托福阅读中推断题解题技巧（精选8篇）由网友“超级加兔”投稿提供，以下是小编帮大家整理后的托福阅读中推断题解题技巧，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到您。
篇1：托福阅读中推断题解题技巧
托福阅读推断题的方法推荐
推断题其实没有想象中的那么难，因为托福文章有很清晰的逻辑架构，每个自然段往往是按照TS (Topic Sentence) + SD (Supporting details)展开的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects + Attitudes展开的。只有明白了文章的写作思路才能更好更快的做对题目，作者必定是按照一定的行文顺序编排段落的，如果画一个水平轴作为事件发展的顺序，推断题是让你从这个轴上的某一个点去推测，无非就两个方向，顺着轴发展的方向或者逆着轴发展的方向，也就是我们接下来要说的用正向和逆向思维去解决推断题。
OG上将推断题定义为检查考生对文章中强烈建议但绝不明说观点(strongly implied but not explicitlystated in the text)的理解程度，属于理解性题目，题目要求如下：
Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about X?
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X?
According to paragraph 3, what do Y indicate about X?
According to paragraph 4, what does the author imply about X?
题干中有出现infer, imply, indicate或suggest这四个单词，我们就判定这个题目为推断题，那么推断题应该如何解答呢?
第一步，判断题型。我们拿到题目，看到上面四个单词中的任何一个，心中就想着这是推断题，推断题的做题宗旨是文章强烈暗示，要通过文章内容进行合理推断。
第二步，审清题干，原文定位。仔细阅读题干，弄清题干内容，推断方向，带着题干核心信息到文章中准确定位。
第三步，推测+判断。根据相关句进行正向或逆向的推理，最后择优而选，确定答案。
正向推断：和事实信息题做题方法一样，答案就是定位的句子的同义改写。
逆向推断：大致分为两种，一种是时间，第二种是两类事物的对比。
第一种，题干中往往会出现表示时间的信息，比如：after 1932, since early years of the 19thcentury. 例如TPO 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:
Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in themain, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas forthe raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficientway of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices werehigh, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
m They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.
m They were able to sell their produce at high prices
m They had not been successful in raising cattle.
m They did not operate in a national market economy.
题干中出现了两个信息，一个是western farmers, 一个是prior to 1815, 带着两条信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中没有提到18之前，只有1815年之后，答案其实很简单，只要把1815年之后的内容看懂了，并且在这个内容前面加not即可。举个简单的例子，“从现在起Jessica是个姑娘”，“请问你能推断出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了变性手术?”，其实这就算过分推断了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是个姑娘。言归正题，文中说到，改善的交通使得越来越多的西部农民摆脱了自给自足的生活，并且进入了国家性的市场经济，那个时候货物的价格很多，所以向西迁移的速率也大幅增长。
第二种：两类事物的对比，往往文中会出现表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等词。例如TPO 2中的TheOrigins of Cetaceans的第2题，让考生推测关于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，会发现关键句中存在着一个unlike, 说不像sea otters, 想象一下早期鲸类比较困难(not easy=difficult)，那我们逆推一下，不就是说想象早期sea otters长什么样比较容易，正确答案中出现了not difficult, 所以这道题很简单。
托福阅读推断题：认清类型，抓好关键词
托福阅读推断题考察学生对文章深层信息的推测理解能力，所需要的信息都包含在文章中，但是没有直接加以说明，需要考生从已知中推出。推理题是比较好辨认的一类题型，它的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG， 在IBT 阅读3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。
推断题一般可以分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点、采用排除法是解决这两类推理题的共同策略。
推理题的解题思路主要有以下三个方向：
1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
总之，文中的关键词，观点，逻辑和平时的基本常识是解决这类问题的关键。
托福阅读推理题的正向推理与逆向推理
正向推理
正向推理指的是最后的答案往往是和文章所描述的内容一致的，而这种特征一般视为“整体”和“部分”的一致性，所以正向推理也被称为“整体与部分推理”。
正向推理包含两种主要情形，一种叫做给定段里面没有推理对象的情况，另外一种叫做有举例引发的“整体与部分推理”。所谓“整体与部分推理”，就是文章里面讲述一个特质是A，下面选项中的特征也是A，这个特质本身没有变化。文章里面讲什么特质，下面选项中就是什么特质，只不过一个是“整体”，一个是“部分”而已。
逆向推理
“逆向推理”又叫“取非式推理”，文章中讲的是A，下面选项里最终答案是“非A”，此推理包含三种情形。
1.由新时间点引发的逆向推理
比如“now”表示现在，含有典型的暗转折含义。事实上，凡是时间点概念，都暗示着转折。比如说：澳门回归了，这意味着19之前澳门没有回归。这条原则可能听起来怪怪的，但意义重大，以后我们做托福文章要比其他没有经历过严格训练的同学多长一个心眼，但凡是有时间点出现，就意味着前后的特质不一致，而这恰好是考点。
2.由新地点引发的逆向推理
事实上，它和第一点的内涵是一致的，可以被统称为“分类取非”。在文章中经常会出现把一个大类分成两个小类的情况，比如文章里面讲述生物分为两类，一类是动物，一类是植物，这时文章里面会谈到动物和植物的“不同点”而不会是“相同点”。
3.由特定词引发的逆向推理
这一类词包括unlike、without以及所有能够表示“比例”的词等。一般推理题只要找准用来推理的句子，然后按照上面两种方法来做就不会有什么问题了。
只要掌握了这些技巧，当你在做托福阅读时，也能像侦探一样进行“推理”了。
托福阅读推理题的对比取反情况
解答推理题应从识别题型入手。推理题题干中常见表示推理或暗示的词汇：infer，imply，indicate，suggest。然后，仔细阅读题干。最后，根据题干信息研读文章信息以做出推理。
接下来我们通过一些例题来深入解析推理题中对比取反的情况。
1. Paragraph: Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850s, steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the paragraph about flatboats and keelboats?
