考研英语语法重难点精解之介词

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考研英语语法重难点精解之介词

篇1:考研英语语法重难点精解之介词

考研英语语法重难点精解之介词

・・・    考研常用介词的基本用法

(一)in

1. 表示较长的一段时间,如年、季节、月、周等。

in

in five months

in the second year

2. 表示在……内或较大的.地方。

in the city

in the classroom

3. 表示再过若干时间,仅用于将来时态。

in three days (三天后)

4. 表示用……,以……。

speak in Chinese (用汉语说)

write in red (用红墨水写)

5. 表示衣着特征。

be in red (穿着红衣服)

be in one?s sixties (在某人60多岁的时候)

6. 在……方面。

in ethics

in spelling

7. 表示具体的环境、情况等。

to go out in the wind

8. 表方向(朝)。

in all directions

(二)at

1. (表时间、年龄等)在,当。

at day break, at the age of eight

2. (表地点、位置、场合)在,于。

at the railway station

at the opening ceremony

at 89 Jitai Road

3. (表示速度、价格、比率等)以。

at the full speed

at a lower price

at the rate of 125 miles an hour

4. (表示目标、方向等)对,向。

rush at

aim at

5. 指离某事物的距离。

a bus at fifty meters

6. 表活动情况,状态。

at war

(三)by

1. 靠近某人(物)。

by the lake

sit by me

2. 不迟于,到……为止。

by next week

3. 按照(某事物),根据。

by one?s watch

4. 沿……,通过。

by the rear door

by the nearest road

5. (用于被动式)被……,受……,因……。

be seen to by the nurse

6. 表运输或取道的方式。

by air/land/bus

(四)on

1. 在……日期(表示具体的某天或某天的上、下午)。

on Monday

on the first of October

2. 在……上(与物体接触)。

on the desk

3. 论述,关于。

on friendship

a lecture on CET?4

4. 一……就(表示前后紧接的时间关系)。

on hearing the bad news...

5. 通过,以……方式。

on the radio

broadcast on the TV

6. 正在……,处于……状态。

on strike

on business出差

7. 朝,向。

smile on sb. (对……赞许)

marching on Beijing (向北京出发)

研究生考试,考研频道。

篇2:考研英语语法重难点精解

转化法(Conversion)

转化法是指单词词形不变,而词性却由一种词性转化为另一种词性,转化后的词义与转化前相比有时有联系,有时差异很大。主要体现在以下几个方面。

一、转化为动词

(一)名词转化为动词

slip(n.滑倒;小错)――(v.滑倒;悄悄地塞入)

trumpet(n.小号,喇叭)――(v. 大声宣告或鼓吹)

plate(n.盘子)――(v.镀金)

lap(n.重叠部分)――(v.包扎;拍打;使部分重叠)

(二)形容词转化为动词

coordinate(a.同等的)――(v.使协调)

last(a.最后的)――(v.持续,维持)

firm(a.坚固的)――(v.变稳固,变坚实)

near(a.不远的)――(v.靠近,接近)

(三)副词转化为动词

snap(adv.啪的一声)――(v.厉声说)

forward(adv.向前)――(v.邮寄,传递;提高)

counter(adv.相反)――(v.反对,反击)

dirty(adv.很,非常)――(v.弄脏)

二、转化为名词(一)动词转化为名词

associate(v.联系)――(n.同事,伙伴)

zero(v.瞄准,聚焦)――(n.零点)

warp(v.使弯曲)――(n.弯曲;偏见)

zone(v.划归)――(n.区域)

(二)形容词转化为名词

warm(a.温暖的,热情的)――(n.温和的地方)

bound(a.必定的;受约束的)――(n.跳,跳跃)

bottom(a.最后的,底部的)――(n.底面)

ill(a.不适的,有病的)――(n.恶行,邪恶)

三、转化为形容词(一)名词转化为形容词

relative(n.亲戚)――(a.相对的)

forte(n.特长)――(a.强音的)

drunk(n.醉鬼)――(a.烂醉的,飘飘然的)

initial(n.首字母)――(a.最初的)

