当前位置：首页 > 实用文档 > 其他范文> 托福阅读新旧题型比较及应对技巧-2

托福阅读新旧题型比较及应对技巧-2

时间：2023-09-22 08:24:04 其他范文收藏本文下载本文

托福阅读新旧题型比较及应对技巧-2（通用7篇）由网友“crystal”投稿提供，这次小编在这里给大家整理过的托福阅读新旧题型比较及应对技巧-2，供大家阅读参考。

托福阅读新旧题型比较及应对技巧-2

篇1：托福阅读新旧题型比较及应对技巧-2

托福阅读新旧题型比较及应对技巧-2

在具体实施“抛弃”战术日久应制定一个循序渐进的阶段性计划，如每天记多少个单词，每一阶段(如10天)应达到什么目标？更长的时间(如1个月)又应有什么长进。每到一个阶段的末尾，应对这一阶段学习的词汇来个总复习，既检阅了学习成果，又对个别生词再次重点“进攻”。根据实践经验，推荐下面几个具体的方法，定能助你一臂之力，一举攻克词汇大关。

(1)制作单词卡

对于那些完全陌生的单词，可以将其制成卡片加以记忆。每张卡片正面是单词，反面记下它的词义、词性和例句．

切记：不要简单地将字典上的例句照妙下来，而应尽量自力更生编写例句。别担心你的例句滑稽可笑，有时越可笑反而越好，因为你在笑的同时就已经把生词深深地印在脑海中了。

(2)通过会话记忆单词

每天都进行英语会话，而不是有可能或有时间才进行，并尽量在会话中使用所学单词，也是攻克词汇关行之有效的方法之一，因为在不同语境下运用词汇，才能最大限度地帮你记住它们。如果身边没有会话的同伴．那就说给自己听，并尽可能将当天所学的'词汇用于其中，哪怕只能用上二三个也是好的。

(3)边阅读边记忆

掌握大量词汇无疑是快速阅读的上佳途径。有材料就读，有时间就读；在读的过程中，遇到生词先根据上下文猜测其词义．待读完全篇后，再查字典，弄清它们的确切含义。这样你就会发觉，每读完一篇文章就会有所收获。

当然，词汇的积累是个漫长而痛苦的过程，需要具备决心、耐心和信心，必须坚定地执行计划，不达目的誓不罢休。如果你只有痛苦的感觉，则应该赶紧反省一下了，因为你的方法可能不对。试试上面的方法，将无生命的单词融进各种情境中去，发挥你的想象力，用它们来表达你自己的思想，赋予它们血肉。这样，等你坐在TOEFL考场上，拿起文章阅读时，就会惊喜地发现文章里面绝大多数都是些“老朋友”。

2．广泛涉猎，扩大知识面

TOEFL阅读中选取的文章、其文体不外乎记叙文、议论文说明文和描写文，也有极少数应用文，但题材相当广泛，既有自然科学，也有社会科学，常见的有物理、化学、历史、地理、气象、天文、考古、医学、生物、教育、宗教、社会、法律、文学、艺术、体育等。若考试时碰到的文章内容从前从未涉及过，那就难免不知所云了。例如―篇文章中提到Gauguin(高更)，一个与梵高相识的法国画家。如果你对高更其人一无所知，而认为Gauguin一词是一种动物或别的什么的话，就难免堕入五里雾中；如果你平时涉猎广泛，对高更略知一二，那么impressionism(印象派)，naturalist(自然主义者)之类的词就会浮上脑海。

针对TOEFL阅读文章题材广泛的特点，平时注意“博览群书”，不失为备战ToEFL阅读的基本对策之一。如经常阅读英文报刊、杂志和小说等，以便接触各种文体和题材的文章。

3．养成猜测生词的习惯，以提高阅读速度

TOEFL考试阅读量之大，相信参加过或准备参加TOEFL考试的人都有所领教，因而阅读速度之重要也就不言而喻了。这里需要澄清一个错误观念，即认为必须认识文章中的每一个单词并看懂每一个句子才能答对题目。其实，考试时这样做既不可能也无必要，你只需看懂回答问题时需要的文字就可以了。这就要求平时有意识的训练自己进行一些粗线条的阅读，以了解文章中心为目的，对那些不影响理解文章要旨的词汇可以不去管它，对关键的生词要学会猜测。总之，要改掉见生词就查的坏习惯。当然，提高阅读速度是相当技巧性的，我们以后会有专题讲解。

篇2：托福阅读新旧题型比较及应对技巧-1

托福阅读新旧题型比较及应对技巧-1

1995年8月开始，TOEFL考试对词汇与阅读理解部分作了调整，词汇测试不再以单句形式进行，而是融会到阅读理解题中，让考生根据上下文辨别词义，其目的是通过更大的、更具体的语言环境来测试词汇的意义。新题型共有5―6段阅读的短文，并且增加了对每段短文的.提问，由原来的4―7道题改为8一12道题，但问题的总数由原来的60道题改为50道题，此部分时间由45分钟延至55分钟，分数量表不变。

一、新旧题型对比

1、旧题型

VOCABULARY -30 questions

READING COMPREHENSION -30 questions

TOTAL TIME -45 minutes

TOTAL QUESTIONS -60 questions

2、新题型

READING COMPREHENSION -50 questions

TOTAL TIME -55 minutes

TOTAL QUESTIONS -50 questions

题型的变化可以说令人喜忧参半：忧的是阅读量增加了，由原来每篇200一300个词，累计词左右，变为现在的每篇约450词，共计3000一4000词，使原不就“紧俏”的时间更显珍贵；喜的是题目少了，且其中相当一部分是词汇题，考查的又多是常用词，只要有比较丰富的词汇：过、解答这种题就相当容易。若碰到生词，在一篇文章的语言环境中，完全可以通过分析、推理判断出来，这要比从一句话中使猜词义容易得多。

二、阅读理解的基本对策

全面备战TOEFL考试的阅读理解、必须抓好“一个中心，两个基本点”，即以词汇量为中心，扩大知识面，提高阅读速度。

1.坚持扩大词汇量和阅读量

众所周知，丰富的词汇量是提高阅读理解能力的先决条件。试想，面对一篇满是生词的文章，何谈阅读?何谈理解?更不用提解题技巧了2但是扩大词汇量决不是一朝一夕就能办得到的，必须循序渐进，积少成多，集腋成裘。