A. They ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.
B. They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.
C. They were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.
D. They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.
根据题干信息flatboats and keelboats对应到原文句子Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. 从句子里steamboat以及keelboats之间的faster 以及one tenth of很容易得出B选项。解出答案之后，希望大家思考，这样一道推理题透露了出题人设置题目时的逻辑思维，那就是信息的对比，而且有对比的时候，答案往往会取反面。
2. Paragraph: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community – that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.
1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from the paragraph?
A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.
B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.
C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.
根据题干信息commensalism对应到原文句子There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.该句得不出答案，接着看到The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community;该句告诉我们first and third指代上句中的parasitism和mutualism, 而题干中被问及的commensalism(共栖)恰是三者之中剩余的部分，根据例一中出题人对于对比取反的逻辑设置，显然该题同样取反，既然文中给出一三重要，那么强烈暗示的就是处于第二的commensalism不重要，所以选C。
3. Paragraph: Isotopic analysis of shells allowed geologists to measure another glacial effect. They could trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts of the ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature – around the equator, for example. The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. Thus, more of the heavy isotope is left behind in the ocean and absorbed by marine organisms. From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and de-glaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.
1. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that foraminifera fossil shells containing calcite with high percentages of oxygen-16 were deposited at times when…
A. polar ice extended as far as equatorial regions of land and sea.
B. extensive glaciation was not occurring.
C. there were no great increases in ocean temperature.
D. there was heavy snowfall on continental glaciers.
同样根据题干信息oxygen-16对应到原文During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. 句中给出during glaciations的时候oxygen-16会蒸发离开，题干问什么时候oxygen-16 were deposited, 同样还是对比取反，即not during glaciations，对应选项B。
4. Paragraph 2: The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.
1. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine…
A. which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age.
B. the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age.
C. the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age.
D. how far south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age.
通过以上的例子，相信大家已经熟悉了推理题中对比取反的逻辑思维。那么最后这一道题，是否能够应用讲解的规律顺利得出正确答案呢?
首先读题干，很多考生会选择Agassiz and other geologists这一信息去对应原文，结果发现无法根据文中对应信息得出正确答案。此时要牢记对比取反的逻辑思维，重新审题发现了of his time这一时间短语与文中的We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift.一句里的now构成对比关系。所以根据对比取反的逻辑，既然我们现在才精确知道冰川形成的时间，那么在当时是不知道的，顺利选出B选项。
篇2：托福阅读解题技巧：推断题和细节题如何把握
托福考生对于托福阅读中的推断题和细节题都不陌生，这两类题目是托福阅读中比较容易混淆和做错的题目。大家在做这两类的题目的时候要把握一定的托福阅读解题技巧。下面我们来具体地分析一下这两类题目。
托福阅读解题技巧：推断题和细节题如何把握?
一. 托福推断题和细节题的异同
我们先来看看两类题目的相同点，首先两类题目都会涉及到原文内容，都需要考生去原文中定位题目的相关信息，所以从做题的第一步来看，两类题目比较相似。但是这两类题目的做题方法却不一样。推断题需要考生对文中信息总结分析，结合整篇文章的观点找到最佳答案。细节题相对简单一些，只要在原文中找到相应内容并且定位准确，就能找到答案了。
二. 托福阅读细节题解题技巧
细节题也被称为事实信息题，大家在做题的时候只需要在原文对应的内容中找答案就可以了，不需要结合上下文去分析。那么如何才能又快有准确地做对细节题呢?找关键词!关键词可以帮助我们迅速定位题目在原文中的位置。如果是一些直接以段落形式出现的细节题就不需要大家定位细节题选项位置，此时需要大家去对比选项和原文，快速找到段落中的同义句位置，筛选正确答案。给大家举个简单的例子，小站托福官方真题Official第54套中第一篇阅读文章第二题：
According to paragraph 1, all of the following characteristics of pine made it a desirable material for building in nineteenth-century America EXCEPT:
A. It was long lasting.
B. It was relatively easy to transport.
C. Its softness made it easy to work with.
D. It produced buildings that were especially attractive.
大家在做这道题的时候，要注意大写的“EXCEPT”，也就是说要找到不包含的信息，我们要迅速在文章第一段定位同义句。下面是官方真题Official第54套第一段原文：
In nineteenth-century America, practically everything that was built involved wood. Pine was especially attractive for building purposes.It is durable and strong(A), yet soft enough to be easily worked with even the simplest of hand tools(B).It also floats nicely on water, which allowed it to be transported to distant markets across the nation(C). The central and northern reaches of the Great Lakes states—Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota—all contained extensive pine forests as well as many large rivers for floating logs into the Great Lakes, from where they were transported nationwide.
迅速定位选项同义句以后，我们就能找到答案了，正确答案是D。大家要不要被“Pine was especially attractive for building purposes.”这句话迷惑了，仔细分析后你会发现，它和D选项表达的是完全不同的两种意思。
三. 托福阅读推断题解题技巧
托福阅读的推断题比细节题更难一些，细节题只要找到原文中对应的位置就可以了，但是推断题却需要大家结合文章主题做出正确推断。我们先来说说怎么定义一道题是推断题，其实推断题往往题干中会包含“infer、suggest、imply、indicate”一些单词。推断题不仅需要快速定位，还需要大家能够正确分析文中相关内容，集合文章提供信息推理出合理选项。另外，推断题还分为正向推断和逆向推断，正向推断要找到相应的句子关系，逆向推断要找到相应的内容，然后取反义。下面我们来看个具体的例子，仍然是以小站官方真题Official54套第一篇阅读为例，第四题为推断题：
What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about timber in America before the year 1860?
