America, ______?
a. would you b. wouldn't you c. did you d. didn't you
14. There appeared to be no better way, _______?
a. was there b. were there c. did there d. didn't there
15. You had some trouble finding where I live, ______?
a. didn't you b. hadn't you c. do I d. don't I
16. He has his hair cut every month, ______?
a. has he b. hasn't he c. does he d. doesn't he
17. Your friend needs to come earlier, ______?
a. does he b. doesn't he c. need he d. needn't he
18. The little boy dare not go to church, ______?
a. dare he b. daren't he c. does he d. doesn't he
19. Susan would have worked abroad if she'd had the chance, ______?
a. has she b. hadn't she c. would she d. wouldn't she
20. Everyone's having a good time, ______?
a. is he b. isn't everyone c. does he d. aren't they
21. Any one can join the club, ______?
a. can any one b. can't any one c. can't they d. can they
22. Tell me how to operate the electronic computer, ______?
a. will you b. shan't you c. do you d. don't you
23. Magaret scarcely comes to visit you on Christmas Day, ______?
a. doesn't she b. does she c. do you d. don't you
24. Let's listen to the radio program that the teacher mentioned, ______?
a. do we b. don't we c. shall we d. shan't we
25. You think you're funny, ______?
a. didn't you b. are you c. don't you d. do you
26. Janet used to take part in labor in that village, ______?
a. used she b. did she c. didn't she d. should she
27. What beautiful weather, ______?
a. is it b. isn't it c. won't it d. doesn't it
28. He ought to go to Kwangchow by plane, ______?
a. should he b. shouldn't he c. would he d. wouldn't he
29. We never dared to ask him a question, ______?
a. did we b. didn't we c. dared we d. daren't we
30. Nobody will believe how difficult his work has been ______?
a. will he b. won't nobody c. will they d. won't they
31. You must have made the mistake, ______?
a. mustn't you b. haven't you c. didn't you d. hadn't you
32. Learning how to repair computers takes a long time, ______?
a. isn't it b. aren't they c. doesn't it d. don't they
33. Jack has coffee with breakfast, ______?
a. hasn't Jack b. hasn't he c. doesn't Jack d. doesn't he
34. They must have stayed at hotel last night, ______?
a. mustn't they b. haven't they c. didn't they d. hadn't they
35. There isn't anything wrong with the radio, ______?
a. is there b. is it c. does it d. does there
36. You must be hungry, ______?
a. must you b. mustn't you c. are you d. aren't you
37. Let's do the exercises by ourselves, ______?
a. shall we b. shan't we c. will you d. will we
38. Her daughter had the carpets and curtains cleaned, ______?
a. had she b. hadn't she c. didn't she d. didn't her daughter
39. The teacher had a talk with you, ______?
a. has you b. hadn't she c. did she d. didn't she
40. Something'll have to be done about the air pollution, ______?
a. won't it b. will it c. has it d. does it
主谓一致答案: ADBBD ADBCB CCDA
反意疑问句练习答案
1-5 CABCA 6-10 ACBDB 11-15 ACBDA 16-20 DBADD
21-25 CABCD 26-30 CBBAC 31-35 BCDCA 36--40 CACDA
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇9：如何学好名词性从句 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
如何学好名词性从句
沈永铭
名词性从句是连贯初中到高中的英语重点语法概念，也是历年高考英语考试的一个考查热点。纵观历年高考英语试题，我们就能发现：高考英语对于名词性从句考查的重点就是名词性从句的引导词的选择、引导词之间的区别、名词性从句的陈述语序以及主从句时态基点一致性原则等。本文结合高考实际，重点给同学们谈一下如何掌握好名词性从句的问题。
一、什么是名词性从句？
在主从复合句中，不修饰任何句子中的成分而独立存在的从句就是名词性从句。名词性从句包括：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位于从句；名词性从句由连接代词和连接副词引导。
（一）主语从句
在主从复合句中位于谓语之前、充当主语功能的从句叫做主语从句。引导主语从句的连接词常有：连词that， whether；连接代词who，what，which以及其强调形式whoever，whatever， whichever；和连接副词when，where，how， why等。例如：
1． ____ fashion differs from country to country may reflect a cultural difference from one aspect．（春季上海）
A．What B．That C．This D．Which
2． ____ she couldn't understand was ________fewer and fewer students showed interests in her lessons．（上海）
A．What；why B．That；what C．What；because D．Why；that
3． ____has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising．（99上海）
A．Who B．The one C．Anyone D．Whoever
4． ____ we can't get seems better than ____ we have．（NMET96）
A．What；what B．What；that C．That；that D．That；what
5． ____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather．（NMET96）
A．If B．Whether C．That D．Where
6． ____ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present．（MET93）
A．What B．That C．The fact D．The m atter
7． ____ you don't like him is none of my business．（92上海）
A．What B．Who C．That D．Whether
另外，当主语从句位于句首时，句子整体常常显得很笨重。因此，我们一般要把从句放在句末，前面用引导词it作形式主语，主语从句在复合句中充当真正主语。例如：
8．It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey．（MET92）
A．while B．that C．if D．for
（二）表语从句
在主从复合句中，位于连系动词之后且充当表语的从句叫做表语从句。引导表语从句的连接词常有：连词that， whether；连接代词who，what，which；连接副词when，where，how，why以及其它连词as if，as though，because等。例如：
9．What the doctors really doubt is____ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon．（春季上海）
A．when B．how C．whether D．why
10．-I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week．
-Is that ____ you had a few days off？（NMET99）
A．why B．when C．what D．where
11．Go and get your coat．It's____ you left it．（MET92）
A．there B．where C．there where D．where there
12．I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella．____I got wet all through．（98上海）
A．It's the reason B．That's why C．There's why D．It's how
（三）同位语从句
在主从复合句中用充当同位语、说明所修饰的同位名词的内容的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语从句通常用在idea，news，fact，thought, promise，suggestion，belief，truth，reason,chance,information,news,conclusion,possibility, question,ask,doubt,wonder等同位名词的后面，说明该名词所表示的具体内容。引导同位语从句的连接词常有：连词that，连接副词how， when，where等.。
He left me a message that he would buy me a ticket to the rock concert.
13．Information has been put forward____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities．（2001上海）
A． While B．that C．when D．as
（四）宾语从句
在主从复合句中充当宾语、位于及物动词、介词或复合谓语之后的从句叫做宾语从句。引导宾语从句的连接词常有：连词that，whether，if；连接代词who，which，what以及其强调形式 whoever，whichever，whatever；连接副词 when，where，why，how等。例如：
14．When you answer questions in a job interview，please remember the golden rule：Always give the money exactly____ he wants．（春季上海）
A．what B．which C．when D．that
15．-I think it's going to be a big problem ．-Yes，it could be．
-I wonder ____ we can do about it．（2002春季）
A．if B．how C．what D．that
16．A computer can only do ____ you have instructed it to do．（NMET2001）
A．how B．after C．what D．when
17．Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster____ he had done the day before．
A．that B．how C．where D．what
18．These wild flowers are so special that I would do ____ I can to save them ．（2000春季）
A．whatever B．that C．which D．whichever
19．Eat ____ cake you like and leave the others for ____ comes in late．（2000春季上海）
A．any；who B．every；whoever C．whichever；whoever D．either；whoever
20．It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants．（NMET97）
A．however B．whatever C．whichever D．whenever
21．Sarah hopes to become a friend of ____shares her interests．（95上海）
A．anyone B．whom ever C．whoever D．no m atter who
二、在学习名词性从句时还要注意的几方面事项：
1、在名词性从句中，当从句是疑问句时无比要遵循陈述语序的原则。例如：
22.No one can be sure ____ in a million years.(MET91)
A.what man will look like B.what will man look like
C.man will look like what D.what look will man like
23.____ is unknown to me.
