托福阅读反面信息题特点分析应对思路介绍

时间:2023-10-18 08:18:40 其他范文 收藏本文 下载本文

托福阅读反面信息题特点分析应对思路介绍(共8篇)由网友“一侠”投稿提供,以下是小编帮大家整理后的托福阅读反面信息题特点分析应对思路介绍,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。

托福阅读反面信息题特点分析应对思路介绍

篇1:托福阅读反面信息题特点分析应对思路介绍

托福阅读反面信息题特点分析应对思路介绍

托福阅读反面事实信息题解题思路分析

这种题的解题繁琐程度比一般的事实信息题要更大一些,因为要找“有”容易,找“没有”困难。所以这种题几乎唯一的方法就是排除法。需要注意的是,我们换个角度来看这种问题。选项那三个提到的信息,必然都是与题干相吻合的,因此是并列关系。要解决这种题,就需要我们对文章中的并列关系极为敏感。

大家在阅读的时候看到并列关系,特别是并列项为3项的并列关系,就要想到是不是有可能出反面信息题。特别注意表并列的词,firstly, one… is that, at first之类的,或者是moreover, in addition之类表示附加的词。有些文章的并列可能在一个句子里用几个逗号就解决;而有些则是提到一点之后详尽解释这一点,然后再讲其他的。这样需要我们找信息的时候把具体解释的内容跳过,直接从后面找跟它并列的内容。自然,这种题正确选项与原文的关系,依然是paraphrase.

托福阅读解题找线索看哪里?

托福阅读题最重要的是找到阅读段的主题句,分析出出题者的意图,然后根据文章关键词进行答题。考生在做托福阅读题的时候需要重视开头段,结尾段和过渡段,在这三个地方,一般会包含着托福阅读段的真实题义。

托福阅读考试练习题目解析:阳光对海洋生物的影响

Passage4

托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析

适中

托福阅读考试大致内容

生物:阳光对于海洋生物的影响。太阳光能被水吸收,但一般长光波只在水的表层,短光波能传播更深,然后将一些进行光合作用的生物只在海水表层,因为阳光充足,这些生物是其他生物的食物来源,而深海因为光线不足,生物组织少,而且主要的营养物质是下沉的腐烂的生物组织,然后讲到一个海水不同水层温度变化的现象,但一般在热带水域不同水层流动性不大,温带水域由于overturn不同水层的物质会有交流。

托福阅读考试练习题目解析:美洲新英格兰地区农业发展

Passage3

托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析

适中

托福阅读考试大致内容

农业:英国殖民者刚到美洲新英格兰地区时的耕种方法。早期他们在那些已经清除植被的土地上耕种,但后来人口增加现有土地不够用,他们只好自己动手开垦土地,然后为了追求生产率,这些树不会clear out,然后他们也没有照搬在欧洲的耕种方法,最后还讲了New England地区土壤湿度草原茂盛,可以养牛,反过来还可以滋养土壤。

托福阅读考试练习题目解析:地球年龄测定

Passage2

托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析

适中

托福阅读考试大致内容

对地球年龄的测定。早起人们有几种方法预测地球年龄,但结果令人不满意,因为很多都是猜测的,然后有人发现放射性元素后根据半衰期计算出一块岩石的年龄,这项结果惊人,因为岩石的年龄比之前任何一次都久远的多;但是另一位科学家发现了一块更古老的岩石,是地球上发现的最古老的岩石,但这个岩石不能代表地球的年龄,因为太阳系形成初期就有固态物体,但那时地球还处于混沌状态没有成型,于是必须在地球找出某些洞穴里形成于地球形成初期与彗星碰撞地球的坑.

托福阅读考试练习题目解析:物种活动所需能量

A卷

Passage 3

托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析

适中

托福阅读考试大致内容

生物:关于species在活动时候所需要用到的能量。不可思议的是人在走路时用到的能量特别多,比鸟飞和鱼游用的都多,其中,鱼用得少的原因是他们和水的密度差不多,说鱼用到少只针对于哪些常年在水下submerge的生物,因为surface还要去克服重力,举例还是鸭子。鸟飞用的比鱼多,因为他们要保持在一定高度飞行。人用的多是因为经纪人运动去调节速度,以骑自行车为例。

篇2:托福阅读否定事实信息题解题思路实例分析

什么是托福阅读否定事实信息题?

按照托福官方指南OG中的说法,托福阅读否定事实题,又叫Negative Factual Infomation,是一种让考生判断文章段落中哪些信息没有提到的题型,其题型出现频率并不高,一般每篇文章中会出现0-2题,小编个人体感以1道题居多。这种题型的提问方式很有意思,主要有以下这几种形式:

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?

The author's description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT...

可以看到,题目中突出的就是NOT以及EXCEPT。这种题目看似只要让大家分析一下选项就能做好,但实际上比起一般的事实信息题却更有难度,考生如果看文章不够仔细,就很容易在这个题型上栽跟头。

篇3:托福阅读否定事实信息题解题思路实例分析

那么,考生如何才能做好托福阅读的否定事实信息题呢?比起单纯将理论,下面小编就通过实例来为大家分析具体思路。

例题:

Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.

According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:

A. Architecture is visual art.

B. Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.

C. Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.