A. Farmers of the American West earned most of their income by selling timber to newly arrived settlers.
B. Timber came primarily from farmers who wished to supplement their income.
C. Timber was much more expensive before the year 1860 because it was less readily available.
D. Timber came primarily from large manufacturing companies in the East.
题干中我们发现了推断题非常明显的标志“inferred from”，另外题干中已经标明在第二段，那么我们就从第二段中来看。此时每个选项都要进行具体的分析，A选项可以定位到文中“No longer were farmers in search of extra income the main source for shingles, firewood, and other wood products.”所以农民已经不依靠销售木料增加收入了，A项错误。B选项可以要通过逆向推断来得知，原文中说到“1870年农民不再通过木质产品增加收入”，所以可推断出木材来源主要在于一些农民想要增加收入。C和D选项通过与原文内容对比也都不符合原文中的意思。C选项原文中并未提及，D选项与B冲突，故为错误选项。
考友分享托福阅读做题教训
当时做题一味想着掌握技巧，想着怎样夺分，殊不知，好不容易拼来的分还抵不上因为粗心而失去的分，另人痛心，所以，我们不妨以退为攻，先改正自己易丢分的不良习惯或误区，力求在保证不轻易失分的情况下去夺分、去冲刺!
教训一：谙练把握常考词汇
良多考生在经由一段时刻的进修后，发现托福语法并不难，每次做错题后一对谜底发现问题问题现实很简单，总有一种恍然年夜悟的感受，可是若干天往后又会再一次恍然年夜悟，走进一个一而再、再而三犯同样错误的怪圈。原因是什么呢?
事理很简单：首先，考生对于常识点必定是懂的，否则在对谜底后就不会恍然年夜悟;其次，考生在做题时对考点涉及的常考词不敏感，视若无睹，根柢想不起来。所以考哨兵需谙练把握常考词汇，完美常识点。
教训二：细心应对考试陷阱
在托福阅读考试中语法得满分的同窗并不在年夜都，良多考生经常会很是遗憾地错了一两个完全会做的问题问题。究其原因，不外乎两个：其一、过于轻率，还没看完A、B、C、D四个选项便做出了选择，或者是在看到正确选项前就已落入了ETS设置的陷阱。
教训三：长于找到自己的常识弱点
无论英语水平多高城市有常识盲点，有恍惚甚至完全不懂的处所。是以必然要长于找到自己的常识弱点。
那么考生若何知道自己的常识盲点呢?最简单也是最根柢的体例就是做全真题。小编强烈建议考生筹备一个错题本，将自己每次托福阅读备考做习题过程中做错的题全数抄到错题本上，然后在恰当的时辰总结一下，看看自己轻易犯哪些错误。
大家平时做阅读题的时候要养成良好的做题习惯，尽量减少失分的机会，这样的话更加实在，但这也是很多托福考生忽略的方面，大家要引起重视。
托福阅读真题1
In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington, in Seattle, engaged a firm of landscape architects, specialists in the design of outdoor environment — Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts — to advise them on an appropriate layout for the university grounds. The plan impressed the university officials, and in time many of its recommendations were implemented. City officials in Seattle, the largest city in the northwestern United States, were also impressed, for they employed the same organization to study Seattle's public park needs. John Olmsted did the investigation and subsequent report on Seattle's parks. He and his brothers believed that parks should be adapted to the local topography, utilize the area's trees and shrubs, and be available to the entire community. They especially emphasized the need for natural, serene settings where hurried urban dwellers could periodically escape from the city. The essence of the Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway, twenty miles long, that would tie together a whole series of parks, playgrounds, and parkways. There would be local parks and squares, too, but all of this was meant to supplement the major driveway, which was to remain the unifying factor for the entire system.
In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report, and it automatically became the master plan for the city's park system. Prior to this report, Seattle's park development was very limited and funding meager. All this changed after the report. Between 1907 and 1913, city voters approved special funding measures amounting to $4,000,000. With such unparalleled sums at their disposal, with the Olmsted guidelines to follow, and with the added incentive of wanting to have the city at its best for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, the Parks Board bought aggressively. By 1913 Seattle had 25 parks amounting to 1,400 acres, as well as 400 acres in playgrounds, pathways, boulevards, and triangles. More lands would be added in the future, but for all practical purposes it was the great land surge of 1907-1913 that established Seattle's park system.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The planned development of Seattle's public park system
(B) The organization of the Seattle city government
(C) The history of the Olmsted Brothers architectural firm
(D) The design and building of the University of Washington campus
2. The word engaged in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) trained
(B) hired
(C) described
(D) evaluated
3. The word subsequent in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) complicated
(B) alternate
(C) later
(D) detailed
4. Which of the following statements about parks does NOT reflect the views of the Olmsted
Brothers firm?
(A) They should be planted with trees that grow locally.
(B) They should provide a quiet, restful environment.
(C) They should be protected by limiting the number of visitors from the community.
(D) They should be designed to conform to the topography of the area.
5. Why does the author mention local parks and squares in lines 14 when talking about the
Olmsted plan?
(A) To emphasize the difficulties facing adoption of the plan
(B) To illustrate the comprehensive nature of the plan
(C) To demonstrate an omission in the plan
(D) To describe Seattle's landscape prior to implementation of the plan
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about how citizens of Seattle received
the Olmsted Report?
(A) They were hostile to the report's conclusions.
(B) They ignored the Olmsted's findings.
(C) They supported the Olmsted's plans.
(D) They favored the city council's seeking advice from another firm.
7. According to the passage , when was the Olmsted Report officially accepted as the master plan
for the Seattle public park system?