(二)副词转化为形容词

sharp(adv.准时地,整点)――(a.锋利的,陡峭的)

stark(adv.完全地)――(a.光秃秃的;严格的)

cheap(adv.廉价)――(a.便宜的,花钱少的)

devilish(adv.很,非常)――(a.邪恶的,恶毒的)

(三)介词转化为形容词

inside(prep.在内,向内)――(a.内部的,从内部得到的)

down(prep.朝向下方,沿着)――(a.往下的,向下的)

given(prep.考虑到,鉴于)――(a.给予的,指定的)

in(prep.在……内,从事)――(a.流行的;亮着的)

四、转化为副词(一)名词转化为副词

light(n.光线,光源)――(adv.轻装地;轻地)

down(n.绒毛,汗毛)――(adv.往低处,向下)

slap(n.掌击)――(adv.直接,正好)

well(n.水井,来源)――(adv.满意地,称赞地)

(二)形容词转化为副词

live(a.有生命的,发着光的)――(adv.从现场,实地)

little(a.小的,短的)――(adv.稍许)

due(a.应支付的,到期的)――(adv.【置于方位词前】正)

express(a.迅速的,清楚的)――(adv.用快递方式)

(三)介词转化为副词

up(prep.上面,沿着)――(adv.向上地,接近)

about(prep.在周围,到处)――(adv.四周地,随处)

around(prep.沿……绕成一圈,包围)――(adv.四方,围绕)

over(prep.在……正上方)――(adv.由上往下,横过)

合成法(Compounding)

合成法是指一个新词由两个或两个以上的词合成,这种单词之间可以用连字符连接,也可直接连在一起。下面着重讲述四种词性的合成。

(一)合成名词

dress?shirt(礼服衬衫)draw?bridge(吊桥)

flash?flood(暴涨的洪水)echo?sounder(回声探测器)

lotus?eater(贪图享乐的人) sky?surfing(空中冲浪)

power?point(电源插座) driving?licence(驾驶证)

(二)合成形容词

trust?worthy(值得信赖的)quick?change(瞬变的)

pug?nosed(狮子鼻的)on?stage(在舞台上的)

mouth?watering(令人垂涎的)strike?bound(因罢工而停顿的)

run?of?the?mill(普通的)stand?up(站立的,单口相声的)

(三)合成动词

rum?mage(搜寻)tip?toe(踮着脚走)

proof?read(校对)counter?act(抵抗)

sight?read(即兴演奏乐曲)over?haul(大修,仔细检查)

short?change(少找钱,亏待)cat?nap(打盹)

(四)合成副词

straight?way(立刻,马上)like?wise(同样地)

never?the?less(尽管如此)there?fore(因此)

not?with?standing(尽管,还是)sky?high(极高地)

scot?free(免受惩罚,免受伤害)some?how(以某种方式)

篇3:考研英语语法重难点精解之动词

考研英语语法重难点精解之动词

一般将来时(Simple Future Tense)

一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态,其形式和用法如下所述。

1. will/shall+动词,表示单纯的将来含义。

例句: Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (第23题)

分析: 该句是复合句。written and spoken作定语修饰language;that后是一结果状语从句。

译文: 有朝一日,软件既能用来做文字翻译又能做口头翻译,而且能翻译得很好,以至于对任何通用的第二语言的需求都会下降。

例句: Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (选自Text 2)

分析: 该句是复合句。which引导的定语从句修饰its own hotel;从句中you may be sure是插入语,从句的主干部分为which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。

译文: 希尔顿正在那儿建立自己的酒店,你或许可以肯定它将配有(以莎士比亚剧中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特汉堡包店、李尔王休息室、班柯宴会包间等,而且价格非常昂贵。

2. be going to+动词,表示按计划或打算在最近的将来做某事,也可表示对未来的预测。

例句: As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (第18题)

分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分别修饰poor people以及richer people;从句的主干部分为poor people are in conflict with richer people。

译文: 一般来说,只要穷人与富人(也就是一般的有色人种和白色人种)之间有冲突,那么这个世界上的种族冲突就不会停止。

例句: Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly?contested market. (选自Part C)

