备考托福写作要警惕这些问题（共8篇）由网友“davidxiaojian”投稿提供，下面就是小编整理过的备考托福写作要警惕这些问题，希望大家喜欢。
篇1：备考托福写作要警惕这些问题
备考托福写作要警惕这些问题
中文式的翻译
有的句子恐怕只有中国人才能理解是什么意思，究其原因就是生硬地翻译了汉语表达方式。受汉语文化影响，我们博大精深的语言在我们的头脑中已经根深蒂固，人的逻辑思维很奇怪，一旦我们每天的思维习惯已经养成，你很难在短时间内进行改变。
建议大家多听。当然是听英文。学语言的顺序一定是听说读写，听就是对语境和语感的最好提高，考生可以尽可能地找一些英文的短片来欣赏，学到英语的同时也娱乐了自己，一举两得。
套路化痕迹明显
这里的套路，就是templates。很多老师授课过程中刻意突出的托福写作套路，学生也千方百计背诵写作套路，导致展现在阅卷官面前的作文框架甚至很多 语句千篇 一律、如出一辙，从而极大地损害了得分。模板固然有用，但是针对first draft的观念，文章的亮点就看不到了。
建议考生可以暂时抛开托福写作考试，从bl.或者日记开始，每天用英文进行写作练习，尽情地把你对社会的情绪和对学校的不满写出来，发泄出来。这个练习会让你的文章逐渐符合first draft的要求。
英语基本功
托福写作是一个逐步积累的过程，包括词汇和语法，有时候是欲速而不达的，机械地记忆往往适得其反。词汇运用不当，句中动词使用混乱，句与句之间散乱不堪，逻辑性不好。
建议大家有计划地、合理地增加词汇量。多读范文，如果考试时间临近，可以选用背诵范文的方法，虽然辛苦一点，但是还是有效的。
提升托福写作的终极秘诀是什么?——仿写
其实，这个问题很简单。我们可以回想一下自己小的时候是如何学习中文的。在两三岁时，虽然我们并没有参加任何形式的中文课程，但是照样能够学会如何正确地说中文。 那是因为，我们周围会有父母和其他亲戚以各种形式做着『示范』，这种示范会潜移默化地影响着我们的语言系统，而小时候我们强大的『模仿』能力，会促使我们快速地吸收、积 累并应用周围正确的中文知识。所以，中文自然而然成为了 我们语言体系中流利的母语。
语言的学习规律是相通的。有了正确的『输入』，才能 有正确的『输出』。所以，要想在英文写作中有所提高，我 们可以借鉴一些上乘的范文，对其思路、结构、语言等进行模仿，并最终应用在我们自己的文章中。这个过程就叫做『仿写』。
如何做仿写?
Step 1 通读范文，了解通篇大意，仔细研究各段构思。
在教学过程中，我会为学生甄选符合国外考 试评分标准的优秀范文。学生拿到这些范文后，可以从宏观的角度了解作者对于题目的观点，是采用了单边、双边还是中立的角度来进行论证。学生还可以从微观的角度，深度分析每个主体段，作者是如何通过有逻辑地说理，并配以恰当具体的例子，来证明此段的分论点。
以下为范?段落实例：
Modern society places a lot of emphasis on success. Though success is clearly desirable, Ithink our intense focus on success is unhealthy and counter productive.People would be better served by learning how to adopt a positive attitude towards failure.
Step 2 学习优秀的语言点
针对每一篇范文，我会为学生总结出其中用法得到的词组和句式，并让学生趁热打铁，强化对这些语料的记忆。这种从整体中提取，呈现成个体的形式，会让学生对这些语料的印象更加深刻。
以下为提取实例：
1、place emphasis on =emphasize 强调，注重
2、counterproductiveadj. 事与愿违，适得其反的
3、sb. be better served对某人有益
serve sb. well 对某人有帮助，有作用
. hope this “punching-in” approach willcontinue to serve you well in the days to come.
4、adopt attitude towards… 对...采取某种态度
Step3 大声朗读，并填入语言点 在进行完前两步之后，我会将范文中优秀的语言点删除，并在相应的位置以填空的形式呈现。学生需要将刚刚记忆过的语言点再次填入文章段落中。这种从个体再回归到整体的过程，会再次强化学生对于语言点及其语法的印象。
以下为实例：
Modern society _____________(关注) success.Though success is clearly desirable, I think our intense focus on success isunhealthy and _______(反作用的，适得其反). _______(人们能获得更多好处) bylearning how to __________(对…采取积极的态度) failure.
Step 4 打开电脑，看着中文提纲，原义输出
接下来的步骤，是仿写过程中最核心的部分。由于大多数学生在初期学习写作的过程中，都是在头脑中想出中文， 再翻译成英文。所以，我们可以模拟这种过程。我将范文翻译成中文版本，然后让学生看着中文，翻译英文。在翻译的过程中，学生会按照之前三个步骤中学习到的语言点及其呈现的形式，主动模仿，写出一篇完整的文章。
这种从无到有的过程，会极大地增强学生的自信心，同时也再次强化了对于之前优秀语言点的学习成果。
以下为中文翻译实例：
现代社会很注重成功。显然人人都想获得成功，但我觉得太关注成功是不健康的而且会适得其反。人们通过学习对失败采取积极的态度会让他们受益更多。
Step 5 对照范文，查漏补缺
每个学生在第4步中翻译出来的英文版本，一般都与范文有些出入。所以，在最后一步中，学生除了可以给老师检查之外，还可以对照第一步中的完整范文，自行查看自己文章中出现的单词拼写、语法错误，以及是否应用了之前学过的优秀语言点。
综上，仿写可以使学生通过『模仿』，学习到正确的文章构思方式，结构的类型，以及优秀的语言点。此外，仿写的整个过程也是通过让学生不断地重复使用这些语言点，达到吸收以及内化的效果。与此同时，学生通过仿写这种从无到有的过程，可以打破对于写作的恐惧，增强自信心，加深对于国外写作考试的理解，切实提高写作功底。
托福写作：如何写一个topic sentence(主题句)
所谓托福写作主题句(topic sentence, 也有人叫它中心句)，就是独立写作主体段中统领全文的那个句子，也就是表述在独立写作头脑风暴和谋篇布局时候想到的“主要理由”或者“论点”的那个句子。通常一篇托福独立写作有三个主题句。
例如在题目“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is betterto work in large companies than in small ones.”，选择agree，三个主题句可以是：
The first reason is that a large company can provide more opportunities to develop one’s ability
Another reason for choosing a big company involves welfare.
