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托福阅读读理解真题

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托福阅读读理解真题（集锦6篇）由网友“月永雷欧”投稿提供，下面是小编整理过的托福阅读读理解真题，希望能帮助到大家!

托福阅读读理解真题

篇1：托福阅读读理解真题

PASSAGE 59

The first birds appeared during late Jurassic times. These birds are known from four very good skeletons, two incomplete skeletons, and an isolated feather, all from the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany. This fine-grained rock, which is extensively quarried for lithographic stone, was evidently deposited in a shallow coral lagoon of a tropical sea, and flying vertebrates occasionally fell into the water and were buried by the fine limy mud, to be preserved with remarkable detail. In this way, the late Jurassic bird skeletons, which have been named Archaeopteryx, were fossilized. And not only were the bones preserved in these skeletons, but also were imprints of the feathers. If the indications of feathers had not been preserved in association with Archaeopteryx, it is likely that these fossils would have been classified among the dinosaurs, for they show numerous theropod characteristics. Archaeopteryx were animals about the size of a crow, with an archeosaurian type of skull, a long neck, a compact body balanced on a pair of strong hind limbs, and a long tail. The forelimbs were enlarged and obviously functioned as wings.

Modern birds, who are the descendants of these early birds, are highly organized animals, with a constant body temperature and a very high rate of metabolism. In addition, they are remarkable for having evolved extraordinarily complex behavior patterns such as those of nesting and song, and the habit among many species of making long migrations from one continent to another and back each year.

Most birds also have very strong legs, which allow them to run or walk on the ground as well as to fly in the air. Indeed, some of the waterbirds, such as ducks and geese, have the distinction of being able to move around proficiently in the water, on land, and in the air, a range in natural locomotor ability that has never been attained by any other vertebrate.

1. According to the author, all of the following evidence relating to the first birds was found EXCEPT

(A) nesting materials

(B) four skeletons in good condition

(D) a single feather

2. The word preserved in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) confused with others

(B) gradually weakened

(D) lost permanently

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Archaeopteryx were classified as birds on the basis

(A) imprints of bones

(B) imprints of feathers

(D) skeletons

4. The word they in line 10 refers to

(A) indications

(B) fossils

(D) characteristics

5. Why does the author mention a crow in line 11?

(A) to indicate the size of Archaeopteryx

(B) To specify the age of the Archaeopteryx fossils

(D) To demonstrate the superiority of the theropod to Archaeopteryx

6. It can be inferred from the passage that theropods were

(A) dinosaurs

(B) birds

(D) crows

7. The word constant in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) comfortable

(B) combined

(D) complementary

8. The author mentions all of the following as examples of complex behavior patterns evolved by

birds EXCEPT

(A) migrating

(B) nesting

(D) running

9. The word attained in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) required

(B) achieved

(D) merited

PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDB

篇2：托福阅读读理解真题

PASSAGE 60

By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber — or lint — from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.

The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.

In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States — west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.

1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time

when

(A) the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products

(B) mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry

(D) cotton became the most important American export product

2. The word favored in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) preferred

(B) recommended

(D) included

3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for

cotton EXCEPT

(A) cotton's softness

(B) cotton's ease of processing

(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.

4. The word laborious in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) unfamiliar

(B) primitive

(D) difficult

5. According to the passage , one advantage of Sea island cotton was its

(A) abundance of seeds

(B) long fibers

(D) adaptability to different climates

6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United

States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?

(A) More cotton came from Sea island cotton plants than before.

(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before.

(D) Most cotton produced was exported to England.

7. The word surge in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) sharp increase

(B) sudden stop

(D) excess amount

8. The author mentions wheat and wheat flour in line 23 in order to

(A) show that Americans exported more agricultural products than they imported.

(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported.

(D) demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable.

9. The word unprecedented in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) slow

(B) profitable

(D) never explained

10. According to the passage , the Mississippi River was

(A) one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place

(B) a major source of water for agricultural crops

(D) a main source of power for most agricultural machinery

PASSAGE 60 DACDB BACCA

篇3：托福阅读读理解真题

PASSAGE 61

From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork. Where stone was the local building material, a mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for goods in kind from the customer's field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer; wove cloth of yarn spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood cut in the customer's own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm.

Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy scene, by one historian, as an orchestra conducted by nature. Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality — and few in rural areas were. Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.

1. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Farming practices

(B) The work of artisans

(D) Types of furniture that were popular

(A) investigation

(B) location

(D) records

3. The word fabricating in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) constructing

(B) altering

(D) demonstrating

4. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of artificial light in colonial times was

(A) especially helpful to woodworkers

(B) popular in rural areas

(D) expensive

5. Why did colonial artisans want to regularize their schedules and methods (line 18)?

(A) to enable them to produce high quality products

(B) to enable them to duplicate an item many times

(D) to keep expenses low

6. The phrase resort to in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) protecting with

(B) moving toward

(D) using

7. The word few' in lines 23 refers to

(A) woodworkers

(B) finished pieces

(D) chests

8. It can be inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that

were

(A) simple

(B) delicate

(D) exceptionally long-lasting

PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCA

2. The word inception in line 1 is closest in meaning to

篇4：托福阅读读题技巧

托福阅读读题技巧

读题的时候，我们需要做的都不仅仅是搞清楚题目的类型、找出定位的关键词以及找到定位句，我们还需要在最开始就清楚地明白，题目到底是在问什么。

这样做会带来两个好处：

1.方便我们在之后的做题步骤中，有效地筛选出回答题目的信息，快速排除无效信息，减少纠结上浪费的时间;

2.能够帮助我们避开出题人故意设置的干扰选项

大家先来做一下下面这道题，

选自官方真题Official11的Ancient Egyptian Sculpture

Paragraph 1: In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.

问题1：Paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks

A. a realistic sense of human body proportion

B. a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes

C. the originality of European art

D. the capacity to show the human body in motion

这道题目的答案是D，小伙伴们检查检查，看看做没做对。

1.如果做对了，那么请尝试着给其他同学讲讲你是咋选的，如果能够讲清楚，那么代表你已经是阅读的大神级人物了。

2.如果没做对，且听我娓娓道来。

这道题目通常会犯的一个问题就是根据定位的句子：In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures. 直接进行答案的选择。但实际上，如果你只定位或读到这个句子，那说明你根本没有看清楚题目，做题的时候根本没有动脑筋。

题目问的是：埃及艺术缺乏了一个什么东西，使得它不被人们喜欢?

这个句子虽然存在一个表示因果关系的led to，但总结一下就会发现，尽管结果“compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures”和题目一毛一样，这个句子给我们的原因却是“不理解埃及艺术”，也就是说“因为人们没有足够的理解埃及艺术的目的，才导致他们觉得埃及艺术很挫”呢!

只有欣赏者才会不理解埃及艺术，怎么可能是埃及艺术自身无法理解自己???

所以，只有读懂了题目的意思才能知道，原来找到了一个完全无用的信息啊。并且，我们也不会反复纠结“为什么没有一个选项能够对的上原文的信息”这个问题了。

接下来，我们需要做的事情就是继续寻找相关信息。

我们把冒号前后的两个完整句子连在一起看一下：

In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary?

事实上，不理解埃及艺术的目的通常会导致大家不像喜欢其他文化一样喜欢埃及艺术：为什么埃及人创造的雕塑没有像古典希腊雕塑那样带有身体的转动和扭动呢?

绕来绕去，其实就是在说：

不清楚埃及艺术的目的——看到埃及雕塑缺乏body turned和twisted——认为埃及雕塑特别挫

看到这儿，我们已经能够妥妥的得出能够回答题目的答案了，那就是埃及艺术缺乏对肢体动作的描绘，答案很自然就是D!

看到这不禁感叹一句，艺术家也挺不容易的，作品搞得太大众吧，被人认为屌丝，搞得太阳春白雪，又会被诟病太装逼，为之奈何且为之奈何啊。。。

我们再来做一道题，选自官方真题Official20的Westward Migration

Paragraph 2: Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers—most of them farmers, some of them artisans—drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break thereafter lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover, European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid; some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.

问题：According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPT

A. the desire to move from one place to the next

B. the hope of improving their socioeconomic status

C. the opportunity to change jobs

D. the need to escape religious or political crises

如果你选的是A、B、C其中一个，那么请你仔细阅读并思考下面的问题：

1.题目问的是啥?

2.这个句子啥意思?The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic.

3.The European ancestors of some Americans是美国人还是欧洲人?

答案：

1.下列哪一个原因不是美国人向西迁移的原因?

2.某些美国人的欧洲祖先几个世纪以来生活地点没有发生改变，直到某些宗教、政治或经济危机把他们赶出家园，迫使他们穿越了大西洋(来到美洲)。

3.米国人的欧洲祖先当然是欧洲人咯

所以，D选项的逃离宗教、政治危机，其实和米国人一点关系都没有，而是欧洲人最开始向西穿越大西洋、来到美洲的根本原因，那么D也就是这道题目的答案了(问题回顾：下列哪一个原因不是美国人向西迁移的原因?)