分析: 该句是简单句。

译文: 显然,只有规模最大、应变能力最强的电视传媒集团才能够在这个精彩纷呈而又竞争 激烈的市场中生存。

3. be to+动词,表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作或要求别人去做的事,常用来表示官方的命令、决定、禁止、许可等。

例句:If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (选自Text 4)

分析:该句是复合句。其中,在主句中,定语从句it hopes to attract修饰audience。

译文:如果吉尔伯特和纽约爱乐乐团想获得成功,他们首先必须改变美国最古老的交响乐团和其想要吸引的新一批观众间的关系。

例句: But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (20第49题)

分析: 该句是复合句,本句主干为his primary task is not to think about...any more than...。定语从句which governs his activity修饰the moral code;其中not...any more than意为“不……也不……”。

译文: 但是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德规范,就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。

4.be about to+动词,表示最近即将发生的动作,不接时间状语。

例句: Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (19第9题)

分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句who is not about to pay compliments to...修饰a young man。

译文: 马林是个有独立思考能力的年轻人,他不会恭维他的政治领导人。

例句: His brother, who was a school teacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.

分析: 该句是并列复合句,其中定语从句who was a school teacher修饰his brother。主干部分为His brother was...,his stomach ulcers were...,one of his children had to..., and his wife was about to...。

译文: 他的哥哥是一位老师,已身无分文,并患上了胃溃疡,他的一个孩子要接受一次大手术,他的爱人将要生一对双胞胎。

5. 位置移动动词,如: come,arrive,go,fly,catch,start,leave,travel的用法是be+现在分词,表示按计划即将发生的一个动作,常跟较近将来时间状语连用。

例句: The Spring Festival is coming, and all the urban people are busy engaging in all kinds of preparations.

分析: 该句是由and连接的并列句。

译文: 春节就要到了,城里人都在忙着做各种各样的准备。

6. 动词come,go,start,leave,arrive,return,begin常用一般现在时表示将来,表示已经预先计划安排好的或肯定发生的动作,主语常为事物名词。

例句: By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. (1994年第1题)

分析: 该句是复合句。arrive用一般现在时表示将来。

译文: 你到达伦敦时,我们将已经在欧洲待了两周了。

现在进行时(Present Continuous Tense)

1. 表示此刻正在进行或在目前限定时间内不断进行的动作。

例句: That may change fast: lots of proposed data?security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington D.C..(选自Text 4)

分析: 该句是并列句,冒号后的`内容是对前面所提内容的进一步说明。

译文: 这一切很快就会改变: 很多提议的信息安全法规正在华盛顿逐一讨论。

例句:It?s no surprise that Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter―nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life?enriching experience. (选自20Text 4)

分析:该句中,破折号前是一个复合句,其中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story is arousing much chatter,引号中的内容与其前cover story为同位语关系;破折号后的内容是对前面陈述内容的解释,suggestion后是一个同位语从句。

译文:詹妮佛・森尼尔见解深刻、颇具煽动性的杂志封面文章《我爱我的孩子,我讨厌我的生活》引发了热烈的议论,这不足为奇――没有什么比“育儿绝非完全是实现自我、丰富生活的体验”这样的暗示更能引发人们的讨论了。

2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作,而此刻并不一定在进行。

例句: The future of this company is at stake: many of its talented employees are following into more profitable net?based businesses. (20第30题)

分析: 该句是并列句,冒号后的内容是对前面内容的进一步解释。

译文: 这家公司的未来生死未卜,它的许多有才能的雇员正流失到赚钱更多的网络行业中去。

例句: “Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset, ” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University?s business school.

分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset修饰an asset。

译文: 斯坦福大学商学院的海姆・门德尔森说: “信息已成为一种资产,需要像其他资产一样加以保护。”

3. 表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这一用法见一般将来时用法5)。

4. 在时间或条件状语从句中,表示将来正在进行的动作。

例句: Take care when you are taking an exam.

Put him up if he is still finding a dwelling place.