A third reason is that one who appreciates the unique culture of abig enterprise will become a more responsible person to the society.
在托福写作中，三个主题句可以说是作文中最重要的一组句子，因为主题句对段落起到“提纲挈领”的作用，同时对整篇文章的结构清晰度和文章逻辑性也至关重要。
如何将这个理由“完整”“清晰”“出彩”的表达出来就是本文讨论的话题。
首先，每段主题句通常都位于段首，紧跟于“first, second, third”这些“信号词”之后。除此之外还需要注意以下几点。
丨简明扼要
主题句需要让读者看到之后能够快速、准确地把握本段的主要内容。这要求我们在写主题句的时候，一方面内容要简单，另一方面用语要凝练。
先来看一个反面例子：
“First and foremost, television, invented in the last century, withits wide availability and increasingly prosperous programs ,becomes one of the most powerful means of communication in history, and is more and more difficult to ignore”
这个主题句涵盖的内容太多，读完这个句子，读者根本不明白本段是要陈述电视节目蓬勃发展(increasingly prosperous program), 要强调电视是最强力的交流工具(the most powerful means of communication in history),还是要论证电视不可被忽视(difficult to ignore)，这就是一个典型的内容太复杂的主题句。
再看一个反例:
“First of all, following the new customs can show a sense of respect,which can allow a better and faster adaption inside the local population so that they make more friends.”
这个句子也有两个论点：表示尊重(show a sense of respect)，扩大社交(make more friends),同样也使读者不能抓住本段的主要内容。
如何避免这种错误，使主题句内容简单呢?很简单，首先做到每个主题句有且只有一个论点。论点就是指我们头脑风暴时候想到的那些“key words”，比如健康，安全，情感等等，每段写一个，不要把健康和安全放在同一个段落，也不要把情感和成功放在同一个段落。
例如上面第二个例子，我们只需要删去一个论点，就可以变得非常简洁：
“To start with, accepting cultures in the foreign country is an indispensable element that contributes to the expansion of social circle.”这是一个简洁的主题句，只有扩大社交(contributes to the expansion of social circle)这一个论点。
论点唯一还不一定能完全做到简洁，来看另一个反例：
“The first reason why letting children care for animals isnot the best way to teach them about responsibility is that it could negatively impact a child’s health.”
这句话虽然只有一个论点，可是用语太繁杂，让人头晕。主题句的语法不建议太复杂，建议大家把花式操作留到其他部分去秀，在主题句，只要写一些简单句，例如：“First, raising pets will exert a negative impact on a child’shealth.”就行了。
丨不是陈述事实
来看下面两个句子：
A: “First, some children might be infected by feeding animals.”
B: “First, raising pets could negatively impact a child’s health.”
哪一个是好的主题句呢?
答案是B。
因为A句的内容是一个“纯粹的事实”，而B句则是“抽象的概念”(exert negative impact)，换言之，A句可以作为B句的例子，但B句不能作为A句的例子。
陈述事实的句子是不能作为主题句的，事实是不言自明的。不言自明，也就不需要后面的文字来“论证”了。主题句需要写“a sentence that you could give examples for”，而不能写一个 “example”。
来练习判断下面几组句子中哪一个可以做主题句呢?
A: “Second, the academic performance of some children becomes poor after they are responsible for caring for a pet.”
B：“Second, caring for a pet could disrupt a child’s regular studies.”
A: “First, people could learn how to communicate with eachother through participating in community activities”
B: “First, participating in community activities is apractical and effective approach to enhance their social skills.”
A: “First, letting children take care of animal is a good suggestion for the reason that kids like animals.”
B: “To start with, raising pets fill friendship vacuums and satisfy people’s need to nurture“
(答案：三组都是B句较好)
丨使用高级词汇
很多同学要问，如果主题句中不建议使用复杂句型，又不能出现多层结构，那如何显示自己的语言功力呢?要知道我们展示语言能力的地方并非只有复杂的句型，丰富和精准的词汇使用，同样可以展示英语的专业程度。比如
“First, go to museums can teach people different kinds of knowledge”
→ “First, visiting museums provide people with an opportunity to comprehend a vast amount of knowledge”
想想看，如果原本句子中只会写“good”之处，替换为“advantageous, beneficial, effective, efficacious, favorable,invaluable, rewarding, unparalleled, unprecedented”等等词汇，效果是不是更好呢?如果多次出现“important”的地方，改写为“central, critical ,crucial, decisive, essential, pivotal, primary,principal, vital，a key to, an indispensable part, play a pivotal role, attach great importance to”会不会增加可读性呢?
在平时的阅读中，注意积累一些“高级词汇”，准确掌握词义，并且刻意练习使用这些词汇，逐渐就会取得不错的托福写作成绩。
篇2：托福口语备考遇到这些问题该如何解决
托福口语低分三大原因 口语备考遇到这些问题该如何解决?
一.托福口语低分原因分析
1. 心理不够强大
很多人之所以口语说不好，是因为不敢说，他们或许会抱怨：我们又没有出生在英语语言环境中，要锻炼口语，多不方便，但实际上，这只是很微不足道的客观因素，你可以这样来锻炼你的口语。
2. 准备工作没做足
托福口语的准备过程中，你需要重视积累，词汇、句型、答题思维都是你要注意的目标。不过，如果你完全照抄范例及模板，那么，雷同的答案也不会让你在托福口语中拿到高分。
3. 实战演练不到位
关于这个，没什么话说，心理阴影没有了，素材和思路都有了，剩下的就是融会贯通。这一点要求考生做很多的托福口语练习。是进一步树立自信，提高水平的关键时期。要点就是一句话，练习，练习，再练习!大家可以选用一些模拟软件，给自己限时，划出一段反复听(纠正发音和语法错误时非常好用)。
二. 口语低分解决方案
1.心理不够强大怎么办
a.先自言自语，培养感觉，这段时期自己听自己的，纠正发音。常见的如th的发音。think和sink等。
b.或者，找个安静的地方，拿本书朗读。声音一般就行了。别太大。
c.有同学在一起考的幸福人们，结伴练。一个人逼着另外一个说，厚着脸皮说，谁不说哪个题目了，请客吃饭!