A.Where does he live B.Where he lives C.He lives where D.Where he lives in
24．Someone is ringing the doorbell．Go and see ____．（2000上海）
A．who is he B．who he is C．who is it D．who it is
24．Can you make sure ____the gold ring ？（MET90）
A． where Alice had put B．where had Alice put
C．where Alice has put D．where has Alice put
25．You can't imagine ____ when they received these nice Christmas presents．（94上海）
A．how they were excited B．how excited they were
C．how excited were they D．they were how excited
2、what和that引导名词性从句时的区别。that引导名词性从句时只起连接词作用，本身无实际意义，在从句中不作任何成分； what引导名词性从句时本身有意义，即表示“什么”或“所……的事物”（＝the thing（s） which），同时又在从句中担任一定的成分,；在从句中指物或指事，作主语、表语、宾语或定语。短语动词do with就只能与what连用。
2、if和whether引导名词性从句时的区别。if和whether都可以用来引导名词性从句，但引导主语从句（位于句首时）、表语从句、同位语从句以及在介词之后引导宾语从句时要用whether，而不用if。
(1)if ,whether表“是否”时引导名词性从句；if表“如果”时引导条件状语从句；whether表“无论是否；不管是否”时引导让步状语从句。
例26：The WTO cannot live up to its name ____ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.(NMET2000) A.whether B.while C.if D.even though
析：选C，句意为：“如果世贸组织不包括占世界人口五分之一的国家，就显得名不副实”。
例27：____ you will go there or not,I'll go there.
A.Whether B.If C.Unless D.While
析：选A，因为该句句意为：“无论你是否去，我都会去那里”。
4． who与whoever，what与whatever引导名词性从句时的区别。whoever引导名词性从句时相当于anyone who，those who。 whatever引导名词性从句时相当于anything that。试比较以下句子：
（1） Who broke the window is unknown．不知道是谁打破了窗户。
Whoever breaks the law will be punished．凡是犯法者都要受到惩罚。
（2） Do what you like．你爱干什么就干什么吧。
Do whatever you like．你爱干什么就干什么。（whatever比what语气更强）
5．在宾语从句中还要掌握好否定前移现象。所谓“否定前移现象”就是指当主句的主语是第一人称，且主句的谓语动词是think,believe;suppose;expect等感知动词时，人们常把对宾语从句的否定前移到主句中去的现象。这种现象的语言欺骗性较强，而且还影响到主从复合句的反意疑问句的后部句子的结构。例如：
（1）I don’t think that it’s right for you to do so.我认为你这样做是不对的。
这个句子中明显把对从句的否定转移到了主句中。
（2）We don’t believe that Tom can pass the driving test,_______?
A.do we B.don’t we C.can he D.can’t he
该主从复合句的反意疑问句的后部就是与从句保持一致，正确的选项为C项。
6．当fact,idea,reason,truth,chance,information,news,conclusion,possibility,believe,conclude等表示肯定意义的动词或名词前后的名词性从句一般为肯定句，名词性从句宜用that引导从句；当question,ask,doubt,wonder等表示疑问的名词或动词之前有了否定副词not或否定代词no时，从句一般为肯定句，宜用that引导从句。例如：
（1） The reason why he was absent this morning was that he was badly ill.
（2） There is no doubt that the clever and deligent will pass the college entrance examinations next year
7．在包含名词性从句的复合句中，我们都要遵循主从句动词时态基点一致性原则，即要么都用现在时态，要么都用过去时态。但是，当从句的内容为客观事实、客观真理、生活常识或谚语时，不受主从句时态一致原则的限制，仍要坚持用一般现在时；当从句的内容为历史的事实时，不受主从句时态一致原则的限制，仍用一般过去时。例如：
(1)Our physics teacher once told us that light travels faster than sound.
(2)It is known to us all that the People’s Republic of China was founded on October 1,1949.
8、在表示“命令”、“坚持”、“建议”或“要求”的动词或名词前后的名词性从句常用虚拟语气。
1）虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。由wish引导的宾语从句常表示说话人的一种强烈的却暂时无法实现的愿望。 How I wish she would be on my side!(But in fact it’s quite impossible.我多么希望她能站在我一边啊！
另外，在表示“命令”、“坚持”、“要求”或“建议”等意义的及物动词（order,command,demand,require,insist,suggest）之后的宾语从句中的谓语动词同样常使用虚拟语气，表示说话人的要求，其结构为：主语+should+动词原形，其中的should常可省略。The head teacher demanded that we (should finish) the task in time today.
但是，当insist表示“坚持认为”的意思时，或suggest表示“暗示”或“表明”之意时，宾语从句仍用陈述语气。试比较：
My parents insisted that I ( should) enter a key university.
My parents insisted that they were right.
The soldier’s pale face suggested that he was happy to have given his life to his motherland.
The monitress suggested that we (should ) hold a class meeting tomorrow afternoon to discuss the problem.
2）、虚拟语气用在主语从句中。
在句型 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... ” 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词常用：“ should + 动词原形 ”。例如：
It's necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。
It's natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。
It's important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
同理，在表示“命令”、“坚持”、“要求”或“建议”等意义的名词前后的主语从句、标语从句和同位语从句中的谓语动词同样用虚拟语气，既：“主语+(should)+ 动词原形”的句型。例如：
His suggestion /advice is that we should start early tomorrow morning.
It is necessary that a college student ________ at least a foreign language．（上海’1993）
A．masters B．should master C．mastered D．will master
二、练习与检测
1. _____ we need more practice is quite clear.
A. When B. What C. That D. /
2. _____ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business.
A. If B. Whether C. Even if D. No matter when
3. _____ knows the truth about it will tell you.
A. Who that B. That C. Whoever D. That who
4. _____ he is doing seems quite difficult.
A. How B. That C. Which D. What
5. _____ certain that his invention will lead to the development of production.
A. That's B. This is C. It's D. What's
6. _____ that there is another good harvest this year.
A. It says B. It is said C. It was said D. He was said
7. _____ that she has received a doctor's degree.
A. It's a splendid news B. This is a splendid news
C. It's splendid news D. This is splendid news
8. It is strange _____.
A. that no one should like this book B. that no one liked this book
C. that why no one likes this book D. why no one likes this book
9. It is suggested that the experiment _____ under low temperature.
A. makes B. is make C. should be made D. will be made
10. _____ still needs to be discussed.
A. How is the plan to be carried out B. How the plan is to be carried out
C. Why is the plan carried out D. Why the plan carried out
11. _____ is unknown to us all.
A. Where did she put it B. Where she put it C. That where she put it D. In which she put it
12. _____ nothing to do with us.
A. What he did is B. What he has done is C. What did he do has D. What he has done has
13. That's _____ the Party called on us to do.
A. what B. that C. how D. why
14. She looked _____ she were ten years younger.
A. that B. like C. as D. as though
15. The reason I have to go is _____ if I don't.
A. that she will be disappointed B. because she will be disappointed
C. on account of her being disappointed D. that she will be disappointing
16. It was _____ he worked hard that he succeeded.
A. because B. since C. as D. for
17. It seemed that the girl _____.
A. had lost important something B. had lost something important
C. lost important things D. lost something important
18. The fact _____ he is an advanced worker is well known.
A. what B. which C. that D. why
19. The fact _____ in the past few years proves that our Party's policy is correct.
A. that great achievement was made B. which great achievements were made
C. what have been made D. that great achievements have been made
20. I have no idea _____.
A. what does the word “infinity” mean B. what the word “infinity” means
C. what the meaning of the word “infinity” D. what the word “infinity” mean
21. His suggestion _____ to see the art exhibition interested every one of us.
A. that we go B. which we should go C. that we would go D. when we should go
22. I'll certainly tell the Emperor _____ pleased I am with it.
A. how B. what C. who D. whom
23. I wonder _____ he asked such a silly question in public.
A. how B. what C. that D. why
24. _____ do you think will teach us maths next term?