(A) 1903
(B) 1907
(C) 1909
(D) 1913
8. The word sums in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) problems
(B) amounts
(C) services
(D) debts
9. According to the passage , which of the following was most directly influenced by the
Alaska-Yukon- Pacific Exposition?
(A) The University of Washington
(B) Brookline, Massachusetts
(C) The mayor of Seattle
(D) The Seattle Parks Board
PASSAGE 55 ABCCB CABD
托福阅读真题2
The term folk song has been current for over a hundred years, but there is still a good deal of disagreement as to what it actually means. The definition provided by the International Folk Music Council states that folk music is the music of ordinary people, which is passed on from person to person by being listened to rather than learned from the printed page. Other factors that help shape a folk song include: continuity (many performances over a number of years); variation (changes in words and melodies either through artistic interpretation or failure of memory); and selection (the acceptance of a song by the community in which it evolves).
When songs have been subjected to these processes their origin is usually impossible to trace. For instance, if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it to a-couple of friends who like it and memorize it, possibly when the friends come to sing it themselves one of them might forget some of the words and make up new ones to fill the gap, while the other, perhaps more artistic, might add a few decorative touches to the tune and improve a couple of lines of text. If this happened a few times there would be many different versions, the song's original composer would be forgotten, and the song would become common property. This constant reshaping and re-creation is the essence of folk music. Consequently, modem popular songs and other published music, even though widely sung by people who are not professional musicians, are not considered folk music. The music and words have been set by a printed or recorded source, limiting scope for further artistic creation. These songs' origins cannot be disguised and therefore they belong primarily to the composer and not to a community.
The ideal situation for the creation of folk music is an isolated rural community. In such a setting folk songs and dances have a special purpose at every stage in a person's life, from childhood to death. Epic tales of heroic deeds, seasonal songs relating to calendar events, and occupational songs are also likely to be sung.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Themes commonly found in folk music
(B) Elements that define folk music
(C) Influences of folk music on popular music
(D) The standards of the International Folk Music Council
2. Which of the following statements about the term folk song is supported by the passage ?
(A) It has been used for several centuries.
(B) The International Folk Music Council invented it.
(C) It is considered to be out-of-date.
(D) There is disagreement about its meaning.
3. The word it in line 8 refers to
(A) community
(B) song
(C) acceptance
(D) memory
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a characteristic of the typical folk
song?
(A) It is constantly changing over time.
(B) It is passed on to other people by being performed.
(C) It contains complex musical structures.
(D) It appeals to many people.
5. The word subjected in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) reduced
(B) modified
(C) exposed
(D) imitated
6. The author mentions the farm laborer and his friends (lines 10-14) in order to do which of the
following?
(A) Explain how a folk song evolves over time
(B) Illustrate the importance of music to rural workers
(C) Show how subject matter is selected for a folk song
(D) Demonstrate how a community, chooses a folk song
7. According to the passage , why would the original composers of folk songs be forgotten?
(A) Audiences prefer songs composed by professional musicians.
(B) Singers dislike the decorative touches in folk song tunes.
(C) Numerous variations of folk songs come to exist at the same time.
(D) Folk songs are not considered an important form of music.
8. The word essence in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) basic nature
(B) growing importance
(C) full extent
(D) first phase
9. The author mentions that published music is not considered to be folk music because
(A) the original composer can be easily identified
(B) the songs attract only the young people in a community
(C) the songs are generally performed by professional singers
(D) the composers write the music in rural communities
PASSAGE 56 BDBCC ACAA
篇3：托福阅读推断题的解题技巧(实例详解)
托福阅读考试中有很多的题型，其中有一类题型让考生有心理阴影和恐惧，尤其是其中的“推断”两个字，通过这两个字大家有没有想到柯南、福尔摩斯之类的带有悬疑色彩的东西。但是托福阅读推断题真的有这么可怕吗?我们应该如何去应对呢?
托福阅读推断题的解题技巧(实例详解)
应对托福阅读推断题，考生要如何去应对呢?毋庸置疑，推断题一定有一定的难度所在，这点我们从托福考试官方指南(og)的改变上就可发现一些端倪。第三版og上，推断题的考查数量为0-2题，第四版og已经增加到1-3题，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可见一斑。
那么，我们改如何应对推断题呢?推断题真的像我们想象的这么难么?
今天我们一起来从考查形式上来解刨一下推断题。
题干特征：推断题的题干经常会出现infer,suggest,imply, indicate这类单词
考查形式主要分为两大类：对比推断和细节推断，而后者出现的几率更大。
考查形式一：对比推断
A时间对比：一般有两个形成对比的时间点，它们所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文会出现before1990的信息，而题目会问after 1990的信息?
解决方案：收集问题对应的时间点的信息，然后取反。
注意原文中出现的表示时间节点的词 before, after, not…until…
例题
The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main,the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for theraising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficientway of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices werehigh, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to bebreaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817, during the first greatwave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830’s, whereas in 1810 onlya seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains, by 1840 more thana third lived there.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.
○They were able to sell their produce at high prices.
○They had not been successful in raising cattle.
○They did not operate in a national market economy.
答案D
对应关键句：After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmersto escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periodswhen commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
B直接对比：两个或多个事物的特征——如原文会出现A的特点，然后会有B和A相比较的信息，然后题目问B的特点?
解决方案：收集题干所问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的全部信息(一般为上述的B)，然后在原文所描述的与之相关的信息(一般为上述的A)的基础之上取反。
注意原文中出现的表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas,on the contrary, incomparison to, distinct from, different from等词。
例题
Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-aremammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Theirstreamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowholecannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of seaotters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on landand at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fullymarine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walkingmammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearlyintermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
○There were great numbers of them.
○They lived in the sea only.
○They did not leave many fossil remains.
答案A
对应关键句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, andwalruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision whatthe first whales looked like.
