托福阅读句子简化题深度解析（共8篇）由网友“李艺彤”投稿提供，下面小编为大家整理后的托福阅读句子简化题深度解析，希望能帮助大家!
篇1：托福阅读句子简化题深度解析
句子简化题是托福阅读中不可忽视的一类题型，它考察学生对长难句的理解和同义替换能力的掌握，而这些技能在学生未来的海外求学生涯中都极为重要。下面我们就以真题为例，给大家深入解析一下句子简化题的应对策略，希望有助于各位的托福阅读备考。
托福阅读句子简化题深度解析
对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。
找到原句中的关键的词在选项当中进行同义替换。例如In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.
B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.
C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.
D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.
先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。很多同学采用翻译的方法做题，即首先翻译原句，然后逐个翻译四个选项。这种做法不仅浪费时间，而且对我们的读句子的能力要求极高。更好的做法是，首先判断句子的核心信息。这是考题当中为数不多的原句比较简单的句子释义题，原句的核心概念在于强调区分(apart from)。因此找到同义替换，即是C项当中的distinguished。但是大多数题目的原文不会是一个简单句，多数是带有逻辑关系的复杂句。那么简单的同义替换技巧就无法操作了。如何快速解决这种题型呢?我们主要分两个部分来解析。
其实，我们在读原句的时候并不需要完整的彻底的摄取信息，相反，我们通过快速浏览，只需要关注两个关键点：一是原句当中的表示程度，频率的词，二是原句当中的逻辑关系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速浏览将所关注的信息点抓住即可，这样便节省了大量的时间。
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.
C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
解题思路：
句子中最核心的信息首先就是该句的逻辑关系。原句的逻辑关系可以由result from 来判断，为因果关系。借此我们就可以缩小选项范围，首先排除掉C,D选项。剩下的A,B两个选项均包含因果的逻辑关系。接下来我们可以根据句子的第二种核心信息：主语，来判断。原句的主语是Desertification沙漠化，而B项的主语是Slowing down the process of desertification减缓沙漠化进程。所以排除掉B选项，A为正确答案。
将通过程度词解题和借助逻辑关系解题结合起来，对于解答带有逻辑关系的复杂句的释义题很有帮助。我们看一下下面这道题目：
It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.
B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.
C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.
D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.
浏览原句，从because可以看出逻辑关系为因果关系，并且原句当中有绝对化词汇most。仅仅凭借most这个程度很强的词汇我们可以排除C选项。因为原文当中带有绝对化词汇而选项中没有，那么这个选项为必错选项。接下来利用逻辑关系排除A项，A中为转折关系。而B恰恰有because 这个词，此外B中的extremely可以作为most的同义替换。正确答案为B。
几乎每一篇文章后面都会有一道释义题，因此考生应加强练习。平时在阅读文章，或者报刊杂志的时候不仅仅要把注意力放在读懂原文上，还应该注意原文的逻辑关系，培养根据逻辑关系思考的习惯。另外，一些程度词的存在也会影响我们对原文的精确理解，平时阅读的时候应当多加关注。
托福词汇之10种著名小吃的英语说法
羊肉泡馍
01. Flatbread in mutton soup (yangrou paomo) – Yangrou paomo is the most iconic [标志性的] dish in the Xi’an foodscape. The ritual [例行公事] before eating a paomo – tearing the bread into small pieces yourself before letting the chef turn it into a stew [炖的食物] – is as enjoyable as the dish itself.
带有汤汁的饭菜通常用in + 汤汁这个公式来表达，如红烧肉就是diced pork stewed in brown sauce。
肉夹馍
02. Xi’an meat burger (roujiamo) – Roujiamo is the city’s favorite burger. A delicious roujiamo is composed of [由……组成] two key elements – juicy shredded [切成碎片的] braised pork [炖猪肉] and a crispy baked bread.
肉夹馍其实是馍夹肉__但不管怎样，肉夹馍和西方的汉堡包很类似，只不过肉夹馍用的是饼，汉堡包用的是面包。顺便说一下，驴肉火烧可以翻译为donkey burger。
凉皮
03. Cold noodles (liangpi) – Rice noodles are cooked, cooled and thinly sliced. The noodles are often served in a sauce made of chili oil [辣椒油], pepper powder, vinegar and diced garlic [切成丁的大蒜]. Then it’s garnished with [配有] bean sprouts [豆芽] and sliced cucumber [黄瓜].
提到noodle的时候，通常都是复数noodles，因为我们不可能就吃一根吧!方便面叫instant noodles。
biangbiang面
04. Biangbiang noodles – commonly described as resembling a belt, biangbiang noodles are wide, thick and long. One string of noodles can easily fill you up.
酸汤水饺
05. Hot and sour soup dumpling (suantang shuijiao) – Who can resist a bowl of dumplings swimming in hot and sour soup with sesame seeds [芝麻], minced leek [葱花] and cilantro [香菜]? Suantang shuijiao is flavorful and refreshing with a lingering (and pleasant) aftertaste [回味无穷].
汤圆一般翻译为sweet dumpling，如果要告诉外国人饺子和汤圆的区别，恐怕得进一步解释一下。
粉蒸肉
06. Steamed beef and wheat powder (fenzhengrou) – This unassuming-looking [其貌不扬的] dish packs 23 herbs, spices and seasonings into one serving and requires seven hours to cook.
馒头可以翻译为steamed bun，包子就是有馅的馒头，可以说成steamed stuffed bun，但有些地方包子馒头都用steamed bun。
串儿
07. Kabob (chuan’er) – coated with chili [辣椒] and cumin [孜然] powder, it’s a highly addictive [使人上瘾的] midnight snack for Xi’an residents. It’s not unusual for locals to order 100 of them in one go.
穿肉串的签子叫skewer。
石榴汁儿
08. Pomegranate juice – Pomegranates are a local specialty product. Pomegranate juice stands pop up around town every fall.
我中学大学的时候会说的水果很少，撑死5个：apple, banana, pear, orange, grape。有一天我去菜市场，立志要把所有常见水果的英文说法学会。
甑糕
09. Glutinous rice and date cake (zenggao) – Cooked overnight in a zeng – a traditional earthen utensil [泥做的器皿] – most vendors [商贩] only prepare one batch [一炉] of zenggao (glutinous rice [糯米] and date [枣子] layered cake) a day.
glutinous rice也可以简单说成sticky rice。我们传统的英语课堂上通常是不会教这些词汇的，因为考试不考，看到人名地名，老师也会跳过(基本不会教人名地名的发音)，因为考试不考，这就导致我们中的绝大多数出了学校就像从来没有学过英语一样，因为只会用排除法做选择题。凡是我们经常看到的，听到的，想到的，都应该设法用英语说出来，这样才会有成就感，才不会觉得枯燥，才不会放弃!
汤包
10. Soup dumpling (tangbao) – Shanghai’s xiaolongbao? Wrong. It is Xi’an’s own version of soup dumplings. Instead of pork, tangbao in Xi’an is mutton meat and soup packed into a paper-thin wrapper.
这里把汤包翻译为soup dumpling其实也可以理解，因为汤包和饺子也没有绝对的区别。总之，中文和英文是两种截然不同的语言，词汇不可能完全对应，需要我们不断揣摩和体会，这也许就是语言的魅力吧。加油!
托福词汇之“雨夹雪”用英语怎么说?
首先，“雨夹雪”是sleet，MacMillan English Dictionary – American对它的解释是：
1. a mixture of snow and rain
2. if it is sleeting, sleet is falling from the sky
也就是说，sleet既可以作名词，又可以作动词，作动词时是“下雨夹雪”的意思。
其实，部分以字母组合sl-开头的单词与“滑”有关，如：
1. sleet 雨夹雪-导致地面湿滑。
2. sleek 光滑而有光泽。如sleek black hair就是洗发水广告中经常出现的“乌黑顺滑的头发”。
3. sleigh 雪橇-雪橇是用来滑的。著名圣诞歌曲Jingle Bells里有一句歌词是Oh what fun it is to ride in a one-horse open sleigh。
4. slide 滑动;滑梯。sliding door是滑动门，也就是开关的时候是往左右两侧滑动的门，与转动的合页门对应。
5. slip 滑(倒)
6. slippery 湿滑的;狡猾的。Caution Slippery Floor(小心地滑)在很多公共场所可见。
7. slippers 拖鞋-后跟拖着在地上滑动，发出嚓嚓的响声。拖鞋是一双，所以要用复数slippers。
8. slope 斜坡;斜面-东西放上去容易往下滑。还记得物理课上的斜面吗?上面放一个长方体，问斜面与地面的夹角大于多少度时长方体会往下滑动。
托福词汇之“老司机”用英语怎么说?