A. Whom B. Who C. What D. That
25. I will give this dictionary to _____ wants to have it.
A. whomever B. whoever C. whom D. whatever
26. Do _____ you think is right _____ difficulties you may have.
A. what/however B. that/what C. whatever/whoever D. what/whatever
27. There’s a feeling in me ___ we’ll never know what a UFO is – not ever. (上海2002)
A. that B. which C. of which D. what
28. He was interested in _____ he had seen at the exhibition.
A. which B. that C. all what D. all that
29. He often thinks of _____ he can do more for the four modernizations.
A. what B. how C. that D. which
30. Take _____ much you want and _____ you want to.
A. however/when B. whenever/how C. however/whoever D. however/whenever
31. Perseverance is a kind of quality – and that’s ___ it takes to do anything well. (上海)
A. what B. that C. which D. why
练习与检测答案
1-5 CBCDC 6-10 BCACB 11-15 BDADA 16-20 ABCDB 21-25 AADBB 26-31DADBDA
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇10：语法：省略句与高考 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
语法：省略句与高考
“省略句”是高二册第10单元学习的语法重点，又是学习的难点。在英语中，为了使句子简洁明快，突出重点，常用“省略句”，只要不影响句意的表达，能省略的成分尽可能省略。
一、在含有状语从句的复合句中
由when，while，as, once，whenever引导的时间状语从句；或由if，unless引导的条件状语从句；由though，although，even if ，even though引导的让步状语从句；由as though，as if，as引导的方式状语从句；由because引导的原因状语从句；由wherever引导的地点状语从句，若从句的主句是it或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be时，常省略从句的主语和be。
1. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (NMET 全国卷II)
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss. (NMET 2004全国卷IV) A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was going in the right direction. (NMET 2003 安徽春) A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
4. Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (NMET2003上海卷) A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
5. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (NMET 2003上海春)
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
6. When ________ , the museum will be open to the public next year. (NMET 2002上海春)
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
7. Though ________ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university. (NMET 2002上海卷)
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
8. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET 2002)
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
二、在限定性定语从句中
作宾语的关系代词that，which,whom可以省略；在以the same... as和such... as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that，in which；在含被动语态的定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，可以省略关系代词和be,省略之后,变成过去分词短语作定语。
9. -You 're always working. Come on, let's go shopping.
- ________ you ever want to do is going shopping. (NMET 2002北京、安徽、内蒙古春)
A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That
10. Is this the reason ________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(NMET 2002上海春)
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
11. What surprised me was not what he said but ________ he said it. (NMET 2004湖北卷)
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
12. It is easy to do the repair. ________ you need is a hammer and some nails. (NMET 2004天津卷)
A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
13. That's an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ________ he's done for you. (NMET 2004全国卷) A. something B. anything C. all D. that
三、在感官动词或短语中
在see，watch，hear，feel，observe，notice，listen to等感官动词或短语及make，have，let等使役动词之后的“宾语+不定式作宾语补足语” 结构中，不定式前省略to；有时为了避免重复，常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to之后的内容，只保留不定式符号；不定式在tell，ask， advise， wish， permit， force等动词后面作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，可以省略，但要保留不定式符号to；不定式在happy，glad，eager，ready，willing等形容词后面作状语时，可以省略，但要保留不定式符号to。
14. As you've never been there before, I'll have someone ________ you the way. (MET 1990上海卷)
A. to show B. show C. showing D. showed
15. -I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
-Not at all, ________ . (NMET 1995)
A. I have no time B. I'd rather not C. I'd like it D. I'd be happy to
16. -Does your brother intend to study German?
-Yes, he intends ________ . (NMET 上海卷)
A. / B. to C. so D. that
17. -Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight?
- ________ . (NMET 上海卷)
A. Yes, I'd like to go to the Grand Theatre B. I'd like to, but I have an exam tomorrow
C. No, I won't D. That's right
18. -You should have thanked her before you left.
-I meant ________ , but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere. (NMET 2000北京春招卷) A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to
四、在if引导的虚拟条件句中
在if引导的虚拟语气条件句中含有had，were，should时，可以把had，were，should放在句首，省略if。
19. ________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. (NMET 1994上海卷) A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
20. ________ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. (NMET 1995上海卷)
A. If it is not B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not
五、在否定结构中
由nor，neither等引导的连续否定的句子也是一种省略句，这种句子在意思上与前面的句子是相同的，而且主谓用倒装。
21. I will know what was on his mind at the time, nor will ________ . (NMET 2004 江苏卷)
A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else
22. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither ________ any end to their influence on man's lives. (NMET 2004 广东卷) A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there
23. -I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible!
- ________ . (NMET 2004全国卷III)
A. Nor am I B. Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I
Key:
1-5 BCDBA 6-10 AADCA 11-15 AACBD 16-20 BBBBC 21-23 BCB
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篇11：英语语法学习有规律 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
英语语法学习有规律
对于学生来说，英语最难学的就是语法知识。英语语法条目繁多，难记．而且枯燥无味。学生说，记了那么多的语法条目，很容易混淆，两且不会用。这怎么办?
这好办。学语法，找规律，做个有心人；变复杂为简单，巧记固定搭配。下面就部分语法知识进行归纳：
一、非谓语动词
“非谓语动词”可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。它在句子中的作用很多：除了不作谓语外，它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语)。有些及物动词后面接不带to的不定式作复合宾语。这些动词归纳如下：一感(feel)．二听(hear，listen to)，三让(have，1et， make)，四看(see，watch，notice，observe)。再加上help somebody(to)do something和look at somebody do something。还有“二让”属特殊：get somebody to do something 与keep somebody doing。
而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the -ing form)作宾语。这些动词归纳为一句话：Papa C makes friends。这是由如下动词的开头字母组成：permit，advise, practise, avoid, consider, mind, allow, keep, enjoy, suggest, finish，risk，imagine, escape, need, delay, stand(忍受)。 为了容易记住，也可以编成顺口溜：“允许完成练习，建议避免冒险，考虑延期逃跑，喜欢保持想象，需要反对忍受”。其相对应的动词依次是：permit/allow, finish, practise ; advise/suggest， avoid，risk, consider, delay, escape/miss, enjoy/appreciate, keep, imagine; need/want/require, mind, can’t help/can’t stand
二、复合句
1、学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
例如：A、The news that our team has won the match is true． (同位语从句)
B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here． (定语从句)
关键的区别在于连接或关系代词that：有意义的是定语， 无意义的是同位。因为引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语或 宾语，而引导同位语从句的that只起到连接词的作用。
2、接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词that与 which：that之前是不定(代词)、序数(词)、(形容词)最高级：which之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性)。
例如：A、All that we have to do is to practise every day．
B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten．
C、I have lost my pen，which I like very much.
D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home．
三、It的用法
1、It除了代替人和物以外，还可以作形式主语。而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句)则放于谓语或表语之后。
例如：It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.
然而有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语。这些表语是：无助(no help)、无用(no use)、没好处(no good)；工作(hard work)、费时(a waste of time)、且危险(a danger)。
例如：A、It is no use crying over spilt milk.
B、It is a waste of time waiting for him．
2、It还可以作形式宾语。通常下列动词后面可接it作形式宾语：2f2tcjm (find，feel ,think , take, consider，judge, make)。
例如：A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject．
B、I think it no use arguing with him.