首先，精选一本好的TOEFL词汇书，书中应全面收集近l0年来TOEFL考试中出现的词汇。然后将全部词汇先过一遍，分清其中哪些是确已熟知的单词；哪些单词打开字典认识，换个地方就糊涂；哪些单词是素末谋面的新面孔。对于第一类词汇应果断地“抛弃”，不在上面花费任何时间，而集中火力攻克第二类词汇．即在记忆中似是而非的词汇，直至对它们了然于胸(相信这点在短期内就可以成功)，这时再果断地将它们“置诸脑后”，转而钻研那些完全陌生的词汇。这样，可以避免反复诵读已知词汇，而对陌生词汇始终未知的局面，以期最终达到抛开词典，化有形为无形的“心有千千词”的境界。

篇3：托福阅读小结题型如何应对

托福阅读小结题型如何应对

托福阅读小结题解题思路步骤：最快速度理出文章构架

第一步就是要在最快的速度内理出文章构架：即在做所有题之前先快速跳读一遍文章。通读文章的时候只需要读每段的首句、末句和转折句。一般抓住了首尾句和转折句就抓住了一段的主旨。如果在阅读中出现了转折，也就是说后面说的事情和之前讲的不一样，也就是说文章的意思有两层，转折句就是第二层意思的概括。

同学在进行托福阅读的时候做笔记是非常有必要的，看似在浪费时间，实则节省时间，将重点语句划分出来，在解答时会一目了然。托福阅读中的文章架构都是很清晰，一般我们看段首尾句和转折句就可以抓住文段的中心。

托福阅读小结题解题思路步骤：学会准确判断题目选项

第二步判断选项，做文章小结题。我们要谨记选出来的选项是要能概括文章大意的，所以一些细节性的，和文章表述相矛盾的，或者是文章中未提及的选项都可以借助排除法进行选择。

很多同学在进行托福阅读中分辨不出那些是文章没提及的，那些是跟文章相违背的，其实这都是关于细节性的考察，我们之前做的题目就是积累细节的过程，因为主旨不可能只提一次，而且在不显眼的地方出现的，借助我们的笔记，总结出各段的大意，那样就能很容易判断出那些是段落主旨大意那些是细节性或者无关的信息。

托福阅读：美国历史背景

The continent's first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State.

The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally discovered 'Indians' in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France.

The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, who ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California.

The systematic annihilation of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began the following year. The North prevailed in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber.

The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI's trenches, but finally capitulated in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, which sought to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock &roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I have a dream speech' in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America's youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. 'Tune in, turn on, drop out' was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA's moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, due to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low.

The 1970s and '80s were a period of technological advancement and declining industrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country.

The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc's 'Evil Empire' in 1991 left the US as the world's sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 'new world order' into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky 'Fornigate' affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The 2000 presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation's history.

The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida's electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush's presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.

托福阅读：怎么走出做不对题目的怪圈

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。

很多人在看到这句话的时候，经常翻译为“沙漠化是源于”或者翻译为“沙漠化导致”“很多的土地与很多的人去影响的原因。 ”这里面有两个点特别容易犯错误，一是result from是源于的意思，而不是单纯的导致的意思。二是affected在这里其实是后置定语，因此这里的意思是“被影响”，这里很多人又疑惑了，因为我们以前看到的东西都是，人的因素导致沙漠化啊，怎么又会是被影响呢?这就是你的问题了，你被自己以前获得的信息给影响了，你只要知道文章的作者是这么认为的就可以了，何必把自己脑中的信息强加在本文作者身上呢?

这句话其实是一个很浅显的例子，举这个例子，其实就是想告诉很多考生很多时候，只是认为自己已经把文章读懂了，但是实际上对于文章的理解上有无数的错误，这其实就是语言的细节!这些细节点要想解决靠的是什么?靠的是单词的积累，靠的是语法的一步一步的打磨。

如果你经常有“最无奈的莫过于看得懂文章，但不对题”的感叹的时候，劝大家最好还是从自身下手，去检查自己的单词，以及语法，如果觉得不知道从哪里下手，到底该怎么提升，建议你做做老托福的语法，而且要多分析错题;并且多找一些文章多翻译一下，然后按照里面给出的译文去检查一下自己到底哪里理解错了，以及翻译错了，然后再将这些问题，搜集起来去找自己的同学、老师进行咨询，看看自己到底是哪个语法点出现了问题，只有这样才能摆脱“最无奈的莫过于看得懂文章，但不对题”的怪圈。

托福阅读

篇4：托福阅读高频易扣分5大题型应对技巧

托福阅读高频易扣分5大题型应对技巧汇总分享

托福阅读主旨题怎么做?

托福阅读主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、文章标题;C、文章的中央头脑。这种题一样通常为第一道题，发起托福考生把这道题放在末了做，由于做其他题时，托福考生会渐渐了解文章的各个细节，在做题的历程中就会对文章个总的明白，末了处置处罚托福阅读主旨题可谓迎刃而解、十拿九稳。

托福阅读事实/否定事实信息题解题思路

托福阅读枚举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话枚举。凭据某个选项的语言提示，回归文章找到一句话，这句话包罗三个选项的内容;第二类：局部枚举。凭据题意，回归文章发明一连两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落枚举。题干语言在某天然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：文章枚举。选项内容涉及整个文章。一句话托福阅读枚举题和段落托福阅读枚举题有明显的信号词资助答题，凭据题序做题，不必区别看待。文章托福阅读枚举题和局部托福阅读枚举题则应放其他题做完之后再处置处罚。

托福阅读文章结论题解题技巧

托福阅读文章结论题即凭据文章可以推测出下面哪个选项结论是准确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为文章第一道题时，相称于文章托福阅读主旨题，应放在末了一道题时，有大概针对文章末了部门，也有大概针对整篇文章，但不大大概涉及文章其他部门的细节。以是托福阅读文章结论题应该详细环境详细阐发，并不愿定是面临整个文章。

托福阅读作者态度题如何应对?

