当前位置：首页 > 实用文档 > 其他范文> 大学英语四级考试语法：51分词的独立结构

大学英语四级考试语法：51分词的独立结构

时间：2023-09-17 08:33:55 其他范文收藏本文下载本文

大学英语四级考试语法：51分词的独立结构（通用7篇）由网友“憨娜的后话日记”投稿提供，下面是小编整理过的大学英语四级考试语法：51分词的独立结构，欢迎大家阅读分享借鉴，欢迎大家分享。

篇1：大学英语四级考试语法：51分词的独立结构

【例如】

the moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it.

(附加说明)

she rushed out the room, the little baby carried in her arms.

(伴随动作)

maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand.

(伴随动作)

they being blind men, how could they see the elephants? ( =as they were blind men... )

(表示原因)

circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan.

(表示原因)

a force acting through a distance, work is done. (表示条件)

both bright side and dark side considered, you will have the confidence to overcome this difficulty. (表示条件)

all flightsshavingsbeen cancelled because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

there be句型和it也能引出分词独立结构，作状语修饰主句，there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。

【例如】

there being nothing else to do, we went home.

thereshavingsbeen no rain, the plants withered. it being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them another two days. the sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ____on benches, chairs or boxes. (cet 4 ,1)

a)shavingsseated b) seating c) seated d)shavingsbeen seated

本题考察的是with引导的分词的独立结构，seat一般用被动形式表示主动意思，所以用过去分词，答案为c。

seat可以用于如下句中：he came in and was seated in the chair. please come in and be seated. so many directors____, the board meeting had to be put off. (cet 4 2000,6)

a) were absent b) being absent c) been absent d) had been absent

本题考察的是分词的独立结构,主语与分词之间是主谓关系，因此选择b。

篇2：大学英语四级考试语法基础：分词

1. 现在分词与过去分词的区别

现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。比较：

a changing world(一个变化着的世界);a changed world( 一个已经起变化的世界)

surprising news(令人惊讶的消息);surprised people(感到惊讶的人们)

2. 分词作状语

作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外，作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。

hearing the news， he heaved a sigh of relief.

given another chance， i’ll do it much better.

3. 分词作定语

分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前;分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。

he’s a spoilt child.

the man standing over there is our new english teacher.

where are we to get the material needed?

4. 分词作宾语补足语

分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。常用的感觉动词主要有：see， hear， notice， watch， find， observe， smell等。常用的使役动词主要有：get， have， keep， leave， set， make， let等。此外，分词还可在want， like， wish， order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。

she watched her baby sleeping.

i got my hair cut.

i don’t want you worrying about me.

5. 分词与连词的连用

分词可与各种连词(如：when， while， once， until， if， unless， though， although， even if， as， as if， as though等)连用。连词+分词(短语)的结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。

she’ll get nervous when speaking in public.

he went on talking， though continually interrupted.

6. 分词的独立结构

分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致;否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随状语以及在科技文章中表示附加说明时，它常位于句末。分词的独立结构由名词、代词+分词构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。

weather permitting， the football match will be played on wednesday.

her son having been sent to school， she began to do some shopping.

he returned three days later， his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.

there were two parties yesterday evening， each attended by some students.

篇3：大学英语四级语法精要：分词

分词

意义: 过去分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义和完成意义; 而现在分词有的来自及物动词, 有的来自不及物动词, 通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.

frozen food a freezing wind

a bored traveller a boring journey

a lost cause a losing battle

a conquered army a conquering army

a finished article the last finishing touch

the spoken word a speaking bird

a closed shop the closing hour

a recorded talk a recording machine

来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语, 能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词, 仅表示完成意义, 不表示被动意义.

the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors

用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分, 在意义上相当于关系分句.

Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.

篇4：大学英语四级语法精要：句法作用-独立结构

独立结构: 在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致. 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为独立结构, 一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况.

he rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.

有时可以表示时间:

late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to his institute.

表示原因:

her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter.

条件:

all things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.

篇5：大学英语四级考试语法：从句

i 定语从句

1.先行词为all， anything， something， nothing， everything， much， little， none等不定代词时，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。在大多数情况下that可以省略.

please tell me everything (that) you know about the matter.

that’s all (that) we can do at the moment.