3、It用于强调句式。要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、状语)，可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是：It is(was)+ 被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分。
例如：A、It is Professor Lin who teaches us English-(强调主语)
B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.-(强调状语)
C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory．(同上)
但要注意与定语从句的区别。
例如：D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory．(定语从句)
我们去掉强调结构It is (was) …that，句子意义很完整。它就是强调句。反之，就是定语从句。 如例句C。而例句D就不能。
四、倒装结构
学生容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分之，编个顺口溜：副(adv.)介(prep．)提前全倒装，其它句式部分倒；否定提前倒助动，让步状语倒表语；复合句式倒主句，不
倒装的属特殊。下面举例说明：
A、Here comes the bus．(副词提前，全倒装)
B、Here he comes.(代词作主语，不倒装)
C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介词短语提前，全倒装)
D、Never shall I do this again.(否定词提前，部分倒装)
E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句，表语倒装)
F、Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in．(only 修饰状语，主句倒装)
G、Only he can save the patient.(only修饰主语．不倒装)
H、Not only will help be given to people, but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定词提前，部分倒装)
I、Not only he but also we like sports.(连接两个主语，不倒装)
五、虚拟语气
虚拟语气也是一个难点。所谓虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。它通过句子的谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。现归纳如下：纯假设，用虚拟，动词时态退一级：条件句，分主从，主句谓语前加would (should, could，might)；表愿望,用虚拟，wish后面接宾语(从句)：现在过去与将来，动词时态退一级：提建议，用虚拟，宾语(从句)动词用(should)do：俩建议，三要求，再加坚持与命令(suggest, advise, demand, require, request, Insist, order)：It is time和would rather,后接丛句用虚拟：部分主语从句中， 谓语用虚拟结构 (It is necessary /important/natural/natural/strange/strange that……should do)。 下面举例说明：
A、If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. (条件句虚拟)
B、Without air, there would be no living things.(同上)
C、We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示愿望虚拟)
D、He demanded that we (should)start right away.(表示建议虚拟)
E、It is(high)time that we left (should leave)now．(特殊从句虚拟)
F、I would rather you gave me the book．(同上)
G、It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday，(主语从句虚拟)
H、He speaks English so fluently as if he were English． (特殊从句虚拟)
总之，语法是从语言实践中总结出来的规则，要边学边寻找规律，以提高学习效率。在学习中不能只记一些语法规则，要进行实践练习。通过练习，可以发现和纠正错误，而且有利于巩固所学知识。
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篇12：常见的英语构词法简介 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
常见的英语构词法简介
陈思秋
掌握一些英语构词法，对单词的记忆和理解有很大的帮助，下面列举一些常用的词缀和词根。
一. 常见的前缀
1.表示否定意义的前缀
纯否定前缀 a-, an-, asymmetry（不对称） anhydrousy: （无水的）
dis- dishonest, dislike
in-, ig-, il, im, ir,
incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregular
ne-, n-, none, neither, never
non-, nonesense
neg-, neglect
un- unable, unemployment
表示错误的意义
male-, mal-, malfunction, maladjustment失调
mis-, mistake, mislead
pseudo-, pseudonym(假名), pseudoscience
3) 表示反动作的意思
de-, defend, demodulation(解调)
dis-, disarm, disconnect
un-, unload, uncover
anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震), antiforeign,(排外的)
contra-, contre-, contro-, contradiction, controflow(逆流)
counter-, counterreaction, counterbalance ob-, oc-, of-, op-, object, oppose, occupy with-, withdraw, withstand
2.表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀
1) a- 表示“在……之上”，“向……” aboard, aside,
2) by- 表示“附近，邻近，边侧” bypath, bypass(弯路)
3)circum-, circu-, 表示“周围，环绕，回转” circumstance, circuit
4) de-, 表示“在下，向下” descend, degrade
5) en-, 表示“在内，进入” encage, enbed(上床)
6) ex-, ec-, es-,表示“外部，外” exit, eclipse, expand, export
7) extra-, 表示“额外” extraction （提取）
8) fore- 表示“在前面” forehead, foreground
9) in-, il-, im-, ir-, 表示“向内，在内，背于”
inland, invade, inside, import
10) inter-, intel-, 表示“在……间，相互”
international, interaction, internet
11) intro-, 表示“向内，在内，内侧”
introduce, introduce
12) medi-, med-, mid-, 表示“中，中间”
Mediterranean, midposition
13) out-, 表示“在上面，在外部，在外”
outline, outside, outward
14) over-, 表示“在上面，在外部，向上”
overlook, overhead, overboard
15) post-, 表示“向后，在后边，次”
posts cript(附言)，
16) pre-, 表示”在前”在前面”
prefix, preface, preposition
17) pro-, 表示“在前，向前”
progress, proceed,
18) sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, 表示“在下面，下”
subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement
19) super-, sur-, 表示“在…..之上”
superficial, surface, superstructure
20) trans-, 表示“移上，转上，在那一边”
translate, transform, transoceanic
21) under-, 表示“在…..下面，下的”
underline, underground, underwater
22) up-, 表示“向上，向上面，在上”
upward, uphold, uphill(上坡)
常见的英语构词法简介(2)
3. 表示时间，序列关系的前缀
1) ante-, anti-, 表示“先前，早于，预先”
antecedent, anticipate,
2) ex-, 表示“先，故，旧”
expresident, exhusband
3) fore-, 表示“在前面，先前，前面”
foreward, dorecast, foretell(预言)
4) mid-, medi-, 表示“中，中间”
midnight, midsummer
5) post-“表示“在后，后”
postwar,
6) pre-, pri-, 表示“在前，事先，预先”
preheat, prewar, prehistory
7) pro-, 表示“在前，先，前”
prologue(序幕)，prophet(预言家)
8) re-, 表示“再一次，重新”
retell, rewrite
4. 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀
1) by-, 表示“副，次要的”
byproduct, bywork(副业)
2) extra-,表示“超越，额外”
extraordinary,
3) hyper- 表示“超过，极度”
hypersonic(超声波), hypertesion(高血压)
4) out-,表示“超过，过分”
outdo(超过), outbid(出价过高的人)
5) over-，表示“超过，过度，太”
overeat, overdress, oversleep
6) sub-, suc-, sur-, 表示“低，次，副，亚”
subeditor, subordinate, subtropical(亚热带)
7) super-, sur- 表示“超过”
supernature, superpower, surplus, surpass
8) under-,表示“低劣，低下”
undersize, undergrown, underproduction(生产不足)
9) vice- 表示“副，次”
vicepresident, vicechairman
5. 表示共同，相等意思的前缀
1) com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co- 表示“共同，一起”。
connect, combine, collect, combat, coexist, co-operate
2) syn-, syl-,sym-,表示“同，共，和，类”
symmetry, sympathy, synthesis(合成)
6. 表示整个完全意思的前缀
1) al- 表示“完整，完全” alone, almost,
2) over-表示“完全，全” overall, overflow(充满)
3) pan-表示“全，总，万” panentheism(泛神论)，panorama
7. 表示分离，离开意思的前缀
1) a- ab-, abs-,表示“分离，离开” away, apart, abstract, abstain
2) de- 表示“离去，处去” depart, decolour,
3) dis-, di-, dif-, 表示“分离，离开” divorce, disarm(缴械)
4) ex-, e-, 表示“离开，分离” expel, exclude, expatriate(驱出国外)
5) for- 表示“离开，脱离” forget, forgive
6) 表示“离开” release, resolve
7) 表示“分离，隔离” separate, seduce, select
8. 表示通过，遍及意思的前缀
1) dia-,表示“通过，横过” diameter, diagram,
2) per-, pel-, 表示“通，总，遍” perfect, perform, pervade(浸透)
3) trans-, 表示“横过，贯通” transparent, transmit, transport
9. 表示加强意思的前缀
a-, arouse, ashamed
ad-, adjoin, adhere( 粘着)
常见的英语构词法简介(3)
10. 表示变换词类作用的前缀
be-, befriend,
en-, enslave, enable, enrich
ad-, ac-, af-, ag-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, adapt, accord, affix, aggression, arrive, assist, attend, attract, arrange, assign(委派)
11. 表示数量关系的前缀
1) 表示“单一”，“一”
mon-, mon-, monotone(单调)，monopoly, monarch
uni-, un-, uniform, unicellular(单细胞)
2) 表示“二，两，双”
ambi-, ambiguous, amphibian(两栖类)
bi-, bin- bicycle, di-, diode(二级管)，
twi-, twilight
3) 表示“十” deca, deco-, dec- deci-, decade, decimals
4) 表示”百，百分子一“
hecto-, hect-, hectometer,
centi-, centimeter
5) 表示”千，千分子一” kilo-, kilometer
6) 表示“万，万分子一”
myria-, myri-, myriametre
mega-, meg-, megabyte
micro-, microvolt (微伏特)
7) 表示”许多，复，多数”
multi-, mult-, multipmetre (万用表)