总之，没有人天生口语好，不怕犯错误，及时纠正就好。
2.准备工作没做足怎么办
a.多读些好文章，建议读写作范文，这样，就等于写作口语一起准备了。多读，记些好句子。把好词好句储藏起来备用。
b.有点感觉了，拿出本综合教材(不一定非要是)，把上面的一些练习作作，有助于发散思维。遇到题目后，能更快的展开思维，列出基本条目，会给你很大的优势。
c.看看你教材上的范例回答。参考一下即可。不要死记硬背。事实证明，上了考场以后，99%的人，张口就是，in this set of material(朗文上的)，令人听觉疲劳。一定要发展出自己的东西。全都一样，是拿不了高分的。
3.实战演练不到位怎么办
关于演练，建议如下：
a.按照教材里的安排，成套成套的来。一个都别落下。发现哪个反面特别弱，再有目标的强化。
b.一定要反复听自己的录音，纠正错误，纠正发音，再看看是不是还有可以提高的地方，哪里可以重新组织，哪里的词可以换掉。一套题可以反复练习。
托福口语中与恋爱相关的地道表达
对某人有意思：
Tony was hitting on her at the party last night.
Hit on可以换成mack on, 还可以说lay the mack on sb
Tony was laying the mack on her at the party last night.
或者：Tony has a thing for her.
程度在深一点就是迷恋包括sexually attracted, 那么我们可以说：
Tony got the hots for that girl或者Tony is wild about that girl.
亲热：
They are making out at the corner.
亲热的程度在深一点可以说：
They are all over each other.
长时间亲吻：He got her in a lip lock.
lip 有嘴唇的意思，lock理解为锁。用嘴唇锁住一个人是不是很生动啊。
约会：
A guy asked me to go on a date.
约会的是可能发生下面的场景：
He put the move on me, and finally I took the bait and we were making out at the corner of the bar.
注意约会的时候可能有hug, kick 甚至sex 但是并没有确定恋人关系。
如果约会感觉还不错，就进入了一个阶段：
I am in a very serious relationship with this guy.
在相处一定时间后就会订婚啦：
I am engaged with him and I feel so excited.
最后就是结婚啦：
After a long relationship with him, we finally tied the knot in a little chapel.
当然如果事情没有发展的那么顺利，而是别甩了怎么说呢?
She got dumped by her boyfriend 或者She kicked him to the curb.
托福口语的常见问题及破题方法
Q1. 人机对话，时间有限，常常说不完答案。
iBT，internet-Based Test, 计算机考试，并且对着话筒说口语，恐怕是很多饱受中国传统教育的学生最难适应的一点。其实，可以把这个口语考试想得很简单，类似于你在电话上跟朋友聊天，只是这个朋友不太爱说话，通常只问问题，并且希望你滔滔不绝让他开心。如果这样想，考试的本身就变简单了。同学们如果能将自己的通话录音，再回放，这个考试的心理防线基本上就能突破。
关于时间短或有限，就是要同学们学会长话短说，切入重点，如果能做到字字珠玑，妙语连珠，那就堪称完美了。
当然，菜鸟成大虾，蜕变过程需要计时训练，策略性安排答案。譬如，在口语TASK3-4这两个：阅读+听力+口语的综合题目中，建议学生答案安排到秒：阅读总结15-20秒，听力总结45-40秒。对于时间和实践的结合，当然要通过夜以继日的练习了。因为同学们要清楚知道，说不完答案，你的等级不会到GOOD。曾经有老师大谈考试说不完，但是能暗示考官知道你有说完整的能力，这也能拿到GOOD。鉴于考试评分越趋严格，在有限的时间内完成回答是非常必要的。
Q2.话题广泛，综合能力要求很高，平时该如何下手。
的确，托福口语，考察大家的英语能力的多个方面：听说读写基本上都能零死角涉及。这也是为什么口语课的老师几乎是“全能神”。
话题广泛相较而言，是一个更棘手的问题，对学生来说。尤其是独立问题TASK1-2,虽然考察的内容都是关于学生的个人，话题基于经验，但广泛度还是很有难度。例如描述一个学习习惯，比较1前的人的卫生境况，甚至个人的职业选择等。这两道题目的准备时间为15秒，作答时间为45秒。对于一个成年人来说，想要在15秒内破题，45秒中全面展现观点，拿中文来陈述，难度都很大，更何况用英文。
因此，基于这样的一个考试形式，建议学生还是能系统的找到老师进行学习与归纳。建议学生能大量训练自己的快速思考能力。即使遇到难题，也是有基础，有方法去的。
Q3. 答题内容无章法，乱七八糟的感觉，有时都不知道自己在说什么。
托福口语，虽然不算是一种沟通，但它考察大家对话题的发展能力，语言使用性与传达力。如果，你觉得你说英语常常不知道自己在试图表达什么，那么你一定要重新学习下逻辑。这其实只是一个简单的逻辑层面，我们可以概括为语义关系，最常见的关系有：举例，因果，转折让步，并列与递进。当然，我们不能单纯把这些关系的学习就等价于关联词的学习，这是词汇跟写作老师的内容。
而口语老师，需要帮助你理清独立题表达思路，梳理综合题中阅读与听力的关联，信息的主次，及口语表达的层次。乱七八糟的感觉，一定不能出现在口语中，一个说话者若连自己的信息都无法解码，如何让听话者会意呢?再次重复强调下：托福口语独立题需要有话题发展思路，综合题需要谙熟信息间的关系并复述得有层次。
Q4.托福口语需要高大上的单词跟句型么，说中式英语怎么办?