D. Architecture has an indirect effect on life.

解题思路分析

做好否定事实信息题,小编希望大家能够按照三个标准步骤进行解答,以保证更有条理性,减少或避免干扰选项给大家造成的误导。

考生要做的第一步是审题并匹配文章,也就是通读题目,并搞清楚题目和文章之间的关系。以这道例题为例,题目问的是following statements about architecture,而文章内容整个就是在说architecture,所以考生要做这道题目就需要从这整个段落中来寻找细节,而不能只看段落的某个部分。

接下里大家要做的第二步是对比选项从文章里找到一一对应的原文。选项A对应的是原文中Of all the visual arts,选项B对应it clearly communicates cultural values。选项C对应art and science,选项D对应affects our lives most directly 。这道题目其实难度比较低,本身段落的篇幅也比较短,所以要找一一对应的位置会比较简单,但无论文章段落篇幅有多长,这个逐一对应的思路大家是需要遵循的。

第三步也就是最后一步,就是根据上一步的对应结果来找出错误的选项,其实已经很明显了,其它三个选项都是完全对应的,只有选项D说的是indirect, 而对应的原文却是direct,完全相反,那么选项D就是我们需要找的答案了。

另外,在做否定事实信息题时,考生需要注意的一点是尽量不要看一个选项返回文章找一次,这样来来回回会花很多时间。否定事实信息题给出的选项一般不会很长,所以大家完全可以额一次性把4个选项都看过并记住之后,再一起返回原文一遍找到所有的对应选项,这对考生来说并没有什么难度。同时,题目的四个选项对应的原文内容是打乱的,不太好按照选项本身ABCD的顺序在原文里从上到下的出现,所以一次性找完原文才会更有效率。

看过上面内容,相信大家对于如何解答托福阅读中的否定事实信息题,应该就会有一个比较明确的思路。托福阅读题型众多,每种题型都有其独特的出题形式和解题思路需要学习掌握,小编希望大家能够主动出击学习这些思路,而不是被动地通过大量做题来低效率地积累经验吸取教训,这样大家的备考成果才会有更明显的提升。

托福阅读中细节题如何答

前者的问题形式如:Which of the following statement is true about…

后者的问题形式有:which of the following statements are correct about…EXCEPT 或者说 which of the following statement is not true about….

托福阅读中的细节题实在不难,但条件是定位的点要对,好比下面这个例题:

Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.

B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.

C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.

D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.

这是一个典型的细节题,在该题题干中,有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为枢纽词回原文定位,由于它是专有名词,在文中会比较显眼。但是假如一旦选择了这个地名,势必会定位在该段的第一句话,托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找谜底,这样的话考生是选不出准确谜底的,由于定位不精确。实在准确的枢纽词应该是white-tailed deer,这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的,按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符,B和C都与定位句信息无关。

我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子:

Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?

A. They occur at the end of a succession.

B. They last longer than any other type of community.

C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change

D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.

这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位,但在定位过程中会泛起良多题目。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位,即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的枢纽词。文中的particular是加了暗影的,succession是在引号里面的,都非常醒目,通过看这两个词我们会发现它们四周没有我们需要的东西;再比较凸起的就是数字及破折号,在500的上方有a climax community,但它是单数,与题干枢纽词不完全匹配,细节题讲究的是精确定位,所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities,即该段的最后一句话。

否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种:一是无中生有,四个选项只有一个没有提到,这种思路多合用于选项比较简短的标题题目;二是张冠李戴,即根据定位点的内容表述,只有一个选项与之矛盾,这种思路多适应于选项比较长的标题题目。就这个例题而言,根据定位的最后一句话,从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项,D项的意思与原句相符,而C项与原句矛盾,所以准确谜底是C。

综上所述,做托福阅读的细节题,最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位,避免落入托福阅读陷阱中去。

如何从五个角度备战托福阅读

备战新托福阅读可以从哪些方面出发呢?真正要备战,还要有更加具体的一些准备,小编建议考生主要从以下几个方面去准备。

从新托福阅读备考的角度来讲,首先是要培养起一种在电脑前看长篇英语文章的感觉,平时在有空的时候就可以刻意地去营造这样的一种环境。因为选择了IBT,就意味着必须和电脑为伍,因为IBT的4项考试内容都是在电脑前完成的,阅读自然不例外。

但是国内很多学生是没有长期在电脑前阅读英语文章的习惯和环境的,所以需要刻意营造,在平时多看看英语的网站,看看长篇的学术类文章。小编推荐几个不错的网站,而且里面的内容和新托福阅读的文章题材有相关之处。这些网站有national geographic, economist, new scientist, wikipedia等。

但看网站看英语文章只是平时的一种间接准备,真正要备战,还要有更加具体的一些准备,小编建议考生主要从以下几个方面去准备。

第一点,词汇基础要扎实。

新托福阅读有一个很大的特色就是有专门考察单词的题型,也就是词汇题。从文章中抽出一个单词,给四个选项,让考生选择与这个单词词义最接近最符合的。这些词汇是没有一个大纲让考生去背的,只有靠考生平时自己大量的词汇积累,尤其是一些学术学科的词汇。

例如关于宇宙内容的几大行星的名字,形成恒星的物质是什么,地球内部构造的词汇等等。而且词汇题所占的比例还非常之高,一篇阅读文章13道题目中可能有3-5题是词汇题。所以如果决定了要参加IBT考试,就一定要大量地去背单词,按话题或按学科背都要比从A背到Z要有效的多。

第二点,基本语法知识要了解。

新托福阅读考试是一项比较全面的考察学生英语能力的内容,所以从词汇开始,一直到句子已经篇章都有对应的考题类型去考察。但是要理解句子的含义,光是词汇认识也不一定能完全搞清楚,有的时候需要通过语法知识去分析。这种语法在很多题型中有所体现。例如指代题,要分析代词所指的先行词是哪个,有时就要通过句子主谓宾成分的分析才能找到。

第三点,逻辑关系词要牢记在心。

英语句子的理解很多时候是要去理解其逻辑关系的,常见的逻辑关系有并列(and, as well),比较(than, as….as),因果(because, so, therefore, thus, result from),递进(also, furthermore),转折(but, however, yet)等等。句子内有这些逻辑关系,句子和句子之间也有这些逻辑关系,这样才能理清整篇文章的脉络,去完成例如句子简化,插入句子这类题型。