林丹出轨事件继续发酵升温。据某媒体爆料，林丹居然是出轨“老司机”。今天我们来看看“老司机”用英语怎么说。
林丹曾经拍摄的一则公益广告，前几天被网友“挖坟”了。
广告词“人生不能越界，底线必须坚守”，惨遭打脸。
林丹到底是不是老司机不重要，我们今天来讨论一下“老司机”到底怎么翻译。
“老司机”的直译是experienced driver，也就是说，这里的“老”并不一定指年纪大，而是“有经验的”。中文里的“老”意思很多，“老鼠”、“老外”中的“老”跟年纪也不相关。
【例】He is a very experienced driver who has worked with us for 13 years. 他是一名经验丰富的司机，和我们工作了了。
但是，如今网络上流行的“老司机”跟司机其实没有什么关系了，百度是这样解释的(愤青们，其实百度解释中文还是比较精确的，别喷)：“老司机，网络名词。意为行业老手，对各种规则、内容以及技术、玩法经验老道的人。”也就是说，“老司机”并不非得是泡妞专家或情场老手，只要在一个行业混得比较久的经验比较丰富的人，都可以叫“老司机”，相当于“老手”或“老江湖”。
其实非常巧，英文中正好有一个词叫old hand和中文的“老手”精确对应，当然也可以对应“老司机”。Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary 5th Edition是这样解释old hand的：If someone is an old hand at something, they are very skilled at it because they have been doing it for a long time。
【例】An old hand at photography, Tim has been shooting wildlife as a hobby for the last 13 years. 提姆是一名资深的摄影师，他的爱好是拍摄野生动物，这一爱好已经持续了13年。
(来源：Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary 5th Edition)
既然词典说了veteran是old hand的同义词，那么“老司机”还可以说成veteran。既然词典又说了novice是old hand的反义词，那么novice就对应于我们常说的“菜鸟”。
总结一下：
old hand/ veteran /ˋv?t?r?n/ 老司机
novice /ˋnɑv?s/ 菜鸟
篇2：托福阅读句子简化题实例解析
托福阅读句子简化题实例解析 如何利用逻辑解题法解决简化题?
一.托福阅读句子简化题难点解析
在托福阅读题型中，句子简化题可算是一种让学生颇为头疼的题型了，首先这种题型涉及句子阅读与理解，需要考生有一个比较好的句子分析基础，另外，它又同文章段落结构相联系，同时答案又是选出简化后的内容，所以要求学生在确定文章主题以及段落大意的情况下，通过仔细阅读来确定某些特定句子的主要意思。
那么怎样做这类题才能达到较好的复习效果呢?今天我们就一起来学习一下怎么做简化题，下面我为大家介绍一种方法，即运用逻辑解题法，希望对大家有所帮助。
二.逻辑解题法简述
逻辑解题法，顾名思义就是通过对句子进行分析，在了解句子结构的基础上，分析句子的主要逻辑结构，找到句子所要表达的核心内容，然后对应答案，选出内容逻辑都符合的正确选项。句子简化题简化的是内容，但不是逻辑，所以通过逻辑解题法我们可以快速锁定正确答案范围。
逻辑解题法主要有以下三个步骤： 通读原句，分析句子结构，找到句子主干及句子所表达的主要逻辑关系 查看选项，排除非主干逻辑的选项 根据句子内容，对应逻辑关系的具体对象，选出正确答案。
三.托福阅读句子简化题实例解析
下面我们来看一个例子： 例: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
上面这句话就是一个高亮的句子，我们来看一下对应的 4 个选项： A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land. C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort. D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
按照逻辑解题法的步骤，首先我们先分析一下原句，找到主干逻辑。很明显，这句话主语是 The extreme seriousness，谓语 results from，后面 as well as from 与前面并列，连接了并列宾语，所以这句话的主干逻辑就是 “result from” 所表现出来的因果关系。
第二步查看选项，我们可以直接排除 C D 两个选项，C 选项因果关系缺失，D 选项中 “unless” 表示句子逻辑关系，中文释义为“除非”，不是因果，所以 D 选项也没有因果概念。答案应该在 A B 之中选择。
第三步对应逻辑关系主要承接对象，选定最终答案。原句中 “result from” 前面的部分是结果部分，而 B 选项 “because of” 前面表示结果的部分跟原文中不一致，排除。A 选项的结果部分与原句的结果部分一致。所以选 A。最后，做完题还应进行验证。看这个题目选的这句话跟原文那句话的意思是否一致，规避一些基本的小错误。
此外，我们在考试的时候还会遇到一些比较复杂的句子，里面包含多种逻辑关系，在这种情况下，我们就需要分析哪个是主要逻辑，哪个是次要逻辑，最终根据分析，确定主要内容。比如下面这个例子：
例：He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.
通过分析句子，我们可以看到，句子中有两个逻辑关系，一个是因果，一个是条件，“reasoning” 表示“因果关系”，“if” 表示“条件关系”。但是“条件”是被镶嵌在“因果”关系里面的，主干逻辑为 “a reasoning that b”，a 以 b 为原因，而这个原因就是 if 引导的从句，这意味着因果关系要比条件关系要高一层。所以我们在选择的时候主要的逻辑关系应该是因果，不是条件。看下面四个选项：
A. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one. B. Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines. C. Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell. D. Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.
通过上述分析，我们可以知道，答案为 C，D 选项虽然与原句表达的意思相似，但是不能选 D。因为因果和条件这两种逻辑差别的关系：已经发生的事情属于因果关系，尚未发生的事情属于条件关系。
利用逻辑解题法解决托福阅读句子简化题是非常不错的选择，如果大家不会做这类题目，建议按照文中示例步骤来解决此类题目。句子简化题虽然乍一看难度很高，但是只要大家用对方法，多做练习，考试中遇到这里题目就能做的又快又对。
托福阅读素材：驾驶新规
请看相关报道：
The Ministry of Public Security's amended regulations on driving licenses increase the penalties for motorists who run red lights, as well as authorities who issue licenses to new drivers who cause serious accidents.
公安部新修订的驾驶证使用规定加强了对司机闯红灯的处罚力度，同时新司机发生严重事故的也将对发证机关进行处罚。
新规中对running red light (闯红灯) 和 blocking or defacing license plates (遮挡、污损号牌) 等行为的point penalty (扣分处罚) 从之前的3分提高到6分; drunk driving (醉驾) 的客货车司机将面临 lifetime ban (终身禁驾)。
Newly qualified drivers (新司机)上高速必须由三年以上驾龄的司机陪同，一旦发生fatal accident(致命事故)将追究license-issuing authorities (发证机关)的责任。
托福阅读素材：每个女人都应该记住的10句名言
1. Muhhamad Ali Jinah:
穆罕默德·阿里·吉娜
There are two powers in the world; one is the sword and the other is the pen. There is a great competition and rivalry between the two. There is a third power stronger than both, that of the women.
世界上最强大的两种东西。一种是剑，一种是笔。这两者之间有很大的竞争性。世界上还有比这两种东西更强大的第三种，那就是女人。
2. Margaret Sanger:
玛格丽特·桑格
Woman must have her freedom, the fundamental freedom of choosing whether or not she will be a mother and how many children she will have. Regardless of what man's attitude may be, that problem is hers — and before it can be his, it is hers alone.
女人必须得有她的自由，最基本的自由是选择是否成为一位母亲以及将生几个孩子。不管男人的态度如何，那都是她自己的事情——也许最后男人也会参与进来，但首先将由她自己作出决定。
3. Marilyn Monroe:
玛丽莲·梦露
A wise woman likes but doesn't love, listens but doesn't believe and leaves before she is left.
聪明的女人会喜欢但不会深爱，会倾听但不会相信，会在被抛弃以前离开。
4. Dick Van Dyke:
迪克·范·戴克
Women will never be as successful as men because they have no wives to advise them.
女性绝不会有和男人一样的成功，因为她们没有妻子给她们建议。
5. Whitney Houston:
惠特尼·休斯顿
I like being a woman, even in a man's world. After all, men can't wear dresses, but we can wear the pants.