注意: 表示状态、感觉或情感的动词不用于现在进行时,如: forget, know, see, notice, love, like, hate, desire, believe, look, think, mind, have, seem, sound, remain等。

(六)将来完成时(Future Perfect Tense)和将来完成进行时(Future Perfect ContinuousTense)

1. 表示将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。

例句: It?s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory will have risen by about 10.

译文:据报道,到本月底这家工厂的水泥产量将要提升10。

例句: The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.

译文: 会议在结束前将持续整个星期。

篇4:考研英语语法重难点精解 动名词

考研英语语法重难点精解 动名词

动名词是一种非谓语动词,它的形式与现在分词相同,具有名词和动词的某些特征,它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语,在句中不能单独做谓语。

动名词的.时态(Tense)

以动词do为例:

主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 从上述表格可以看出,动名词和现在分词的时态完全相同,而非谓语动词之间的区别主要是用法上的区别。动名词和现在分词形式相同,用法却大相径庭,动名词一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生,而动名词的完成式则表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前已发生。

例句: Mr. Jankin regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.(regretted与blaming所表示动作几乎同时发生)

分析: 该句是复合句。动名词blaming在句中作宾语,it was his own fault是discovered的宾语从句。

译文: 坚金先生后悔责怪秘书了,因为他后来发现是自己的过错。

例句: ――Did you find out who had stolen my watch?

――That child didn?t admit having done that.(having done所表示动作在动词admit 前已经发生)

分析: 前一分句是一复合句,who had stolen my watch作find out的宾语,后一分句是一简单句。

译文: ――你查出是谁把我的手表盗走了吗?

――那个孩子不承认是他干的。

例句: I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(having been given所表示动作在谓语动词appreciated之前已发生)

分析: 该句是简单句。

译文: 我很感谢两年前给我出国进修的机会。

考研频道。

篇5:考研英语语法重难点精解 动名词

考研英语语法重难点精解 动名词

动名词是一种非谓语动词,它的形式与现在分词相同,具有名词和动词的某些特征,它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语,在句中不能单独做谓语。

一、动名词的时态(Tense)

以动词do为例:

主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 从上述表格可以看出,动名词和现在分词的时态完全相同,而非谓语动词之间的区别主要是用法上的区别。动名词和现在分词形式相同,用法却大相径庭,动名词一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生,而动名词的完成式则表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前已发生。

例句: Mr. Jankin regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.(regretted与blaming所表示动作几乎同时发生)

分析: 该句是复合句。动名词blaming在句中作宾语,it was his own fault是discovered的宾语从句。

译文: 坚金先生后悔责怪秘书了,因为他后来发现是自己的过错。

例句: ――Did you find out who had stolen my watch?

――That child didn?t admit having done that.(having done所表示动作在动词admit 前已经发生)

分析: 前一分句是一复合句,who had stolen my watch作find out的宾语,后一分句是一简单句。

译文: ――你查出是谁把我的手表盗走了吗?

――那个孩子不承认是他干的。

例句: I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(having been given所表示动作在谓语动词appreciated之前已发生)

分析: 该句是简单句。

译文: 我很感谢两年前给我出国进修的机会。

二、动名词的用法(Usage)

(一)充当主语

例句: Knowing what you?re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.

(选自Text 1)

分析: 该句是复合句,其中主语中what you?re good at作knowing的宾语。

译文: 假如你了解自己在哪方面擅长并且更多地去实践就能创造辉煌。

例句: Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests. (第6题)

分析: 该句是复合句。when引导一时间状语从句。

译文: 做作业是提高你考试成绩的有效之策;对于随堂测试,该方法尤为可靠。

(二)充当表语

例句: We should always keep in mind that our work is serving the people.

分析: 该句是复合句,其中that our work is serving the people在句中作keep的宾语,短语keep sth. in mind意为“牢记……”。

译文: 我们应切实牢记我们的工作是为人民服务。

例句: Reading is learning, but applying is also learning and the more important kind of learning at that.