托福阅读作者态度题分为两种：A、局部托福阅读作者态度题;B、团体托福阅读作者态度题。文章末了一道题目及作者态度时为团体托福阅读作者态度题，它涉及通篇文章，要凭据整个文章数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也便是作者行文的口吻。托福考生万万不行以凭据某一个语言点答题，由于团体托福阅读作者态度题不是稽核某一个点，而是考团体觉得。局部托福阅读作者态度题位置比力机动，每每问及作者对文章中某一个详细内容的见解，题干通常信号请将托福考生带回文章某一地区，考察托福考生对某个语言点的明白。偶然候，某个选项从作者的表达相悖，因此，造托福阅读作者态度题时，托福考生肯定细致不要把本身作为读者的阐发、看法强加于作者。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：甘薯的来源考据

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.

词汇讲解：

anthropologist /?nθr?'p?l?d??st/ n. 人类学家

rather than prep. 而不是

raft /rɑ?ft/ n. 筏 v. 用筏子载运(人或货物)

navigator /'n?v?ge?t?/ n. 航行者，航海者;领航员，导航员;导航仪

结构划分：

As Patrick Kirch, (an American anthropologist), points out, (rather than being brought by rafting South Americans), sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back (by returning Polynesian navigators) (who could have reached the west coast of South America.)

深度分析：

修饰一：(an American anthropologist)，同位语，修饰Patrick Kirch

中文：美国人类学家

修饰二：(rather than being brought byrafting South Americans)，介词短语，rather than是托福阅读里一个高频短语，大家记住它是一个介词，表示“而不是”

中文：不是南美人用筏运来的

修饰三：(by returning Polynesiannavigators)，介词短语，修饰bringback

中文：玻利尼西亚返航者

修饰四：(who could have reached the westcoast of South America. ) ，从句，修饰navigators

中文：已经去过南美西海岸

主干：swee官方真题Officialtatoes might just have easily been brought back

参考翻译：

正如美国人类学家Patrick Kirch所指出的，甘薯并不是南美人用筏运来的，而是通过已经去过南美西海岸的玻利尼西亚返航者很方便就带来了。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：不同朝代的陶瓷制品

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-colorlead-glazed vessels and figure s of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip——as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.

词汇讲解：

ceramic /s?'r?m?k/ adj. 陶瓷的，陶器的

glazed /glezd/ adj.(陶器)上釉的;(目光)木然的，呆滞的，无神采的;(门、窗)装有玻璃的

vessel /'v?sl/ n. 船(尤指大船); 舰;容器, 器皿;管状结构(血管、导管)

ornament /'?rn?m?nt/ n. 装饰，点缀;装饰物，点缀品

motif /m??'ti?f/ n. 装饰的图案或式样;主题

outline vt. 概述，概括;画出或标出(某物)的轮廓﹑ 外形

raised adj. 有凸起花纹 (或图案) 的，浮雕的

slip n. 泥釉(涂於陶器上作表层或图样的)

intrinsic /?n'tr?ns?k/ adj. (指价值或性质)固有的, 内在的, 本质的

结构划分：

Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-colorlead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, (in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip)—as well as the many burial ceramics (produced in imitation of vessels) (made in materials of higher intrinsic value.)

深度分析：

修饰一：(in which the motifs were outlinedin a raised trail of slip) ，从句，修饰前面三种陶瓷，这个从句所包含的细节是很难理解的，大家可以看看上面列出的词汇就知道。忽略那些学术细节。

中文：他们的主题是用浮雕泥釉的线条凸显出来的

修饰二：(produced in imitation of vessels) ，非谓语动词，修饰the many burial ceramics

中文：这些陪葬陶瓷是模仿容器制成的

修饰三：(made in materials of higherintrinsic value.)，非谓语动词，修饰vessels

中文：这些容器是由更高内在价值材料制成的

参考翻译：

陶瓷产品也包括汉朝的铅釉坟墓模型、唐朝的三色铅釉容器和人物、明朝三色寺庙装饰(他们的主题是用浮雕泥釉的线条凸显出来的)以及许多陪葬陶瓷(这些陪葬陶瓷是模仿由更高内在价值材料制成的容器)。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：全球温度变化差异

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences,which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climatescan also differ significantly from each other.

词汇讲解：

consistent /k?n's?st?nt/ adj. 一贯的, 前後一致的

intriguing /?n?tri:g??/ adj. 有趣的，激起好奇心的

结构划分：

(While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale), there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, (which suggest) (that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other).

深度分析：

修饰一：(While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale)，从句，注意里面还有一个同位语从句 (that temperature variations can occur on a global scale)表示indication的内容

中文：虽然这些记录提供了广泛一致的迹象表明温度变化能在全球范围内发生

修饰二：(which suggest) ，从句，修饰前面的differences

中文：这些差异表明

修饰三：(that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other) ，从句，注意这个从句里还有很多介词结构，the pattern (of temperature variations )(in regional climates) can also differ significantly (from each other).

(of temperature variations ) (in regional climates) ，在区域气候的温度变化

中文：在区域气候温度变化的模式彼此之间差异很大

主干：there arenonetheless some intriguing differences

参考翻译：

虽然这些记录提供了广泛一致的迹象表明温度变化能在全球范围内发生，但是会有一些有趣的差异，这些差异表明在区域气候温度变化的模式彼此之间差异很大。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：物理化学性质的沉淀

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Over long periods of time, substance s whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposit ed in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.

词汇讲解：

property /'pr?p?t?/ n. 财产，资产;特质，性质;

ambient /'?mb??nt/ adj. (指空气等)环绕四周的, 周围的

结构划分：

(Over long periods of time), substances (whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time) can be deposited(in a systematic way)(to provide a continuous record)(of changes in those properties overtime), (sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years).