2.as引出的限制性定语从句

在such … as的结构中as可作关系代词，引出限制性定语从句。有时和same连用，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语等。

such people as were recommended by him were reliable.

i’ve never seen such a talented young man as he is.

i have the same trouble as you (have)。

3.as引出的非限制性定语从句

as可作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句，通常译为“(正)如…一样”，“(正)象…一样”等。as引导的从句一般用逗号与主句隔开，可以位于主句的前面、中间或后面.

i live a long way from work， as you know.

she did not， as her friend had feared， break down.

as is generally accepted， economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.

4.分隔式定语从句

定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他句子成分与先行词隔开，从而构成分隔式定语从句。

the days are gone when power politics worked.

a new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you french.

5.介词+关系代词(which/whom等)引出的定语从句

如果关系代词(which/whom等)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成“介词+关系代词(which/whom等)+定语从句”。在这种结构中关系代词不可以用that。

this is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.

the four travelers with whom i shared the room were pleasant people.

6.关系代词在限制性定语从句中常可以省略，一般有以下几种情况：

1) 关系代词在从句中作直接宾语时，在大多数情况下可以省略。

this is something (that) you must always keep in mind.

the man (whom) you just met is our manager.

关系代词作介词宾语时，介词位于句尾时关系代词可以省略;介词位于关系代词之前时则关系代词不能省略。

this is the room (which) churchill was born in.

this is the room in which churchill was born.(which不可省略)

2) 关系代词作主语时一般不能省略，但如果关系代词在由there … be存在句构成的定语从句中作主语时常可省略。

this is the only book (that) there is on this subject.

the old professor made full use of the time (that) there was left to him to continue his research.

3) 在way后面的定语从句中in which或that通常省略。

that’s the way (that/in which) i look at it.

i don’t like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.

7.非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句修饰先行词或整个主句，起补充说明的作用，如果省略掉，原句句意仍保持完整。非限制性定语从句要用逗号与主句隔开，其引导词不能用that。非限制性定语从句属于正式语体。经常考到的非限制性定语从句有以下三种。

1)由which、as引导的非限制性定语从句。which、as代表整个主句。

he said that he had never seen her before， which was not true.

china is still a developing country， which is known to all of us.

2)由 “介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。

he sent her a letter， in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.

he failed to pass the exam， because of which his parents scolded him.

4) 由 “数词、代词或名词+of +关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。

he had three sons， one of whom was my son’s classmate.

there are about twenty students in this course， most of whom are freshmen.

they are two different words， the spellings of which are easily confused.

Ⅱ 状语从句

状语从句中以下四种从句考得较多，这里给予简单介绍。

1) 时间状语从句

时间状语从句主要由以下连词引导：when， whenever， as， while， since， until， till， before， after， as soon as， once， hardly (scarcely) … when， no sooner … than。

i will discuss the matter with you when we meet tomorrow.

he didn’t go to sleep until he finished doing his homework.

you have changed a lot since we met last time.

时间状语从句还可由某些可充当连词的名词(the moment， the instant， every time，等)和副词(instantly， directly等)引导：

i will tell you the news the instant i know.

directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.

note：

①before除了可表示 “在…之前”外，还可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很长或花费的力量相比较大，可译为“…才”。(“not … before” 可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很短或花费的力量相比较小，可译为“…就”)。

it was a long time before i got to sleep again.

they had not been married a month before they quarreled.

②如果位于when引导的分句之前的主句使用过去进行时、过去完成时或“was/were about to， was/were on the point of”等结构时，when表示突然发生某事，可译为“正在…突然”或“刚…就”等。这时，不能够用as或while来代替when。

i was walking on the street when i ran into my old friend john.

she had just fallen asleep when the telephone rang.

we were about to leave when it began to rain.

2) 条件状语从句

条件状语从句主要由以下连词引导：if， unless， providing/provided (that)， suppose/supposing (that)， on condition (that)， as/so long as， in case等。

so long as you work hard， you will surely achieve good results in examinations.

i shall return next thursday unless something unexpected happens.

i will go provided that you go with me.

please give this letter to john in case he comes.

3) 让步状语从句

让步状语从句主要由以下连词引导：though， although， even if， even though， whatever， however， whoever， wherever， no matter how/ what/ where/ when等。以下介绍几种较特殊的让步状语从句。

(1)while引导的让步状语从句多放在句首，while相当于although，表示“尽管”，“虽然”。

while i admit i did it， i didn’t intend to.

while i understand what you say， i can’t agree with you.