分析: 该句是并列句。

译文: 读书是学习,但使用也是学习,而且是更重要的学习。

(三)充当宾语

例句: Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations. (选自Part B)

分析: 该句是简单句。help kids practice...与help them apply...是两并列谓语。

译文: 在家中的讨论可以帮助孩子练习这些事情,也可以帮助他们把这些技能应用到现实的生活中去。

例句: In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”.(第50题)

分析: 该句是简单句。其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是to say “United we stand, divided we fall”。

译文: 在应对如此大规模的挑战时,我们可以毫不夸张地说:“联合,我们就生存;分裂,我们就灭亡”。

(四)充当定语

例句: In the past, he was the only person in the village that could drive walking tractor, which made most of the villagers jealous.

分析: 该句是复合句。that could drive walking tractor是修饰the only person的定语从句,非限制性定语从句which made most of the villagers jealous修饰的是前面整个句子。

译文: 他过去是村里唯一会开拖拉机的人,这令大多数村民羡慕不已。

例句: The workers are busy building a listening room, which will have been finished by the end of this semester.

分析: 该句是复合句。非限制性定语从句which will have been finished by the end of this semester修饰a listening room。

译文: 工人们正在修建的语音室将在本学期末竣工。

三、动名词的逻辑主语

动名词的逻辑主语,表明动名词动作的发出者。能作动名词逻辑主语的词类有:物主代词、名词所有格(即名词所加“’s”,复数名词后以“s”结尾的,在其后加“’”)、名词通格(主格)或人称代词宾格。

例句: Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen. (第2题)

分析: 该句是简单句。nowhere置于句首引起倒装,owing to...在句中作状语。

译文: 自然界中的任何地方都找不到游离态的铝,因为它总是与其他元素,即最常见的是氧元素结合在一起。

注意:

(1) 当逻辑主语是无生命名词或较长名词词组时,通常用名词通格(即主格)。

例句: Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.(第1题)

分析: 该句是复合句。其中动名词的复合结构economic recovery being just around the corner在句中作介词about的'宾语,economic recovery作动名词being的逻辑主语,介词短语with half an eye on the unemployment figures作定语修饰anyone。

译文: 任何人只要一看这些失业数据便知关于经济复苏即将来临的言论是不正确的。

例句: I don’t like Jack and Tom speaking ill of each other in public places.

分析: 该句是简单句。Jack and Tom作speaking ill的逻辑主语。

译文: 我不愿听到杰克和汤姆在公众场合说彼此坏话。

(2) 当逻辑主语是someone, somebody, none, nobody, anyone, anybody等不定代词或this,that指示代词时,通常用名词通格(即主格)。

例句: Just when I was going to sleep, I was awakened by somebody knocking on the door.

分析: 该句是复合句。somebody作动名词knocking的逻辑主语。

译文: 我正要入睡时,有人敲门吵醒了我。

例句: I disapproved of that being said about the teacher, for he has his own good point.

分析: 该句是并列句。指示代词that作动名词being said的逻辑主语。

译文: 我不同意对老师那样的评价,因为他也有他的优点。

(3) 当动名词在句中作主语时,逻辑主语用属格(即物主代词或名词所有格)。

例句: The student’s knowing French well helped him a lot in learning English.

译文: 掌握法语对于学习英语有很大的帮助。

四、动名词的否定形式

动名词的否定形式与分词否定形式一样,由动名词前加not构成。

例句: She always has dozens of excellent excuses for not being able to help you.

分析: 该句是简单句。not being able to help you是动名词的否定形式。

译文: 对于未能帮助你,她总是有太多借口。

例句: She is considering not asking her mother to send her to the airport.