深度分析：

修饰一：(Over long periods of time)，介词短语

中文：经过很长一段时间

修饰二：(whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time) ，从句，修饰substances，大家一定要注意这里的substances和can be别从句隔开了，一定要注意主谓被从句或其它修饰隔开的情况

中文：物理和化学性质随着当时周围气候变化

修饰三：(in a systematic way) ，介词短语

中文：以一种系统的方式

修饰四：(to provide a continuous record) ，非谓语动词

中文：提供了连续记录

修饰五：(of changes in those properties overtime)，介词短语

中文：这段时间的这些特征变化

修饰六：(sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years) ，介词短语

中文：这有时会是几百年或几千年

主干：substancescan be deposited

参考翻译：

经过很长一段时间，物理和化学性质随着当时周围气候变化的物质会以一种系统的方式沉淀，这提供了这些(物理和化学)性质在此段时间内变化的连续记录，这有时会是几百年或几千年。

篇5：GRE阅读高频题型应对技巧

GRE阅读高频题型应对技巧讲解

GRE阅读如何准确定位主题句?

和国内学生写文章不一样，美国人的阅读文章中从来都不出现“I think that，in my opinion，as far as I am considered”此类语言做主题句。通常来说主题句有以下两种形式：

1. 判断句(含情态动词，系动词，正负褒贬词的句子);

2. 概括文章将来结构。

GRE阅读主题句寻找技巧分享

以这句话为例：Your minds changed my attitude. 这句话中并没有情态动词和系动词，因此这句话自然不是判断句，也就不是主题句。但只要在这句话中加入一个正负褒贬词，即一个词表明作者的态度或观点的词即是判断句了。比如，Your minds successfully changed my attitude即是判断句了。

另外，如果一个句子不是判断句，只要它能够概括文章将来结构，及文章后面会从哪几个方面来说明，也是主题句。比如，People are living longer now. 这句话一定不是主题句，而如果这句话是，People are living longer now since the improvement of food condition and the development of medical technology.这句话即是主题句了。因为它概括了文章后面会从哪几个方向来进行说明。

应对主旨题细节题需学会找准主题句

如果考生在新GRE阅读题中掌握好了主题句判断方法，很多文章便可以很快把握文章的结构框架，帮助后面文章的理解。

比如一篇文章的开头是，Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi and are necessary for many plants to thrive， but they have escaped widespread investigation until recently for two reasons. First， the symbiotic association is so well-balanced that the roots of host plants show no damage even when densely infected. Second， the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absence of a living root.

第一句是明显的判断句，即为主题句。而主题句也同时概括了文章的将来结构，即会从“M真菌影响力很强”和“M真菌过去由于两个原因没有得到广泛研究”。下面马上看到了first和second，我们即知道这两个很难读懂的句子无非是两个原因使得M真菌没有得到广泛研究而已，具体是哪两个原因，我们几乎可以忽略不读。

综上所述，在做GRE阅读时，快速准确发现主题句的方法和技巧是非常实用的，对于提升阅读文章速度和解决许多耗时题型都有很大帮助，因此小编希望大家都能学会掌握和运用这种技巧，提高解答阅读题的效率，减轻严格考试时间带来的应试压力。

GRE阅读提高默读速度有技巧

想读得快，咱先得看看人是咋读书的。这叫追根溯源，由道及术，圣人之道也。人的读书过程是一个左右脑配合的过程——左脑负责集中注意把焦点放到一个或数个单词上，右脑负责周边注意(余光，当然叫旁光更亲切一些，尤其是军训时教官让我们集中注意向前看，并且用旁光与边上的同学对齐时)。好的阅读者会在读书时让左右脑充分协调配合(军训的教官真有先见之明让我们大一就开始练英文阅读了!)

读书时在脑子中有两种过程——默读(subvocalisation)和思维之流(stream of thoughts)。默读速度比较慢，在克服默读的过程中你要达到临在的状态——即充分的意识和放松，认识到自己那虚伪的自我感(这点东西可以算是心灵哲学的内容吧，如果有兴趣可以看看克里希那穆提的著作或俄克里特托利的《修炼当下的力量》，没有什么复杂的东西，关键说白了就是四个字：放松意识)。

读是一个学习(或者说认知)的过程，是符号信息与读者内心感受的交互。它要求有适当的逻辑与积极的思考(要不然还怎么交互??)

大致分为以下几个步骤：

1、Recognition:文字识别

2、Assimilation：物理输入

3、Intra-integration：字面理解

4、Extra-integration：内涵理解(别想歪了!)

5、Retention：记忆

6、Recall：回忆

7、Communication：默读与一词一词地读(简称小学读法)的最大缺点有二(这还叫最大吗?算了，都挺大的)1、慢!2、容易走神(小时候妈妈老是骂我不好好看书，现在终于找到原因了!要是你看书跟看电视似的过瘾谁不好好看书?嗯，看完本书你就可以像看电视一样地看书了，别忘了以后有了孩子再教给它，家里能省不少电费)

克服默读(往往伴随着回读过频)之后，你的阅读能力理论上可以提高五倍，大多数人可以做到每分钟看1000个单词。虽然小丁我至今没感受到(我昨天花了俩钟头看完了原著，稍微把里边的练习试了一下，只觉得提高了一倍)。

The Eye and its Movements先说眼，咱不是生物书，就不具体介绍眼球结构了。但是有一个概念是不得不提的，那就是中央窝(fovea)，它在视网膜上，负责视觉注意力的集中。也就是，你现在注意看啥，它在视网膜上的投影就在中央窝上。现在说重点——眼的运动。

这不是一个平滑的过程，而是一停一停的。你的阅读过程是一次一次注意的连接,而在两次注意之间的转移过程中你的大脑是不做任何识别工作的。意识到这个过程并对此加以训练就足以大大提高你的阅读速度了。当然，注意只是投影到中央窝的视觉，那么余光呢?眼睛能看到余光中的单词，却无法清楚地识别。

这部分视觉可以引导大脑把注意力移动到合适的位置。阅读达人在读书时只把注意力放在每行的中部，而用余光粗略浏览边上的单词看是否和自己猜的一样(这一点小生现在实在没法做到，说白了就是把阅读变成了超级句子填空了嘛，不知道十年之后当GRE成为往事时是否能做到...)。

