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篇1:考研英语语法难点精解之分词
考研英语语法难点精解之分词
充当补足语
1.宾语补足语
现在分词常放在感官动词see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, smell, notice, observe, watch, find后以及使役动词get, have, keep, set, send, leave后作宾语补足语。
过去分词常放在see, hear, watch, get, keep, leave, have, like, want, wish, order等词后作宾语补足语。
例句: My students found the book enlightening:it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.(第24题)
分析: 该句是并列句,冒号后内容对其前内容做进一步说明。
译文: 我的学生发现这本书很有启发性,因为它向学生提供了这一科目的大量信息。
例句: Canada?s premiers(the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce heath?care costs.(选自Part B)
分析: 该句是复合句,主句部分为Canada?s premiers might spare a moment to do something,together,to reduce heath?care costs;after complaining about...的完整形式为after they are complaining about...。
译文: 加拿大省府的官员们如果在7月下旬年会上对中央政府大发牢骚之后还有力气的话,他们应该花一点时间来做一些实事,尽量减少健康福利的支出。
2.主语补足语
把主动语态转换成被动语态,原先主动语态中的`宾语补足语也相应地转变为主语补足语。
例句: I was left wondering what he was driving at by his equivocal remark.
分析: 该句是复合句。what he was driving at作wondering的宾语,wondering作主语补足语成分,其中短语drive at意为“企图,意图,暗示”。
译文: 他模棱两可的言语不禁使我纳闷:他到底是啥意思。
例句: I am kept informed by Professor Richard of the latest developments in genetic engineering in his country.
分析: 该句是简单句。短语keep sb. informed of意为“使某人了解或掌握某事”。
译文: 理查德教授给我讲解了他的国家基因工程的最新进展。
(四)充当状语
分词作状语是分词重要用法,可以表示时间、原因、方式、条件、让步、结果和伴随情况,分词作状语时,其逻辑主语(表示分词动作发出者,是隐含的)与句子主语保持一致,否则就会产生悬垂或荡空结构。
因此得出分词作状语的公式,即:分词(短语)+主谓。在该公式中,“分词(短语)”与“主谓”位置比较灵活,可以前后调换,“主谓”为一完整句子,该句的主语与“分词(短语)”的逻辑主语保持一致,另外,分词在句中作状语,可以根据所表示内容的不同将其改为相应状语从句。
例句: Having read for a long time, his eyes felt uncomfortable.
分析: 句中having read是分词短语作状语表示原因,而该句主语his eyes并不能作它的逻辑主语,即产生悬垂或荡空结构,所以应改为:Having read for a long time (because he had read for a long time), he felt uncomfortable/he felt his eyes uncomfortable.
分析: 该句是简单句。分词短语having read for a long time在句中作状语表示原因。
译文: 由于长时间看书,他感到眼睛不舒服。
例句: Changing from solid to liquid(When water changes from...),water takes in heat from all substance near it, and this absorption produces artificial cold surrounding it.
(第29题)
分析: 该句是并列句。介词短语from all substance near it在句中作状语,表示范围(地点),分词短语changing from solid to liquid在句中作状语,表示时间。
译文: 水从固态变成液态时,吸收它周围所有物质的热量,而这种吸收造成了它周围的非自然低温状态。
例句: Continued exposure to stress has been linked to worsened functioning of the immune system, leaving(and this leaves)a person more liable to infection.