分析: 该句是简单句。not asking...作considering的宾语。

译文: 她正在考虑不让母亲送她去机场。

五、常接动名词作宾语的动词及动词短语

常见动词:

admit, advise, avoid, appreciate, acknowledge, allow, anticipate, consider, complete, contemplate(预期、企图),defer, delay, deny, detest(厌恶), dread, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, endure, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, facilitate(促进), imagine, include, miss, mind, mention, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, propose, quit, recall, resent(怨恨), resist, risk, suggest, understand

动词短语:

can’t help, give up, leave off(停止), look forward to, object to, put off, succeed in, aim at, insist on, persist in, stick to, be good at, do well in, depend on, feel like, be tired(afraid/capable) of, accustomed to, agree to, confess to(承认), submit to, see to, be(get/become) used to, devote oneself to, prefer...to, adapt(adjust) to, apply to

篇6:考研英语语法重难点精解 动词

考研英语语法重难点精解 动词

情态动词+完成时

1. must have done表示对过去的肯定推测“一定发生了”。

例句: My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:“Are you feeling all right?” (第2题)

分析: 该句是复合句,the moment后引导一个时间状语从句;定语从句I met前省略了关系代词whom。

译文: 当我走进房间时,我的疼痛一定很明显。因为我遇到的第一个人就同情地问我: “你还好吧?”

2. can?t have done表示对过去的否定推测“一定没发生”。

例句: You can?t have seen him in his office last Sunday; he?s been out of town for several weeks.

分析: 该句是并列句。

译文: 你上周日不可能在办公室见到他,因为他已经离开本镇好几个星期了。

3. could/may have done表示对过去的肯定推测,语气弱于must have done“很可能发生了”。

例句: Nelson could have won the game, with a little more training and a better manager。

分析: 该句是简单句,with a little more training and a better manager相当于一个与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句,即: If he had had a little more training and a better manager.

译文: 如果尼尔森再多加强训练,再有一个好的教练,他就能赢得比赛。

例句: The current state of affairs may have been encouraged―though not justified―by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. (选自20Text 4)

分析: 该句是复合句,though not justified的完整形式应是though it is not justified,其中it指代破折号前所叙述的内容。

译文: 目前此事的状况可能会被激化,虽然不合理,因为(在美国而不是欧洲)缺乏对信息泄露的法律制裁。

4. couldn?t have done表示对过去的否定推测,语气弱于can?t have done,肯定意味强些,表“可能没发生”。

例句: He couldn?t have been robbed in the street last night, in that he was with me the whole night.

分析: 该句实际是一个复合句,其中短语in that为连词,引导原因状语从句。

译文: 他昨晚在街上不可能被抢劫了,因为整晚他都和我在一起。

5. would have done用于与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中,表假设。

例句: The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution”, including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. (选自Text 4)

分析: 该句的谓语形式是虚拟语气,without引导的'介词短语作其条件状语;that引导了一个定语从句修饰clause。

译文: 如果对“特殊体制”没有保护措施的话,南方诸州是不会签署宪法的。“特殊体制”中包括一个议会代表席位的条款,即一个奴隶得按3/5的人头计算。

例句: A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done. (19第6题)

分析: 这是两个并列句,根据后个句子可以得知这份安全分析从没有做过,所以前个句子是对过去事实的一种虚拟假设。

译文: 安全分析本可以鉴别出预定目标是个潜在的危险。不幸的是,从未做过这种安全分析。

例句: Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. (选自Text 3)

分析: 该句是复合句,在主从句中都隐含了与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,分词短语leading to an underestimate of fish stocks...在句中作状语表示结果。

译文: 个别的鱼没有被捕捉,是因为没有可用来捕捉它们的带饵的钩,这就导致了过去对鱼类资源的低估。

6. might have done表示本来可能而实际未发生的行为,用在与过去事实相反的假设句中。

例句: We didn?t know her telephone number, otherwise we might have telephoned her.

分析: 该句是两个并列分句,前一分句we didn?t know her telephone number相当于一个与过去情况相反的虚拟语气从句,即if we had known her telephone number...。

译文: 我们不知道她的电话号码,要不然我们就会打给她。

7. should/ought to +have done表示“本来应该做某事而实际未做”。其否定形式表示“本来不应该做某事,而实际上已做了”。

例句: Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. (选自20Part B)

分析: 该句是复合句,charging...是分词短语作状语表示伴随;原因状语从句because后又接一宾语从句。

译文: 现在他正在起诉这家赌场,起诉该赌场在知道他已经上瘾的情况下而未拒绝他入场。

例句: It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. (选自Text 1)