考查形式二：细节推断
考查细节判断，事物的特点，属性等。
解决方案：收集题干所提问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的所有信息。如果推断对象所涉及的信息比较多，难以抓到重点，则逐个选项进行定位筛选。
例题
Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground,filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoricwater; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoricwater is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain andsnow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, beforeemerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enoughspace in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walkon?
○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.
○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.
○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.
○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.
答案C
AThere it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.
BBy far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is thegroundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.
C At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” groundunderfoot to hold all this water.
DOrdinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, fromprecipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.
综上所述，推断题并没有我们想象的那么晦涩。它仍然是关注细节层面的题目，主要考查考生收集和题目相关的信息和梳理这些信息的能力。我们需要做到：
1把题干提问的推断对象的信息收集完全，并理解到位。
2记住所看即所得，不要过分推断，不要脑补。
3任何文章中出现的信息都有可能考查推断，所以不要忽略任何一个细节。
新托福在阅读中如何记笔记?
1、抓住主题段和主题句的关键词。
托福文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结构的主要部分，因此记录几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时，文章中有很多的重要信息也会包含在这部分内容中。
2、关注时间和数字。
通常来讲，出现时间概念的文章或段落通常和时间顺序有关，作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不 容忽视的，因此，除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象，考生都需要把数字记录下来。在记录时间和数字时需要注意两个问题，一是在记录时间的同时要同步记录下该时间点所发生事件的关键词，二是无论文章中的时间和数字是什么形式，考生在记录的时候都一律记录成阿拉伯数字，以便于之后做题时的查询。
3、注意人名、地名和专有名词。
这些概念在文章中出现的时候，一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记，非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外，当提到这几个具体的概念时，文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点，因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。
4、记录举例主体。
为了说明某些理论和观点，文章中会出现大段的举例文字。实际上，托福考试中考查这些例子具体内容的时候非常少，而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因或它们所证明的观点。因此，考生在快速笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了，至于例子中所阐述的具体信息，可以适当忽略。
5、关注新概念和局部核心概念。
所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时，之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现，意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题，所以，新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核 心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念，对于这种概念来说，无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意，因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的。
6、注重重要的逻辑关系。
很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容，但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系，因而对信息关联理解不准确，这也是一种严重的错误。因此，在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。
托福阅读技巧：要搞清楚做题顺序
上文提到的托福阅读最基本的做题顺序又能衍生变化出两种做题顺序：读一段文章，做相应的题目，然后再读一段，再做相应的题目;读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题。
对于多数人来说，可能“读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题”的托福阅读做题顺序会比较合适，读各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和结构，做题再看内容再做能大大降低“工作量”，但是这种做法不利于对全文的消化吸收，从而不利于做总结题，也可能会遗漏文章内的一些细节而导致做错细节题。而新托福目前反馈大都是顺序出题的，所以建议练习时就尽量往“读一段做相应题目，再读一段再做相应题目”这一顺序去靠拢，可以对文章有全面的把握，虽然总量上还是要读完全文，但是对大脑的短期记忆的负担要比通读全文再做题目小很多。
在IBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。
关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行斟酌。
托福阅读文段一般都依照老美的思路来成文，首段、尾段、首句、尾句以及过渡段(句)很重要，只要是依据美国人的阅读思路来安排托福阅读做题顺序，那托福阅读就不会像你想象的那样难以拿分。
托福阅读推断题的解题技巧(实例详解)
篇4：托福阅读中的推断题到底推理什么
托福阅读中的推断题到底推理什么?
在托福阅读考试当中，推断题学生的错误率往往比较高，纷纷表示把握不住考试的重点。因此，首先我们要了解，推断题到底要求我们推断什么?解决这个问题，有助于我们理解推断题的考点和考试思路。
推断是基于证据的猜想，它要求读者基于作者在文章中提供的信息推断出文章中未明显的内容。
根据这个定义，我们知道推断至少有两个过程：
首先，需要基于证据，也就是阅读原文。
其次，才是推断。
一般来说，推断题要求推断出文章中未明显的内容，其中包括三个方面：
1)文章和段落的主题和主旨;
2)作者的态度和目的;
3)文章中相应信息的发展和作用;
举例说明：
1)文章和段落的主题和主旨;
The organization of the passage can best be described as
A. the presentation of an argument followed by the evidence for and against it
B. a description of a phenomenon followed by several possible theories about how it develops
C. the definition of a psychological term followed by a history of its usage
D. an explanation of a process followed by a discussion of its practical applications
这题比较典型，直接问段落的主旨。答案显示，A是呈现观点，B是描述现象，C是下定义，D是解释过程。因此，段落的主旨结构，是推断题的重要考点之一。
2)作者的态度和目的;
In paragraph 6, the author compares the energy costs of vigorous begging with the potential gain in calories from such begging in order to
A. explain why begging for food vigorously can lead to faster growth and increased size
B. explain how begging vigorously can increase an individual’s chance of propagating its own genes
C. point out a weakness in a possible explanation for why nestlings do not always beg vigorously
D. argue that the benefits of vigorous begging outweigh any possible disadvantages
这题，题干中问作者比较信息A和B(compare...with...)的目的，compares the energy costs of vigorous begging with the potential gain in calories from such begging，答案显示，A是解释结果;B是解释趋势，C是指出原因，D是比较结果，可见是直接为了原文“观点“服务。题目又回到了对于文章主旨和观点的阅读范畴。
3)文章中相应信息的发展和作用;
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the Volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.?
A. They were more frequent than historians once thought.
B. They may have done more damage to Teotihuacán than to neighboring centers.
C. They may have played a major role in the rise of Teotihuacán.
D. They increased the need for extensive irrigation in the Teotihuacán Valley.
这题，题干问某个信息，the Volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.的推断，答案显示，A是频率，B是损害，C是作用，D增加了某种需求，都是某个信息的发展或者是作用。
根据上述分类，了解了推断题到底要求我们推断的内容，接下来我们就可以进行具体做题层面的操作啦。
怎样搞定托福阅读推理题?