提高遇到速度方法如下：

1、找一个没有思想深度，遣词造句比较简单的阅读材料，比如休闲杂志、消遣小说之类的(注：平时用TS法，当遇到无法理解的句子时大脑会自动调节为SB法，注意感受这一过程有助于提高阅读能力)

2、找一个没有人的屋子——绝对不能再自习室进行这一步，否则你真会被别人当成SB——然后大声数数，从一到十、再从一到十(书上说，断续发eee...eee...eee...的音也可以，真是不为SB誓不罢休)，在这个过程中试着阅读。大脑控制SB与控制喉咙是同一个分区，当你数数时就占用了这个分区，使大脑无法SB。

3、当你可以熟练地做2时，可以在心中默数，这时就可以回自习室而不必担心被看成SB了。

4、当可以做3时就努力提高阅读速度，当超过每分钟360个词时，由于速度过快就会进入一个抑制SB的良性循环。

5、针对高手，还可以加入除了TS之外的自己的思想补充文本内容使自己在阅读时身临其境。

6、直到有一天，你发现自己已经可以明确区分SB与TS并自由选择。最后你的浏览速度可以达到词每分钟。

ETS公布GRE阅读选项原则

1. 正确选项：

(1)同义变换。即将原文中的某一句话用另一种说法表达，也就是英文中的paraphrase。如将文章中的“many wind-pollinated species fail to release pollen when wind speeds are low or when humid conditions prevail.”换成选项中的“Pollen is sometimes not released by plants when there is little wind”。

其中包括三种类型：变换同义词，变换句型，变化同根词的词性。以下分别论述，请注意表格中的斜体字。

2.错误选项：

对于GRE阅读文章中更大量的错误选项，ETS也形成了一套固定的规则。以下笔者就用实例来说明错误选项编制的规则：

(1)混偏反无。

1)混: 此类选项的错误可以形象地概括为：“张冠李戴”。如下例：

文章：“...unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses”

GRE阅读考试题目：The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to

(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm

(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses (本题问大公司如果没有使投标转化为订单将引起什么结果。而这恰恰是小公司的特点。)

(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors

(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts

2)偏：意即选项中所包含的逻辑范畴与原文不符。包括”以偏概全“ 以及”以全概偏”。请看下文：

Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search for identity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended the analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroine’s development in terms of the relationship between her Barbadian American parents, and by exploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigrant culture, which in turn was influenced by the materialism of White America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context, Marshall attacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations of race, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970’s.

GRE阅读题目：The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) comparing the works of three Black American authors

(B) describing common themes in Black American literature

(D) providing insights about Black American literature in the early twentieth century

(E) providing historical information about the writing of Black American novels in the second half the twentieth century

分析：此文描述并评价了美国黑人文学史上一部优秀的著作。而其中的D，E选项中的“Black American literature”以及“the writing of Black American novels”无疑扩大了原文的逻辑涵盖的范围，即属于“以全概偏”。于是不予选择。

3)反：即选项中的内容与文章内容相反。

文章：“....Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search for identity within the context of a black community......”

题目：

According to the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they

(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters’ lives

(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century

(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in White culture

(E) wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women

分析：从文章中得知：“马歇尔已经摆脱了抗议小说所一贯描绘的受压迫并且带有悲剧色彩的女主人公形象”。但是B选项却说道：“马歇尔深深地受到二十世纪早期抗议小说的影响”，明显与原文意思相反。

再如：

It can be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl, Brownstones as being

(A) completely different from novels written before 1959

(B) highly influenced by novels written in the early twentieth century

(D) important in the late 1950’s but dated today

(E) an important influence on novels written in the 1970’s

分析：C选项“与之前的抗议小说类似” 与原文意思相反。而B选项的“深受二十世纪早期小说的影响”从文章无法推测出。

4)无：即提到文章中未涉及的内容。由于此种选项编制容易，并且ETS一厢情愿地认为此种迷惑手段非常高明。因此，此类错误选项在GRE阅读的错误选项中数量众多。请各位考生紧记：凡基于文章内容无法推测出的选项必然错误。

还是上文：

题目：

According to the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they

(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters’ lives

(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century

(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in White culture

(E) wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women

分析：从文章中得知：“马歇尔与另外两位的的共同点在于他们都把小说聚焦于一位普通的黑人女性对自己身份的追求，当然故事是以一个黑人社会为背景”。其中的A选项“未研究百人文化对角色生活所带来的影响”文章从未涉及。

再如：

It can be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl, Brownstones as being

(A) completely different from novels written before 1959

(B) highly influenced by novels written in the early twentieth century

(D) important in the late 1950’s but dated today

(E) an important influence on novels written in the 1970’s

分析：D选项“二十世纪50年代末期重要，但是今天过时了”文章从未涉及。

(3) 含有强调性语言(最高级、唯一性和比较级)的选项

ETS会随意地在选项中加入一些极端语言来编制错误选项。集中表现为含有最高级，唯一性以及比较级的词汇。换句话说，含有这三类词汇的选项错误的几率很高。具体说：

1)最高级词汇：best , the most important, the least useful, uttermost, foremost, uppermost, always ,never, often, usually，primarily，primary，exact(ly)，complete(ly) . entire(ly) absolute(ly) extremely, unmitigated . unrestrained . unchecked. first等

2)唯一性词汇：only, alone, exclusively, sole(ly), unique(ly)

3)比较级词汇：more useful than, less beneficial than, better , worse than ，as ..as, the same with, similar to 等等。

还是以上两例：

According to the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they

(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters’ lives

(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century

(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in White culture

(E) wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women

分析：此处的D选项和E选项中的“primarily”以及“exclusively”都属于比较极端的词汇。

It can be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl, Brownstones as being

(A) completely different from novels written before 1959

(B) highly influenced by novels written in the early twentieth century

(D) important in the late 1950’s but dated today

(E) an important influence on novels written in the 1970’s

分析：此处的A选项中的“completely” 也属于比较极端的词汇。

(4) 违反“论据集中”原则：

即此类选项试图使用非定位处的信息回答问题。此类选项极具迷惑性，因为这些错误的选项在文章中确实被提及过，可是由于与问题回答无关因此不予选择。

请看下例：

“No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the(E) mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by(B) temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a (D)back-coupling, in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions.