分析: 该句是复合句,as引导一状语从句,主句中it为形式主语,真正的主语为that this primacy should have narrowed。

译文: 随着其他国家日益富强起来,(美国的)霸主地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。

例句:Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn?t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world.(选自Text 4)

分析:该句是由but连接的两个并列分句。其中,在前一个分句中,if they shouldn?t have had kids充当wonder的宾语;在后一个分句中,the message后接一个同位语从句。

译文:不快乐的父母很少被激发对“自己是否本不该要孩子”的思考,但不快乐的无子女者会时常被“孩子是世界上唯一最重要的事情”这一信息所困扰。

8.needn?t have done表示本来没必要而实际已发生的行为。

例句: As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn?t have dressed up so formally. (19第2题)

分析: 该句是复合句,as在句中引导一个状语从句,表示原因。

译文: 原来只不过是一个小小的家庭聚会,我们没有必要穿戴得如此正式。

例句: You needn?t have done all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.

译文: 你本不需要做这些运算!我们有做这类事情的计算机。

另外: must/can?t be+名词,表示对现在肯定或否定的推测,意为“一定是”、“一定不是”。

例句: If no surplus is available, a farmer can?t be self?sufficient.(选自20Cloze Test)

分析: 该句是复合句。

译文: 没有余粮,农民就不能自给自足。

例句: For there to be successful communication there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present. (年第8题)

分析: 该句是简单句。

译文: 要达到成功交流的目的,所有在场的人都要集中精神,积极参加讨论。

9.didn?t need to do表示过去不必做,结果也未发生的行为。

例句: He didn?t need to get up so early as usual because of illness, so he stayed in bed till the afternoon.

分析: 该句是由so连接的两个并列句。

译文: 由于生病,他不必像往日那样早起,一直在床上躺到中午。

篇7:考研英语语法重难点精解 副词

考研英语语法重难点精解 副词

副词可修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子。

例句: Andrew, my father?s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family?s disappointment. (1997年第3题)

分析: 该句是简单句,其中副词much修饰介词短语to the family?s disappointment。

译文: 我父亲的弟弟安德鲁不会参加野餐,这令全家人非常失望。

一、副词的分类

1. 时间副词,如now, yesterday, today, ago, then, lately, soon, shortly, immediately, finally, recently, before, tomorrow。

例句: Americans today don?t place a very high value on intellect. (选自2004年Text 4)

分析: 该句是简单句。

译文: 现在美国人不重视智力。

2. 地点副词,如here, there, above, below, downstairs, upstairs, home, somewhere, everywhere, elsewhere, down, up, anywhere等。

例句: Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses? convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (选自2002年Text 1)

分析: 该句是复合句,两个which引导的定语从句分别修饰an example和a story,前一个 which引导的定语从句为非限制性定语从句,起补充说明作用。

译文: 比如说,在一次护士大会上,我听到了一个能很好地发挥幽默效果的故事,因为所有的听众都对医生持有相同的看法。

3. 程度副词,如fairly, rather, very, almost, too, quite, enough, so, much。

例句: She had clearly no intention of doing any work, although she was very well paid.(1997年第34题)

分析: 该句是复合句,although后面跟的是让步状语从句。

译文: 虽然付给她的报酬丰厚,但她无意去工作。

4. 频率副词,如sometimes, often, usually, always, frequently, constantly, rarely, seldom, never, occasionally。

例句: In addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built?in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served.

分析: 该句是简单句,其中built?in意为“内嵌式的”。在方式状语中,that need to be served为定语从句,修饰the functions。

译文: 此外,根据需要满足的功能,设计者通常必须选择家具或设计内嵌式家具。

5.方式副词,表示动作发生或进行的方式,如quickly,fast,slowly,suddenly,carefully, well, properly, roughly, angrily, rudely。

例句: You would be shocked if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look like the inside of a restaurant.

分析: 该句是复合句,if引导的从句表示与现在相反的虚拟语气。

译文: 如果你的卧室内部突然变得和饭店内部一样,你可能会大吃一惊。

6.疑问副词,如when, where, how, why, who。

例句: So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? (选自2002年Text 3)

分析: 该句是特殊疑问句。动词warn的ing形式作headlines的后置定语,表示一种主动关系。

译文: 那么这次警告人们经济萧条到来的头版新闻又在哪儿呢?