poly-, polysyllable,
8) 表示“半，一半”
hemi-, hemisphere
demi-, demiofficial
semi-, semiconductor, semitransparent
pene-, pen-, peninsula
12. 表示特殊意义的前缀
1) arch-, 表示“首位，第一的，主要的” architect, archbishop
2) auto-, 表示“自己，独立，自动” automobile, autobiography
3) bene-, 表示“善，福” benefit
4) eu-, 表示“优，美好” eugenics(优生学)， euphemism
5) male-, mal- 表示“恶，不良” maltreatment, malodor,
6) macro-, 表示“大，宏大” macroscopic(宏观)
7) magni-, 表示“大” magnificent
8) micro-, 表示“微” microscope
13. 表示术语的前缀
1) aud-, 表示“听，声” audience,
2) bio-, 表示“生命，生物” biography(传记)
3) ge-, 表示“地球，大地” geography
4) phon-, 表示“声，音调” phonograph
5) tele-, 表示“远离” television, telephone
常见的英语构词法简介(4)
二. 常见的后缀
1. 名词后缀
(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人
1) -an, -ain, 表示“……地方的人，精通……的人” American, historian,
2) -al, 表示”具有……职务的人“ principal,
3) -ant,-ent, 表示”……者” merchant, agent, servant, student,
4) -ar, 表示“……的人” scholar, liar, peddler
5) -ard, -art, 表示”做……的人” coward, laggard, braggart(夸张者)
6) -arian, 表示“……派别的人， ……主义的人” humanitarian, vegetarian
7) -ary, 表示”从事……的人“ secretary, missionary
8) -ant, 表示”具有……职责的人“ candidate, graduate
9) -ator, 表示”做……的人“ educator, speculator(投机者)
10) -crat, 表示”某种政体，主义的支持者“ democrat, bureaucrat
11) -ee, 表示”动作承受者“ employee, examinee
12) -eer, 表示”从事于……人“ engineer, volunteer
13) -er, 表示”从事某种职业的人, 某地区，地方的人“ banker, observer, Londoner, villager
14) -ese, 表示” ……国人，…..地方的人” Japanese, Cantonese
15) -ess, 表示“阴性人称名词， actress, hostess, manageress
16) -eur, 表示”……家” amateur, littérateur
17) -ian, 表示“……地方人，信仰…….教的人，从事……职业的人” Christian, physician(内科医生)， musician
18) -ician, 表示”精通者， ……家，” electrician, magician, technician
19) -icist, 表示“……家， …….者, …….能手” physicist, phoneticist, technicist
20) -ic, 表示”……者，……师“ mechanic, critic
21) -ie, 表示”爱，指小“ dearie, auntie, lassie(小姑娘)
22) -ier, 表示”从事……职业” cavalier, clothier, brazier(黄铜匠)
23) -ine, ian, 表示“阴性人称” heroine, ballerina
24) -ist, 表示“从事……研究者， 信仰……主义者” pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist
25) -ive, 表示“动作者，行为者” native, captive
26) -logist, 表示”……学家，研究者“ biologist, geologist(地质学家)
27) -or, 表示”……者“ author, doctor, operator,
28) -ster, 表示”做…….事情的人” youngster, gamester(赌徒)，songster
29) -yer, 表示“ 从事……职业者” lawyer
常见的英语构词法简介(5)
(2). 构成，具有抽象名词的含义
1) -acy, 表示”性质，状态，境遇“ accuracy, diplomacy
2) -age, 表示”状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称“ courage, storage, marriage
3) -al, a) 表示”事物的动作，过程” refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval
b) 表示具体的事物 manual, signal, editorial, journal
4) -ance, -ence表示“性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度” endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience
5) -ancy, -ency, 表示”性质，状态，行为，过程“ frequency, urgency, efficiency,
6) -bility, 表示”动作，性质，状态“ possibility, feasibility,
7) -craft, 表示”工艺，技巧” woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft（治国策）
8) -cracy, 表示“统治，支配” bureaucracy, democracy
9) -cy, 表示“性质，状态，职位，级别” bankruptcy(破产)，supremacy
10) -dom, 表示“等级，领域，状态” freedom, kingdom, wisdom
11) -ery, -ry, 表示“行为，状态，习性” bravery, bribery, rivalry
12) -ety, 表示“性质，状态” variety, dubiety(怀疑)
13) -faction, -facture, 表示”作成，……化，作用“ satisfaction, manufacture
14) -hood, 表示”资格，身份, 年纪，状态“ childhood, manhood, falsehood
15) -ice, 表示”行为，性质，状态“ notice, justice, service
16) -ine, 表示”带有抽象概念“ medicine, discipline, famine
17) -ing, 表示”动作的过程，结果“ building, writing, learning
18) -ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示”行为的过程，结果，状况“ action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction
19) -ise, 表示”性质，状态” exercise, merchandise(商业)
20) -ism, 表示“制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为” socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism
21) -ity, 表示“性质，状态，程度” purity, reality, ability, calamity
22) -ment, 表示”行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果 treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument
23) -mony, 表示“动作的结果，状态” ceremony, testimony
24) -ness, 表示“性质，状态，程度” goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness
25) -or, -our, 表示“动作，性质，状态” favor, error,
26) -osity, 表示“动作，状态” curiosity
27) -ship, 表示”情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业” hardship, membership, friendship
28) -th, 表示“动作，性质，过程，状态” depth, wealth, truth, length, growth
29) -tude, 表示“性质，状态，程度” latitude, altitude(海拔)
30) -ure, 表示“行为，结果” exposure, pressure, failure, procedure(手续)，
31) -y, 表示“行为的结果，状态，性质” glory, history, victory, inquiry
(3) 带有场所，地方的含义
1) -age, 表示”住所，地点“ village, cottage
2) -ary, 表示”住所，场地“ library, granary (谷仓)
3) -ery, ry, 表示”工作场所，饲养所，地点“ laundry, nursery, surgery(手术室)
4) -ory, 表示”工作场所，住处“ factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory
(4) 带有学术，科技含义
1) -grapy, 表示”……学，写法” biography, calligraphy, geography
2) -ic, ics, 表示“……学……法” logic, mechanics, optics, electronics
3) -ology, 表示“……学……论” biology, zoology, technology(工艺学)
4) -nomy, 表示”……学……术“ astronomy, economy, bionomy(生态学)
5) -ery, 表示”学科，技术“ chemistry, cookery, machinery
6) -y, 表示”……学，术，法” photography, philosophy
常见的英语构词法简介(6)
(5) 表示人和事物的总和，集合含义
1) -age, baggage, tonnage
2) -dom, newspaperdom(新闻界)
3) -hood, neighbourhood, womanhood
4) -ery, cavalry, ministry(内阁)
5) -ure, legislature, judicature
(6) 表示物品和物质名称的含义
1) -ant, ent, solvent, constant
2) -al, signal, pictorial(画报)
3) ar, collar, pillar(石柱)
4) - er, boiler, computer, washer, cooker
5) -ery, drapery(绸缎)
6) -ing, clothing, matting,
7) -ment, instrument, equipment, attachment
(7) 表示“细小”的含义
1) -cle, particle,
2) -cule, molecule(分子)
3) -el, parcel
4) -en, chicken, maiden
5) -et, pocket, ticket
6) -etta, -ette, etto, cigarette, essayette(短文)
7) -kin, napkin
8) -ling, duckling,
9) -let, booklet
10) -y, baby, doggy
3. 形容词后缀
（1） 带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义
1) -able, -ible, movable, comfortable, applicable, visible, responsible
2) -al, natural, additional, educational
3) -an, ane, urban, suburban, republican
4) -ant, -ent, distant, important, excellent
5) -ar, similar, popular, regular
6) -ary, military, voluntary
7) -ice, -atie, ical, politic, systematic, historic, physical,
8) -ine, masculine, feminine, marine
9) -ing, moving, touching, daring
10) -ish, foolish, bookish, selfish
11) -ive, active, impressive, decisive
12) -ory, satisfactory, compulsory
13) -il, -ile, -eel, fragile, genteel(文雅的)
常见的英语构词法简介（7）
3. 动词后缀
1) -ize, ise, 表示“做成，变成，……化“ modernize, mechanize, democratize, organize
2) -en, 表示”使成为，引起，使有” quicken, weaken, soften, harden
3) -fy, 表示“使……化, 使成” beautify, purify, intensify, signify, simplify
4) -ish, 表示”使，令” finish, abolish, diminish, establish
5) -ate, 表示“成为……，处理，作用” separate, operate, indicate
4. 副词后缀
1) -ly, possibly, swiftly, simply
2) -ward, -wards, downward, inwards, upward
3) -ways, always, sideways
4) -wise, otherwise, clockwise
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇13：短文改错；考查重(人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
短文改错；考查重点： 1.谓语（ 时态，语态，主谓一致）
1． It is born in 1966.