第四点,快速阅读能力要加强。

新托福阅读考试每篇的时间是规定为20分钟,除了看长篇的文章外,还有11或13道题目的内容,所以时间是非常紧张的,因此在阅读的时候速度就很关键。小编提醒考生要改掉一些阅读的坏习惯,例如逐字阅读,出声阅读,或者指着阅读等,这样的习惯只会拖慢阅读的速度。所以快速阅读能力在考试中是非常重要的,读的时候要以意群来看。

第五点,注重归纳的能力培养。

新托福阅读的最后一大题都是以全文意思的归纳为基础才能完成的,尤其是summary,考察的就是考生对文章的整体把握。因此考生在平时练习的时候一定要注意对文章段落的归纳,能够在较短的时间内把文章段落的中心大意读出来,然后进行总结,最后选择出最能代表文章中心含义的内容。如果能在平时就注重归纳能力的培养,那么考试的时候就不用害怕summary这种归纳概括性的题型了。

托福阅读审题技巧:千万不要出声读

我们对一个句子的理解,有很多种解释。通常人们看到一个句子,会首先确定单词。这个时间很快,快到我们反映不过来,不过语言学家们已经证实有这个过程。在托福考试中,确定单词后,大脑会反应单词的意思。最先反应的是经常用到的意思。比如The old man the boat。

这里,眼睛定位单词后,大脑迅速把old man认为是一个名词组。当我们接着看,感觉不对,才会回头去分析这个句子。

这个理论标明,大脑中的高频词,直接影响对句子的理解。应用到IBT考试中,各位需要把各个学科的高频词多看一下,比如生物的光合作用、新陈代谢,地理的地壳、X.X.X岩石之类的。对各种名词片语、动词片语进行修饰的形容词,副词。说起来很多,其实各位有坚持做老托真题和新托的黄金23篇,可以发现这些词语重复率很高。

另外,人对句子的理解是线性的。语言能力越差的(比如小孩子),只能理解句子的越前面,造成理解错误。(此理论仅限英语。)

从小孩子的实验来看,3到5岁的小孩理解句子只能记住前面部分。比如:Put the frog on the red paper in the box。孩子会把青蛙放到红纸上。这里可以看到,阅读的时候把句子意思理解错了,没有看完。是,非常有趣的现象是,这句话说给小孩子听的时候,100%的小孩子都做出了正确的选择-即把红纸上的青蛙装到了盒子里。语言学给出了解释,影响人们认知句子的,还有语音。

根据这个实验推出了一个有理论依据的猜测:阅读时候习惯读出声来的,会对句子的理解偏靠语音。从而对直接阅读句子的能力下降。很多人肯定喜欢边阅读边读,感觉这样可以加深理解。但是,如果花了30分钟在阅和读上,那至少再花30分钟在阅上!不能让读的时间超过看的时间。

许多同学喜欢边看边读,结果习惯了,看文章的时候,眼睛已经定位一个比较长的词语,很熟悉很熟悉,但是语音还没读到那个单词上,思维就卡住了,直到读出了那个单词才知道这个单词的意思。可以看到,对语音很依赖了。这个现象非常危险。

篇4:托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析和解题思路

托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析和解题思路

托福阅读烧脑推理题要这么做

托福阅读推理题解题思路分析

从题型构成上来看,托福阅读10大题型中的推理题其实很像是细节题,似乎都是需要考生返回原文来寻找具体信息并加以解题的。而这两种题型的不同之处在于细节题能够在原文中找到对应选项的细节,最多进行一些简单的表述形式变化,但含义却保持一致,可以说相对简单。

而推理题则需要大家在找到原文的基础上再做进一步的逻辑推理分析,正确选项代表的含义要靠大家自己思索出来,无法在原文中直接找到对应内容。换句话说,大家需要根据文中的相关依据再往前做简单推理才能得出答案。大家不要小看这一步推理的过程,很多同学偏偏就是不知道该怎么去进一步思考推理。

做好推理题需要类比逻辑思维

既然提到了逻辑思维分析推理,接下来小编就来为大家介绍一下托福推理题中比较常用的类比逻辑思维方式。这种思维模式很简单,也就是文章中提到两个事物,互为比较对象,而这两个事物具有一些相同的特点特征,因此可以根据A事物具有的特征来推理出B事物也具备相同的特征。

举个简单的例子,像小刘一样,小王也喜欢养猫。那么从这句话里,我们就可以通过类比思维来推断出,小刘喜欢养猫。大家是不是觉得这也太容易了,不要小看这种推理思维,下面给大家两道来自托福官方真题中的阅读逻辑题做参考分析。

推理类比思维解题技巧实例讲解

实例1

When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.

What can be inferred about whales from this paragraph?

A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.

B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.

C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.

D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.

思路分析

先来看一道简单一点的逻辑题,这段文字讲了某种海龟的特点,其中提到了鲸鱼,问题就是能够从这段文字中推理出什么和鲸鱼有关的信息。根据infer这个关键词,可以看出这是一道较为明显的逻辑推理题。

这段文字一共就两句话,第一句话就类似上面举的简单例子里的“像小刘一样”的这个部分,直接把类比双方海龟和鲸鱼提了出来。然后第二句话则说明了海龟具体具有的特点。那么根据类比逻辑,鲸鱼应该具有的也是第二句话中的这个特点,接下来大家只要从选项里找到和第二句话内容相近的部分就可以了,也就是海龟具有的应对寒冷的独特能力鲸鱼也有,所以选B。

实例2

Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.

What can be inferred from this paragraph about the trumpeting of bull elk?

A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.

B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.

C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.

D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.