首先，我们看一下推理题的提问方式：
Which of the following can be inferred about X?
The author of the passage implies that X…
Which of the following can be inferred from passage 1 about X?
托福阅读中的推理题都有以上固定的提问方式，我们在练习中通常可以从下面的两种思路中来思考答题
一. 正向推理
正向推理的意思就是答案所描述的内容和文章所描述到内容是一致的，我们也可以把它看成“整体与部分推理”。我们来看下面的例题
例1: Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.
It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations
A. On land
B. Both on land and at sea
C. In shallow water
D. In a marine environment
题目问的是“可以推理出Basilosaurus 在以下哪个地点繁殖并抚育后代的”，文章里有提到bred and gave birth(繁殖和抚育后代) 之类的词吗?没有。根据这一段最后一句话，Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.(Basilosaurus 毫无疑问是纯粹的海洋鲸类，可能后腿退化了)，那就意味着Basilosaurus一辈子都是在海里，因此我们推理出Basilosaurus繁殖和抚育后代在海洋里，答案选D. 这就是推理题的一种推理思路，文章中讲的是“整体(a fully marine whale)”，题目问的是“部分(bred and gave birth)”，部分具有的特征应该和整体的特征是一致的。
例2: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A. They become less stable as they mature.
B. They support many species when they reach climax.
C. They are found in temperate zones.
D. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.
题目问的是，以下可以推理出关于redwood forests(红木林)什么，我们首先回到文章去找到redwood forests那句话，Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. (例如，一旦红木林成熟，物种的数量和单个物种的数量就会减少)。我们看到一个词组for example，这就说明这句话是在举例，这个例子是为了论证前面所提到的观点。往前看，At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. (至少在温带地区，最大的多样性通常被发现在中间演替阶段，而不是顶级阶段)，所以答案选C。前面一句说至少在温带地区…， 后面一句举例说，比如红木林，所以可以推出红木林是在温带地区。(如果红木林不在温带地区，这个例子就没法支持前面的观点)
托福学习，真题与TPO的分析
本文以3次托福考试(1月25日，2月1日，和3月7日)为分析样本。非常值得注意的是阅读和听力，尤其是阅读。 我跟踪了上百次的托福考试内容，共同的感受：做托福真题阅读和TPO阅读，差异非常大。
1. 托福真题阅读VS TPO阅读
2. 托福阅读词汇学习的核心要求：不能脱离语境死背
3. 英语阅读学习的七大核心要素
4. 真题范文及题目解析
5. 范文词汇复习
6. 范文知识点复习这个分析报告，我是从这六个模块开始展开的 第一点：托福真题阅读VS TPO阅读
A. 真题句型更多样
(1) 并列句Greek philosophers pondered the meaning of nature and its innermost workings ,the relationships between animals and humankind ,and how matter related to spirit.
(2) 同位语结构The philosophy of Aristotle (384-322B.C.) advanced the fundamental notion of nature as the embodiment of everything outside culture ,an essence opposed to art and artificiality.
(3) 插入语和标点符号做解释说明Meanwhile,the suggestion of a state of nature ,wholesome and pure,defined in opposition to civilized life,found acceptance in Aristole’s time through the concept of the Golden Age-a legendary ideal that had significance for landscape planning and artistic experiment.
(4) 状语结构的使用Described by Greek poets and playwrights ,the Golden Age of perpetual spring depicted an era before the adoption of agriculture ,when humans embraced nature’s wonder and communicated with spirits in sacred woods.
(5) 直接引语的使用As the Roman official and writer Pliny the Elder (A.D. 23-79) put it “Trees were the first temples of the gods, and even now simple country people dedicated a tree of exceptional height to a god with the ritual of olden times, and we…worship forests and the very silences they contain.”
(6) 转折结构的使用One could not visit a symbol of peace and serenity, but one could experience these qualities in a sacred grove.