这个问题，一定是很多口语学习者的疑问。口语不是写作。美国人日常交流与校园生活用语其实都颇简单，一个句子10个单词以内，用词贴切自然，语法更是常用。如果大家半信半疑，大可打开美剧或Ellen show这样的成熟的美国节目，一定不会失望的。
所以，建议同学们，用对的词好过高大上的词，正确的使用语法，好过专研并使用些不常在口语中出现的语法。例如，她说话尖酸刻薄。很多同学会去有道：tart, sarcastic.这两个词立刻出现。其实She has a sharp tongue. sharp tongue 简单地道。大家学习口语应该多关注口语表达。这样也能很快的破掉你的中式英语思维的症状。至于语法，大家学得已经非常多了，但能否在口语中表达正确，适当的增加语法的多样性跟灵活性是大家要去控制并实践的。
Q5.口语背背机经就好了，不想花时间在这里。
托福机经口语的确是一个高分利器。但是，利器也常常出状况。譬如8月份，16号和30号考试机经都未压中，尽管23号全中，这样的小概率事件的发生性还是需要诸位考生端正备考态度：一计在身，高分不愁。
此外，诸位同学，机经虽然有，但正确性无法百分之百，特别是综合题目的回忆，常常会有细节信息的错误，这些也会让你得高分遇风险。在同学们的考试反馈里，有中机经的同学反映：流利的说出机经答案得分不过23。建议大家对待机经答案应该是：读读参考罢了。想出高分，一定要破模板，高质复述。
篇3：托福写作备考要点
托福写作备考要点
一.写作词汇
首先，所谓词汇量，从宏观出发指的是你所掌握的单词总数。这个首先保证的是你的阅读能力，当你看到这个单词的时候好像形同陌路，也有点似曾相识，但是可以很大程度上帮助你理解整篇文章的意思，如此一来，你做TOEFL阅读部分的时候，词汇量的大小决定了你对文章的认知程度。可是，对于写作而言，这个单词量就要另当别论了，或许你有几万个单词在大脑里，但很难用单词量来衡量你写作中的具体应用。
很多同学背单词的坚韧精神让人佩服不已，但一如既往地记忆的确很好，可是在写作方面还是有很多只有写作才有的苦恼：一般是提笔忘字或者高级词汇的使用，还有就是句型过于简单罗列，使得整篇文章缺少亮点和层次感。想要避免提笔忘字，就要谈到词汇要怎么记忆了，积累写作方面的单词，最好不要逐一地背单词表，按照字母顺序排列的单词，彼此之间的联系太少。
针对这一特点，市场上TOEFL写作类的图书都做了很多调整，经常在每篇范文之后附加了文章中好的词汇和短语，这样在你学习了范文的写法之后，再回味一下文章中的词汇精华，一举两得。如果有充分的时间，可以选择一些文字类新闻多一些的英文网站。通过阅读新闻来积累单词的好处很多，首先很多社会新闻可以成为我们写作的构思素材，其次多元化的新闻，不容易产生死背单词的枯燥感。
二.句式多样化
如果说单词是句子的灵魂，那句子就是文章的基石，而句型则是不同品质的基石，可以让整篇文章充满多样的色彩，读起来让人很有兴趣。虽然句型的变化很多，可是针对TOEFL文章的特点，一篇接300余字的议论文，IBT在注重文章的完整性和一致性的同时，也需要文章有精彩的内容。可是文章篇幅有限，我们仅仅需要熟练地应用几个不同的句型，就一定会给评分人留下很深刻的印象了。
英语中有这么多的句型和从句，应用起来也要注意方法，切忌移花接木，强买强卖。比如我见过很多考生喜欢写强调句，因为格式简单，模仿起来也容易，但是如果在每一个段落都出现强调句，那也就不能凸现强调的意义了，反而让人感觉重复，索然无味。
有些时候，文章的段落里是不需要大篇幅应用从句的，强行介入的从句反而会使句子读起来文字繁冗罗列，好像负担很重的样子;谚语的使用要谨慎小心，合理的使用可以让阅卷人对你佩服得五体投地，盲目的应用可能会让人曲解你所表达的意思，所以我们不要做画蛇添足的事。对于TOEFL文章而言，更多精力要放在段落的整体性上，不需要应用的语法和词汇就干脆不用，宁缺毋滥。
三.高效利用官方真题Official
IBT真题资料的匮乏，一直是考生备考的一件憾事。虽然市面上的蓝delta，红delta，barron，高分120系列等参考资料各有所长，但是其缺陷也不容忽视。蓝delta中阅读文章过长，题目过于简单;听力部分较比真正考试要长;口语和作文的听力段子不够规整，容易挫伤考生的积极性。
红delta除了综合写作值得借鉴，其他题目较比真题稍显简单。高分120在口语和综合写作方面好于前两者，但是听力部分题目与真题相比有一定的距离。所以这15套珍贵的真题资料，务必要有效的利用。作文部分的综合作文，待前期的听力实力到位之后，就可以直接拿这份官方真题Official的资料进行练习。同样，最初的几套不要限时，而是“精读”，“精听”把握综合作文阅读和听力的要点，笔记的熟练等等。开始写的时候最好整理好模板。细节记录下来越多越好。待心理有底后，再限时来写作。
托福考试作文独立写作范文：独立学习还是小组学习好
Some people like to study alone while other prefer to study in a group. Which one do you think is more effective?
写作参考:
Educators and researchers have never stopped the examination of the importance and relevance of collaborative learning that are encouraged by middle schools. When compared with studying alone, I personally believe that it is far more beneficial to students when working in groups for the following reasons.
First off, working in a group finishing group projects can be very conducive for students since they can help students to study more effectively and get exposure in real-world issues. If teachers categorize students and organize them in small study groups, chances are that they would solve complex issues together, like research the history of the city, examine the water quality of the local town, so on and so forth. Students can develop critical thinking skills as well as learn to collect and analyze information from multiple sources. A recent study conducted by the University of Minnesota backed up the claim that study teams, collaborative learning and group projects are far more effective in helping students to develop useful skills than traditional teacher-led teaching approach. In fact, when learning in groups, students have to do some research about the topic they are expected to discuss beforehand, which helps them to clear up some misunderstandings and boast their enthusiasm of academic exploration.
Additionally, as the saying goes: “many hands make light work”, actually it remains as relevant today as it did a century ago. Working in groups has much deeper implications beyond students’ academic experience, to be more specific, it helps to develop skills like cooperation, organization and leadership. When learning in a group, every single student gets a chance to contribute their knowledge to the group, they can learn to appreciate the work of other simultaneously. What’s more, they have to work closely with others for the same goal otherwise they might not be able to compete with other study groups. More importantly, students will get exposure to distinctive perspectives and at the same time learn how to accept different points of view and find common ground in this process. Such an educational experience will not only be helpful for their future study but also beneficial to them when they have to deal with coworkers, clients, and teammates in a professional setting in the future. Numerous studies have shown that students who have prior experience working with others enjoy a better chance to be successful in their future career.