即使是生活在男人的世界里我也喜欢做女人。毕竟，男人不能穿裙子，但是我们能穿裤子。
6. Cameron Diaz:
卡梅隆·迪亚兹
What we women need to do, instead of worrying about what we don't have, is just love what we do have.
我们女人需要做的就是，与其担心我们没有的东西，还不如爱我们已经有的东西。
7. Farrah Fawcett:
法拉·弗西
God gave women intuition and femininity. Used properly, the combination easily jumbles the brain of any man I've ever met.
上帝给了女人直觉和女人味儿。使用合理的话，这两者结合就能很容易迷倒我曾遇到过的所有男性。
8. Yul Brynner:
尤尔·伯连纳
Girls have an unfair advantage over men: if they can't get what they want by being smart, they can get it by being dumb.
女孩儿有男孩儿没有的优势：如果她们不能通过变聪明得到她们想要的，那么她们可以通过变得愚笨得到。
9. Joseph Conrad:
约瑟夫·康拉德
Being a woman is a terribly difficult task, since it consists principally in dealing with men.
做女人难，因为主要是和男人打交道。
10. Oscar Wilde:
奥斯卡·王尔德
Women are made to be loved, not understood.
女人生来是被爱旳，而不是被理解的。
托福阅读素材：20几岁最需要学会的技能
What are the skills that are most important to learn during your 20s?
20几岁的时候最需要学的技能是什么?
1. Build a foundation for health.
锻炼强健的体魄。
In your twenties it's easy to feel like you're invincible. That fast food and the five margaritas you downed the night before burn right off and you wake up the next morning feeling fine. This does not last. Start building healthy habits now before they catch up to you later. At 30, I'm still struggling with this one myself. Get in the habit of eating healthfully and exercising. Your body will thank you for years later.
20几岁的时候，你很容易觉得自己所向披靡。吃个快餐、晚上喝的五杯玛格丽塔酒酒劲还没过，第二天醒来还感觉良好。但这持续不了多久的。在身体垮掉之前赶紧养成健康的习惯。30岁的时候，我仍旧在和自己的健康作斗争。习惯吃得健康一点，做做运动。几年之后，你的身体状况会感激你现在所作出的努力。
2. Learn resiliency.
学会振作。
Your twenties is a time when most are relatively free of the responsibilities that will increase into your thirties and forties. This is a great time to experiment, fail, and bounce back. Learn how to ride out failure and persevere. Life is full of challenges. The twenties are a great time to toughen up and start teaching yourself how to be emotionally and mentally resilient enough to weather both the joys and hardships to come.
20几岁是你最自由的时候，到了30岁和40岁的时候，责任就相对增加很多了。这是去尝试、失败、重新振作的最佳时期。学着怎么从失败当中爬起来并且坚持下去。生活中充满挑战。无论幸福还是悲伤，20岁都是你吃苦和学会怎么从精神上和身体上振作的最佳时期。
3. Figure out what lifestyle and career work for the real you.
找到你真正想要的生活方式和工作。
I felt like a failure throughout my twenties because most of my university friends seemed happy in corporate jobs that made me miserable. I felt constant pressure to fit a specific mold. It's only within the past year that I've started to come to terms with who I really am and what really makes me happy. Life is not one-size-fits-all. Choose the career and lifestyle that are true to you, not a version of that you wish you were.
20几岁的时候我觉得自己很失败，因为我大多数的大学同学都有着幸福的工作，这让我觉得自己很可悲。为了一定的目标，我不断给自己施加压力。过去的一年里，我才真正开始思考我到底是个什么样的人，什么才能使我快乐。没有任何一种生活方式能适合所有人。选择你自己真正想要的生活方式跟职业，而不是像你所希望的那样。
4. Learn to live within your means.
学会靠自己生活。
Learn smart financial management now. Learn how to live within a budget and maintain good credit. A mistake I once made, and one I still see a number of my peers making, is being a slave to lifestyle: taking cabs everywhere, buying expensive clothing, and having meals out constantly. This is stupid and reckless. I know people who were left completely adrift despite having made great salaries because they had no savings when their careers hit a rough patch. Their income was spent all on things that are frivolous. Luxuries are a wonderful thing only if you can truly afford them. Don't be a slave to funding a lifestyle that will not last. Learn to live modestly and save up, and then you will have earned the right to purchase yourself some treats, in moderation.
现在开始，学些理财知识吧。学着怎么在不打破预算的情况下生活，还保持良好的信用额度。我曾经犯过一个错误，现在我仍旧看见我的很多朋友在犯这个错误，那就是成为了生活方式的奴隶：无论去哪儿都打的，买昂贵的衣服，还有经常去外面吃饭。这是愚蠢和鲁莽的。我见过那种人，尽管工资很高，但是当他们的工作遇到困难的时候却因为没有积蓄而彻底绝望。他们把所有的收入都用在那些没有意义的东西上。只有当你真正能负担得起的时候，奢侈才是恰到好处。不要去选择一种不会持久的奴隶的生活方式。学会谦虚地生活还有节约，然后你就可以有节制地给自己来个奖励。
5. Choose who you spend your time with carefully.
认真选择你的伴侣。
Time is a precious commodity and you start to realize that increasingly into your mid to late twenties. Choose your friends wisely. Separate yourself from toxic or negative influences, those who would waste your time, and those who encourage you to focus on the unimportant. Seek out people who give you happiness, who inspire you, who support you, and nourish those relationships instead.
在你二十五六岁时候你会开始发现，时间是一件珍贵的商品。明智地选择你的朋友。不要让自己被有害的的或者消极的人所影响，那些人只会浪费你的时间，他们只会让你专注于那些不重要的事情上。看看谁能给你带来幸福，谁激励你，谁支持你，让你们之间的关系升温。
篇3：托福阅读句子简化题例子解析
面对托福阅读部分来说，对于考试的题型，无论是题型特点还是解题技巧，我们都是需要我们掌握的，今天我们就通过实例来进行详细的解析，帮助大家更好地来备考。
托福阅读句子简化题例子解析
句子简化题是托福阅读必考题目，每篇一题，主要考察考生对复杂句子的主干信息的把握。所谓主干信息，要分清主句和从句，尤其是主句的语法主干：即主语谓语和宾语。除此以外，还有注意常考的几种信息类型，如反面或负面信息，表示比较或对比的信息等等。做到这些还不够。此题的正确选项特点是：对原句的主干信息进行同义替换，即用词汇或语法手段替换原句的主干信息。因此，如果你发现有的选项包括和原句长相非常相似的词汇，千万当心!
来看下面的例子：
Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.
Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.
○The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.
○Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.
○The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.
原句的主要信息点包括：因果关系since, 否定信息not, 强调信息only。选项C和这几个信息正好完全对应。答案却是A! 因为C把原文的因果关系完全颠倒过来了!
从这个题目我们可以洞察命题者的思路：设计C选项时故意保留原文的某些词汇不变，造成一种假象，吸引大家的眼球，以迷惑麻痹意志不坚定的童鞋!
托福阅读题文章怎么理解?