(2)短语“even now/then/so”相当于“though it is/was true”，表示“尽管如此”，“尽管这样”。

the fire was out， but even so， the smell of smoke was strong.

i’ve tried my best， but even now/then she is not satisfied.

(3) as引导的让步状语从句要倒装。

child as he was， he could speak four languages.

hard as she tried， she failed to get the job.

4) 比较状语从句

比较状语从句主要由以下连词引导：(not) as … as， (not) the same as， (not) such … as， not so … as， than， the + 比较级…， the +比较级…等。

we have had a lot more rainfall this year than we had last year.

she can speak english as fluently as her teacher (can)。

Ⅲ 宾语从句

1) 及物动词后的宾语从句

有些动词的宾语从句前还可有一个间接宾语。

i remember that we have learned this word before.

i don’t understand what you have said.

she asked the teacher how she could learn english well.

2) 介词的宾语从句

it depends on whether you want to do it or not

there is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.

note：在介词in后面跟that引导的宾语从句中，in that可看成是一个固定的搭配，表示“因为”或“在…方面”。

the evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal means.

a turtle differs from all other reptiles in that it has its body encased in a protective shell of its own.

篇6：考研英语：语法(独立结构)

考研英语：语法大全(独立结构)

现在分词的时态

过去分词没有时态形式的变化，所以这里只讲现在分词的时态形式。

1)现在分词的时态形式

一般式writing

完成式having written

2)现在分词一般式其所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词所表示的动作之前或后发生。如：

Working together with Dr. Bethune，we learnt a lot from him.

我们在和白求恩大夫一起工作期间，向他学到很多东西。

(working与leamt同时发生)

Knowing that they were going abroad next week ，they began to make preparations.他们知道他们下星期要出国，所以都开始作准备。(knowing发生在began之前)

He came up to me，saying“Glad to see you again.”他来到我跟前说道，“很高兴又见到你。”(saying发生在came之后)

3)现在分词完成式其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，常常用作状语，表示时间或原因。如：

Having done his homework，the schoolboy began to write his diary.这个小学生做完作业后，开始写日记。(having done his homework发生在began之前，表示时间。)

Not haying done it right, I tried again.没有做对，我就又试。

(not having done发生在 tried之前，表示原因。)

现在分词的被动语态

一般式being written

完成式haring been written

如：

This is one of the many dams being built the river.这是沿河修筑的许多水坝之一。

Being surrounded，the enemy troops were forced to surrender.敌军被包围了，被迫投降。

Having been asked to stay，I couldn't very well leave.人家请我留下，我就不好离开了。

独立结构(absolute construction)

分词短语所表示的动作在逻辑上有主语，这种主语皆可在同一句中找到。如：

The young woman standing over there is our new English teacher.站在那边的年轻妇女是我们新的英语老师。(分词短语standing over there的逻辑主语是 the young woman)

Having finished his work，he went out to play volleyball.他做完工作后，出去打排球。(having finished his work的逻辑主语是he)但有时分词短语有它自己的'独立的主语，这种主语常常是名词或代词(主格)，放在分词短语之前，这种结构叫做独立结构。独立结构常用作状语，多用在书面语中。如：

The dark clouds having dispersed，the sun shone again.乌云已散去，太阳又普照大地了。(时间状语)

We shall thresh the wheat，weather permitting.天气好的话，我们就打麦。(条件状语)

Their room was on the first floor，its broad window overlooking the park.他们的房间在二层楼上，房间里的宽大的窗户俯视着公园。(伴随情况状语，the first floor在英国指第二层楼，在美国指第一层，其余可类推。)

We redoubled our efforts，each man working like two.我们加倍努力工作，一人干两人的活。(方式)

Almost all metals are good conductors，silver being the best of all.几乎所有的金属都是良导体，银是最好的导体。(伴随情况)

The meeting over，we all left the room.会议结束以后，我们就都离开了房间。(时间状语，注意over之前省去了being)

This done，we went home.做完此事，我们就回家了。(时间状语)

She gazed，her hands clasped to her breast.她双手*在胸前凝视着。

[注一]有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句中没有逻辑上的主语。它们往往已经变成习惯用语，必须熟记。如：

Generally speaking，this book is not very difficult.总的说来，这本书并不很难。

Judging from what you say，he has done a very good job.从你的话看来，他的工作做得很不错。

Considering that he has been in china for only a year，he speaks Chinese well.考虑到他到中国才一年，他的中国话讲得很不错了。