(第20题)
分析: 该句是简单句。分词leaving a person...在句中作状语表示结果。
译文: 持续不断地处于紧张状态已经被证明与免疫系统功能下降有关,这样会使人更容易受到感染。
例句: At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. (选自Text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句。句子主干是the brain shuts down half of that capacity,分词短语preserving only...作状语,表示伴随, that have seemed...是一个修饰modes of thought的定语从句,介词短语during the first decade or so of life是定语从句中的时间状语。
译文: 然而,在人类青春期过后,大脑就会关闭一半的这种能力,仅仅保留那些在人生最初十几年中看起来最有价值的思维模式。
另外,为了明确表示时间、条件、让步等,有时可在分词前加when,while,if,though等连词。
例句: More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non?English?speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best?practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry?s work. (选自20Text 3)
分析: 该句是复合句。句子主干是the researchers discovered that...,that后是discovered 的宾语从句,while examining housing construction是时间状语从句,相当于while researchers were examining...,介词短语despite the complexity of...作让步状语。
译文: 最近,在检查房屋建设时,研究人员发现尽管建筑行业工作的复杂性很高,但是在得克萨斯州的休斯敦市,那些没受过教育、不会讲英语的墨西哥工人总是可以达到劳动生产率的最高标准。
例句: Though raised in San Francisco, Dave Mitchell had always preferred to record the plain facts of small?town life.
分析: 该句是简单句。Though raised in...在句中作状语表示让步,相当于从句Though he was raised in...。
译文: 尽管戴夫・米切尔出生在旧金山长大,但他总是喜欢记录小镇平凡的生活。
例句: When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying“I have no idea.” (选自Part B)
分析: 该句是复合句。what they want to do作asked的宾语,When asked...相当于When they are asked...。
译文: 当问及他们将来想干什么时,应当阻止他们回答说“我还没想好。”
大学网考研频道。篇2:考研英语语法重难点精解 分词
考研英语语法重难点精解 分词
分词(Participle)
分词是一种非谓语动词,在句中不能单独作谓语。它包括现在分词(present participle)和过去分词(past participle)两种形式,这两种形式在句中的基本功能相同,主要起形容词和副词的作用,在句中作定语、状语、表语和补语,请看例句:
例句: All flightsbecause of the snowstorm,we decided to take the train.
(1993年第7题)
A.were canceledB.had been canceled
C.having canceledD.having been canceled
译文: 因为暴风雪,所有的班机都被取消了,我们决定改乘火车。
分析: 此题多次在研究生及四、六级考试中出现,是一个十分有难度的题,它所涉及的语法也是方方面面的。首先排除B选项,因为过去完成时出现在主从复合句中,此句中无连接词,这一点在时态中已讲过。从句意判断,“飞机航班的取消应该是我们决定乘坐火车的一个原因”,所以句中all flights...the snowstorm在整个句中作一成分,即作状语表原因,既然是一成分就不是一个句子,因而不能出现谓语动词,随之排除A选项。飞机与取消之间应该是被动关系,所以排除C选项(表主动)。答案为D选项(表被动)。选项中C、D分别为现在分词完成式的主动式和被动式。动名词和现在分词形式相同,所以C、D也可称为动名词完成式的主动式和被动式,但由于动名词和现在分词最大区别在于动名词在句中不能作状语,因而排除动名词的可能性,由此引申出分词的时态。
一、分词的'时态和语态(Tense and Voice)
以动词do为例:
语态 时态 主动 被动 现在分词 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having donehaving been done 过去分词 done 从上表中可看出,现在分词的一般式和完成式各有主动式和被动式,而过去分词只有一种形式,现在分词和过去分词在用法上的区别为前者表示正在进行的主动动作,后者表示已经完成的被动动作,而现在分词一般式的被动式和完成式的被动式则表示分词在作状语时,分词的逻辑主语与句子主语之间的关系(这一点将在“分词的用法”中讲到)。现在分词一般式表示动作与谓语动词动作几乎同时发生,而现在分词完成式则表示动作在谓语动词之前已经发生或完成,如上述例句中“飞机取消在我们决定乘坐火车之前”,即having been canceled的动作发生在谓语动词decided之前。另外,分词在作状语前提下,现在分词完成式的被动式即having been done等同于过去分词done, 所以上述例句中如果有canceled选项同为正确选项,等同于D选项having been canceled。