托福阅读文章原型大都选自美国大学生使用的教材或者学术期刊，文章的选材范围极其广泛，涉及有自然科学包括：天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等;人文科学包括：艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等;社会科学包括：政治学、经济学、教育学、人类学等学科。从选材范围可知道：托福阅读的文章内容不仅对同学们的知识存储量有一定的要求，同时对于我们的理解能力有一定的要求。
首先托福阅读分四个阶段：
第一阶段：不关心句子的意义，只关心语言符号，比如：猫坐在帽子上飞;黑色的太阳
第二阶段：获取主题和重点信息，即大的框架结构
第三阶段：能找出观点理论并确定观点的支撑细节;能分析整体框架。
第四阶段：针对某个特定主题，在很多相关资料中寻找需要的信息。
为什么需要这四个阅读阶段呢?是由阅读的三个特征来决定的：
1. 多书面语：词汇句式复杂
2. 论证严密：观点阐述严密，逻辑环环相扣
3. 结构复杂：多观点结构
下面通过一个段落具体讲解。3分钟来读以下段落：
Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreidezeit).S1 Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct. S2 For example, some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants, which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous, about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.S3 In fact, several scientists have suggested that the duck bill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs, with their complex battery of grinding teeth, evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants.S4 Othershave blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, which alleged lyate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur egg safter 120 million years of coexistence. S5Some explanations (such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases) fail because there is no way to scientifically test them, and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork.S6
全段一共241个字，6句话，平均每句话都40个字左右。
拿第一句话Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreidezeit)为例子，这句话出现了K-T boundary，sedimentation，Cretaceous等词，不是常见词汇，而且这句话中包含了原因状语从句(becauseit is associated...)，非谓语(known as.../found in...),同位语(usually a thin band of sedimentation...)，插入语(K is the tradition abb...)，所以总结一下，就是生词多，句式复杂。
第二点观点阐述严密，逻辑环环相扣。这一段第一句话的意思是恐龙灭绝了，紧接着第二句话说到Many explanations have been proposed 。第一个explanation是把恐龙的灭绝归咎于开花植物的发展，但是(except)开花植物在恐龙灭绝前6千万年前就已经进化了，进而否定了恐龙因为开花植物而灭绝这一解释。后面in fact这一句话更加证实了恐龙不是因为开花植物而灭绝。第二个explanation是因为哺乳动物吃恐龙蛋导致恐龙灭绝，但是(expect)在其灭绝前，恐龙和哺乳动物共处了1.2亿年，进而否定了恐龙因为哺乳动物而灭绝。最后一句话Some explanations fail既做了总结，又表达出态度：一些原因不能解释恐龙灭绝，呼应开头。
第三点结构复杂，多观点结构。第一句话Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct 呼应主题，交代背景。紧接着Many explanations...，for example后面来列举解释恐龙灭绝的原因。some.....原因解释1，破折号后面except表示转折，否定前面的原因;in fact 表示递进关系，进一步解释说明前面一句话的意思---否定恐龙灭绝是因为开花植物。others...原因解释2，破折号后面except表示转折，否定原因2。最后一句话Some explanations fail总结上文，明确表达出态度。整段是分(some......others......)——总(explanations fail)结构。
托福阅读考试的两大陷阱
陷阱一：细节题考查精确定位
托福阅读中的细节题其实不难，但前提是定位的点要对，比如下面这个例题：
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
这是一个典型的细节题，在该题题干中，有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位，因为它是专有名词，在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名，势必会定位在该段的第一句话，托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案，这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的，因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed deer，这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的，按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符，B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子：
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位，但在定位过程中会出现很多问题。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位，即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的关键词。文中的particular是加了阴影的，succession是在引号里面的，都非常醒目，通过看这两个词我们会发现它们附近没有我们需要的东西;再比较突出的就是数字及破折号，在500的上方有a climax community，但它是单数，与题干关键词不完全匹配，细节题讲究的是精确定位，所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities，即该段的最后一句话。否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种：一是无中生有，即根据定位点的内容，四个选项只有一个没有提到，这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴，即根据定位点的内容表述，只有一个选项与之矛盾，这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言，根据定位的最后一句话，从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项，D项的意思与原句相符，而C项与原句矛盾，所以正确答案是C。综上所述，做新托福阅读的细节题，最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位。
陷阱二：无方向中隐藏方向。
新托福阅读考试中绝大部分题目都是对应具体段落的，这会为考生节省很多时间。但是也不排除有少量题目的范围比较大或比较模糊，考生在寻找答案时难免一头雾水，费时费力。其实这些看似没有明确定位方向的题目都是暗藏玄机的。下面我们就来看一个例子：
Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.
Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.
Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?
A.They rely largely on coal-fired power plants.
B.They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.
C.Over 1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.
D.Wind farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.
这个题目的题干涉及到三个段落，而事实上考生根本不需要去看第一段的内容，因为答案依据的是第三、四段的信息，但是这两个段落如果都看的话内容也不少，从应试的角度来说太费时间。正确的做法应该是从选项中挖掘一下方向。A项里大家一般都会选择有连字符的coal-fired作为关键词去定位，B项没有比较显眼的词就只能选名词短语remote areas，C项选1 percent， D项选the United States。选完关键词我们不难发现除了B项不大好定位以外，其他三个选项的关键词都很醒目。经过定位，A项应该去比对第3段的第一句话，意思明显矛盾;B项不好找，可以暂且跳过;C项和D项的关键词在这两段都找不到，这就属于新托福阅读中推理题的错误答案设计方法之一 ——无中生有。所以虽然我们没有去验证B项的说法是否正确，但经过排除也只能选B了。这样的做题方法就会省时省力，且答案也是正确的。在考试中，这种情况往往会影响考生的心情，进而影响水平的发挥，但是只要我们了解了ETS出题的套路就能把它们轻松搞定。
篇4：托福阅读句子简化题技巧
托福阅读句子简化题技巧
句子简化题的考察形式非常容易识别，我们会在原文一段话中看到被“高亮”出的一个句子：
Paragraph 9: The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size.If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
然后结合这个句子问这样一个问题：
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
如何攻克句子简化题呢?
首先，既然题目让我们选择与原句句意相同的选项，那就必须要保证能够读懂题目和各个选项句子的意思。切记，看懂才能做题，看不懂句子不要谈提高正确率。
看懂题目句子，在做这种题的时候可能还会在如下两点出现错误：
句子太长、信息太多，在判断选项的时候容易被选项拐跑，忘记了原句准确的意思，勿中干扰选项的陷阱。
对于原句和选项的改写判断错误，错选意思与原句不相符的答案
问题1：句子太长、信息太多，在判断选项的时候容易被选项拐跑，忘记了原句准确的意思，勿中干扰选项的陷阱。
这个问题可以通过以下这个方式来解决。读完句子后、判断选项前，我们尝试着把刚看完的这个长长的句子“分层”。所谓的分层，是根据连接词将长句子中的几个分句分别挑出来，单独来看。就好像把一个蛋糕分成小块，吃起来才比较方便。之后，判断每个选项时，也将选项进行分层。我们要将原句的每一块“蛋糕”，和选项的每一块“蛋糕”分别进行比对，来判断该选项是否与原文一致。同时，除了判断每一个分句句意是否对应，也要判断连接分句的连接词是否也能构成对应的改写。
例题：
Only the last of these(指代前文running water) was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
○Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven.
○The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places.
○Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.
○Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.
读清楚题目句子的意思之后，根据连接词将它分成三个部分，如下所示。
Only the last of these(指代前文running water) was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills,it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
“准备工作”完成之后，我们来依次判断选项。
A选项错误：第一部分“Running water was the best power source for factories”的意思，原文三部分都未曾提及。原句橙色部分只说“只有水完全适合机械的持续运转”，但是否只有水适合、或者水最适合factories?factories和machine的持续运作并不等价。其次，原文的蓝色部分也并没有提到A选项后半部分所述的“流水仅仅在Lancashire和Scotland是很丰富的”。
B选项错误：第二部分“so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places”在原句中并未提到，原句蓝色部分只说“L和S地区的水力能够给grain mills和textile mills提供动力”。
C选项错误：第一部分上来就错了，原句橙色部分根本没讲“机械只能在水很丰富的地方运行”。
D选项正确：第一部分对应原句橙色部分，第二部分对应原句紫色部分，妥妥的正确。
问题2：对于原句和选项的改写判断错误，错选意思与原句不相符的答案
如果是因为对句意和选项意思把握不够准确而产生的这个问题，请多读读文章，认真背单词，好好翻译翻译句子。
如果是逻辑不够严谨、不够仔细而导致判断改写出错，“错把冯京当马凉”，请多刷刷题，各种题，都能治。
一些防不胜防的变态正确选项
#1 正确答案的逻辑关系与原句的逻辑关系貌似不符(出现几率10.7%)
有些同学喜欢根据“逻辑”来判断选项的正误，选项有原文的“逻辑关系”(大部分时候其实就是连词)，那么选项有可能是正确的。下面的例题对于这种解法提了个醒。
例题：
For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
正确答案为：
Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.
正确选项的因果关系在原文并未直接给出，但是记住，逻辑关系并不一定是通过连接词来表达的，比如result from就可以表示因果关系，经过改写完全可以变成“because … , …”的句子结构。再者，往往很多逻辑关系在初步理解句意的时候是无法非常直观的判断出来。
本题的句意，不仅描述了myths被保留下来，更是说明保留神话的原因是其艺术价值，所以正确答案的这个因果关系是符合原句意思的。
再比如这个题目：
The growth of the electric-power industry was the result of a remarkable series of scientific discoveries and development in electrotechnology during the nineteenth century, but significant changes in what we might now call hydro (water) technology also played their part.