思路分析

接下来再来看这道更有难度的推理题,这道题目的类比逻辑结构和上面正好相反,先说了A事物的一个特点,然后再说B事物也有类似特点。对应到原文中应该就是文章的最后一句给出的提示,也就是buck rub散发出的olfactory signal和bull elk trumpeting发出的auditory signal有相同的作用。那么接下来大家就要去找出buck rub的olfactory signal有什么功效然后和选项对照一下就能得出正确答案了。

具体到文章里,buck rub的作用就是sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species和indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity,而trumpeting by bull elk应该也具备类似功效,也就是选项A了。

总结以上两个例子可以看出,托福阅读中的逻辑题虽然需要考生进行自主思考,但这种推理思考的难度其实也并不算高,大家不用想得太多太复杂,只需要稍稍进行简单的逻辑推理自然就能找到正确答案了。小编希望大家能够通过上面的例子了解应对托福阅读逻辑题的正确和实用思路,更好地解答阅读逻辑题拿到考试高分。

托福阅读考试中的推理题——教你一招搞定推理题

官方对推理题的定义

首先,大家要正视官方OG(Official Guide)对推理题的定义:“对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述信息的识别和理解”。这里面我们要重点看两个细节,一是“强烈暗示”,二是“未明确表述”。

第一,“强烈暗示”,即原文中给定的信息与正确答案的信息紧密相连,而并不会出现需要太多太大脑洞的地方。首先就是我们要认真阅读题目中限定的段落(基本上会以某一段为主,而且题目明显给出“According to Paragraph 1”这样的字样),并在脑海里迅速生成段落的结构逻辑,即哪句是主旨(Topic Sentence),哪句是细节(Details),哪句是证据(Evidence),有没有分论点(Minor Ideas)等。并在此基础上,将文章内容与各个选项中的信息匹配。而“匹配”也很重要,如果文章内没涉及相关信息的,得推个五重六重才能得出的答案必然不会是我们的正确答案。而且这是ETS常常挖的一个坑,就看你愿不愿意一往无前地跳进去了。所以划重点:托福中的推理题最多只要往前推一步就足够了,要时刻牢记得托福只是一个语言类考试。

第二,“未明确表述”,即正确选项应该 是文章中没有明确给出我们完全一样的表述,但理论上应该是正确的内容。这就有一个迷思了。很多刷题不够多的同学会想当然地以为推理题必然要往前推那么一大步,类似细节题正确选项的内容(即同义改写)就常常放弃了。而如果你做过超过十套TPO并认真分析你遇到的所有推理题,你就会发现,当出题者想降低出题难度的时候,把推理题的正确答案设置为paraphrase原文某个内容的选项就是一个很普遍的选择。因而,推理题并不会因为“没有推理”而排除任何选项。相反,恭喜你,你只是遇到了一道难度略低的推理题。

一种推理题的解题思路:Contrast

Contrast(或是Comparison)的地方是ETS钟爱的出推理题的地方。其实,某种程度上而言,这就是让我们去学习一种很好的思考方式,或者是逻辑论证方式。笔者相信,你的写作老师一定会跟你讲过,有的写作题目的个别论点的处理是可以通过对比来实现的。

如果你之前是在国内读高中,而且不是国际学校,那么你的确有可能对这种逻辑思维方式觉得似乎没有那么熟悉。非也,非也。现在让我们来回顾一个场景。

场景回顾:如果你是一个理科生(或者有化学、生物课的文科生),回想一下你的化学和生物课上做的实验,老师有没有做过这样的对比试验:

实验1:现在我们开始实验演示。溶液A和溶液B放入相同的溶液,两个溶液都是透明无色的,没有气泡。现在我们将一块白色无味放入溶液A中,观察实验现象。我们发现,与B溶液对照,A溶液中开始慢慢出现的气泡。

实验2:现在我们开始实验演示。溶液A和溶液B放入相同的溶液,两个溶液都是透明无色的,没有气泡。现在我们将一块白色无味放入溶液A中,观察实验现象。我们发现,与B溶液对照,A溶液中开始慢慢变成红色。

我们再画个表格看一下。

溶液A

溶液B

实验前

无色无味

无色无味

实验1

出现气泡

实验2

变成红色

如果这是在化学课,且AB溶液是对比实验,我们会在上面表格的空白处填出什么内容?实验1:没有出现气泡;实验2:没有变成红色。对吗。

好了,如果你能填出上面的正确内容,说明你已经掌握了一种行之有效的托福阅读推理题的解题思路!

什么,你不相信?请看题目(来源:TPO):

Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

There were great numbers of them.

They lived in the sea only.

They did not leave many fossil remains.

猜一下正确答案是什么?没有错,答案就是A。

为什么呢?请注意原文中说“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds(seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and atsea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.”重点信息是“unlike thecases of sea otters…., it is not easy to envision….whale...”,“不像sea otter的情况,对于鲸鱼而言,是很难想象最初的鲸鱼是什么样子的。

不够清晰?我们再来画一个表格。

cases

sea otter

whale

envision

not easy

有没有发觉很熟悉!是不是跟刚刚的化学实验一模一样!所以请告诉我,空白处应该填什么?“easy”,对吗?好的,这时候我们再来看一下选项A说了什么?“It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.”

“not difficult”是不是就等同于我们填入的“easy”!所以这么一道绕来绕去的题目我们就搞定啦。正确答案就是A选项。

有没有发觉get到了一个很高大上的技能!快来新东方的托福阅读课堂,收获更多推理题神技哦~

3个方面全方位解读托福阅读推论题,你懂了吗?