例句: The ruling party could even lose its majority in the lower house of parliament, starting a period of prolonged struggling.(starting所表示动作与lose所表示动作几乎同时发生) (20第13题)
分析: 该句是简单句。分词starting a period of prolonged struggling在句中作状语,表示原因,相当于because the ruling party started...。
译文: 由于开始了一场持久之战,执政党可能会失去下议院大多数议员的支持。
例句: Having been robbed of economic importance, those states are not likely to count for very much in international political terms.(having been robbed of在are not likely to count for的动作之前已经发生) (第14题)
分析: 该句是简单句。Having been robbed of economic importance在句中作状语,表示原因,由于它与主语those states之间是被动关系,所以使用现在分词完成式的被动式,相当于because those states have been robbed of...。
译文: 失去了经济上的重要地位,那些国家也就不会在国际政治事务中举足轻重。
例句: Walking along the street, I saw a high building.(walking和saw的动作几乎同时发生)
分析: 该句是简单句。分词短语Walking along the street在句中作状语,表示时间,相当于when I was walking...。
译文: 当我沿着马路走时,看见一座高楼。
例句: Having done his homework, the boy went to bed with his little brother.(having done 在went to的动作之前已经发生)
分析: 该句是简单句。分词短语Having done his homework在句中作状语,表示时间,相当于after the boy had finished...。
译文: 做完作业后,小男孩和他弟弟一起睡觉。
大学网考研频道。篇3:考研英语语法重难点精解
转化法(Conversion)
转化法是指单词词形不变,而词性却由一种词性转化为另一种词性,转化后的词义与转化前相比有时有联系,有时差异很大。主要体现在以下几个方面。
一、转化为动词
(一)名词转化为动词
slip(n.滑倒;小错)――(v.滑倒;悄悄地塞入)
trumpet(n.小号,喇叭)――(v. 大声宣告或鼓吹)
plate(n.盘子)――(v.镀金)
lap(n.重叠部分)――(v.包扎;拍打;使部分重叠)
(二)形容词转化为动词
coordinate(a.同等的)――(v.使协调)
last(a.最后的)――(v.持续,维持)
firm(a.坚固的)――(v.变稳固,变坚实)
near(a.不远的)――(v.靠近,接近)
(三)副词转化为动词
snap(adv.啪的一声)――(v.厉声说)
forward(adv.向前)――(v.邮寄,传递;提高)
counter(adv.相反)――(v.反对,反击)
dirty(adv.很,非常)――(v.弄脏)
二、转化为名词(一)动词转化为名词
associate(v.联系)――(n.同事,伙伴)
zero(v.瞄准,聚焦)――(n.零点)
warp(v.使弯曲)――(n.弯曲;偏见)
zone(v.划归)――(n.区域)
(二)形容词转化为名词
warm(a.温暖的,热情的)――(n.温和的地方)
bound(a.必定的;受约束的)――(n.跳,跳跃)
bottom(a.最后的,底部的)――(n.底面)
ill(a.不适的,有病的)――(n.恶行,邪恶)
三、转化为形容词(一)名词转化为形容词
relative(n.亲戚)――(a.相对的)
forte(n.特长)――(a.强音的)
drunk(n.醉鬼)――(a.烂醉的,飘飘然的)
initial(n.首字母)――(a.最初的)
(二)副词转化为形容词
sharp(adv.准时地,整点)――(a.锋利的,陡峭的)
stark(adv.完全地)――(a.光秃秃的;严格的)
cheap(adv.廉价)――(a.便宜的,花钱少的)
devilish(adv.很,非常)――(a.邪恶的,恶毒的)
(三)介词转化为形容词
inside(prep.在内,向内)――(a.内部的,从内部得到的)
down(prep.朝向下方,沿着)――(a.往下的,向下的)
given(prep.考虑到,鉴于)――(a.给予的,指定的)
in(prep.在……内,从事)――(a.流行的;亮着的)
四、转化为副词(一)名词转化为副词
light(n.光线,光源)――(adv.轻装地;轻地)
down(n.绒毛,汗毛)――(adv.往低处,向下)
slap(n.掌击)――(adv.直接,正好)
well(n.水井,来源)――(adv.满意地,称赞地)
(二)形容词转化为副词
live(a.有生命的,发着光的)――(adv.从现场,实地)
little(a.小的,短的)――(adv.稍许)
due(a.应支付的,到期的)――(adv.【置于方位词前】正)
express(a.迅速的,清楚的)――(adv.用快递方式)
(三)介词转化为副词
up(prep.上面,沿着)――(adv.向上地,接近)
about(prep.在周围,到处)――(adv.四周地,随处)
around(prep.沿……绕成一圈,包围)――(adv.四方,围绕)
over(prep.在……正上方)――(adv.由上往下,横过)
合成法(Compounding)
合成法是指一个新词由两个或两个以上的词合成,这种单词之间可以用连字符连接,也可直接连在一起。下面着重讲述四种词性的合成。
(一)合成名词
dress?shirt(礼服衬衫)draw?bridge(吊桥)