正确答案：
Advances in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century and changes in hydro technology were responsible for the growth of the electric-power industry.
这答案根本没有原文的“but”，但是并不影响这个句子100%复述了题目句子的含义。
出现几率10%，这个比例并非小数目。这恰巧说明，同意改写确实是阅读中考察的一个重点。而同意改写并非一些古板的规则能够归纳总结，具体情况还是要根据人家给出的句子和选项的意思来判断。
#2 正确答案并不包含句子主干(出现几率5.4%)or省略部分原句信息(出现几率35.7%)
纳尼!居然以前老师讲的“对应主干”是不对的?
其实把这个现象解释成“没有100%通用的方法”，是可以说得通的，毕竟万事没有绝对。但是对于这种题目，“对应主干”的解题步骤可能需要打个折扣。原因在于一个句子的essential information有时候未必通过句子结构能够判断出来，就好像“状语”和“定语”有时候都长一个样子。
遇到这类题目，使用排除的思路更合适。最后剩下的那个选项与原句部分相符，而其他选项句意都错误，即使它不包含主干，那么也唯有选它了。
例题：
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.
“据说”句子的主语和谓语在答案中是需要有的，不过答案偏偏是：Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.
找谁说理去。
除了句子“主干”被抛弃，“次要信息”被抛弃的情况会更多，出现几率更大，相信大家在做官方真题Official的时候一定会遇到个把这样的选项，扔掉了部分原句的内容。由于这类选项很多，在这儿就不举例子了。
#3 句子中会出现指代前文的代词，需要根据前文确认指代内容(出现几率5.4%)
比如刚才那道running water的题，原句上来就是only the last of these。要想看懂句意，必然结合前文确定指代内容，这样才能选择答案。
#4 结合前文信息，才能准确理解并判断选项(出现几率3.6%)
例题：
In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
正确答案为：
Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.
很多同学对这个题目中open areas开阔地区和deforested grounds的改写非常费解。其实这个句子的前文讲到了第三个使得鹿群数量增长的原因，这个原因就是森林都被砍伐了。然后这句话说道，open areas的食物不仅多、而且有营养，就是黑尾鹿增加的原因。所以前文提到的森林都被砍伐了的地区deforested grounds就是句子里说到的open areas。极个别的题目，还真没法只看这一句就100%理解并得到答案。
#5 正确选项和原句句意差别较大(出现几率5.4%)
例题：
Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.
正确答案为：
Changes in systematically deposited substances that are affected by climate can indicate climate variations over time.
原句所述为“物质的化学和物理性质会随着环境变化，这些物质能够以一定的顺序沉积，从而记录这些性质变化的情况”，而正确答案内容为“沉积的物质中特性的变化能够表明环境的变化”。
这个正确选项虽未能与原句每部分直接构成明显的改写，但根据原句的意思是能够得出这个答案的。这种情况下，同样也要有排除选项的意识的。我们可以搂一眼下面的错误选项，意思都与原文是不相符的。
错误选项：
○ Because physical and chemical properties of substances are unchanging, they are useful records of climate fluctuations over time.
○ For hundreds or thousands of years, people have been observing changes in the chemical and physical properties of substances in order to infer climate change.
○ Because it takes long periods of time for the climate to change, systematic changes in the properties of substances are difficult to observe.
虽然这些变态的情况出现几率不算高，但是大家也需要注意，以免到时候丢分。如果不注意，不要再来问：为什么我会错个别的句子简化题。
这TM也配当错误选项
大部分错误选项与原句信息不符、或讲述了一些原句根本没有提到的内容。但是还有一些选项，句意没错，但并不能作为正确答案，原因是这样的。
例题：
Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.
正确选项：
○Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.
干扰选项：
○Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter.
正确选项不仅对应原句逗号前面整句话的信息，还包含了逗号后面的内容。干扰选项虽然对应逗号前面的部分，但是逗号后面的内容并未包含。相比之下，包含原句的信息更多且句意正确的选项，更应该是正确答案。
换个角度来讲，正确答案的意思更能够完整表达原句的意思。原句逗号后面的内容虽然是从句，但却是整个过程发生后的结果。干扰选项未将其纳入句中，表达的意思便稍稍欠缺火候。
貌似应该有总结!
bibi了这么多，简短的小结一下：
理解句意非常必要。
分层分块，再判断选项。
重要的是判断选项的意思正确与否，什么主干不主干的，逻辑不逻辑的，先放放哈。
对应原句信息更多，且句意正确的选项，更应该选。
根据情况，适当结合上下文。
托福考试阅读技巧 列举题解析
托福考试阅读中的列举题主要考察考生能否抓住文章主要信息，排除一些与文章内容无关信息的能力。所以，ETS也这类题型称之为“否定事实信息题”(negative factual information question)。其常用的出题形式为：
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passages?
The author mentions all of the followings X.X.X, except X.X?
一、列举题两大分类：集中列举和分散列举
1. 集中列举
集中列举的形式有：三个名词或词汇连续出现，各个名词或词汇之间以逗号隔开;三个短语连续出现;三个句子连续出现。对于集中列举题，只需根据题干或选项定位原文，排除在原文的集中列举之处出现的三个选项，剩下的一个选项为正确答案。例如，
They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery?
(A) To hold food.
(B) To wash clothes.
(C) To cook.
(D) To transport objects.
这里，我们先看题干，问的是古代人是怎么使用罐子的。看完这个题目之后我们回到原文：They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place. 答案B自然就出来了。A，C答案可以直接在原文中找到，D答案是对原文内容的改写。
2. 分散列举
分散列举，顾名思义，就是说各项出现的位置比较的分散，可能出现于同一段落之中，或分布于全文各段。对于分散列举，我们同样需要根据题干或选项定位原文，将各个选项与所对应的原文逐个进行比较，采用排除法，在原文未提到或与原文相矛盾的选项为正确答案。解答这类题目需要注意文章每个段落的首尾句。
二、解答列举题的三大步骤：
1. 看题干找关键词：
如果问题中线索，即，有和原文相同词语，我们称之为关键词，可以根据它定位，然后将四个选项与定位的地方进行比较。如果没有关键词，可以先定位于上一个问题对应的段落之后的段落。一般来说，IBT阅读考试题目的顺寻和原文章的顺序相同。
2. 阅读四个选项：
如果题干中没有线索的，可以阅读四个选项，总结其中的共同点进行定位，或者根据各个选项中的关键词一一进行定位。
3. 排除与原文相符的选项：
将各个选项与原文比较以后，排除其中符合原文意思的选项，剩下的一个选项，或者与原文相矛盾，或者在原文未提到，就是正确答案。
总之，列举题的基本思路是排除，排除与原文相符的选项，与原文相矛盾的选项或原文未提到的选项是正确答案。
托福考试阅读技巧 词汇题解析
词汇题就是从具体的语境中理解词汇。鉴于英语单词的一词多义，所以准确理解某一个单词的意思需要依据语境。这里的语境就是我们所要阅读的文章的上下文。一般来说通过上下文推断或者猜测词意，上下文中可以利用的信息为，例句，对比词，同义词，反义词或者其他段落的解释等。此外，文章中一些特定搭配关系也可以帮助我们找到正确的答案。IBT的词汇题考的都是近义词，题目常见的问法如下：The word (or phrase) X is closest in meaning to ……, the word (or phrase) x could be best replaced by X。做这类题目，判断所考察词汇在原句中与其周围词汇的关系是关键，此外还要注意所考察词汇的词性。下面我们来看看常见的五种可以帮助我们迅速找到词汇题答案的特殊关系。
一、五类常见的词汇关系：
1. 直接反义关系—该词前或后出现的内容提示我们是反义关系。 表示相反概念的词语如下rather than，instead，unlike，contrast，on the contrary.
例如:
The main conflict in the novel is between a mother who places a high value on hard
work and honor and a son who repudiates his mother’s values instead preferring the easier path to fortune and celebrity
The word repudiates in the passage in closest in meaning to __
A) refuses to accept B) lives up to C) tries to understand D) makes the best of
假如repudiates我们不认识，从后面的小词 instead 这个词判定儿子和值观念是相反的，由此信息看四个选项，你会发现只有A选项带有否定的意味
2.并列关系：并列关系词如下： and，not only ..but also，as…as，and，both … and，either… or neither… nor
例如:
She embarked on her career by working as a newspaper reporter in Wisconsin and soon began writing novels.