托福阅读推论题的类型和解法

托福阅读推论题都是按照托福阅读文章信息来把隐含意的题目推出,可划分成共性推理题和无共性推理题。有共性推理题是题干里包含了与原文内容相同的关键词,根据关键词回原文定位推理;无共性的推理题就是题干中无线索。

托福阅读推论题的解题难点

推论题目有难度,但并不如同词汇题或者事实信息题,考生在解题时一般只是需要定位到原文基本上就看到了正确选项。但是推论题就算是能够定位到原文,考生们同样是不能找到任何可以直接选择的证据。因此题目难在思维处理过程,考生在思维处理时一定要把握好“度”,不可以出现思维局限,在文章中挖掘深层含义的力度不够或是出现过分的“思维扩展”,推测出超出原文内涵的选项。在思维局限时,考生可能会倾向于选择直接来源于原文的信息,这种信息是常见的解题障碍;思维扩展太多则会加入自己的常识,并不利于解题,往往会答错。

托福阅读推论题的选项特征

通过专业考试分析表示此类题型的正确选项是利用定位句综合提取出的的信息,该类信息一般是不会被原文直接用字面意思表达出来,通常是很含蓄、概括的;错误选项通常包含有3种情况:第一种是没有直接原文依据的内容;第二种是原文中明显提到的内容;第三种则是无关选项,可能是其他位置出现的信息。

上面通过三个不同方面对托福阅读推论题进行详细的解读,希望通过上文能够对各位考生 有一定的帮助

篇5:托福阅读细节题4种常见出题情况和应对思路逐一盘点分析

托福阅读中的细节题基本解题思路是根据题目给出的信息返回原文中找到对应的位置进行核对确认,然后选出正确的答案,这个解题流程中对考生的思维能力要求似乎是比较低的,但即便如此,细节题本身不同的出题情况还是可能导致不同的解题结果,因此细节题的各种出题情况考生还是需要掌握各自的应对思路才行。

托福阅读细节题出题情况盘点介绍

那么,托福阅读细节题的出题情况有哪几种呢?小编为大家详细介绍:

1. 直接对应特定词汇

这种应该是大家最容易看到的一种细节题出题情况,当然其解答难度也是最低的。这种情况是题目中包含了某个特定词汇,而在原文中考生也可以找到完全一样的词汇。这种情况大家往往可以直接进行选择,而不需要再浪费时间去文章其它段落里做进一步核对查找。

2. 寻找定位句解题

这种情况与第一种情况类似,但并非特定词汇的直接对应,而是句子的对应。也就是题目或是选项中的某个句子整体或是其中一部分能够在原文中找到相同或者相似的对应内容。这种情况想要返回原文中查找需要考生从定位句入手才会比较容易找到,而且有时候涉及到的不只是原句本身,还有其前后上下文的相关内容,当然只要大家能够顺利找到原句所在,想要解答细节题难度也并不会太高。

3. 多选项分散对应

这种情况就属于细节题中比较麻烦的一类出题情况了。具体来说,一道题目四个选项,可能对应的并非单个细节,而是各个细节分散在文章的不同位置。这种细节题如今在托福阅读考试中并不常见,但也偶尔会出现,一旦遇到考生在解题时就需要花费更多时间精力来把这些细节逐个找到对应位置之后再进行一一排除。比较高效率的做法是先根据提问内容找到问题大致对应的位置,然后再直接从这个位置所在段落进行查找排除,这样一些干扰无关选项可以比较快速地被排查出来,节省一定的解题时间。

4. paraphrase对应

这种情况应该算是细节题的终极形态了,也就是大家无法直接根据题目内容在原文中找到相同或者相近的对应部分。这种情况一般是因为出题时故意进行了paraphrase,也就是把原始细节换一种方式说出来,而且变更幅度比较大,虽然保持了基本意思的相同,但从用词和句子上面已经看不出原来的模样了。这就要求大家本身首先要充分理解题目提问的具体内容,同时拥有一定的同近义词知识储备,结合两者才能比较好的解答这道细节题。当然这种高难度的细节题考生很少会遇到,纵观整个官方真题Official中这样的题目数量也不会太多,但大家还是需要了解做题思路,避免临时遭遇被打个措手不及。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The surge often progresses along a glacier like a great wave, proceeding from one section to another. Subglacial streams of meltwater might act as a lubricant, allowing the glacier to flow rapidly toward the sea. The increasing water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly sliders downhill. Surge glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. However, many of these glaciers exist in the same area as normal glaciers, often almost side by side.

Some 800 years ago, Alaska's Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, and advanced again 500 years later. Since 1895, this seventy-mile-long river of ice has been flowing steadily toward the Gulf of Alaska at a rate of approximately 200 feet per year. In June 1986, however, the glacier surged ahead as much as 47 feet a day. Meanwhile, a western tributary, called Valerie Glacier, advanced up to 112 feet a day. Hubbard's surge closed off Russell Fiord with a formidable ice dam, some 2,500 feet wide and up to 800 feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Yakutat to the south.

About 20 similar glaciers around the Gulf of Alaska are heading toward the sea. If enough surge glaciers reach the ocean and raise sea levels, west Antarctic ice shelves could rise off the seafloor and become adrift. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The additional sea ice floating toward the tropics would increase Earth's albedo and lower global temperatures, perhaps enough to initiate a new ice age. This situation appears to have occurred at the end of the last warm interglacial (the time between glacations), called the Sangamon, when sea ice cooled the ocean dramatically, spawning the beginning of the Ice Age.