On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the (C)Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean. ”

【题】The author refers to a “conveyor belt” in order to

(A)illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle

(B)show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents

(C)demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

(D)describe the complicated motions made possible by back coupling

(E)account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges

分析：此题为一道举例作用题。其定位为文章中加粗和划线的句子。但是这四个错误的选项都无一例外地通过利用其它的句子编制而成，即出题机构分别使用文章中标号为 A，B，C和D的内容编制出四个错误的选项。因此，不予选择。考生切忌因为文章别的地方曾经出现过类似的内容而犹豫不决。

篇6：托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析和解题思路

托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析和解题思路

托福阅读烧脑推理题要这么做

托福阅读推理题解题思路分析

从题型构成上来看，托福阅读10大题型中的推理题其实很像是细节题，似乎都是需要考生返回原文来寻找具体信息并加以解题的。而这两种题型的不同之处在于细节题能够在原文中找到对应选项的细节，最多进行一些简单的表述形式变化，但含义却保持一致，可以说相对简单。

而推理题则需要大家在找到原文的基础上再做进一步的逻辑推理分析，正确选项代表的含义要靠大家自己思索出来，无法在原文中直接找到对应内容。换句话说，大家需要根据文中的相关依据再往前做简单推理才能得出答案。大家不要小看这一步推理的过程，很多同学偏偏就是不知道该怎么去进一步思考推理。

做好推理题需要类比逻辑思维

既然提到了逻辑思维分析推理，接下来小编就来为大家介绍一下托福推理题中比较常用的类比逻辑思维方式。这种思维模式很简单，也就是文章中提到两个事物，互为比较对象，而这两个事物具有一些相同的特点特征，因此可以根据A事物具有的特征来推理出B事物也具备相同的特征。

举个简单的例子，像小刘一样，小王也喜欢养猫。那么从这句话里，我们就可以通过类比思维来推断出，小刘喜欢养猫。大家是不是觉得这也太容易了，不要小看这种推理思维，下面给大家两道来自托福官方真题中的阅读逻辑题做参考分析。

推理类比思维解题技巧实例讲解

实例1

When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.

What can be inferred about whales from this paragraph?

A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.

B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.

C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.

D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.

思路分析

先来看一道简单一点的逻辑题，这段文字讲了某种海龟的特点，其中提到了鲸鱼，问题就是能够从这段文字中推理出什么和鲸鱼有关的信息。根据infer这个关键词，可以看出这是一道较为明显的逻辑推理题。

这段文字一共就两句话，第一句话就类似上面举的简单例子里的“像小刘一样”的这个部分，直接把类比双方海龟和鲸鱼提了出来。然后第二句话则说明了海龟具体具有的特点。那么根据类比逻辑，鲸鱼应该具有的也是第二句话中的这个特点，接下来大家只要从选项里找到和第二句话内容相近的部分就可以了，也就是海龟具有的应对寒冷的独特能力鲸鱼也有，所以选B。

实例2

Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.

What can be inferred from this paragraph about the trumpeting of bull elk?

A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.

B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.

C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.

D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.

思路分析

接下来再来看这道更有难度的推理题，这道题目的类比逻辑结构和上面正好相反，先说了A事物的一个特点，然后再说B事物也有类似特点。对应到原文中应该就是文章的最后一句给出的提示，也就是buck rub散发出的olfactory signal和bull elk trumpeting发出的auditory signal有相同的作用。那么接下来大家就要去找出buck rub的olfactory signal有什么功效然后和选项对照一下就能得出正确答案了。

具体到文章里，buck rub的作用就是sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species和indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity，而trumpeting by bull elk应该也具备类似功效，也就是选项A了。

总结以上两个例子可以看出，托福阅读中的逻辑题虽然需要考生进行自主思考，但这种推理思考的难度其实也并不算高，大家不用想得太多太复杂，只需要稍稍进行简单的逻辑推理自然就能找到正确答案了。小编希望大家能够通过上面的例子了解应对托福阅读逻辑题的正确和实用思路，更好地解答阅读逻辑题拿到考试高分。

托福阅读考试中的推理题——教你一招搞定推理题

官方对推理题的定义

首先，大家要正视官方OG(Official Guide)对推理题的定义：“对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述信息的识别和理解”。这里面我们要重点看两个细节，一是“强烈暗示”，二是“未明确表述”。

第一，“强烈暗示”，即原文中给定的信息与正确答案的信息紧密相连，而并不会出现需要太多太大脑洞的地方。首先就是我们要认真阅读题目中限定的段落(基本上会以某一段为主，而且题目明显给出“According to Paragraph 1”这样的字样)，并在脑海里迅速生成段落的结构逻辑，即哪句是主旨(Topic Sentence)，哪句是细节(Details)，哪句是证据(Evidence)，有没有分论点(Minor Ideas)等。并在此基础上，将文章内容与各个选项中的信息匹配。而“匹配”也很重要，如果文章内没涉及相关信息的，得推个五重六重才能得出的答案必然不会是我们的正确答案。而且这是ETS常常挖的一个坑，就看你愿不愿意一往无前地跳进去了。所以划重点：托福中的推理题最多只要往前推一步就足够了，要时刻牢记得托福只是一个语言类考试。

第二，“未明确表述”，即正确选项应该是文章中没有明确给出我们完全一样的表述，但理论上应该是正确的内容。这就有一个迷思了。很多刷题不够多的同学会想当然地以为推理题必然要往前推那么一大步，类似细节题正确选项的内容(即同义改写)就常常放弃了。而如果你做过超过十套TPO并认真分析你遇到的所有推理题，你就会发现，当出题者想降低出题难度的时候，把推理题的正确答案设置为paraphrase原文某个内容的选项就是一个很普遍的选择。因而，推理题并不会因为“没有推理”而排除任何选项。相反，恭喜你，你只是遇到了一道难度略低的推理题。