2． Today a group of students from Canada come to our school for a visit.
3． As time goes on, little has done to change the situation.
4． I wish I can walk as a normal child.
5． The number of the infected children are over 20,000.
6． The expression “to talk turkey” come from a story.
7． One was a turkey, which about 20 pounds.
8． Some people are used too much energy.
9． After mixing the three liquid together, he dipped one of his finger into the cup.
10． “You will be late for school unless you will get up at five.” Said mother.
11． He was wound by a stone and was quickly sent to hospital.
12． The young is taught to respect the old.
13． The teacher with many students have gone to the exhibition.
14． Do you fond of hunting?
15． Between the trees stand a stranger.
II. 非谓语（to do, doing, done ）
1. I would like very much come, but I have an examination on Monday morning.
2. You must do everything you can help them.
3. Get up early in the morning is a good habit.
4. He was very exciting because he was the only person in his office who was invited to the ball.
5. I’m looking forward to meet you soon.
6. He saw some of the hairs on the string to stand up.
7. It also sends out polluting water and poisonous gases.
8. Why not to have a friendly talk with her.
9. Seen so many goods from China, she believed all the houses would be rebuilt.
10. What the mayor said made me confusing.
11. He looked over their heads and saw a little rat ran about in the basket and looking for food.
12. My mother took me to hospital and had me examine.
13. He saluted her by raised his hat.
14. When asking why he was late, he told a lie.
15. If I had known his number, I would telephoned him yesterday.
III. 名词（单数，复数），冠词 （the, a,an）
1. She said that she and my classmate all wished me success.
2. In the 18th century, Benjamin conducted the number of experiments.
3. We gave them some good advice on how to learn the English well.
4. A 60-years-old couple was celebrating their 40 years of wedding.
5. The trees were torn up and many building were leaning down to the ground.
6. I’ll take this time to wish you wonderful time on your birthday.
7. What a terrible weather we have.
8. The computer is useful machine that can do many things for us.
9. We used to go to beds at ten at school.
10. I have no papers to write on.
11. John had to make some rooms for Joe and Mike.
12. There are around two hundred woman workers in this factory.
13. A plane is the machine that can fly.
14. Italy is an European country.
15. The United States is one of the lucky country because it grows enough food for itself.
IV. 连词
1. They urged to share all what they caught.
2. I still remember clearly the first day which I entered the university.
3. Everyone knows that natural resources of the world are limited, and many people in developed countries spend too much money on lots of unnecessary new clothes.
4. You won’t fail unless you work harder.
5. It is a very important exam but I can’t afford to fail it.
6. This is the steel plant where we visited last week.
7. He told me that how important it is to learn English.
8. It is known to all John is always the first to come and the last to leave.
9. Having been ill for a long time, so she fell behind her classmates.
10. We will never forget the days when we spent together happily in the middle school.
11. He has written many books, tow of them are widely read.
12. This is the most exciting football games which I have ever seen.
13. I visited a place where is surrounded by mountains.
14. The weather was so hot and we could not read much.
15. I don’t doubt whether I’m able to finish the work on time.
V． 介词
1. She decided to ask her friend, Jeanne, who married with a man with a lot of money.
2. Mathilde chose a lovely diamond necklace and it look wonderful with her.
3. As we know, the factory besides our school gives off heavy smoke all day long.
4. In a summer night in a city in Taiwan, Mary was going on her way to school happily.
5. Aids is spreading fast in Africa and parts of Asia because a lack of proper health care.
6. On his way to here, he fell off his bicycle.
7. He died of a car accident.
8. Your book should be taken good care.
9. If you don’t know a word, you should refer the dictionary.
10. Thanks very much on inviting me to your birthday party.
11. I’m really sorry that I won’t be able to come in this time.
12. He asked me if I had found out my pen.
13. He will leave Beijing to Paris tomorrow.
14. To my opinion, computers will enter every family in the near future.
15. A hundred of people attended the meeting last night.
VI．形容词/副词
1. The kite flew highly in the sky.
2. We met at the school gate to give them a warmly welcome.
3. Suddenly she felt the road was strong shaking.
4. You should roll the person onto one side and keep the legs straightly.
5. He is by far the cleverer student in our class.
6. I came here especially to ask you for advice.
7. The teacher told me that Mary did very good in drawing.
8. Is the population of Zhengzhou more than that of Beijing?
9. It is sure that they will go abroad next week.
10. It is much easy to make plans than to carry them out.
11. The fish smells badly.
12. Which one is much cheap, this one or that one?
13. I always find physics difficulty to learn.
14. New York is the larger city in the US.
15. He opened his eyes widely.
VII．代词
1. Oliver Twist, the hero of the story, he was an orphan.
2. I shall lent the money to who comes first.
3. That’s unknown to all that Taiwan belongs to China.
4. The book is quiet different from me.
5. We all thought it was him who had stolen it.
6. The new flowers are for her, not for his.
7. The boy is old enough to take care of him.
8. Mary got up, dressed her and went for the party.
9. Do you know who’s English is the best in your class.
10. China is larger than any country in Asia.
历届高考短文改错
92年
When I have free time I go a long walk. Some 1._____
people read the books or watch television 2._____
While others have sports. Charles and Linda Mason 3._____
do all of these things as well as climbed buildings. In 4._____
the last five years that they have climbed 5._____
churches, high buildings and television towers. They 6._____
have climbed all over the world. Charles said, “As soon I 7._____
see a realy tall buildings, I want to climb it. We 8._____
climb everywhere, not only in America. They 9._____
have been to Europe many time.” Two months ago they 10._____
were back in America. Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the 11._____
taller building in New York, where a large 12._____
crowd had gathered. Charles and Linda were seeing near the top of 13._____
the building. When they came down the police 14._____
were angry to them. One police officer said to them, 15._____
“buildings have elevators(电梯), don’t they? Why don’t you use them?