In conclusion, working together in a group has far more meaningful implications than working alone since collaborative learning helps students to learn much more effectively and develop important skills that are vital for their future study and career.
托福考试作文独立写作范文：演艺明星的高薪
Some famous athletes and entertainers earn millions of dollars every year. Do you think these people deserve such high salaries? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
写作范文：
Nowadays, the annual incomes of many sports stars and film stars come to millions of dollars. Some people claim that their salaries are too high. Yet, in my opinion, such salaries are well deserved. They work hard to become famous, provide entertainment for us, and win honors for their countries.
First, famous athletes and entertainers make painstaking efforts to achieve fame. Fame is a wonderful thing to have, but it seldom appears overnight. Famous people have worked hard for years to achieve their fame today and they have to continue their good work to maintain it. For their hard work, sports and entertaining stars deserve to be generously rewarded. Unfortunately, people tend to focus on the huge amounts of money made by them. They rarely appreciate the efforts that athletes and entertainers have to make in order to achieve the fame that they have today. For example, in order to win the first place in a 100-meter dash, an athlete has to cover hundreds of miles during training. Famous stars deserve their high salaries because they have worked hard.
Second, sports and entertaining stars provide us with good entertainment. On weekends, many of us attend a football match that includes Beckham, see a movie that stars Julia Roberts, or go to a concert that features Celine Dion. These people help us make good use of our free time by entertaining us. As a result, we feel inspired as well as relaxed. In other words, we feel energetic again after attending the events. We even feel that we have more to enjoy in life and have new aspirations. For such reasons, these people are worth their high salaries.
Third, athletes and entertainers win honors for their countries. For example, after four years’ hard work, many athletes win gold medals at the Olympics Games. They are able to make millions of dollars a year after the games. Such high salaries are justified, because these athletes have won honors for their countries in the most competitive arena and have made their people proud, something few people can even dream of. This is true for entertainers as well. Many actors and actresses receive high salaries after they have won Oscars or prizes at Cannes Films Festival. Those people also deserve high salaries, because they have made a name in films for their country and have made their country better known by people elsewhere in the world.
All in all, famous athletes and entertainers merit their high salaries, for their hard work, entertainment they provide, and their contribution to their country. If I had a chance, I would be a famous star who can make millions of dollars a year.
托福
篇4：托福写作这些雷区要注意
托福写作这些雷区要注意
一：照抄题目，照搬原文
抄的轻的稍微改一个两个词，但是还有真的是一字不改的照抄，怎么抄的呢?
例如有道题的题目是”Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children can benefit in important ways from taking care of a pet animal.“，然后童鞋第一句话真的让人怀疑是不是直接Ctrl C+Ctrl V了，童鞋第一句话是：”For the question if I agree or disagree with the following statement? Children can benefit in important ways from taking care of a pet animal. Well, as far as I am concerned...”
童鞋你过来我们好好谈谈，这是不是你的口语老师教你的，你告诉我是哪个学校的口语老师这么教的我保证不打死他，我选择狗带。凑字数凑到这个境界我也是五体投地了，咱能不这么屌丝直接抄嘛，例如用“When it comes to the issue about …, as far as I am concerned…”也好啊。
二:新托福写作素材根本不能证明自己的观点
屏幕前的小伙伴请不要嘲笑别人，这个问题实在太普遍了。
有一次一个童鞋在写练习题28的独立题(Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents today are more involved in their children's education than parents were in the past.)时候，第一段是这么写的：“孩子的教育受到重视，孩子的将来也取决于他们的表现，家长们很关心孩子的教育。因此我同意现在的家长比从前更重视参与到孩子的教育中去了。
大家看到这感觉到问题的所在了么，这位童鞋一直在说“现在孩子的教育受到家长重视”，然而这并不能证明“现在的家长比从前更 加重视参与到孩子的教育中去了”呀。童鞋们，要切题，要切题呐~~~
三:假大空的废话一大堆
如果说上一个致命伤太普遍的话，那这个致命伤真的是太普遍~太普~遍~太~普~普普普~遍~了~~~感受到了老师上一句话有多空旷了吗，是的，就是这种感觉。
其实这个假大空的废话，由于我国的教育制度和语文作文理念多年的根深蒂固，简直就是我国童鞋的硬伤。无论是描述一件事情有多么深远的意义，还是描述一个东西有多么有意思，总是反复不停地说：“这个事情有意义是因为这是多么有意义的一件事”“这个东西是多么的有趣是因为这是一个多么有趣的东西”(此处省略一万字)。
因此，童鞋们，请跟我一起来举例子——“这个东西多么的有趣是因为有一次我带着这个东西出去玩然后……”
四：跑题-托福写作评分标准中第一大导致低分原因
这类童鞋一定是和咱一样从高中万恶的语文作文开始就发散性思维太严重，有从一开始就跑的，还有走到半路说着说着就跑偏了的。
前两天刚看到一个童鞋交上来的一篇作文中题目是这样的，“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship between people.”然后该童鞋在作文中大致思路如是写道：“Always telling the truth”是不理性的，而TA认为我们应该做一个理性的人，TA自己是理工科的学生，TA觉得理工科的学生更为理性，而文科的学生总是不那么理性……然后就没有然后了，请计算老师收到该作文时的心理阴影面积。
五：自相矛盾
出现这个情况的童鞋，和跑题的童鞋写文有着“异曲同工之妙”，跑题的童鞋是要么一开始就跑偏，要么半路跑偏。而自相矛盾的童鞋呢，不是举例子写着写着不知道怎么就矛盾了，就是写到后来写得自相矛盾了的。
托福写作思路从积累托福语料做起
First，请各位3分钟时间默读下面的文段(以下范文出自KYLE DeNUCCIO 不同颜色的词请重点关注)
①Financial literacy is the ability to use knowledge and skills to make effective and informed money management decisions. Gaining the knowledge and developing the skills to become financially literate is a lifelong process that begins with something as simple as putting a few pennies in a piggy bank, and evolves to more advanced subjects such as risk and asset allocation.