flash?flood(暴涨的洪水)echo?sounder(回声探测器)
lotus?eater(贪图享乐的人) sky?surfing(空中冲浪)
power?point(电源插座) driving?licence(驾驶证)
(二)合成形容词
trust?worthy(值得信赖的)quick?change(瞬变的)
pug?nosed(狮子鼻的)on?stage(在舞台上的)
mouth?watering(令人垂涎的)strike?bound(因罢工而停顿的)
run?of?the?mill(普通的)stand?up(站立的,单口相声的)
(三)合成动词
rum?mage(搜寻)tip?toe(踮着脚走)
proof?read(校对)counter?act(抵抗)
sight?read(即兴演奏乐曲)over?haul(大修,仔细检查)
short?change(少找钱,亏待)cat?nap(打盹)
(四)合成副词
straight?way(立刻,马上)like?wise(同样地)
never?the?less(尽管如此)there?fore(因此)
not?with?standing(尽管,还是)sky?high(极高地)
scot?free(免受惩罚,免受伤害)some?how(以某种方式)
篇4:考研英语语法重难点精解之动词
考研英语语法重难点精解之动词
一般将来时(Simple Future Tense)
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态,其形式和用法如下所述。
1. will/shall+动词,表示单纯的将来含义。
例句: Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (第23题)
分析: 该句是复合句。written and spoken作定语修饰language;that后是一结果状语从句。
译文: 有朝一日,软件既能用来做文字翻译又能做口头翻译,而且能翻译得很好,以至于对任何通用的第二语言的需求都会下降。
例句: Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (选自Text 2)
分析: 该句是复合句。which引导的定语从句修饰its own hotel;从句中you may be sure是插入语,从句的主干部分为which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。
译文: 希尔顿正在那儿建立自己的酒店,你或许可以肯定它将配有(以莎士比亚剧中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特汉堡包店、李尔王休息室、班柯宴会包间等,而且价格非常昂贵。
2. be going to+动词,表示按计划或打算在最近的将来做某事,也可表示对未来的预测。
例句: As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (第18题)
分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分别修饰poor people以及richer people;从句的主干部分为poor people are in conflict with richer people。
译文: 一般来说,只要穷人与富人(也就是一般的有色人种和白色人种)之间有冲突,那么这个世界上的种族冲突就不会停止。
例句: Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly?contested market. (选自Part C)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 显然,只有规模最大、应变能力最强的电视传媒集团才能够在这个精彩纷呈而又竞争 激烈的市场中生存。
3. be to+动词,表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作或要求别人去做的事,常用来表示官方的命令、决定、禁止、许可等。
例句:If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (选自Text 4)
分析:该句是复合句。其中,在主句中,定语从句it hopes to attract修饰audience。
译文:如果吉尔伯特和纽约爱乐乐团想获得成功,他们首先必须改变美国最古老的交响乐团和其想要吸引的新一批观众间的关系。
例句: But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (20第49题)
分析: 该句是复合句,本句主干为his primary task is not to think about...any more than...。定语从句which governs his activity修饰the moral code;其中not...any more than意为“不……也不……”。
译文: 但是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德规范,就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。
4.be about to+动词,表示最近即将发生的动作,不接时间状语。
例句: Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (19第9题)
分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句who is not about to pay compliments to...修饰a young man。
译文: 马林是个有独立思考能力的年轻人,他不会恭维他的政治领导人。
例句: His brother, who was a school teacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.