The phrase embarked on in this sentence is closest in meaning to
A) took a trip to B) started out on C) improved upon D) had a opinion about
回到原文看embarked on周围的词语和它在这个句子中的作用。在这句中关健词 and 其后出现soon began告诉我们前后方向是一致的，前面也必然和began有关，所以本题目的正解是B。
3.解释关系:后面的句子或短词,单词来解释前面的词。常见的标志词:Contribute to，be responsible for，account for，since ，therefore ，for，because，in which等
例如:
His big break came with the novel So big(1924) ,which was awarded the Pulitzer in literature.
The word break in this sentence could best be replaced by ___
A) Rupture B) revelation C) opportunity D) rest
which was awarded the Pulitzer in Literature告诉我们一定考查的是正态度，所以答案不可能是A) D)，所以应该选 C) Opportunity 是一种有利的状态或合适的时机。
4. 动宾关系：看看宾语能否受动词支配，或从动词短语搭配去判定.
例如:
The oxidation of exhaust gases is one of primary sources of the world’s pollutions. The brown haze that is poised over some of the world’s largest cities is properly called photochemical smog.
The word poised in this sentence is closest in meaning to__
A) interacting B) sitting C) blowing D) poisoning
首先从搭配关系上可以排除 interacting ,interact with 然后可以从上下文关系排除 blowing over 因为吹走了就是不会有smog.而poison考试中及物才有pollute的含义，不及物只有一种含义表示投毒。
5. 形容词修饰名词关系：
例如:
When the gas reaches the air, it comes into contact with available oxygen from atmosphere and combines with the oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide (No2), which is a gas with a brownish hue.
The word hue in this sentence is closest in meaning to
A)color B)odor C)thickness D)smoke
对于本题你会发现有个小词brownish 呈褐色的，首先从形容词修饰名词关系可以直接排除B odor C thickness， 其次可以通过 a gas with brownish hue前面的 gas 排除 D smoke，用词重复。所以正确答案是A。
二、解决词汇题的三大技巧：
1、首先看是否认识, 如果在认识, 采用就近原则，在选项中找同义或近义词, 并代入原文检验;如果不认识,将4个选项代入原文, 看上下文是否合理。
2、分析词语在句子中的作用，了解词性，然后按照上面提供的5类关系方法找出正确答案。
3、看选项，如果选项的有2个答案都比较合适，根据词汇搭配的5类关系，选择在含义上与原词最合适的。
总之，根据原文章语境理解所要选择词汇的词性和其在句中的作用，然后根据5类词汇搭配关系来选择合适的选项是解决这类题目的基础，排除法是解决这类题的主要方法。
篇5：托福阅读句子简化题怎么做
句子简化题其实是货真价实的Paraphrase，一般就是给出长难句，让选择跟原文意思最为相近的选项。
这种题需要一定的把握长难句的能力，也需要一定的语法基础。如果考过GMAT的，做惯了Sentence Correction的同学应该觉得不太难。这种题还需要多练习，小编也从技巧的角度来作出一些解释。
按照托福官方指南OG的解释是，错误选项通常犯了如下两个错误：一是与原文意思相悖，二是漏掉了原文重要的内容。要解决这个问题，首先应该把句子的主要成分，即主谓宾按照小学时候学过的缩句方法提炼出来，明白句子的主要意思，再到选项中去找合适的。选的时候一定要再三斟酌，切忌看了某一个选项就做出决定而不管其它三个。
篇6：托福阅读句子简化题怎么做
用官方指南OG29页例题举例，把原句缩句：Since laws have determined form, forms can vary within certain limits. 其中B选项忽略掉了forms can vary…的意思;C，D选项后半句的意思跟原文相反;分别都犯了上述两种错误之一。所以选A。只要能准确把握原文的意思，难度不大。如果时间足够充足，我建议用GMAT的SC部分来锻炼把握长难句的能力，对阅读也有好处。不过大概需要1到2周的时间，不适合于时间紧张的考生。
托福阅读题最重要的是找到阅读段的主题句，分析出出题者的意图，然后根据文章关键词进行答题。考生在做托福阅读题的时候需要重视开头段，结尾段和过渡段，在这三个地方，一般会包含着托福阅读段的真实题义。
想要在托福阅读中考出理想成绩，除了对题型、解题技巧有深入了解之外，更重要的是平时多看多练，才能在考试中灵活的使用解题技巧。
托福阅读背景之外星人来地球度假
Government officials believe aliens may visit Earth and suggest harnessing UFO technology for UK defences, files say.
Documents from the Ministry of Defence classified archives show staff believed aliens could visit for “military reconnaissance”, “scientific” research or “tourism”.
In a 1995 briefing now published by the National Archives, a desk officer said the purpose of reported alien craft sightings “needs to be established as a matter of priority”, adding there did not appear to be “hostile intent”.
The unnamed official said it was “essential that we start with open minds”, explaining “what is scientific ‘fact’ today may not be true tomorrow”.
Clarifying he did not “talk to little green men every night”, he said: “We have a remit that we have never satisfied. That is, we do not now (sic) if UFOs exist.
“If they do exist, we do not know what they are, their purpose or if they pose a threat to the UK.
“If the sightings are of devices not of the earth then their purpose needs to be established as a matter of priority. There has been no apparent hostile intent and other possibilities are: 1) Military reconnaissance; 2) Scientific; 3) Tourism.”
He added that “if reports are taken at face value” they showed extraterrestrial vehicles had “a very wide range of speeds and are stealthy”.
Thus, he suggested, “we could use this technology, if it exists”.
His briefing document lists possible reasons for UFO sightings, including mass hallucinations, US aircraft, “atmospheric events” and hoaxes, but indicated none provide a fully convincing explanation.
It adds there are “some indications that the reported incidents are only the tip of an iceberg and many people do not wish to risk embarrassment and so do not report sightings”.
He also noted that the number of reports of “strange objects in the skies” increased dramatically after the Second World War, with most sightings coming from “farmers, policemen, doctors and lovers”.
在英政府公布的一批有关UFO的机密文档中，英政府官员称外星人可能造访地球，并提议利用外星人高超的飞行器技术为英国国防服务。
国防部机密档案的文件显示，有官员认为外星人造访地球可能是为了进行军事侦察，科学研究，或者度假观光。
在国家档案馆公布的一份1995年的简报中，一名事务员称应首先确认报告中的外星人乘飞行器到地球的目的，并称他们看起来并无“敌意”。
这位匿名官员还说：“重要的是，我们要有开放的思想，”并解释道“今天的科学‘事实’，到了明天可能并不正确。”
他澄清他从未“夜夜与小绿人谈话。”他说：“有一项工作我们一直没能实现。那就是，我们不知道UFO是否存在。”
“如果他们确实存在，我们也并不知道他们是什么物种，有什么目的，或是否会对英国造成威胁。”
“如果这些目击事件所观测到的装置不是地球上的，那么应首先确认这些外来者的目的。目前并未发现他们有明显的敌意，其他的可能目的有：1)军事侦察;2)科学研究;3)度假观光。”
他还说“若从表面上来看报告的内容”，外星人使用的交通工具速度奇快，而且应该具有隐形功能。
因此，他提议：“如果这种交通工具存在，我们可以利用它的技术。”
他在简报文件中列出了出现UFO目击事件的几种可能，其中包括集体幻觉，可能看到的是美国飞行器，可能是某种大气现象，甚至可能是恶作剧，但都没有做出能够完全令人信服的解释。
报告中还“暗示报告上来的UFO目击事件只是冰山一角，因为怕尴尬等原因，许多人并没有对政府报告自己的‘发现’。”
他还指出，在二战之后，报告“天空中出现奇异物体”的事件出现了迅猛增长，大部分报告者为“农民、警察、医生以及情侣”。
托福阅读背景：茶和咖啡哪个更适合你
Countless arguments have been waged over the superiority of one beverage over the other. But what does the scientific evidence say?
关于这两种饮料孰优孰劣的问题已经引发了无数争论。但是科学证据是怎样的呢?
George Orwell may have written that “tea is one of the mainstays of civilization in this country” – but even we British have to acknowledge that our national drink is facing stiff competition from the espressos, cappuccinos, and lattes invading our shores.