②Because financial literacy is not emphasized in the education system - less than half the states have any financial literacy requirements for grades K-12, and only four states require high school students to take personal finance classes - most kids lack the necessary knowledge and skills to become financially responsible adults. The President's Advisory Council on Financial Literacy wrote in its Annual Report to the President: ”By almost any measure, today's school children are ill-equipped to understand personal finance and make their way in the modern financial world. Their rising debt and debt problems, along with their poor inclination to save, substantiate what the test scores show. Meanwhile, most students still graduate from high school without any formal classroom education in personal finance.“
③There is now - especially following the global financial crisis that began in 2008 - a growing interest in requiring more personal finance classes in the K-12 setting. Ben Bernanke, Chairman of the Federal Reserve System has stated that, ”One of the key lessons of the recent financial crisis is the importance of personal financial literacy. Besides improving their personal financial decision making, teaching students economic principles will help them as citizens understand and make choices about many of the critical issues confronting our nation.“
④Despite this recognition, most things money are still taught at home, where the role of financial educator falls primarily on parents, guardians and other adults in the home. For many adults, however, talking about money is akin to talking about other provocative subjects. Unsure of where to begin and worried about saying the wrong thing, many adults simply avoid conversations about money. This is often made worse by adults' lack of confidence in their own handling of finances. It is important for adults to remember that, even if they are not financial rock stars themselves, they have experience and perspective on their sides, and can draw both from their financial mistakes and successes to share essential knowledge and skills to their children. It starts with a conversation.
⑤In our first guide, Teaching Financial Literacy To Kids, we introduced concepts that are appropriate for the youngest learners, such as the difference between needs and wants.(细节!!) / In part two of the series, Teaching Financial Literacy To Tweens, we covered intermediate topics, including income and expenses, saving for long-term goals and entrepreneurship. / In this tutorial, designed especially for teaching teens, we introduce the more advanced topics suitable for teenagers, including budgeting, credit and debt, money management and investing.(细节!!)(473words)
读完了是不是有一种“好高大上啊” 我写不出来啊，没关系哈来下面BOMB老师帮你“庖丁解牛” 请动笔“记” 光看没用，快拿笔!
1.Financial literacy ：翻译成中文的话就类似“理财的能力”
e.g.：Financial literacy is the ability to use knowledge and skills to make effective money management decisions, so children are obliged to get informed about.
理财是一种使用知识和技能的能力去做出高效的金钱管理决定，所以孩子务必要去了解。
literate：有文化的，会读写的
illiterate：文盲的
2.informed decisions： 明智的决定 类似表达比如 smart move/sound decision
e.g.：School authorities might make an informed decision to put in a vast majority of money to hire famous teachers after researching hundreds of students’s needs.
校方在调查了百名学生的需求后做出个明智的决定，就是去投入大量的资金雇佣教师。
3.lifelong process：一辈子的事儿
e.g.： Marriage is a lifelong process that we have to think twice to make an informed decision.
婚姻是个一辈子的事儿，我们要认真考虑以便做出个明智的决定。
4.putting a few pennies in a piggy bank：把零钱装进存钱罐
“piggy bank”表示零钱罐，penny 一便士
5.asset allocation ：资产分配
e.g.：Confronting financial crisis, government has to implement a proper asset allocation policy to avoid repeat financial depression.
面临资产危机的时候，政府必须要实施合适的资产分配政策来防止周而复始的经济萧条。
6.be emphasized in: 被重视
e.g.：The mindset of ”problem-solving“ and “thinking-critically “ should be emphasized in the construction of teenagers teaching curricular.
“解决问题”和“批判性思考”的思维应该在青少年教学课程建设中被强强调。
7.require sb to do：要求某人做某事(一般与学生搭配在一起使用更佳)
e.g.：School should require students to attend to some extracurricular activities to strengthen their social abilities.
学校应该要求学生参加一些课外活动去加强他们的社交能力。
8.financially responsible adults：经济上有责任感的成年人
e.g.：In order to become financially responsible adults, children are supposed to engage in different finance-related activities to acquire more practical skills on issues of money autonomy.
为了成为经济上独立的成年人，孩子应该参与不同的与经济有关的活动去获得更多的实用的技能在金钱自理的问题上。
9.be ill-equipped to：表示”做某事没有准备好“ ”缺乏某种能力“
e.g.：Parents are ill-equipped to understand their children and put in less faith in them such as restricting their money spent on entertainment; limiting their time spent on watching TV, and even prohibiting their freedom to choose majors.
父母未能很好的理解孩子并且对孩子有很少的信任，比如限制他们花在娱乐上的钱,限制他们花在看电视上的时间,甚至禁止他们选择专业的自由。
10.have poor inclination to ：表示有做不好的事情的不良倾向
e.g.：Children, especially for those rebellious adolescents, tend to have poor inclination to crime, so they should be guided in a right way by their parents.
孩子,特别是那些叛逆的青少年,往往有犯罪的倾向,所以他们应该被他们的父母用正确的方法引导。
11.show a growing interest in：表示在某方面展现兴趣
e.g.：Talent kids tend to show a growing interest in tackling difficult problems.
有天赋的孩子往往在解决难题上有很多的兴趣。
12.fall primarily on：主要属于某人/主要落在谁身上
e.g.：To address environmental problems, the duties will fall primarily on three aspects : governments ;individuals and small businesses.
为了解决环境问题,责任将主要在三个方面:政府、个人和小企业。
13.is akin to: 与某事某物相似
e.g.： Friendship is akin to love.
爱人者，人恒爱之。
14.provocative subjects：刺激的话题/争议的话题
e.g.：How to achieve a sense of happiness has long been the provocative subjects which are often discussed among scholars.
如何拥有幸福感一直是一个有争议的并被学者讨论的话题。
15.on one’s sides：就某人而言/支持某人/站在某人那边
e.g.：On my side, finance-related issues should be emphasized in the education of kids.
在我看来，与金钱有关的问题应该在小孩的教育中被重视。
16.share essential knowledge and skills to ：分享重要的知识技能给某人
e.g.：Teachers should share essential knowledge and skills to teenagers who are eager to learn and improve their abilities.
老师应该分享重要的知识技能给那些想学习并提高能力的青少年。
篇5：托福写作备考训练这些做法原来都是错的
托福写作备考训练这些做法原来都是错的?3个正确练笔思路指点
托福写作备考要多看预测资料?错!