对这3次考试的9篇阅读文章做了对比，发现相比于TPO阅读，有5个变化 上面的例句，是从真题文章里面誊抄下来的，家长可以让孩子读一下，感受一下难度
B. 真题结构更复杂
TPO大部分阅读文章，把每段的开头句阅读完，就可以知道文章的结构和中心思想;真题阅读需要通读全段、全篇，才能真正掌握段落和文章的中心思想 很多同学，在学习TPO的阅读时，习惯了，每个文章只看段落开头句，基于这个来判断文章的内容，确实90%以上的TPO文章都可以通过段首句，来判断文章的意思，但是，真题考试，这个方法“百害无意”。
C. 真题题目更抽象
TPO大部分阅读题目，直接根据原文的某一句话的直观含义就可以找到正确答案;真题题目需要理解段落和文章的中心思想，然后再根据具体句子的意思，判断正确答案 学过托福的学生都知道，托福阅读是固定10种题型的，词汇题，细节题，排除题，指代题，句子改写题，修辞目的题，推理题，句子插入题，文章总结题，图标题
TPO中，一般一篇文章，大部分是词汇题和细节题，这两种题型，都是“傻瓜式”题目，很容易做。每篇文章大概一个推理，一个修辞目的，一个否定题，这三个题的特点是：前两个需求逻辑分析和修辞学基础，后一个题型需要比细节题多的时间去解题 我们用2月1日的托福考试第一篇文章，做一个实例，看一下14道题目的题型分布： 第一题 词汇题 第二题 词汇题 第三题 句子改写题 第四题 修辞目的题 第五题 修辞目的题 第六题 修辞目的题 第七题 推理题 第八题 词汇题 第九题 排除题 第十题 词汇题 第十一题 细节题 第十二题 排除题 第十三题 文本插入题 第十四题 文章总结题 大家注意，4,5,6三道题目，连续考察修辞目的，紧接着7题考推理，9题，12题考两次排除题 这种题目的分布和搭配方式，部分上可以解释一个现象：为什么很多同学在用TPO做模拟测试的时候，阅读分数可以稳定在24分以上，甚至28或是30分，但是真实考试，要低于模拟考试4到6分之多。 一般的解释就是：考试紧张，发挥失常。在我看来，不完全是，发挥失常，是有的，但是，大量的学生出现这个情况，就不正常了。 我从去年发现这个现象之后，就一直在想办法找打根本的原因，费了很大的周折，才收集到了这三套题目的原文的题目，经过比对分析，看到了真正的原因：TPO的题目，尤其是阅读，已经偏离真实考试很远了
D. 真题词汇更高级
出国考试的词汇库是动态的：
spirituality n. 精神生活
ponder vt. 仔细考虑
embodiment n. 体现
artificiality n. 非自然之物
shrine n. 圣地
pantheism n. 泛神论
sturdy adj. 强壮的
emblem n. 象征
judeo-christian adj. 犹太教和__共同拥有的
patrol vt. 巡逻
vandalism n. 故意破坏文物的行为
forbade vt. 禁止
horticultural adj. 园艺的 这一组单词，是我早上做教研的时候，整理下来的一篇文章中出现的部分词汇 大家可以拿给孩子看看，是否认识 这里面有几个词汇：spirituality artificiality pantheism vandalism，如果不放入原文，理解起来，很容易产生偏差 在这里，我还有补充一点，有一个词汇学习思路，我可能和很多托福阅读老师不一样(没有对错，侧重点不一样而已)，我听过很多托福阅读老师讲文章和词汇，让学生们把专业名词放下，不用管，比如pantheism，泛神论。因为这样的单词，不影响做托福阅读题目
1
以前，我教托福阅读，也是这么讲的。当时的情况是，很多出国留学的同学，只考托福，不考SAT或是ACT。因为那个时候，只有最好的学生，才会挑战高级考试(太难了)。在托福这个层面上，很多专业名词，确实不重要。
20以后，尤其是以后，情况大大不同了，即使托福基础只有60几分的学生家长，也不会让学生放弃考SAT或是ACT的。如果从SAT或是ACT的高度，反过来看托福，就会发现，托福文章中出现过的专业名词，文化类话题，和SAT和ACT有极大的重叠。所以，在托福学习阶段，我就开始建议，做题之后的复习，不要用技巧。踏踏实实把该认识的单词背下去，把需要了解的文化背景熟悉一下，对以后考试，和自我人文素养的提高，有好处。
E.真题段落更长 真题阅读有单段在200词左右的文章 以上五大点，就是我在对比了托福TPO和真题阅读之后，归类的几个核心区别
3. 英语阅读学习的七大核心要素 词汇：基础中的基础 语法：语法不通，速度不快，逻辑不清 结构：英语是一门结构严密的语言体系 解题：阅读考试的分数，是依赖做对多少道题目 修辞：狭义修辞就是比喻、拟人等修辞手段;广义修辞就是“谋篇布局”
逻辑：句子、段落、文章都有清晰的逻辑关系;分析观点以及观点的推理过程，也是一种逻辑能力 文化背景：没有文化背景，可以参加阅读考试;有了文化背景，可以考的更好 这七个模块，是我这十一年多的从业教研之后，浓缩而成的七个模块。我考过了除了年纪因素不让进考场的几乎所有出国英语考试，从SSAT到托福到SAT ACT，再到GRE和GMAT，我发现，没有一个考试，对能力的要求超出这七个模块 原来的托福考试，只要一个学生学完了词汇、语法，结构和解题，阅读就可以考到高分或是满分，现在不行了，对逻辑、修辞和文化背景，尤其是逻辑和修辞，也要学会，至少是入门，才能考出好的成绩
sacred adj. 神圣的
grove n. 小树林
civilization n. 文明
be associated with 和什么联系到一起
spirituality n. 精神生活
recreation n. 娱乐
philosopher n. 哲学家
ponder vt. 仔细考虑
innermost adj. 最深处的
Aristotle n. 亚里士多德
advance vt. 提出
fundamental adj. 根本的
notion n. 概念
embodiment n. 体现
essence n. 精华
oppose to 反对
artificiality n. 非自然之物(the quality of being produced by people and not occurring naturally)
sense n. 感觉
distinct adj. 不同的
opposite n. 对立面
meanwhile adv. 同时
acceptance n. 接受
Golden Age 黄金时代(a period of time during which a very high level of achievement is reached in a particular field of activity, especially in art or literature)
perpetual adj. 永恒的
depict vt. 刻画
adoption n. 采纳
embrace vt. 拥抱
wonder n. 奇迹
Homer n. 荷马
manifest vt. 显示
comprise vt. 包含
intensely adv. 强烈地
mystical adj. 神秘的
association n. 联合
celebrate vt. 庆祝
folk hero 民族英雄
twisted adj. 扭曲的
shrine n. 圣地
altar n. 圣坛
temple n. 神殿
dedicate to 献给
ritual n. 仪式
worship n. 崇拜
veneration n. 崇拜
pantheism n. 泛神论( the religious belief that God is in everything in nature and the universe)
permeate vt. 渗透
utilize vt. 使用
Scandinavian mythology n. 北欧神话
stretch vt. 延伸
bubble vt. 冒泡
eagle n. 鹰
perch vt. 栖息
sturdy adj. 强壮的
branch n. 树枝
celebrate vt. 赞美
separate vt. 分开
signify vt. 表示
permanence n. 持久
wisdom n. 智慧
abstract adj. 抽象的
emblem n. 象征
innocence n. 无罪
despair n. 绝望
symbolic adj. 象征的
judeo-christian adj. 犹太教和__共同拥有的(being historically related to both Judaism and Christianity)
literal adj. 字面上的
confine vt. 限制
celestial adj. 天上的
terrain n. 领域
serenity n.平静
quality n. 特征
mandate vt. 要求
preservationist n. 保护主义者
measure n. 措施
civil adj. 公民的
restriction n. 限制
code n. 法规
enclosing adj. 封闭的
prevent vt. 阻止
desecrate vt. 亵渎
patrol vt. 巡逻
priest n. 神父
issue vt. 发出
guidance n. 指导
fine n. 罚款
vandalism n. 故意破坏文物的行为
forbade vt. 禁止
dissuade vt. 阻止
penalty n. 罚款
resident adj. 居住的
represent vt. 代表
insulate vt. 隔离