托福阅读：经典十周复习建议

第一周-第二周：完成OG剩余阅读题，开始做TPO 1-5(其中有和OG重复的题目，可跳过)

1. 把上课遗留下来或作为作业的题目都做完;

2. 核对答案，分析对错，错的题目一定要搞明白;

3. 精读错误率高的文章。

精读要求：摘录每篇生词，标注词性、中文、同义词，着重记忆词性为动词、形容词的单词;

分析和做错题目有关的定位句，如果是长句，用课上的办法作分析，能翻译一下;

划出每段的段落大意。

第三周-第四周：开始做TPO 6-10，刚开始不宜追求速度，要保证质量

1. 可以每天安排做一篇TPO阅读，可以不记时;

2. 核对答案，分析对错，错误率高的文章同样要做精读，精读要求同上;

3. 开始整理学科单词，如果这篇是关于地质学，自动把文章中和这个学科有关的单词摘录下来，归为一类。

第五周-第六周：继续做TPO 11-20，慢慢加大做题量，寻找自己薄弱题型

1. 每天不计时至少做一篇TPO阅读;

2. 对比近几周做题情况，找出自己薄弱的题型，比如：推断题，那就先把上课笔记再好好看下，以及往后的日子里，每天单独挑3-5题推断题作专项训练;

3. 整理学科单词，同上。

第七周-第八周：开始进入模拟考试环节，完成TPO 21-25

1. 每天必须做两篇TPO阅读，必须计时，如果说前面几周大多在纸面上做阅读，那从这时开始必须转为上机，渐渐适应考试状态;

2. 核对答案，开始计算分值，并和OG上的参考评分作对比，看看和自己所期待的分值之间的差距为多少;

3. 开始快速复习之前背过的单词(红宝书)，这里指的复习不是统统重新背一遍，指的是复习自己当初背觉得很难或者容易忘记的单词，所以如果事先有记录，那这时背起来就比较有方向;

4. 还可以选用《托福核心词汇21天突破》，把高频词再扫看一到两遍。

第九周-第十周：后冲刺的两周，积极做题，调整心态

1. 依然不需要做其他额外的材料，还是做TPO，完成剩下的TPO 26-30;

2. 每次练习尽可能连贯地做三篇，计时，上机做，基本还原考试真实情况;

3. 核对答案，计算分值，估计自己终分值的区间;

4. 单词照背，同上，在考前把之前自己整理的所有学科单词复习一篇。

托福阅读备考：题型及主题的确定

1、题型——注重解题方法

托福阅读10种题型，除后的小结题外大都属于考查文章细节的题目。根据题干中的关键词定位是至关重要的一步，然后就是理解。此时如果词汇量太小怎么办?事实上做阅读我们永远要牢记的就是找句子主干，考查的信息基本都在主干中体现了，

比如：

The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops。

这个句子较长，其中有which引导的定语从句，还有hunted… 这个状语，而解题时我们只需要句子的主干The deer were gone。多数同学在做题时有个习惯就是看到一句话后就开始逐词阅读，甚至试图把它翻译成中文，这可谓“兵家大忌”。

遇到一句话先抓主干，遇到整段记得扫描段落有无显眼的连词，举例信号词等，浏览每段的主题句。

再说一下小结题，大多数考生的切肤之痛。一是做到后一题时时间已所剩无几，二是后一题是对全文的主要内容的总结，相对复杂。

在课堂中，我一再向学生强调把握全文结构及大意的重要性，而如何去把握?

一是做题之前可大概浏览文章的标题及每段首句。作为学术性的阅读文章，首句基本都是主题句。尤其是总分结构的文章，比如TPO6中的Infantile Amnesia, 虽然文章较难理解，但是文中明确提出了三种观点first，second，third… 那么此类文章小结题的选项太显而易见了。再者，文章的每段会对应出2-3道题，那么题目中对应的部分基本都是段落的核心所在。从这两点就可以很快了解文章的主要内容。所以在进行TPO练习时，做题虽不可或缺，但还要注意多加练习快速阅读文章的能力。

2、主题——增加背景知识

有部分学生反映做阅读时很难投入进去，有一点原因就是对于文章所述内容太过陌生，如果你对其略知一二，相信定会有所不同。比如TPO中有篇文章讲到化学元素周期表，对于高中生来说再熟悉不过了，阅读的时候半读半猜，估计也可以理解的89不离十了。