乔治·奥威尔或许写过“茶是这个国家文明的一个支柱”这样的句子——但我们英国人也要承认，随着浓咖啡、卡布奇诺和拿铁侵入国门，我们的全民饮料正面临着激烈的竞争。
Despite the dangers of wading into such a charged argument, BBC Future decided to weigh up the relative merits of each drink. There’s no accounting for taste, of course, but we have combed the scientific literature for their real, measurable effects on our body and mind.
尽管探讨这个敏感话题充满风险，“BBC未来”栏目还是决定对每种饮品的相对优点进行评估。当然，百人百味，但通过精心梳理科学文献，我们找出了它们对人体和大脑真实的、可测量的影响。
The wake-up call
醒脑剂
For many, the caffeine kick is the primary reason we choose either beverage; it’s the oil to our engines when we’re still feeling a bit creaky in the morning. Based purely on its composition, coffee should win hands down: a cup of tea has about half the dose (40 milligrams) of the stimulant caffeine that you would find in a standard cup of brewed filter coffee (80 to 115 milligrams). Yet this doesn’t necessarily reflect the jolt of the wake-up call.
对许多人来说，咖啡因的兴奋作用是我们选择这两种饮料的主要原因;在睡眼惺忪的清晨，咖啡因就像石油一样，给我们身体的引擎以能量。只考虑成分的话，咖啡可以轻松获胜：一杯茶的咖啡因含量(40毫克)大约只有标准杯过滤咖啡(80至115毫克)的一半。然而，这并非反映了它们的醒脑作用。
Dosing subjects with either tea or coffee, one study found that both beverages left subjects feeling similarly alert later in the morning.
通过让被试者饮用一定量的茶或咖啡，一项研究发现，这两种饮料都能让受试者在早晨晚些时候感到同样清醒。
Verdict: Against logic, tea seems to provide just as powerful a wake-up call as coffee. It’s a draw.
结论：虽然逻辑上讲不通，但茶跟咖啡的醒脑作用似乎不相上下。平局。
Sleep quality
睡眠质量
The biggest differences between coffee and tea may emerge once your head hits the pillow.
咖啡和茶之间最大的差异或许将集中体现在睡眠上。
Comparing people drinking the same volume of tea or coffee over a single day, researchers at the University of Surrey in the UK confirmed that although both drinks lend similar benefits to your attention during the day, coffee drinkers tend to find it harder to drop off at night – perhaps because the higher caffeine content finally catches up with you.
通过对比研究每天饮用等量的茶或咖啡的人，英国萨里大学的研究人员证实，尽管两种饮料在白天对注意力集中的作用差不多，但或许是因为咖啡里的咖啡因含量更高，喝咖啡的人晚上更难入睡。
Tea drinkers, in contrast, had longer and more restful slumbers.
相比之下，喝茶的人睡得更久更香。
Verdict: Tea offers many of the benefits of coffee, without the sleepless nights – a clear win.
结论：茶不仅拥有咖啡的许多好处，还不会带来不眠之夜——完胜
Tooth staining
牙齿变黄
Along with red wine, coffee and tea are both known to turn our pearly whites a murky yellow and brown. But which is worse?
众所周知，红酒、咖啡和茶都会把洁白的牙齿慢慢染成暗黄色或棕褐色。但哪个最糟糕?
Most dentists seem to agree that tea’s natural pigments are more likely to adhere to dental enamel than coffee’s – particularly if you use a mouthwash containing the common antiseptic chlorhexidine, which seems to attract and bind to the microscopic particles.
大多数牙医似乎一致认为，茶中的天然色素比咖啡的更易附着于牙釉质之上——尤其当你使用常见的洗必泰漱口水时，其中的消毒洗必泰能吸引并聚合微观粒子。
Verdict: If you want a perfect smile, coffee may be the lesser of two evils.
结论：如果你想展现完美笑容，两害相权取其轻，咖啡也许还好一点。
A balm for troubled souls…
不安灵魂的慰藉……
In England, it’s common to give “tea and sympathy” to a distressed friend – the idea being that a cup of Earl Grey is medicine for troubled minds. In fact, there is some evidence that tea can soothe your nerves: regular tea drinkers do tend to show a calmer physiological response to unsettling situations (such as public speaking), compared to people drinking herbal infusions. Overall, people who drink three cups a day appear to have a 37% lower risk of depression than those who do not drink tea.
英国人喜欢给烦恼苦闷的朋友送去“茶与同情”——这是由于他们认为伯爵茶能够治愈不安的灵魂。事实上，有证据表明，茶可以舒缓神经：与喝中草药的人相比，经常饮茶者在处理一些令人不安的情况(如公开演讲)时确实表现得更为镇静。总的来说，每天喝三杯茶的人比不喝茶的人罹患抑郁症的风险要低37%。
Coffee doesn’t have the same reputation; indeed, some report that it makes them feel like their nerves are jangling. Yet there is some evidence that it too may protect against long-term mental health problems. A recent “meta-analysis” (summarising the results of studies involving more than 300,000 participants) found that each cup of coffee a day seems to reduce your risk of developing depression by around 8%. In contrast, other beverages (such as sweetened soft drinks) only increase your risk of developing mental health problems.
咖啡并没有这种功效;事实上，有些人觉得咖啡会让人有些神经错乱。但是也有证据表明，咖啡能预防长期精神问题。最近的一项“荟萃分析”(总结了超过30万名参与者的研究结果)发现，每天一杯咖啡的人患抑郁症的风险比常人要低大约8%。相比之下，其他饮料(如甜味软饮)只会增加患精神疾病的风险。
Verdict: Based on this limited evidence, it’s a draw.
结论：基于有限的证据，平局。
…and a balm for bodies……
身体的万金油
Similarly tantalising, though preliminary, epidemiological studies have suggested that both coffee and tea offer many other health-giving benefits. A few cups of either beverage a day appears to reduce your risk of diabetes, for instance.
流行病学研究虽然才刚刚起步，但也很吸睛。该领域研究表明，咖啡和茶都对身体还有其它益处。例如，每天喝几杯会降低患糖尿病的风险。
Both drinks also seem to moderately protect the heart, although the evidence seems to be slightly stronger for coffee, while tea also appears to be slightly protective against developing a range of cancers – perhaps because of its antioxidants.
饮用这两种饮料能对心脏起到一定的保护作用，尽管证据显示似乎咖啡的功效更强，但许是因为茶中的抗氧化剂，茶对预防癌症也有些许功效。
Verdict: Another draw – both drinks are a surprising, health-giving elixir.
结论：还是平局——这两种饮料都是神奇的、有益健康的灵丹妙药。
Overall verdict: Much as we Brits would have liked tea to come out the clear victor, we have to admit there is little between the two drinks besides personal taste. Based solely on the fact that it allows you to get a better night’s sleep, we declare tea the winner.
总结：大部分英国人都会觉得茶很明显更胜一筹。但除了个人口味，必须承认的是两者的差异并不大。仅仅基于能让人好眠这一点，茶无疑是赢家。
Vocabulary
pigment: 色素
dental enamel: 牙釉质
antioxidant: 抗氧化剂
elixir: 万能药
篇7：托福阅读如何做好句子简化题
托福阅读如何做好句子简化题?高速应对技巧实例指点
托福阅读句子简化题应对思路：学会改句子
高手都很擅长改写句子，也就是要换句话来表达同样的意思。也就是in other words，这个能力在sentence simplification题型里，淋漓尽致地体现了考官此意图，比如原文这么说：
One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun, but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.
正确选项则是长这样：
One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions, but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.