说到托福写作的备考就不得不提到预测类资料，许多同学备考作文都比较依赖这类资料，毕竟是曾经在考试中出现过的题目，大家可能会觉得自己在考试里更有可能会遇到，甚至整个练笔的选题范围都围绕着预测里的题目来进行选择，也花了不少心思去找这些题目的范文来参考学习。然而在小编看来，这种做法是有所偏颇的。
托福写作预测中的题库，其价值其实并不如大家想象的那么大。先不说考生会不会在考试中遇到相同或是相似的题目，托福考试的作文题目变化趋势一直是比较大的，几乎每一年都在发生改变，前一年可能还是agree/disagree的题目比较多，后一年就变成了开放式命题占大头的情况。而写作题目也年年会有大量新题出现，考生花费很大心思记熟背好的预测题的写法思路套路模板，发挥不了作用的可能性反而更大一些，这种围绕预测资料来进行练笔准备的写作备考方式并不可靠。
当然，预测资料中的题目作为单纯的练习题来说还是值得练笔的，但大家要明确思路，目标是为了练习自己的写作基本功和拓展写法思路，而不是为了特意去记忆某些题目。同时，除了预测类作文资料，小编还是建议大家再找一些其它类型的作文备考资料和素材来研究学习一下。把写作的基础技能都熟练掌握好，这才是考生获得作文高分的立身之本。
托福写作备考要大量背素材?错!
托福写作备考另一个错误的学习四楼就是大量背诵记忆作文素材，特别是名人事例之类的素材。大家之所以会背那么多素材，无非是担心自己碰到某些话题想不出应该如何举例论证会无话可写。这种担心当然是没错的，特别是独立写作作为立论文，也的确需要通过举例论证的方式来提升观点的说服力。但具体到需要背多少素材才能满足需求，或是到底要不要花时间大量去背素材，这其中的度大家还是需要把握好的。
具体来说，一篇托福独立写作，满打满算大家可能用到的例子也就3-4个，而假如考生花费了太多时间在背素材案例上，投入产出比显然是不划算的。那么，这其中的平衡要如何把握呢?小编建议大家不妨把托福写作的话题按照类别来简单划分一下，然后根据类别的数量每一类话题都准备3个左右的例子论据即可。
而对于这些例子应该如何准备，这其中也是有讲究的，那就是例子要少而精。少自然是指数量不用太多，精则是说例子要有较高的普遍适用性或者说泛用性，要保证这些例子在同一类话题的不同题目中都可以拿来使用。按照这个标准准备好不同分类作文话题的论据素材，比起大量背素材，才是更为节省时间又有针对性的理想做法。
托福写作备考要多用难词难句?错!
托福写作备考可能在不少同学看来是彰显自己英语水平的机会，因此大家总会忍不住要把自己学到的难词难句塞到文章里去秀上一把。而托福写作的评分标准也的确有对词汇和句式也就是language use的考核要求。不过相对于文章的论述内容来说，词句方面的要求其实并不算高。在小编看来，难词难句用的多，其实还不如用的巧。
之所以不推荐大家多用难词难句，原因主要有两个。第一个在于这些词句本身的使用难度不低，其实是很有可能用错的，特别是在大家还没有彻底学会其用法的时候，盲目堆砌在文章里一旦出现搭配或是语法结构上的错误反而弄巧成拙。
第二个原因则是从读者也就是评分老师的角度来谈，对于考官来说，一篇文章里加入大量难词复杂句式，其实阅读体验并不算太好，大家不要觉得难词和长难句老外读起来不费力，其实人家也是不怎么待见这类词汇句式的。与其强行使用，还不如减少用量提升用词用句的准确度，保证这些词句用得恰到好处，反而能够给评分老师留下更好更深刻的印象。
托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：给朋友的花钱建议
托福写作难点话题一览
The advice you would give your friend on how to use his or her money.
A friend of yours has received some money and plans to use all of it either to go on vacation or to buy a car. Your friend has asked you for advice. Compare your friend's two choices and explain which one you think your friend should choose. Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.
写作思路展开结构分析
这个题目的思路可以从长期价值和短期价值去分析。选择去度假旅游属于相对短期的价值，而选择买车则能发挥长期价值。这两种选择本身没有对错之分，无论选择哪种都有较为明显的好处当然也有各自的坏处。大家选择自己能想到比较多理由事例的一点去展开即可。
本话题高分范文赏析
Receiving money is always an unexpected delight. Making the decision of how to spend this money is always a difficult choice. What it comes down to, however, is the individual's personal preferences, lifestyle, and prioritis. If one of my friends has to choose between buying a car and going on vacation, I would carefully consider their lifestyle and advise them based on their wants and needs. Living in a city can be a very high-paced, stressful way to live. Having a car would bring many conveniences that would make the experience much more enjoyable. First and foremost, a car can get you around the city very quickly and directly. This would be an important factor if my friend goes to school or works far away from home.
Second, a car offers privacy. If my friend does not enjoy public places, then a car would be an excellent option. Cars also have their disadvantages. A car has many additional costs beyond the initial expense of buying one. One must pay for insurance, gasoline, and any incidental fees such as repairs. If my friend does not have a lot of extra money besides his/her inheritance, a car may not be the best option. A vacation is also an excellent decision. If my friend works at a high-stress job, then a vacation is sometimes the only way to relax and forget about one's worries in the work world. Vacations to faraway lands can give a person more perspective on the world, and can also provide excellent memories. However, vacations always have to end, and one must return to his/her everyday life.
Therefore, I think that if my friend lives far away from his/her work or school and has a little bit of extra money, then a car would be the best option. However, if he/she lives near his/her work and holds a high-stress position, I would suggest that a vacation would be a better option. As mentioned above, how we spend our money is a very personal decision, based on one's own priorities. In the end, only my friend can decide what is best for him/her.
托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：为何电影广受欢迎?
托福写作难点话题一览
Why are movies so popular all over the world?
Movies are popular all over the world. Explain why movies are so popular. Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.
写作思路展开结构分析
这个话题的难度应该比较低，相信即使是不怎么喜欢看电影的同学也能够想出不少可以展开讨论的点。比较容易想到的人们喜欢电影的原因有：电影能够满足人们的幻想/电影能使满足人们的好奇(比如了解其他国家的很多事情)/电影是最经济的娱乐方式之一等等。
本话题高分范文赏析
One of the most popular pastimes today is movie-going. With what started as moving-picture shows has dramatically developed into an industry that spends millions upon millions of dollars while still turning a gigantic profit.