若考试准备时间充足，可以多加涉猎，扩充自己的知识背景;若时间紧张，则需搞定TPO套题。根据文章记忆单词，并不是文章中出现的每一个“陌生的面孔”都要去熟悉，比如一些繁琐的专有名词跳过即可。主要记忆的当然是一些动词、名词及形容词，尤其是出现在句子主干中，与解题有关的词汇。

除了词汇，应学会分析题干及题目，比如题干中出现了effect，conclusion之类的词，其实已经界定了我们寻找的范围——段落靠后的部分，还有就是观点性和总结性的句子永远会是考察的重点所在。做题的时候学会分析原文和选项，进行对比，比如句子简化题，做一题需要看五个长句，似乎很花费时间，但并不需要每个句子都要细看，而是先明确原句的逻辑及主干，抓住选项中的关键点与原句进行比较。

例如：As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.A. The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.B. The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.C. The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faultin;g and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them。

原句是因果逻辑的句子，先找出其因： crustal adjustments and faulting，果：the Strait opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean。接着来看选项：A…. caused crustal adjustments and faulting 显然是因果倒置了，毫不犹豫地灭掉;C. 因为此选项中出现比较not as spectacular as, 非常惹眼的一个核心词，而原文中是修饰动词的副词spectacularly，并未进行比较，二话不说也排除掉;D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar,… 这原因里怎么多出来一项啊，掳袖子撵人吧!

管中窥豹，可见一斑。由此例可见找关键，作分析可帮助我们快速并且准确的找出选项。值得注意的一点是：无论解题方法多么巧妙，离开了大量的练习就是“无本之源”。

篇5：托福阅读读不下去怎么办

很多考生在备考初期会反映：托福阅读看不下去，该如何下手?或者词汇量已经达到标准了，为什么托福阅读还是看不下去?不要担心，存在这些问题是很正常的，考生们可以先来看看托福教育专家对问题的分析以及给出的解决办法。

托福阅读读不下去怎么办

托福阅读看不懂的原因：

1.出现大量的生词，看不懂。

2.词汇量不低，但即便看懂了单词，依然不理解托福阅读文章。

托福阅读看不懂的解决办法和建议：

1.对于看不懂单词，首先有可能是因为词汇量的问题。建议大家在这个阶段里，积累词汇，并以词根词缀的方式来记忆更有助于牢固地积累，这里我们推荐大家《新托福词汇词根+联想+读音记忆法》，其中的托福词汇更贴近新托福词汇范围，并以更科学的方法帮助备考托福初期的考生更有效快速地提高词汇量，从而尽快将考生自己的经历放在托福阅读这样分数比重大的部分。当词汇积累到一定的程度时候，把托福阅读文章中的单词全直译出来，虽然不太会通顺，但至少能明白。

2.把句子里的所有修饰的词全省略，只剩下主谓宾。

3.如果考生说，我的词汇量似乎不少了，阅读过程中看得懂词汇，但就是不理解文章的意思，或者说，做错题目，怎么办?

“最无奈的莫过于看得懂文章，但做不对题”这种情况在新托福阅读出现以来，貌似成为一种常态。反而是在老托福的时期，这样的话，从来没有见过。究其原因还是因为新托福考试取消了语法的单项考察，但是在实际考试之中又将对于语法的考察融合在了新托福考试之中，这里面就是托福阅读考试体现得最为明显。

比如说：The extreme eriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

很多人在看到这句话的时候，经常翻译为“沙漠化是源于”或者翻译为“沙漠化导致”“很多的土地与很多的人去影响的原因。”这里面有两个点特别容易犯错误，一是result from是源于的意思，而不是单纯的导致的意思。二是affected在这里其实是后置定语，因此这里的意思是“被影响”，这里很多人又疑惑了，因为我们以前看到的东西都是，人的因素导致沙漠化啊，怎么又会是被影响呢?这就是你的问题了，你被自己以前获得的信息给影响了，你只要知道文章的作者是这么认为的就可以了，何必把自己脑中的信息强加在本文作者身上呢。

这句话其实是一个很浅显的例子，很多时候，考生只是认为自己已经把文章读懂了，但是实际上你们在对于文章的理解上有无数的错误，这其实就是语言的细节!这些细节点要想解决靠的是什么?靠的是单词的积累，靠的是语法的一步一步的打磨。

如果你经常有“最无奈的莫过于看得懂文章，但不对题”的感叹的时候，建议大家最好还是从自身下手，去检查自己的单词，以及语法。如果觉得不知道从哪里下手，到底该怎么提升，建议你做做老托福的语法，而且要多分析错题，这样做的效果是非常显著的。