分析: 该句是并列复合句,其中定语从句who was a school teacher修饰his brother。主干部分为His brother was...,his stomach ulcers were...,one of his children had to..., and his wife was about to...。
译文: 他的哥哥是一位老师,已身无分文,并患上了胃溃疡,他的一个孩子要接受一次大手术,他的爱人将要生一对双胞胎。
5. 位置移动动词,如: come,arrive,go,fly,catch,start,leave,travel的用法是be+现在分词,表示按计划即将发生的一个动作,常跟较近将来时间状语连用。
例句: The Spring Festival is coming, and all the urban people are busy engaging in all kinds of preparations.
分析: 该句是由and连接的并列句。
译文: 春节就要到了,城里人都在忙着做各种各样的准备。
6. 动词come,go,start,leave,arrive,return,begin常用一般现在时表示将来,表示已经预先计划安排好的或肯定发生的动作,主语常为事物名词。
例句: By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. (1994年第1题)
分析: 该句是复合句。arrive用一般现在时表示将来。
译文: 你到达伦敦时,我们将已经在欧洲待了两周了。
现在进行时(Present Continuous Tense)
1. 表示此刻正在进行或在目前限定时间内不断进行的动作。
例句: That may change fast: lots of proposed data?security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington D.C..(选自Text 4)
分析: 该句是并列句,冒号后的`内容是对前面所提内容的进一步说明。
译文: 这一切很快就会改变: 很多提议的信息安全法规正在华盛顿逐一讨论。
例句:It?s no surprise that Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter―nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life?enriching experience. (选自20Text 4)
分析:该句中,破折号前是一个复合句,其中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story is arousing much chatter,引号中的内容与其前cover story为同位语关系;破折号后的内容是对前面陈述内容的解释,suggestion后是一个同位语从句。
译文:詹妮佛・森尼尔见解深刻、颇具煽动性的杂志封面文章《我爱我的孩子,我讨厌我的生活》引发了热烈的议论,这不足为奇――没有什么比“育儿绝非完全是实现自我、丰富生活的体验”这样的暗示更能引发人们的讨论了。
2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作,而此刻并不一定在进行。
例句: The future of this company is at stake: many of its talented employees are following into more profitable net?based businesses. (20第30题)
分析: 该句是并列句,冒号后的内容是对前面内容的进一步解释。
译文: 这家公司的未来生死未卜,它的许多有才能的雇员正流失到赚钱更多的网络行业中去。
例句: “Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset, ” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University?s business school.
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset修饰an asset。
译文: 斯坦福大学商学院的海姆・门德尔森说: “信息已成为一种资产,需要像其他资产一样加以保护。”
3. 表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这一用法见一般将来时用法5)。
4. 在时间或条件状语从句中,表示将来正在进行的动作。
例句: Take care when you are taking an exam.
Put him up if he is still finding a dwelling place.
注意: 表示状态、感觉或情感的动词不用于现在进行时,如: forget, know, see, notice, love, like, hate, desire, believe, look, think, mind, have, seem, sound, remain等。
(六)将来完成时(Future Perfect Tense)和将来完成进行时(Future Perfect ContinuousTense)
1. 表示将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。
例句: It?s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory will have risen by about 10.
译文:据报道,到本月底这家工厂的水泥产量将要提升10。
例句: The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.