1. What is the main topic of the passage ?

(A) The classification of different types of surge glaciers

(B) The causes and consequences of surge glaciers

(C) The definition of a surge glacier

(D) The history of a particular surge glacier

2. The word intervals in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) records

(B) speeds

(C) distances

(D) periods

3. The author compares the surging motion of a surge glacier to the movement of a

(A) fish

(B) wave

(C) machine

(D) boat

4. Which of the following does the author mention as a possible cause of surging glaciers?

(A) The decline in sea levels

(B) The occurrence of unusually large ocean waves

(C) The shifting Antarctic ice shelves

(D) The pressure of meltwater underneath the glacier

5. The word freeing in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) pushing

(B) releasing

(C) strengthening

(D) draining

6. According to the passage , the Hubbard Glacier

(A) moves more often than the Valerie Glacier

(B) began movement toward the sea in 1895

(C) is 800 feet wide

(D) has moved as fast as 47 feet per day

7. Yakutat is the name of

(A) an Alaskan town

(B) the last ice age

(C) a surge glacier

(D) an Antarctic ice shelf

8. The word plunge in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) drop

(B) extend

(C) melt

(D) drift

9. The term vicious cycle in line 24 refers to the

(A) movement pattern of surge glaciers

(B) effect surge glaciers could have on the temperature of tropical areas

(C) effect that repeated rising sea levels might have on glacial ice

(D) constant threat surge glaciers could pose to the Gulf of Alaska

10. The author provides a definition for which of the following terms?

(A) tributary (line 15)

(B) ice dam (line 16)

(C) albedo (line 25)

(D) interglacial(line 26)

11. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?

(A) The movement of surge glaciers can be prevented.

(B) The next ice age could be caused by surge glaciers.

(C) Surge glaciers help to support Antarctic ice shelves.

(D) Normal glaciers have little effect on Earth's climate.

PASSAGE 38 BDBDB DAACD B

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world.

In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch. Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool kit before the introduction of metal was the wide knife made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells.

The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but in the rainy climate of the coastal area they also used smokehouses to preserve tons of fish and other seafood annually. Each product had its own peculiar characteristics that demanded a particular way of cutting or drying the meat, and each task required its own cutting blades and other utensils.

After drying the fish, the women pounded some of them into fish meal, which was an easily transported food used in soups, stews, or other dishes to provide protein and thickening in the absence of fresh fish or while on long trips. The woman also made a cheese-like substance from a mixture of fish and roe by aging it in storehouses or by burying it in wooden boxes or pits lined with rocks and tree leaves.

1. Which aspect of the lives of the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast does the passage

mainly discuss?

(A) Methods of food preservation

(B) How diet was restricted by the environment

(C) The contributions of women to the food supply

(D) Difficulties in establishing successful farms

2. The word unique in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) comprehensible

(B) productive

(C) intentional

(D) particular

3. The word attained in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) achieved

(B) modified

(C) demanded

(D) spread

4. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the social organization of many agricultural peoples is

(A) more complex than that of hunters and foragers

(B) less efficient than that of hunters and foragers

(C) more widespread than that of hunters and foragers

(D) better documented than that of hunters and foragers

5. According to the passage , what is true of the division of labor mentioned in line 5?

(A) It was first developed by Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast.

(B) It rarely existed among hunting

(C) It was a structure that the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast shared with many

other peoples.

(D) It provided a form of social organization that was found mainly among coastal peoples.

6. The word abundant in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) prosperous

(B) plentiful

(C) acceptable

(D) fundamental

7. All of the following are true of the north Pacific coast women EXCEPT that they

(A) were more likely to catch shellfish than other kinds of fish

(B) contributed more materials for tool making than the men did

(C) sometimes searched for food far inland from the coast

(D) prepared and preserved the fish

8. The word They in line 16 refers to

(A) women

(B) tools

(C) mammals

(D) men

9. The Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast used smokehouses in order to

(A) store utensils used in food preparation

(B) prevent fish and shellfish from spoiling

(C) have a place to store fish and shellfish

(D) prepare elaborate meals

10. The wore peculiar in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) strange

(B) distinctive

(C) appealing

(D) biological

11. All of following are true of the cheese-like substance mentioned in paragraph 4 EXCEPT that it

was

(A) made from fish

(B) not actually cheese

(C) useful on long journeys

(D) made in a short period of time

PASSAGE 39 CDAAC BCABB D

篇6:托福独立口语3选1题型特点趋势和应对思路全面分析

什么是托福独立口语的3选1题型?

3选1题型的特点相信大家只要看过官方指南OG或是做过一些托福官方真题应该就能有所了解,这种题型的特点在于会先给出一个前提条件,然后给出3个选项,让考生在其中选择其一后进行展开论述。因为比传统的同意或是不同意以及2个选项题多出一种选择,所以在很多人看来这个题型的难度还是比较低的。当然,因为给出了3个选项的关系,3选1题型的题目文字叙述部分往往会比较长一些,审题所需时间也会更多。

篇7:托福独立口语3选1题型特点趋势和应对思路全面分析

而在近年来的考试中,3选1题型的出现频率也始终保持在较高的百分比上,比如,总计48场左右的托福考试中,独立口语部分3选1题型一共出现了30次,比例高达62.5%,到了,虽然3选1题型出现场次骤降为了16次,但仍然占据全面考试中独立口语题目的三分之一。而结合今年第一季度的数据来看,3选1题型的出现比例大致在50%左右,可以说是相当高频且重要的独立口语题型,完全值得大家专门花心思去做一些针对性的备考练习。

3选1题型对考生的利弊分析

那么,3选1题型对于托福考生来说究竟是好是坏,是难点题型还是送分童子呢?小编认为用四个字可以概括,那就是糖衣炮弹。

说是糖衣,是因为3选1题型给人的初步印象应该是偏向于简单题型的。如同上文所说,原来大部分托福独立口语题都是双选,或是agree/diagree,或是两个选一个。现在3选1明摆这多给了一种选择,考生的展开思路更多了,怎么想都更简单好回答了不是吗?如果你也是这么想,那么你显然是被糖衣迷惑了。

而包裹在糖衣里面的则是炮弹而非美味的夹心。3选1题型真正的难点在于消耗时间,无论是从题型长度来说还是从思考上来看,其实都会消耗考生更多的时间。从题型长度来说,3选1题型一般题干叙述部分相对其他题型都会更长一些,同时多给出的1个选项显然也需要消耗考生更多时间去审题和理解。

从思考层面来看,原本大家只有两个选择,虽然选择余地较小但同时需要做决定花费的时间也相对少一些。而如今变成了3个选项,难免会有同学因此而出现犹豫不决不知道如何选择的情况,本来就有选择困难症的考生更是容易因此而纠结,左右为难之际更多的时间就此白白浪费了。可以说从耗时角度来看,3选1题型真的是包藏祸心非常阴险的题型。

考生如何应对独立口语3选1题型?