新托福阅读背景知识：婆罗门

“婆罗门”

婆罗门”是指这一时期新英格兰地区一批有高度文化教养的作家，或称“绅士派诗人”。朗费罗、洛威

尔(1819-1891)和霍姆斯(1809-1894)都是知识界的名流。他们出于资产阶级民主主义和人道主义，歌颂爱国主义精神，反对蓄奴制，同情印第安人，也对社会流弊提出一些批评。由于他们的出身地位和文化教养，他们的观点和情绪一般较为温和。废奴文学19世纪30年代之后，北部进步人士掀起越来越高涨的废除黑奴运动。黑人的处境激起许多作家的同情，从爱默生、朗费罗到惠特曼都写过反对蓄奴的诗篇。影响最大的作品是斯托夫人的小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(1852)，林肯称她为“发动了一次战争的小妇人”。诗人惠蒂埃抗议蓄奴制的诗篇数量最多，反映了19世纪废奴运动历次重大的斗争。废奴文学虽限于道义上的谴责，却推动了废奴斗争，在文学史上也是19世纪现实主义创作的先声。

新托福阅读背景知识：乡土文学与马克·吐温

乡土文学与马克·吐温

乡土文学最先出现于19世纪20、30年代，南北战争后进一步发展。这种文学描绘本乡本土的传说与现实生活，地方色彩浓厚，基调是乐观的、抒情的，如描写西部矿工生活的布雷特·哈特(1836-1902)，或者是幽默的、机智的，如裘维特(1849-1909)，这是战后美国健康、活泼生活情趣的反映。马克。吐温的创作活动持续近50年，是这时期主要的作家，代表作是《哈克贝里·费思历险记》(1884)。他早期的短篇小说吸取西部乡土文学中幽默故事的特点，采用诙谐、滑稽的夸张手法表现美国的社会生活。他对战后美国社会的批评包括政治腐败、种族歧视、教育制度、宗教生活等方面。这些批评都是温和的、善意的。80年代以后，随着他对美国民主制的认识深化，讽刺成分增多，后期发展到愤怒的抗议甚至悲观失望。马克·吐温是幽默艺术的大师。他在滑稽中含有讽刺，逗趣中有所针砭，创造了独特的艺术风格。

新托福阅读背景知识：心理分析小说家亨利·詹姆斯

心理分析小说家亨利·詹姆斯

出身高贵、深受欧洲文化影响的亨利·詹姆斯是描写上层资产阶级精神面貌的代表作家。他的风格高雅、细致，讲究表现形式，与粗犷、诙谐、富于生活情趣的马克·吐温适成对比。詹姆斯虽然崇拜欧洲文化，但在

道德情操方面更偏向于文化修养不高的美国人。美国人心地纯真、善良;比欧洲人(或常任欧洲的美国人)可爱，这是他的《贵妇人的画像》(1881)等小说中常出现的主题。他开创了心理分析小说的先河，他的作品，尤其是后期作品如《鸽翼》(1902)，不厌其详地发掘人物“最幽微、最朦胧的”思想与感觉，把“太空中跳动的脉搏”转化为形象。在心理分析精微细致这一点上，詹姆斯达到前所未有的境界，为小说艺术的表现力开辟了新的途径。

篇6：托福阅读理解真题精选

Molting is one of the most involved processes of a bird's annual life cycle. Notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird's feather inevitably wears out. All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that are nearing the end of their useful life. Two distinct processes are involved in molting. The first step is when the old, worn feather is dropped, or shed. The second is when a new feather grows in its place. When each feather has been shed and replaced, then the molt can be said to be complete. This, however, is an abstraction that often does not happen: incomplete, overlapping, and arrested molts are quite common.

Molt requires that a bird find and process enough protein to rebuild approximately one-third of its body weight. It is not surprising that a bird in heavy molt often seems listless and unwell. But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration. Generally, molt occurs at the time of least stress on the bird. Many songbirds, for instance, molt in late summer, when the hard work of breeding is done but the weather is still warm and food still plentiful. This is why the woods in late summer often seem so quiet, when compared with the exuberant choruses of spring.

Molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.

1. The passage mainly discusses how

(A) birds prepare for breeding

(B) bird feathers differ from species

(D) birds are affected by seasonal changes

2. The word Notwithstanding in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) despite

(B) because of

(D) regarding

3. The word intricate in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) regular

(B) complex

(D) important