译文: 会议在结束前将持续整个星期。
篇5:考研英语语法重难点精解之介词
考研英语语法重难点精解之介词
・・・ 考研常用介词的基本用法
(一)in
1. 表示较长的一段时间,如年、季节、月、周等。
in
in five months
in the second year
2. 表示在……内或较大的.地方。
in the city
in the classroom
3. 表示再过若干时间,仅用于将来时态。
in three days (三天后)
4. 表示用……,以……。
speak in Chinese (用汉语说)
write in red (用红墨水写)
5. 表示衣着特征。
be in red (穿着红衣服)
be in one?s sixties (在某人60多岁的时候)
6. 在……方面。
in ethics
in spelling
7. 表示具体的环境、情况等。
to go out in the wind
8. 表方向(朝)。
in all directions
(二)at
1. (表时间、年龄等)在,当。
at day break, at the age of eight
2. (表地点、位置、场合)在,于。
at the railway station
at the opening ceremony
at 89 Jitai Road
3. (表示速度、价格、比率等)以。
at the full speed
at a lower price
at the rate of 125 miles an hour
4. (表示目标、方向等)对,向。
rush at
aim at
5. 指离某事物的距离。
a bus at fifty meters
6. 表活动情况,状态。
at war
(三)by
1. 靠近某人(物)。
by the lake
sit by me
2. 不迟于,到……为止。
by next week
3. 按照(某事物),根据。
by one?s watch
4. 沿……,通过。
by the rear door
by the nearest road
5. (用于被动式)被……,受……,因……。
be seen to by the nurse
6. 表运输或取道的方式。
by air/land/bus
(四)on
1. 在……日期(表示具体的某天或某天的上、下午)。
on Monday
on the first of October
2. 在……上(与物体接触)。
on the desk
3. 论述,关于。
on friendship
a lecture on CET?4
4. 一……就(表示前后紧接的时间关系)。
on hearing the bad news...
5. 通过,以……方式。
on the radio
broadcast on the TV
6. 正在……,处于……状态。
on strike
on business出差
7. 朝,向。
smile on sb. (对……赞许)
marching on Beijing (向北京出发)
研究生考试,考研频道。篇6:考研英语语法难点精解 名词所有格
考研英语语法难点精解 名词所有格
名词的格是表示名词或代词与句中其他词之间意义关系的形式,英语中格的形式有普通格(common case)和属格(genitive case),属格又被称为所有格,当名词在句中表示所有关系时,名词便采用属格形式,属格分为两种:一种是?s属格,另一种是由介词词组构成的of属格。
单数名词加?s,复数名词加“?”(不以s结尾的复数名词仍加“?s”),如:
a boy?s sister
the children?s holiday
the teachers? room
例句: And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today?s data and feel fairly confident.” (选自Text 3)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主干部分是Gordon says that...。
译文: 如果你需要预测人类在不久将来的身高情况以设计一种新的衣服,戈登认为基本上“你可以使用今天的(身高)数据,并且感到颇有信心。”
用s属格时应注意以下问题:
(一)复合名词在最后一个词后加“?s”
如:
my sister?in?law?s present (我嫂子的礼物)
the commander?in?chief?s wife (总司令的妻子)
the grandson?s toys (孙子的玩具)
(二)由两个或三个名词并列组成的词组所有格
由两个或三个名词并列组成的词组,如在最后一个词后加?s表示并列名词的共有关系;如各个名词后都加?s则表示并列各名词的.所有关系,如:
Tom and John?s car/Tom?s and John?s cars
前者指Tom和John两人共有的一辆汽车;后者指Tom和John两人各自的汽车,故用复数cars。
(三)s属格和of短语的所有格
s属格和of短语都可表示所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系,但表示类别时只能用?s所有格。
如:
women?s shoes (女鞋)
students? books (学生用书)
a master?s degree (研究生学位)
例句: And even more incredible is the young brain?s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.