93年
Good health is person’s most valuable possession(财富). 1._____
Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past. 2._____
Modern people know more about the health, have better food, 3._____
and to live in cleaner surroundings(环境). Also, scientists 4._____
and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases(疾病). 5._____
Most people can quickly get for help from a doctor or 6._____
go to a hospital since they are ill. As a result, people 7._____
in the modern world generally live much more longer than 8._____
people in the past. People in industrial countries can 9._____
expect to live for twice so long as people who lived 10._____
a few hundred years ago. Therefore, there are still some 11._____
countries there people have shorter lives. They have not 12._____
enough to eat, they live in durty surroundings, and 13._____
diseases are common. The World Health Organization and 14._____
other organizations are working improve health all over the world. 15._____
94年
There is public library in every town in Britain. 1._____
There are branch library in many villages. 2._____
Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to 3._____
borrow them. In some places you may borrow many 4._____
books as you want, in other places where you 5._____
are limited to a certain number, of that some 6._____
may be novels. Books may be keep for four weeks. 7._____
Newly-published novels are always in great demand, 8._____
and some books, for example, books for history, 9._____
science, cooking and gardening are also popular. 10._____
If the book you will want is out, you may ask for it 11._____
to be called back for you, and whether you pay 12._____
the cost of send a postcard, the librarian will 13._____
write to you, and let you to know when the book you 14._____
want has returned and is ready for you to pick up. 15._____
95年
I want to thank you again for have me in your 1._____
home for the summer holidays. I had always 2._____
wanted return to the village after moving away 3._____
and it is really great to see most of my old friends again. 4.______
I told Mother, Father, Sister, all my friends 5._____
here that a great time I had. I’ll never forget 6._____
the steamboat ride. I never knew about a ride down 7._____
a river could be so much exciting. I also enjoyed the 8._____
evenings when we spent together. And I can’t forget 9._____
the good food you cooked for I. It was wonderful. 10._____
I hope that both you two could come and visit us 11._____
some times soon. Father and Mother would love to 12._____
see you. Maybe you could come during a winter 13._____
holidays. Uncle Ben will also go back for Christmas. 14._____
I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together. 15._____
96年
Today I visited the Smiths-my first time visit 1_____
to a American family. They live in a small 2_____
town. It was very kind for them to meet me 3_____
at the railway station and drove me to their home. 4_____
The Smiths did his best to make me feel 5_____
at home. They offered me coffee and other 6_____
drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing 7_____
together. They eager to know everything about 8_____
China and asked me lots of question. In fact, 9_____
they are planning to visit China in next year. 10_____
97年
Dear Bob,
Hello, I learn about you from my English teacher, 1_____
Miss Fang. I’d like to your penfriend, and get to 2_____
know more about your country.
First, let me tell you something more about myself. 3_____
My name is Li Hua. I live in Beijing, where is the 4_____
capital of China. I go to Hongqi Middle School. We 5_____
study quite a few subject, such as maths, Chinese, 6_____
English and physics. I use to play ping-pong a lot 7_____
in my spare time, but I am interesting in football. 8______
Do you play any ball games? What your favourite 9_____
sport? I look forward to hear from you soon. 10_____
Yours,
Li Hua
98年
My Favourite Sport
My favourite sport is football. I was a member of 1_____
our school football team. We practise for three times 2_____
every week and often watch football match on TV 3_____
together. Play football not only makes us grow up 4_____
tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and 5_____
team spirit. We must keep in mind that we play 6_____
for the team instead ourselves. Also, the sport 7_____
teaches us the important of obedience(服从). Each 8_____
player must obey captain, who is the leader of 9_____
the team. And they must not break the rules too 10_____
often if we want to win the game.
99年
The Problem with Television
Now I can’t watch much television but a few years ago 1_____
I was used to watch it every night. I was often 2_____
a little tired after a day’s work and watch TV 3_____
demands very little effort. Unfortunate, there are 4_____
too many people among my family. Some wanted 5_____
to see the programme while others preferred 6_____
another. I am happy with any programme but 7_____
the others spent a lot time arguing and there 8_____
was no way of settling the matter except by 9_____
selling the set. Now someone at home reads instead. 10_____
2000年
The day before the speech contest（比赛）English teacher 1._____
talked to me . She said that she and my schoolmate all 2._____
wished me success , but it didn't matter that I would 3._____
win or not . When I was on the stage the next day, I felt so 4._____
nervous as I shook like a leaf . There were so many people 5._____
present! Suddenly , I caught a sight of my English teacher in 6._____
the crowd . She was smiling but nodding at me. I remembered 7._____
her words and calm down . I did a good job and won the first 8._____
prize . Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library. 9._____
Whenever I see them I will often think of my English teacher. 10._____
附：
2002年
答案：
92
1. go for 2. 删the 3. 正确 4. climbing或climb
5. 删that 6. 正确 7. soon as 8. really 或real
9. They改成We 10.times 11.hurried 12.tallest
13.seen 14. 正确 15.to改成with
93
1. is a 2. is 改成was 3. 删the 4. 删to
5. had改成have 6. 删for 7. since改成when, if 或whenever
8. 删more 9. 正确 10.so改成as
11.Therefore改成However 12.there改成where
13.dirty 14. 正确 15.working to
94
1. is a 2. libraries 3. costs 4. as many
5. 删where 6. that改成which 7. kept 8. 正确
9. for 改成on 10.popular 11.删will
12.whether改成if 13.sending 14.删to 15.has been
95
1. having 2. 正确 3. wanted to 4. is 改成was
5. and all 6. that 改成what 7. 删about 或改成that
8. 删much 9. 删when 或改成that 10.I 改成me
11.删both 12.time 13. a 改成 the
14.go改成come 15.wonderful
96
1. 删time 2. an 3. for改成of 4. drive
5. his 改成their 6.正确 7.have 改成had 8. They were
9. questions 10.删in
97
1. learned 2. to be/become 3.删more
4. where改成which 5. 正确 6. subjects 7. used
8. interested 9. What’s 或What is 10.hearing
98
1. was 改成am 2. 删for 3. matches 4. Playing
5. gives 6. 正确 7. instead of 8. importance
9. obey the 10.they 改成we
99
1. 删much 2. 删was 3. watching 4. Unfortunately
5. among 改成in 6. the 改成one 7. am 改成was
8. a lot of 9. 正确 10.someone改成everyone/everybody
2000
1. my English 2. schoolmates 3. that 改成whether
4. 正确 5. as 改成that 6. 删a
7. but 改成and 8. calmed 9. is 改成are
10.删often
能力训练 短文改错
训练指要
解题步骤：(1)通读全文，掌握大意；(2)对照上下文，分析大意；(3)根据词法、句法，检查和判断错误所在；(4)根据不同错误，分别解题；(5)复读全文，验证答案。
(1)(2002全国高考题)
Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei
Mountain in Sichuan.As everyone knows,it’s famous 1.________
mountain with all kinds of plants and animals.The weather 2.________
was fine.It was about noon we arrived at the foot of 3.________
the mountain.The three of them were very excited.As we 4.________
climbed the mountain,we fed monkeys,visiting temples 5.________
and told stories.On the way up I was busy taking picture 6.________
since the scenery was so beautiful.The time passes quickly. 7.________
Evening came down.We spent the night in a hotel at the top 8.________
of the mountain.The food was expensive and the service was 9.________
good.I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my 10.________
Head touched the pillow.