Movies are so popular because they are the most fascinating and easiest escape means from increasing pressure, which comes from family, school, working place, society, and so many other directions. Combined with acoustic and visual effect, movies are definitely more appealing for audiences who have exhausted themselves in the real world than are those printed novels. It must have been much easier to see a movie than to read a novel, since all the audience should do is simply to sit there in a soft chair in the dark about 150 minutes. Captured, involved, the audience in a movie theater will forget everything but the story in action on the screen.
Movies have magic power to let people immerse themselves in fiction. The point is that almost everyone long for the power of snapping his/her fingers and seeing his/her wishes and dreams instantly granted. Everyone long for eternity of love, many idealize about it but now in the theater it's time to ”feel“ it. Every move the character makes, every breath the character takes, all seem to happen around, and clearly sensible. On the screen, no entire life needed, movies illustrate all aspects of love we can imagine: all aspects of love, from the mushy warm and fuzzy feelings we feel with our children and companion animals, to platonic love we have with friends and acquaintances, to the romantic soul mate kind of love, to the agape kind of unconditional love, it's the full gamut. Dramas are created in order for us to play out different sides of ourselves. In short, movies are so popular because many can escape into the world of fantasy and live vicariously through the characters and in doing so, work out different feelings and emotions that they may not have the opportunity to do in their ”normal“ lives.
篇6：托福写作备考要点
西方人的思路是演绎式的(deduction)，他们会先把自己最主要的观点亮出来，然后再针对自己的观点做进一步的阐释;而中国人的思路是归纳式的(induction)，中国人擅于先大段的说理论证，分析各种可能的情况，然后最后加上一个总结。在托福写作中我们一定要使用演绎式的写作方式，切忌使用归纳式的方式。原因在于：使用演绎式的写作方式，一开始就亮出观点，使读者很清晰地明白作者的观点，使得读者更容易觉得文章的思路清晰，逻辑严密;而使用归纳式的写作方式，在阅读之前论证时，读者自己会先于作者得出一个观点，而当最后作者的观点与读者的观点相异时，就会很容易的使读者认为作者的思路不清晰，逻辑不严密。这亦是中国式思路归纳式的缺点。
托福写作模板：小孩成长环境
It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay.
篇7：托福写作备考要点
With the development of the transportation system and some residence institution， the world is getting smaller and smaller， and people are not restricted in only one area. In addition to the convenient condition， because there are different places with different cultures， living standards， education environment and other disparity， they are inclined to transfer from one place to the other. Is it better to move around than stay in one place? I believe there are no uniform answers，but in my opinion， I do agree with the claim that to move around is better than to stay in one place.
Most people's growth comes with the transfers in their life. As for me， when I was young I lived in a small county. Because the school in there was not suitable to me， I transferred from my little county to a city to get a better education. As soon as I got to the city， I was amazed that the world here was so different here as my hometown .If I still lived in my hometown， it was impossible for me to make the wildest guess at what the real world looked like. The first transfer has made me to imagine my own life and spur on me to go further. With the confidence， I went into a university which I would never think of it before. The university is located in a different city so that I have to come into another world. Compared with my living city， the one is more complicated in which there are different people， more convenient transportation， more competitive environment. I love all of this very much. Communicating with different students and teachers， I have learned much from them which will benefit me throughout my life and my lifestyle. Now I am in a graduate school also so beautiful that I will never regret my selection of leaving my hometown because the transfer has given me a splendid life.
Also， like we students， there are many adults transferring their work place in order to grasp better opportunities. No matter in industry， in agriculture or in service， workers have rights to choose their work companies which leads them to work from place to place and then they accumulate precious experience and skills to get priorities to others.
People not only transfer in their own country， but also go abroad to get education， work or live through the rest of their life in appropriate countries. We can see that many students including me want to go to the foreign countries to study further and forge ourselves， and that many parents send their little sons or daughters to foreign countries to study. After all， diverse circumstances give persons new experience and broaden their narrow sight， even help them get more comprehensive understanding of the world， the society and our life itself.
However， some people may say that if people move around， they will pay for much such as money， time and energy. It is right to say that it takes one person some time to get used to his or her new environment， new personal relationship which indeed influences the growth of children， the efficiency of our work and the stability of our society and family. And I have to admit that people should make considerate plans before changing their places and may not transfer aimlessly and frequently. But I think sometimes it is just all the friction that has made the world wealthier and more beautiful. Therefore， I still think it is better to travel around than to live in one place.
篇8：托福写作备考要点
Books are considered to be the source of all knowledge, but all that one learns through a book is only of theoretical nature in the form of ideas and concepts. It is essential to utilize them in a real environment and experience the knowledge that is learned from books.
Learning is nothing but understanding the world around us. Books, no doubt are a great source of knowledge as it gives us an idea about a particular subject in detail. But all that one could learn from it is limited to the level of knowing how a certain phenomenon occurs, or how a certain concept works. The knowledge gained through books alone cannot help anyone, because what one learns through the books should be put in to use to harvest the benefits. For instance, a person who wants to learn driving can go through various manuals and guides that teach people how to drive, but all this knowledge is useful only when you are actually driving the car on the roads. It would be an utter waste of time if one just reads the books and does not use them for practical purpose.
Learning through experience is always a lot different from learning through books. Let us consider the same example of a person wanting to learn to drive: even if he goes through every book that is available on driving, still it cannot qualify him as an expert driver. This is because of the fact that books about driving can only teach people traffic rules and provide solutions on how to handle certain situations. The situations faced by a driver could be totally different from what he had learnt from a book. Sometimes we find that the real environment is quite different from the one perceived by us through reading books. This is the very reason why, even in educational institutions, all theoretical classes are followed by practical sessions.
Learning through experience can also be more effective than learning through books because one does not envision everything on his own, but is given a chance to experience the reality. The art of driving can be enjoyed only when we are behind the wheels and not when reading it in books. Moreover, any book is actually an account of past experiences, i.e.it is based on the experiences of people who tried to develop a new idea. The books are their experiences, telling us what they already have tried. Thus from their experiences we can correct ourselves and thus save valuable time and resources. It helps us to concentrate on their failures and to correct them, but they alone cannot teach us everything we need to know. The knowledge learned through books alone cannot help us to face all the exigencies that we would face in real life situations; we have to practice on our own.
Books are like a guiding light in one's pursuit for knowledge. But it is left to everyone of us to experience it first hand and learn new things for the betterment of their lives. So the notion experience is the best teacher” is perfectly true.
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