分析:该句是倒装句,正常句序是the young brain?s...in new ways is even more incredible,主语中to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine...在句中作定语修饰ability。
译文: 更令人难以相信的是,幼儿能从其周围杂乱的声音中识别语言顺序,并能分析和按新的方式组合与重新组合语言成分。
大学网考研频道。篇7:考研英语语法重难点精解 动名词
考研英语语法重难点精解 动名词
动名词是一种非谓语动词,它的形式与现在分词相同,具有名词和动词的某些特征,它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语,在句中不能单独做谓语。
动名词的.时态(Tense)
以动词do为例:
主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 从上述表格可以看出,动名词和现在分词的时态完全相同,而非谓语动词之间的区别主要是用法上的区别。动名词和现在分词形式相同,用法却大相径庭,动名词一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生,而动名词的完成式则表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前已发生。
例句: Mr. Jankin regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.(regretted与blaming所表示动作几乎同时发生)
分析: 该句是复合句。动名词blaming在句中作宾语,it was his own fault是discovered的宾语从句。
译文: 坚金先生后悔责怪秘书了,因为他后来发现是自己的过错。
例句: ――Did you find out who had stolen my watch?
――That child didn?t admit having done that.(having done所表示动作在动词admit 前已经发生)
分析: 前一分句是一复合句,who had stolen my watch作find out的宾语,后一分句是一简单句。
译文: ――你查出是谁把我的手表盗走了吗?
――那个孩子不承认是他干的。
例句: I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(having been given所表示动作在谓语动词appreciated之前已发生)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 我很感谢两年前给我出国进修的机会。
考研频道。篇8:考研英语语法重难点精解 动名词
考研英语语法重难点精解 动名词
动名词是一种非谓语动词,它的形式与现在分词相同,具有名词和动词的某些特征,它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语,在句中不能单独做谓语。
一、动名词的时态(Tense)
以动词do为例:
主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 从上述表格可以看出,动名词和现在分词的时态完全相同,而非谓语动词之间的区别主要是用法上的区别。动名词和现在分词形式相同,用法却大相径庭,动名词一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生,而动名词的完成式则表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前已发生。
例句: Mr. Jankin regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.(regretted与blaming所表示动作几乎同时发生)
分析: 该句是复合句。动名词blaming在句中作宾语,it was his own fault是discovered的宾语从句。
译文: 坚金先生后悔责怪秘书了,因为他后来发现是自己的过错。
例句: ――Did you find out who had stolen my watch?
――That child didn?t admit having done that.(having done所表示动作在动词admit 前已经发生)
分析: 前一分句是一复合句,who had stolen my watch作find out的宾语,后一分句是一简单句。
译文: ――你查出是谁把我的手表盗走了吗?
――那个孩子不承认是他干的。
例句: I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(having been given所表示动作在谓语动词appreciated之前已发生)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 我很感谢两年前给我出国进修的机会。
二、动名词的用法(Usage)
(一)充当主语
例句: Knowing what you?re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.
(选自2009年Text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主语中what you?re good at作knowing的宾语。
译文: 假如你了解自己在哪方面擅长并且更多地去实践就能创造辉煌。
例句: Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests. (1998年第6题)
分析: 该句是复合句。when引导一时间状语从句。
译文: 做作业是提高你考试成绩的有效之策;对于随堂测试,该方法尤为可靠。
(二)充当表语
例句: We should always keep in mind that our work is serving the people.
分析: 该句是复合句,其中that our work is serving the people在句中作keep的宾语,短语keep sth. in mind意为“牢记……”。
译文: 我们应切实牢记我们的工作是为人民服务。
例句: Reading is learning, but applying is also learning and the more important kind of learning at that.
分析: 该句是并列句。
译文: 读书是学习,但使用也是学习,而且是更重要的学习。
(三)充当宾语
例句: Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations. (选自2007年Part B)
分析: 该句是简单句。help kids practice...与help them apply...是两并列谓语。
译文: 在家中的讨论可以帮助孩子练习这些事情,也可以帮助他们把这些技能应用到现实的生活中去。
例句: In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”.(2005年第50题)
分析: 该句是简单句。其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是to say “United we stand, divided we fall”。
译文: 在应对如此大规模的挑战时,我们可以毫不夸张地说:“联合,我们就生存;分裂,我们就灭亡”。
(四)充当定语
例句: In the past, he was the only person in the village that could drive walking tractor, which made most of the villagers jealous.