知道了3选1题型的恐怖之处,大家就需要引起重视学习一下针对这种题型的答题思路了。小编给出两条能够帮助大家提升思路找到应对方法的思路技巧:

1. 看完题目先自拟选择

第一个应对独立口语的思路是自拟选择。既然3选1题型分为题目和选项两个部分,那么小编建议大家在读完题目的叙述部分后,先不看选项直接自己来想一个可以说的选择。这种做法能够充分运用到大家的直觉,同时排除看到选项之后出现的思维上的干扰影响。而自己想出的选择一般来说既然是大家的第一反应,考生往往会有比较多的话可以讲,也有更多的想法包含其中。做出选择之后,大家再对照着给出的3个选项,从中选择一个最匹配之前自定想法的选项,这样一来大家就无需为3个选项选择哪一个而烦恼了。

2. 用排除法来迅速缩小选项范围

如果大家担心自拟选项的做法会无法匹配题目给出的3个选项,那么还有另一种相对被动一些但同样很实用的应对思路,那就是排除法。大家都知道做选择题排除法是非常经典且实用的技巧,这种技巧在面对独立口语3选1题型时也同样适用。但凡有选择,看过选项之后考生总是能在心里排出个先后顺序的,那个选项看着最顺眼,哪个选项似乎没什么感觉,哪个选项又完全没思路不来电。这种微妙的心理差异大家完全可以通过排除法来表现出来,不要犹豫纠结,顺眼的保留不顺眼的直接排除,3个选项要展开说哪一个相信大家很容易就能得出结论了。这种方法也能够提升大家对3选1题型的应对效率和思考速度。

总而言之,托福独立口语中的3选1题型还是需要大家专门进行一些针对性训练才能顺利解答的。而结合本文中对这一题型的特点和趋势分析,小编相信考生想要应对这类题型也将会更为轻松自如,最后祝大家都能考好托福考试拿到满意成绩。

托福独立口语热门高频话题素材范文集锦:描述喜欢的电影

托福独立口语高频话题介绍:描述喜欢的电影

Describe your favorite movie.

高频话题语料补充

电影类型Types of movies:

惊悚片:thriller

悬疑片:suspense

喜剧: comedy

动作片: action

纪录片: documentary

科幻片: science fiction

爱情片: romance

动画片:animation

恐怖片:horror

启发性的

enlightening; 有教育意义: educational;

学到很多

learn lots of important lessons:

跟恶势力斗争

fight against the evil

弘扬正义

uphold justice

珍惜友情

cherish friendship,

朋友是生活的一部分

friends are big part of our lives;

同情别人

should be compassionate about others;

托福独立口语高频话题范文分享

I would like to talk about the movie Harry Potter. It is based on the international seller Harry Potter, and it is authored by J.K. Rollin, a British novelist. The storyline is very interesting. The main character Harry Potter was determined to learn the magic and he had many setback and faced a lot of barriers in this process. However, he never gave up and was motivated to spread justice and at the same time fight against the evil. Another important lesson that I learned is that we should value friendship, cherish our loved ones.

托福独立口语热门高频话题素材范文集锦:听音乐会还是录制音乐

托福独立口语高频话题介绍:听音乐会还是录制音乐?

Some people like going to concerts to hear music played live. Others prefer listening to recorded music. Which musical experience do you think is better, and why?

高频话题语料补充

有机会现场见到明星

get a chance to meet the star in a living setting

情绪变好

improve your mood, raise your spirit

唱、跳

involve lots of standing, jumping, dancing,

燃烧脂肪

burn your calories

听首发的歌曲

get a chance to hear the songs that have not been released

非常值得

it is well worth the expensive ticket

托福独立口语高频话题范文分享

I would like to go to a concert. You know, it is definitely more fun, I once went to an Eminem concert, and when I made it to the front of the crowd, I can still picture the scene on that day, like, all these people around me were singing, rocking with the Eminem. It involves lots of standing, jumping, dancing, and I get a chance to hear the songs that have not been released. Also, going to a concert is an escape from your busy life and work. It might be possible for you to enjoy someone's CD or watch them on TV, but it is a totally different experience to see them in person, you can really feel the excitement.

托福独立口语热门高频话题素材范文集锦:学习音乐和艺术

托福独立口语高频话题介绍:学习音乐和艺术

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? High schools should teach music and art as other basic science.

高频话题语料补充

带来安慰和希望

bring comfort and hope

表达他们的幸福

express their happiness,

促进改变

facilitate change

团结社会

bind society

降低生活的压力

Reduce the stress of life,

表达他们的幸福,悲伤甚至愤怒

express their happiness, sorrow and even anger

提高艺术鉴赏能力

improve their taste of art and music

欣赏不同风格的音乐

appreciate different kinds of music

托福独立口语高频话题范文分享

Personally, I think high school kids should learn art and music. Actually, music and art can bring comfort and hope to people, and it is important for people to express their happiness, sorrow and even anger. At the same time, kids can improve their taste of art and music and learn to appreciate different kinds of music, this is a very important skill. Additionally, by learning art and music, students get a chance to reduce their stress of life and when they go back to their study, they can concentrate better and be more productive.