(2)
Dear Wei Fang,
You don’t know how sadly I felt when I learned you 1.________
failed in the exam. I’d like to talk to you how to make 2.________
progress in English study. Learn a foreign language with 3.________
less reading and without reading will make you never 4.________
master the spirit of it. You should make your theory(理论) 5.________
combine (结合) with practice. Trying to get advice on 6.________
English learning from the people around you. Don’t to be 7.________
satisfied when you are praised for even little success. 8.________
I’m sure you will be good in English before long. 9.________
Hope you success next time. 10.________
Li Hua
(3)
Very a few of our birds stay with us all the year 1.________
round.Some come to us in winter from cold north, 2.________
others come from the south to live the summer with us. 3.________
Why birds undertake these long journeys twice a year? 4.________
Perhaps cold weather drive them away from us in 5.________
autumn,but we can’t say why they leave the sunny south 6.________
to go back to us in spring.We only know many of them 7.________
like make their nests in the north. 8.________
We are sorry to see them go,and we know that when 9.________
winter is over,they will come back to us. 10.________
(4)
George was quiet，serious man.He had studied very 1.________
hard all year.When he had been passed his exam， 2.________
his friend Jim went to see him and has a friendly 3.________
talk with him.“You’ve never gone to a dance，George，” 4.________
he said.“You have worked hard for these days.Come 5.________
on without me this evening.Just for a change.” 6.________
“Maybe you’re right.Jim.”replied George,Before 7.________
thinking for a moment.So they went to a dance but 8.________
had a good time.But George drank many.Jim was 9.________
worried him and took him to his house. 10.________
(5)
A lot of boys and girls in west countries are 1.________
wearing the same kind of clothes,and many of whom 2.________
have long hair,but it’s often difficult to tell whether they 3.________
are boys or girls.One day an old man went a walk in a 4.________
park in Washington,and when he was tired,he seated 5.________
down on a chair by a swimming pool.A young person
was standing on the other sides of the pool.“Oh!” the 6.________
old man said to the person sitting next to him on the 7.________
chair.“Did you see that person with the loose clothes 8.________
and long hair? Is it a boy or a girl?”
“A girl,” said her neighbor.“She is my daughter.” “Oh!” 9.________
the old man said fast.“I didn’t know you were her mother.” 10.________
“I’m not.I’m her father.” said the other person.
(6)
Jimmy was a seven years-old boy.He often got some pocket 1.________
money from his parents every week,and he wasted a lot 2.________
of it on things what he saw in the stores and suddenly 3.________
wanted to buy,although he didn’t need them. 4.________
One day his mother gives him a notebook and said, 5.________
“Now,Jimmy,whatever you buy anything, 6.________
I want you to write down on this notebook,and 7.________
write down price,too.Then you can look at it 8.________
again because your money’s all gone,and you 9.________
won’t waste so much more money next time.” 10._______
After a week,Jimmy told his mother that he would think before
he spent the money.His mother was pleased with him.
(7)
Once a man entered a restaurant which 1.________
he was used to go several months ago,for he 2.________
was very hunger.He asked for five pieces of ten-fen 3.________
bread.To her surprise,he could eat each of them 4.________
up in a mouthful.“Why is the bread much smaller 5.________
than before? ” he told the waiter. 6.________
“Don’t you know about physics,sir?” said the waiter. 7.________
“Please tell me what season it is now!”
“Winter?” “You are right!” said the waiter,“Heat makes 8.________
things bigger but cold makes things smaller. 9.________
This called a physical change.” 10.________
(8)
A tall man and a short man were waiting a taxi at 1.________
a same corner.An old lady joined them at the corner 2.________
because she also wanted to catch a taxi.It is raining 3.________
very hardly and all the taxis passed there without 4.________
stopping.Finally,a taxi stopped,and the tall man 5.________
rushed ahead the short man.The short man stopped 6.________
him,and they started to argue.The tall man was in a
worry,but the short man was at the corner first.The 7.________
short man pushed the tall man,so the tall man then 8.________
grabbed (抓) the short man coat.How about the old 9.________
lady? She calmly closed her beautiful umbrella,
slowly opened the door and quickly got the taxi.The 10.________
taxi driver smiled and drove away.Who’s the winner?
(9)
When you are learning English,you find foolish to 1.________
translate an English book,word for word,into your native 2.________
language.Take the sentence “How do you do?” as a 3.________
example.If you look each word in the dictionary,one at 4.________
a time,what is your translation? It maybe a wrong sentence 5.________
in your language.Languages don’t just have different in 6.________
sounds; they are different in many ways.It’s very important 7.________
to master the rules for word order in the study of the 8.________
English,either.If the speaker puts words in a very unusual 9.________
order,the speaker can’t understand what he or she means. 10.________
(10)
Many a family have a plan to buy a computer.As 1.________
there are quite a few kind of models in the markets, 2.________
people can’t decide which kind to buy it.Some say it is 3.________
worth to spend more money on a bigger one,for 4.________
instance,the IBM PC486,or even 586.They think 5.________
they don’t need to change it.Some say the 6.________
small one,such as the IBM PC286 is enough.It would 7.________
be a waste money to buy a bigger one.About the 8.________
prices of computers,some say the prices will go out 9.________
but some say they will be bring down,Each does as he l0.________
likes in his opinion.
(11)
Mr.Smith was a biology professor,but he had a lot of 1.________
animal bones that he was very proud.Then one year 2.________
he managed to get a better job at other university.As he 3.________
was not busy,his wife asked three men to remove 4.________
all their things to the new house.One of them was 5.________
just about throw a large box into the truck with all the 6.________
other things,then Mrs.Smith ran out and said, 7.________
“Please treat the box gentle! It has all of my husband’s 8.________
bones in it.” Heard this,the man was so surprised 9.________
that he nearly dropped them on his feet. 10.________
(12)
Nobody can tell exactly why people first began to use salt, 1.________
but it is well-known that salt has used in many different ways 2.________
throughout history.People who lived over 3 000 years ago ate salted 3.________
fish.In ancient Egypt,salt was used to preserve dying bodies. 4.________
Stealing salt were regarded as a serious crime in different 5.________
times.In the 18th century,for example,a person was 6.________
caught stealing salt,he was put into the prison.In the 7.________
Roman Empire,one of the most important road was built 8.________
especially for salt to be carried from the mines to Rome. 9.________
Guards were sent to protect the salt from stolen.The guards got their 10.________
pay in salt,from which the English word “salary” originated.Any guard who fell asleep
while on duty was said to be “not worth his salt”.This is still used today in English.
能力训练17 短文改错3
(1)
1.it’s后面加a 2.√ 3.noon后面加when 4.them→us 5.visiting→visited 6.picture→pictures 7.passes→passed 8.去掉down 9.and→but 10.去掉at
(2)
1.sadly→sad 2.how前加about 3.Learn→Learning 4.and→or 5.√ 6.Trying→Try 7.把to去掉 8.little→a little 9.in→at 10.Hope→Wish
(3)
1.去掉a 2.在from后加the 3.live→spend 4.why后加do 5.drive→drives 6.say→tell 7.go→come 8.make→making 9.and→but 10.√
(4)
1.was 后加a 2.去掉been 3.has→had 4.gone→been 5.去掉for 6.without→with 7.Before→After 8.but→and 9.many→much 10.worried 后加about
(5)
1.west→western 2.whom→them 3.but→so 4.went后加上for 5.seated→sat 6.sides→side 7.√ 8.Did→Do 9.her→his 10.fast→quickly
(6)
1.years→year 2.and→but 3.what→that 4.√ 5.gives→gave 6.whatever→whenever 7.write ∧(it) 8.down ∧(the) 9.because→when 10.去掉more
(7)
1.which→where 2.去掉was 3.hunger→hungry 4.her→his 5.in→at 6.told→asked 7.去掉about 8.√ 9.but→and 10.∧(is) called
(8)
1.在waiting后加上for 2.a→the 3.is→was 4.hardly→hard 5.√ 6.ahead后加of 7.worry→hurry 8.so→and9.man→man’s 10.got ∧ (into)the taxi
(9)
1.foolish前加it 2.√ 3.a→an 4.look后加上up 5.maybe→may be 6.different→difference 7.sounds→sound 8.去掉最后一个the 9.either→too 10.speaker→listener
(10)
1.have→has 2.kind→kinds 3.去掉it 4.to spend→spending 5.√ 6.the→a 7.small→smaller 8.在waste后加of 9.out→up 10.bring→brought
(11)
1.but→and 2.在proud后加of 3.other→another 4.去掉not 5.√ 6.在about后加上to 7.then→when 8.gentle→gently 9.Heard→Hearing 10.them→it
(12)
1.why→when 2.has→was 3.√ 4.dying→dead 5.were→was 6.∧(if) a person 7.去掉第一个the 8.road→roads 9.especially→specially 10.from ∧(being)
责任编辑：李芳芳
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