7.关系副词,如when,where,why。

例句: Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up.

分析: 该句是复合句,主句是it is hard to imagine...。其中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是to imagine that...to competition; that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S.是定语从句修饰the same threats; when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up是非限制定语从句修饰a century ago。

译文: 然而,目前几家石油公司的合并是否再次给竞争带来威胁难以预料。因为美国一个世纪前曾由于合并引发了一场竞争危机,造成了标准石油托拉斯的解体。

8.连接副词,如therefore, then, however, otherwise, hence, so, moreover, yet, consequently, besides, nevertheless, when, where, why, how。

例句: It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent. (选自2002年Use of English)

分析: 该句是复合句,其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century。 followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s作定语修饰the introduction。 although its impact on the media...是一个让步状语从句。

译文: 然而,人们普遍认为,20世纪初出现的'计算机以及随后在20世纪60年代发明的集成电路尽管对传媒的影响没有立即显现出来,但却彻底改变了发展进程。

9.否定副词,如rarely,seldom,hardly,scarcely,never。

例句:The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna?and?child image on newsstands this week. (选自2011年Text 4)

分析:该句是简单句。其中,分词短语showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby和 holding a cute baby分别作后置定语,修饰cover和mother。

译文:展现“魅力妈妈怀抱可爱宝宝”的杂志封面并非本周报摊上唯一对“圣母与圣子”形象的描述。

例句: Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients―notably, protein―to feed expanding tissues. (选自2008年Text 3)

分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分是Growth demands calories and nutrients to feed expanding tissues。which rarely continues beyond the age of 20是修饰主语growth的非限制性定语从句。后面的破折号起补充说明作用。

译文: 20岁后很少有人再继续长高,长高需要热量和营养,特别是蛋白质,以满足身体组织生长的需求。

二、副词的位置

1.修饰形容词、副词,副词常置于它们之前(enough除外)。

例句: The mechanisms at work are manifest in the tendency for such physical activity to utilize the potentially harmful constituents of the stress response. (2000年第14题)

分析: 该句是简单句,其中不定式to utilize the potentially harmful constituents of the stress response作状语表示目的。

译文: 在此起作用的机制显然有此倾向,即这种身体活动会利用应激反应中的潜在有害因素。

例句: The newly?built Science Building seems substantial enough to last a hundred.

分析: 该句是简单句,其中副词enough作定语修饰形容词substantial。

译文: 新建的科学大楼看上去很坚固,一百年也坏不了。

2.修饰实义动词时,副词常置于该动词后或该动词宾语后面。

例句: The solution works only for couples who are self?employed, don?t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together. (1999年第8题)

分析: 该句是复合句,主句部分为the solution works only for couples, 而who are self? employed,...是修饰couples的定语从句。

译文: 这一解决办法只适用于那些自谋职业、没有小孩子而且大部分时间待在一起和睦相处的夫妻。

3.频率副词和否定副词一般取中间位置,置于实义动词之前、系动词be或第一个助动词之后。

例句: As for the influence of computerization, nowhere have we seen the results more clearly than in the US, which really have surprised us all.

分析: 该句是复合句,which really have surprised us all是一个非限制性定语从句修饰the results,主句中nowhere置于句首引起倒装。

译文: 就计算机化的影响而言,其结果在美国比在其他任何地方都明显,这真使我们惊奇不已。

例句: Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest, but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable. (选自2000年Cloze Test)

分析: 该句是一个由but连接的并列句。

译文: 他自然会努力去获取低息贷款,但这种贷款并不是经常能贷到的。

4.有些副词修饰整个句子,常置于句前,并用逗号与句子的其他成分隔开。

例句: Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. (2007年第46题)

分析: 该句是简单句,句子的主干部分是legal learning has been viewed as...rather than...。

译文: 长久以来,法律知识在这类学校里

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考研英语语法重难点精解之介词
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