篇8:托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析之infer推理题答题思路精讲

托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析 infer推理题答题思路精讲

托福阅读推理题题型介绍

托福阅读推理题可分为两类:有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题

这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位,然后进行推理。一般来说,大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题,也就是题干中无线索,一般使用排除法,即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位,通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点,采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。

托福阅读推理题解题信息点讲解

托福阅读解题需要注意这些信息点:

1. 日期和数字

2. 各类关键词

表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词:may, can , could…;表示过去的:used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的: not only ,not exclusively等。

托福阅读推理题3种具体解题思路分析

1、一般对比推理:根据两个事情的对比特征,问其中一个事物的特征,只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、时间对比推理:在这种推理中,一般有两个形成对比的时间段,它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时,只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理 :一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比,两者之间存在着互补性关系,也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之,相同。

托福阅读推理题解题思路实例讲解

上面说的可能比较抽象,我们来看一个例子:

例如:Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出:非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降,所以(B)为正确答案。

托福阅读素材之空气污染问题

Air Pollution

托福阅读材料推荐:空气污染问题

Comes From Many Sources

Here's what you need to know about the warming planet, how it's affecting us, and what's at stake.

Smog hanging over cities is the most familiar and obvious form of air pollution. But there are different kinds of pollution—some visible, some invisible—that contribute to global warming. Generally any substance that people introduce into the atmosphere that has damaging effects on living things and the environment is considered air pollution.

Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is the main pollutant that is warming Earth. Though living things emit carbon dioxide when they breathe, carbon dioxide is widely considered to be a pollutant when associated with cars, planes, power plants, and other human activities that involve the burning of fossil fuels such as gasoline and natural gas. In the past 150 years, such activities have pumped enough carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to raise its levels higher than they have been for hundreds of thousands of years.

Other greenhouse gases include methane—which comes from such sources as swamps and gas emitted by livestock—and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were used in refrigerants and aerosol propellants until they were banned because of their deteriorating effect on Earth's ozone layer.

Another pollutant associated with climate change is sulfur dioxide, a component of smog. Sulfur dioxide and closely related chemicals are known primarily as a cause of acid rain. But they also reflect light when released in the atmosphere, which keeps sunlight out and causes Earth to cool. Volcanic eruptions can spew massive amounts of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, sometimes causing cooling that lasts for years. In fact, volcanoes used to be the main source of atmospheric sulfur dioxide; today people are.

Industrialized countries have worked to reduce levels of sulfur dioxide, smog, and smoke in order to improve people's health. But a result, not predicted until recently, is that the lower sulfur dioxide levels may actually make global warming worse. Just as sulfur dioxide from volcanoes can cool the planet by blocking sunlight, cutting the amount of the compound in the atmosphere lets more sunlight through, warming the Earth. This effect is exaggerated when elevated levels of other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap the additional heat.

Most people agree that to curb global warming, a variety of measures need to be taken. On a personal level, driving and flying less, recycling, and conservation reduces a person’s “carbon footprint”—the amount of carbon dioxide a person is responsible for putting into the atmosphere.

On a larger scale, governments are taking measures to limit emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. One way is through the Kyoto Protocol, an agreement between countries that they will cut back on carbon dioxide emissions. Another method is to put taxes on carbon emissions or higher taxes on gasoline, so that people and companies will have greater incentives to conserve energy and pollute less.

托福阅读备考之文章考点整理

一、列举和并列句

列举指的是: First, Second, Third,等逐条列出。并列句是指: A , B and C ,即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”,主要有两种:

1. Which 题型

该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案,其它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下,往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项 。

2 . EXCEPT 题型

该题型俗称“三缺一”题型,即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容,剩下一个不符合,题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如: All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT -

这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句,这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的,也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点.我们在读文章的时候就可多留意,如看到并列、列举句,可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型,则应到并列、列举处找答案。

二、否定及转折句

否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT , NEVER 等否定词的句子,而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER , BUT 或 RATHER 等关联词引导的句子,它们可以用下面的句型说明: A is not B , as C , but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。

三、举例句

句中由 as 或 such as , for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句,常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。

四、数字与年代

文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点。

五、最高级及绝对性词汇

文章中若出现 must , all , only , anyone , always , never 等绝对性词汇或 first , most beautiful 等最高级词汇,往往是考题要点,一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点,那就是 概念绝对 , 答案唯一 ,无论是出题还是做题,不会产出歧义和疑问,因此很容易出题,答案绝对正确。相反地,如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇,如果我们出这样一道题: What color hats did some people choose- 那么就没有唯一正确的答案,因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ,给评卷带来困难。

六、比较级及比喻

如果文中含有 more than 或 as , like ( a fly )等句型,则为比较级或比喻句结构,往往也是考题点,一般出“推断性题目”。

七、同位语及插入语

文章中带有由 that is , i.e. , or 等词汇引导的名词词组,放在一个名词后面,为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首,句中或句尾,不做句子成分,但修饰整个句子、表 达作者感情的语法结构。 这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点,一般会出“细节性题目”。

八、因果句

句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句:

(1) 因果连词: because , since , for , as , therefore , so , consequently 等

(2) 表示因果的动词: cause , result in , originate from 等;

上述就是托福阅读中埋考点的几个位置,大家可以在托福阅读文章练习中验证一下,多练习、多总结,托福阅读肯定会有提高。

阐述观点有理有据的写作技巧

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耳机坏了、隔壁声音大,托福口语考试中那些意外怎么办

GRE数学冷门题型解题思路实例讲解

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托福阅读新旧题型比较及应对技巧-2

托福阅读各大题型分析集合

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新托福考试的复习方法

托福考试技巧

托福阅读反面信息题特点分析应对思路介绍
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