deforestation n. 森林砍伐
erosion n. 侵蚀
urbanization n. 城市化
protect vt. 保护
ecosystem n. 生态系统
destruction n. 破坏
nonetheless adv. 然而
imperfect adj. 有缺点的
encompass vt. 包围
promote vt. 促进
entirely adv. 完全地
conductive to 有利于
conservation n. 保护
routinely adv. 通常地
capture vt. 俘获
sacrifice n. 祭品
witness vt. 见证
horticultural adj. 园艺的
fountain n. 喷泉
trial n. 小路
install vt. 安装
for the benefit of 为了…的利益
realm n. 领域
hariot n. 战车
racing n. 竞赛
argue over 为…争论
revolutionary adj. 革命的
contribute to 有助于
require vt. 要求 这个词表，就是我刚刚分析过程中，使用的范文里面的词汇全部汇编，家长们可以把中文隐去，让学生填写中文，看看他们现在的词汇水平，是否达到了托福真题的词汇要求 托福的话题，今天就分享到这。
托福阅读推断题
题目测试你的推断能力，能不能理解一个在文中未准确陈述的观点。比如，一个事件的影响在文中提出，然后推断题会问你它的原因是什么。如果文中进行了两个对象间的比较，那推断题会围绕着对比内容考察。
题型形式
❓Which of the following can be inferred about X?
❓The author of the passage implies that X …
❓Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X ?
考察数量
1-2;偏难。
选题规律
先声明一下：托福阅读中的推断题比中文的推断题要简单狭隘的多。比如，你读了一本小书，小说里的一个演员生气了，你可能会想作者在解释这个人性格不好，在警告读者不能乱发脾气。但是，在托福阅读中，我们只能推断出这个人啊，不开心了，仅此而已。
不妨，我们就把推断题当作事实信息题处理。尽管答案不一定是逐词逐句地推断，但文章中肯定有标准内容来得出推断题答案。
托福阅读的推断是讲道理的。
既然推断题类似于事实信息题，所以我们依据可以按照“定位-搜索-核对”三步曲策略。这道题难点就在于把握合理的推理思路。
推断题的推理思路可以假设成“硬币的正反面”。也就是说，要么推理结果与原文内容一致，要么推理结果与原文内容相反。在这里，我简要用“正逻辑”和“反逻辑”来代表。
正逻辑
1)由具体到抽象的推断
如：Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the people of Latium? (TPO 7 Ancient Rome and Greece)
定位句：In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society.
推理结果：Agriculture played a significant role in the society.
依据：具象词land—概括词Agriculture.
2) 由抽象到具体的推断
如：Which of the following statements about annual rainfall can be inferred from paragraph 1?(TPO 12 Water in the Desert)
定位句：An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert.
推理结果：Areas that receive more than four inches of rain per year are not considered deserts.
依据：“define the limits of a desert”代表着“标尺”作用，
即 >4=❌desert;<4=✅desert.
正确答案把定义性的抽象内容延展成具体信息。
3)由细节到观点的推断
如：What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars? (TPO8 Running Water)
定位句：Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels.
推理结果：Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.
依据：第二句“Two types of flow features are seen”对应于第一句“Photographic evidence”，所以“runoff channels and outflow channels”可以证明“liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars."✅答案句中的“rain”是对原文“liquid water”的改写。
反逻辑
出现情况稳定，原文出现了两个事物之间的对比。原文阐述了一个对象的特点，推断题要求选出另一个对象的特点。所以，最后的答案与原文细节相反。
常见的对比逻辑词有：not, unlike, in contrast to, however, but, now, 时间/地点。
如，Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?(TPO 7 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean)
定位句：Sediment above and below the gypsum layercontained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.
推理结果：It did not contain any marine fossil.
依据：“above and below the gypsum layer”以地点代表对比，意味着“above and below the gypsum layer”和“the solid gypsum layer”特点不一致，所以在这里添加地点强调两者的不一致性。
你可以把它想象成一个汉堡包夹层结构，上下是面包但中间是肉肉。因此，若“above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils”，则“the solid gypsum layer did not contain any marine fossil.”
篇5：托福阅读推断题题目及答案
Paragraph 3：Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?
They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.
They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.
They waste more oil than they collect.
They are unlikely to occur nowadays.
托福阅读推断题练习题答案：4
篇6：托福阅读推断题题目及答案
Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?
It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.
It prevents most groundwater from circulating.
It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.
It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.
托福阅读推断题练习题答案：3
篇7：托福阅读推断题题目及答案
Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
They become less stable as they mature.
They support many species when they reach climax.
They are found in temperate zones.
They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.
托福阅读推断题练习题答案：3
篇8：托福阅读推断题题目及答案
Paragraph 3：With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
It did not contain any marine fossil.
It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
托福阅读推断题练习题答案：1
★ 托福考试技巧
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