一种推理题的解题思路:Contrast

Contrast(或是Comparison)的地方是ETS钟爱的出推理题的地方。其实，某种程度上而言，这就是让我们去学习一种很好的思考方式，或者是逻辑论证方式。笔者相信，你的写作老师一定会跟你讲过，有的写作题目的个别论点的处理是可以通过对比来实现的。

如果你之前是在国内读高中，而且不是国际学校，那么你的确有可能对这种逻辑思维方式觉得似乎没有那么熟悉。非也，非也。现在让我们来回顾一个场景。

场景回顾：如果你是一个理科生(或者有化学、生物课的文科生)，回想一下你的化学和生物课上做的实验，老师有没有做过这样的对比试验：

实验1：现在我们开始实验演示。溶液A和溶液B放入相同的溶液，两个溶液都是透明无色的，没有气泡。现在我们将一块白色无味放入溶液A中，观察实验现象。我们发现，与B溶液对照，A溶液中开始慢慢出现的气泡。

实验2：现在我们开始实验演示。溶液A和溶液B放入相同的溶液，两个溶液都是透明无色的，没有气泡。现在我们将一块白色无味放入溶液A中，观察实验现象。我们发现，与B溶液对照，A溶液中开始慢慢变成红色。

我们再画个表格看一下。

溶液A

溶液B

实验前

无色无味

实验1

出现气泡

实验2

变成红色

如果这是在化学课，且AB溶液是对比实验，我们会在上面表格的空白处填出什么内容?实验1：没有出现气泡;实验2：没有变成红色。对吗。

好了，如果你能填出上面的正确内容，说明你已经掌握了一种行之有效的托福阅读推理题的解题思路!

什么，你不相信?请看题目(来源：TPO)：

Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

There were great numbers of them.

They lived in the sea only.

They did not leave many fossil remains.

猜一下正确答案是什么?没有错，答案就是A。

为什么呢?请注意原文中说“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds(seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and atsea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.”重点信息是“unlike thecases of sea otters…., it is not easy to envision….whale...”，“不像sea otter的情况，对于鲸鱼而言，是很难想象最初的鲸鱼是什么样子的。

不够清晰?我们再来画一个表格。

cases

sea otter

whale

envision

not easy

有没有发觉很熟悉!是不是跟刚刚的化学实验一模一样!所以请告诉我，空白处应该填什么?“easy”，对吗?好的，这时候我们再来看一下选项A说了什么?“It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.”

“not difficult”是不是就等同于我们填入的“easy”!所以这么一道绕来绕去的题目我们就搞定啦。正确答案就是A选项。

有没有发觉get到了一个很高大上的技能!快来新东方的托福阅读课堂，收获更多推理题神技哦～

3个方面全方位解读托福阅读推论题，你懂了吗?

托福阅读推论题的类型和解法

托福阅读推论题都是按照托福阅读文章信息来把隐含意的题目推出，可划分成共性推理题和无共性推理题。有共性推理题是题干里包含了与原文内容相同的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位推理;无共性的推理题就是题干中无线索。

托福阅读推论题的解题难点

推论题目有难度，但并不如同词汇题或者事实信息题，考生在解题时一般只是需要定位到原文基本上就看到了正确选项。但是推论题就算是能够定位到原文，考生们同样是不能找到任何可以直接选择的证据。因此题目难在思维处理过程，考生在思维处理时一定要把握好“度”，不可以出现思维局限，在文章中挖掘深层含义的力度不够或是出现过分的“思维扩展”，推测出超出原文内涵的选项。在思维局限时，考生可能会倾向于选择直接来源于原文的信息，这种信息是常见的解题障碍;思维扩展太多则会加入自己的常识，并不利于解题，往往会答错。

托福阅读推论题的选项特征

通过专业考试分析表示此类题型的正确选项是利用定位句综合提取出的的信息，该类信息一般是不会被原文直接用字面意思表达出来，通常是很含蓄、概括的;错误选项通常包含有3种情况：第一种是没有直接原文依据的内容;第二种是原文中明显提到的内容;第三种则是无关选项，可能是其他位置出现的信息。

上面通过三个不同方面对托福阅读推论题进行详细的解读，希望通过上文能够对各位考生有一定的帮助

篇7：GRE阅读高频题型应对技巧讲解

GRE阅读高频题型应对技巧讲解主旨题和细节题高效做法分析

GRE阅读如何准确定位主题句?

1. 判断句(含情态动词，系动词，正负褒贬词的句子);

2. 概括文章将来结构。

GRE阅读主题句寻找技巧分享

应对主旨题细节题需学会找准主题句

如果考生在新GRE阅读题中掌握好了主题句判断方法，很多文章便可以很快把握文章的结构框架，帮助后面文章的理解。

GRE阅读练习每日一篇

Although pathogenic organisms constantly alight on the skin, they find it a very unfavorable environment and, in the absence of injury, have great difficulty colonizing it. This “self-sterilizing” capacity of the skin results from the tendency of all well-developed ecosystems toward homeostasis, or the maintenance of the status quo.

Species that typically live in soil, water, and elsewhere rarely multiply on the skin. Undamaged skin is also unfavorable to most human pathogens. The skin is too acid and too arid for some species. The constant shedding of the surface skin layers further hinders the establishment of invaders. The most interesting defense mechanism, however, results from the metabolic activities of the resident flora (resident flora: 聚居植物群). Unsaturated fatty acids, an important component of the lipids in sebum collected from the skin surface, inhibit the growth of several bacterial and fungal cutaneous pathogens. These acids are a metabolic product of certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community, which break down the more complex lipids in freshly secreted sebum.

17. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) offer an analysis of metabolic processes

(B) detail the ways in which bacteria and fungi can be inhibited

(D) analyze the methods whereby biological systems maintain the status quo

(E) provide a specific example of the skin’s basic defenses against pathogens

18. The “resident flora” mentioned in line 16 refer to

(A) “Unsaturated fatty acids” (line 17)

(B) “sebum collected from the skin surface” (lines 18-19)

(D) “certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community” (lines 21-22)

(E) “more complex lipids” (lines 23)

19. Among the natural defenses of the skin against pathogenic organisms are all of the following EXCEPT the

(A) dryness of the skin

(B) acidity of the skin

(D) shedding of surface layers of the skin

(E) metabolic breakdown of lipids

20. The author presents her material in which of the following ways?

(A) Stating a problem and then supplying a solution

(B) Presenting a phenomenon and then analyzing reason for it

(D) Making a general statement and then arguing by analogy

(E) Making an inference and then developing it by illustration

“Masterpieces are dumb,” wrote Flaubert, “They have a tranquil aspect like the very products of nature, like large animals and mountains.” He might have been thinking of War and Peace, that vast, silent work, unfathomable and simple, provoking endless questions through the majesty of its being. Tolstoi’s simplicity is “overpowering (overpowering: adj.无法抵抗的, 压倒性的),” says the critic Bayley, “disconcerting,” because it comes from “his casual assumption that the world is as he sees it.” Like other nineteenth-century Russian writers he is “impressive” because he “means what he says,” but he stands apart from all others and from most Western writers in his identity with life, which is so complete as to make us forget he is an artist. He is the center of his work, but his egocentricity is of a special kind. Goethe, for example, says Bayley, “cared for nothing but himself. Tolstoi was nothing but himself.”

For all his varied modes of writing and the multiplicity of characters in his fiction, Tolstoi and his work are of a piece (of a piece: adj.一致的). The famous “conversion” of his middle years, movingly recounted in his Confession, was a culmination of his early spiritual life, not a departure from it. The apparently fundamental changes that led from epic narrative to dogmatic parable, from a joyous, buoyant attitude toward life to pessimism and cynicism, from War and Peace to The Kreutzer Sonata, came from the same restless, impressionable depths of an independent spirit yearning to get at the truth of its experience. “Truth is my hero,” wrote Tolstoi in his youth, reporting the fighting in Sebastopol. Truth remained his hero—his own, not others’, truth. Others were awed by Napoleon, believed that a single man could change the destinies of nations, adhered to meaningless rituals, formed their tastes on established canons of art. Tolstoi reversed all preconceptions; and in every reversal he overthrew the “system,” the “machine,” the externally ordained belief, the conventional behavior in favor of unsystematic, impulsive life, of inward motivation and the solutions of independent thought.

In his work the artificial and the genuine are always exhibited in dramatic opposition: the supposedly great Napoleon and the truly great, unregarded (unregarded: adj.不受注意的) little Captain Tushin, or Nicholas Rostov’s actual experience in battle and his later account of it. The simple is always pitted against (be pitted against: 被置于与…的对抗中) the elaborate, knowledge gained from observation against assertions of borrowed faiths. Tolstoi’s magical simplicity is a product of these tensions; his work is a record of the questions he put to himself and of the answers he found in his search. The greatest characters of his fiction exemplify this search, and their happiness depends on the measure of their answers. Tolstoi wanted happiness, but only hard-won happiness, that emotional fulfillment and intellectual clarity which could come only as the prize of all-consuming effort. He scorned lesser satisfactions.

21. Which of the following best characterizes the author’s attitude toward Tolstoi?

(A) She deprecates the cynicism of his later works.

(B) She finds his theatricality artificial.

(D) She thinks his inconsistency disturbing.

(E) She respects his devotion to orthodoxy.

22. Which of the following best paraphrases Flaubert’s statement quoted in lines 1-4?

(A) Masterpiece seem ordinary and unremarkable from the perspective of a later age.

(B) Great works of art do not explain themselves to us any more than natural objects do.

(D) The most important aspects of good art are the orderliness and tranquility it reflects.

(E) Masterpieces which are of enduring value represent the forces of nature.

23. The author quotes from Bayley (line 8-20) to show that

(A) although Tolstoi observes and interprets life, he maintains no self-conscious distance from his experience

(B) the realism of Tolstoi’s work gives the illusion that his novels are reports of actual events

(D) although Tolstoi works casually and makes unwarranted assumption, his work has an inexplicable appearance of truth

(E) Tolstoi’s personal perspective makes his work almost unintelligible to the majority of his readers

24. The author states that Tolstoi’s conversion represented

(A) a radical renunciation of the world

(B) the rejection of avant-garde ideas

(D) the acceptance of religion he had earlier rejected

(E) a fundamental change in his writing style

25. According to the passage, Tolstoi’s response to the accepted intellectual and artistic values of his times was to

(A) select the most valid from among them

(B) combine opposing viewpoints into a new doctrine

(D) subvert them in order to defend a new political viewpoint

(E) upset them in order to be faithful to his experience

26. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true of War and Peace?

(A) It belongs to an early period of Tolstoi’s work.

(B) It incorporates a polemic against the disorderliness of Russian life.

(D) It is a work that reflects an ironic view of life.

(E) It conforms to the standard of aesthetic refinement favored by Tolstoi’s contemporaries.

27. According to the passage, the explanation of Tolstoi’s “magical simplicity” (line 55) lies partly in his

(A) remarkable power of observation and his facility in exact description

(B) persistent disregard for conventional restraints together with his great energy

(D) abiding hatred of religious doctrine and preference for new scientism

(E) continuing attempt to represent the natural in opposition to the pretentious

答案：17-27：CDCBCBACEAE

GRE阅读长难句中译英练习

61.But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.

62. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.

63. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning”.

64. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.

65. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

61.[参考译文]但是，对一个小部分学生来说，职业教育也是条可取的路径。因为在其他因素相同的情况下，技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。

62.[参考译文]他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令.不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验--尽管还没有人建议这么做--他还请一个以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗得·夏皮罗为首的独立的专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。

63.参考译文]在5月17日的会议上所讨论的这份建议书的序言草案中，夏皮罗提出，专家组已经达成广泛共识，那就是“试图通过成人细胞核克隆来制造人类幼儿的做法在道德上是不可接受的”。

64.[参考译文]因为现今的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金克隆胚胎(人类后裔在出生前的最早阶段)用于研究或者有意地威胁胚胎的生命，NBAC在胚胎研究上将保持沉默。

65.[参考译文]如果试验是像科学杂志上的报告所示的那样如实地根据计划规划和实施的话，那么对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。

GRE阅读高频题型应对技巧讲解