分析: 该句是复合句。that could drive walking tractor是修饰the only person的定语从句,非限制性定语从句which made most of the villagers jealous修饰的是前面整个句子。
译文: 他过去是村里唯一会开拖拉机的人,这令大多数村民羡慕不已。
例句: The workers are busy building a listening room, which will have been finished by the end of this semester.
分析: 该句是复合句。非限制性定语从句which will have been finished by the end of this semester修饰a listening room。
译文: 工人们正在修建的语音室将在本学期末竣工。
三、动名词的逻辑主语
动名词的逻辑主语,表明动名词动作的发出者。能作动名词逻辑主语的词类有:物主代词、名词所有格(即名词所加“’s”,复数名词后以“s”结尾的,在其后加“’”)、名词通格(主格)或人称代词宾格。
例句: Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen. (1997年第2题)
分析: 该句是简单句。nowhere置于句首引起倒装,owing to...在句中作状语。
译文: 自然界中的任何地方都找不到游离态的铝,因为它总是与其他元素,即最常见的是氧元素结合在一起。
注意:
(1) 当逻辑主语是无生命名词或较长名词词组时,通常用名词通格(即主格)。
例句: Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.(1999年第1题)
分析: 该句是复合句。其中动名词的复合结构economic recovery being just around the corner在句中作介词about的'宾语,economic recovery作动名词being的逻辑主语,介词短语with half an eye on the unemployment figures作定语修饰anyone。
译文: 任何人只要一看这些失业数据便知关于经济复苏即将来临的言论是不正确的。
例句: I don’t like Jack and Tom speaking ill of each other in public places.
分析: 该句是简单句。Jack and Tom作speaking ill的逻辑主语。
译文: 我不愿听到杰克和汤姆在公众场合说彼此坏话。
(2) 当逻辑主语是someone, somebody, none, nobody, anyone, anybody等不定代词或this,that指示代词时,通常用名词通格(即主格)。
例句: Just when I was going to sleep, I was awakened by somebody knocking on the door.
分析: 该句是复合句。somebody作动名词knocking的逻辑主语。
译文: 我正要入睡时,有人敲门吵醒了我。
例句: I disapproved of that being said about the teacher, for he has his own good point.
分析: 该句是并列句。指示代词that作动名词being said的逻辑主语。
译文: 我不同意对老师那样的评价,因为他也有他的优点。
(3) 当动名词在句中作主语时,逻辑主语用属格(即物主代词或名词所有格)。
例句: The student’s knowing French well helped him a lot in learning English.
译文: 掌握法语对于学习英语有很大的帮助。
四、动名词的否定形式
动名词的否定形式与分词否定形式一样,由动名词前加not构成。
例句: She always has dozens of excellent excuses for not being able to help you.
分析: 该句是简单句。not being able to help you是动名词的否定形式。
译文: 对于未能帮助你,她总是有太多借口。
例句: She is considering not asking her mother to send her to the airport.
分析: 该句是简单句。not asking...作considering的宾语。
译文: 她正在考虑不让母亲送她去机场。
五、常接动名词作宾语的动词及动词短语
常见动词:
admit, advise, avoid, appreciate, acknowledge, allow, anticipate, consider, complete, contemplate(预期、企图),defer, delay, deny, detest(厌恶), dread, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, endure, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, facilitate(促进), imagine, include, miss, mind, mention, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, propose, quit, recall, resent(怨恨), resist, risk, suggest, understand
动词短语:
can’t help, give up, leave off(停止), look forward to, object to, put off, succeed in, aim at, insist on, persist in, stick to, be good at, do well in, depend on, feel like, be tired(afraid/capable) of, accustomed to, agree to, confess to(承认), submit to, see to, be(get/become) used to, devote oneself to, prefer...to, adapt(adjust) to, apply to
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