这种题目要求我们抓住句子的主要含义，也就是句子的主要结构，对于这个句子则是一个逻辑转折词but，那么我们在做题的时候就需要找到选项里也含有转折含义词，然后在此转折词(but)前后的句子分别找出自己的主干结构相对应
前面部分句子是冰山颜色(their color/the color of green icebergs)在某些条件下(by a near-horizon red Sun/special light conditions)是视错觉(optical illusion/optical illusion)导致的。
后面部分句子是说绿冰山(green icebergs/green icebergs)在某些条件下( under a great variety of light conditions/under a great variety of light conditions)会出现在白色冰山和蓝色冰山之间(stand out among white and blue icebergs/appear distinct from other icebergs)。像这样把句子拆分开来，即是整句翻译有困难，也不会影响我们做题了。
托福阅读：比较级的“陷阱”
Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions
A. Cause some deer to hibernate
B. Make food unavailable in the highlands for deer
C. Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants
D. Prevent deer from migrating during the winter
解题思路：这是一道推断题，那么根据题干中winter condition我们可以去原文中找到相关线索。然而这里并没有出现一模一样的定位词，所以我们需要找到表达相同概念的意群(同义替换)，比如：late fall 深秋/初冬，snow雪。这些词都和winter condition传达了一样的概念。所以我们可以发现，答案应该就出现在最后两句话里：
Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
有些聪明的宝宝发现后面有个even表示让步转折，老师敲黑板说过：“有转折的地方一定是重点，会出题!”这句话的意思是：尽管地上有雪，高高的灌木层依然暴露在外面。
看到这里，很多宝宝应该知道答案就是C：冬季条件让鹿更容易找到灌木层。如果你选了C，很抱歉，你掉进坑里了，C是迷惑性选项，正确答案应该是B。
下面就让我们一起看看，在中文和英语中表达比较的差异性。
ETS作为一个非营利性机构(Welcome To Facebook!)，出一套托福试题的成本大概是80万美元，目前中国的报名费更是以每月50的幅度上涨。很多宝宝不理解，为何成本要这么高?钱都花在哪里了?
对于阅读来说，钱基本都花在出迷惑性选项上了。每一个选项都是ETS精雕细琢出来的，他们非常了解其他国家学生的语言习惯，以及在学习英语中会遇到的误区，其中英语和中文在表达比较方面，有很大的差异。
上面的表格中我列举了一些重要的中英表达比较的不同，其他还有很多我就不多做赘述了。
聪明的宝宝们应该发现了，在表达的过程中，中文的语言习惯往往重心在后面，强调结果，而英文则是逻辑性更强，着重于整个句型结构。换句话讲，英语里的比较级更加直观，中文的比较级相对没那么明显。比如我说：“小明你变这么瘦呀~”，小明此时脑子里只有一个概念：我在说他瘦。然而他却忽略的我暗示他之前比现在胖的这个重点。ETS就抓住了我们这一语言习惯，经常在这里出迷惑性选项。
那么我们回到刚才那一题：
Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions
A. Cause some deer to hibernate
B. Make food unavailable in the highlands for deer
C. Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants
D. Prevent deer from migrating during the winter
C选项翻译成中文是冬季条件让鹿更容易找到灌木层。很多宝宝都会把英文翻译成中文理解，那么按照我们的语言习惯，此时我们会忽略选项前方的很重要的比较级，而把关注点放在后面的找到灌木丛，因此很多人就选择了C选项。
那么该如何规避这个习惯呢?
1. 培养对英文语言的比较级的敏感度，如果你全身都不敏感，那么建议宝宝们每次看题之前先找找看选项有没有比较级，然后回原文确定。
2. 只要发现比较级，立刻确定三件事：
a.比较的主体(谁和谁比)
b.比较的内容(他俩比的是啥)
c.比较的结果(他俩比的怎么样)
看起来很简单的思路，但是很多宝宝做题时会忘记，所以希望各位一定记住这个框架结构。
再次回到刚才那道题，我们仔细看C选项 ：Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants。首先需要先找到主体：谁和谁在比较....... 我们会惊人的发现，原来文章里根本没有比较，所以C是完完全全的错误选项。可是如果选项改成Make it easy for deer to locate understory plants，那么这个选项就对了。
理解了这个考点之后，我们再一起来做一个简单的题吧(微笑)：
Throughout most of Earth's history, glaciers did not exist, but at the present time about 10 percent of Earth's land surface is covered by glaciers. Present-day glaciers are found in Antarctica, in Greenland, and at high elevations on all the continents except Australia. In the recent past, from about 2.4 million to about 10,000 years ago, nearly a third of Earth's land area was periodically covered by ice thousands of meters thick. In the much more distant past, other ice ages have occurred.
According to paragraph 5, in what way is the present time unusual in the history of Earth?
A. There are glaciers.
B. More land is covered by glaciers than at any time in the past.
C. There is no ice age.
D. No glaciers are found in Australia.
这一题答案就是我英文名的首字母啦，看看你有没有选对?如果实在无法理解这一题，欢迎随时联系我。最后希望各位宝宝们加油背单词，再送给大家一句话：
The most proud thing is to DIE in the glory of battle against TOEFL!
托福阅读：如何选择合适的英文原著
在阅读考试中能力更为重要?
很多刚来新东方上课的同学总有一个梦想，就是希望我们老师可以传授他一套神秘的做题技巧，学到之后就可以在单词不认识，句子看不懂的情况下答对题目。所以当我第一节课想跟学生分析长难句时，有的同学就有点小失望，说自己考试很急，希望可以直接先学做题套路，这时候我就要跟他讲道理了。我说，这就好像我有一本射雕英雄传里的九阴真经，要是拿出来直接给你练，你啥内功也没有，相信我，你一定会走火入魔练成神经病的，郭靖之所以可以练，是因为他学会了全真教正确的呼吸吐纳练内功的方法，并且已经有很深厚的内功积累了，再练各种真经，就是锦上添花迅速进步了。
所以说，我们想要提高阅读考试的成绩，最根本的还是提高自己的阅读能力，这里的能力包括积累一定的词汇量，掌握分析各种长难句分析的方法，通俗的讲，就是要真的能看懂题目看懂文章，这样的话，最后再学个做题套路，基本就是稳稳的高分了。我印象特别深的就是几年前带过的一个冲刺班，班里五个同学，程度都不错，就是我所说的能够看懂文章的同学，所以在学完课程后，五个同学中有四个轻松考到了28，29，29，30这样的分数，我没有花太多额外的力气，他们也没有特别痛苦，就拿到了理想的分数。而一些基础特别弱的同学，词汇量不够，句子看不懂，就吃力多了，哪怕学会了所有技巧，依旧很可能在个位数徘徊，分数由天定，看当天考试运气。而从个位数冲两位数就无论如何逃不掉能力积累的过程了。因此，哪怕是应试，我也是非常不赞成临时抱佛脚的，功夫一定是下在前面的，这也是为什么我希望大家可以尽早的开始积累，开始阅读。
为什么希望大家不仅要阅读，
还要把阅读变成习惯?
阅读能力的培养主要是词汇积累和长难句的理解分析，我个人觉得，又有效又有趣的学习积累方法，就是原文书的阅读了。首先原文书的阅读对提高词汇量非常有帮助。大家应该都有背厚厚的词汇书的体验，背到把单词的位置都记下来了，但偏偏单词出现在文章里又想不起来意思。这是因为大家在背单词时，总是习惯只看离单词最近的中文释义，懒得去研究单词的语境，如果碰到记忆过的很熟悉的单词就更不会去琢磨这个单词真正的含义了，导致的结果就是碰到语境无法产生条件反射，碰到词汇题各种栽更头，可以给大家举一个TPO24的词汇题的例子：
gain 大家都认识的，获得，有同学就觉得很奇怪了，选项没有一个翻译出来是“获得”的意思，想要去上下文推断，这其实是不对的，我们要思考的应该是什么叫“获得”，以及gain 这个词一般出现在怎样的语境里面。如果你看到过这样的语境，说：某人最近吃的特别多，然后gain weight了，我想这个词汇题就完全难不倒你了，因为你知道这里的获得重量就是增重的意思，是lose weight的反义词。那刚刚的词汇题就肯定毫不犹豫选increases了。养成阅读习惯的好处，就是加强词汇在语境中意思的记忆，带着语境认识的单词才是你真正认识，真正理解的单词，同时，读文章过程中反复遇到单词，就是一遍遍加深记忆的过程，词汇记忆的奥义就是重复，反复记忆，阅读提供了这样的机会。
除了对单词积累的帮助，多看句子肯定是可以加强语感的，反复阅读反复练习长难句理解的方法，从看不大懂，到有点看懂，到可以慢慢看懂，最后可以熟练看懂，就是阅读能力最大的成长了。当然，光心血来潮读几天是没有用的，读书讲求坚持，一开始会比较痛苦，但如果可以坚持看完一本书的10%，接下来会越来越轻松，会沉浸到作者的世界里，会获得成就感。这时，你便有能力拥有一个世界上最经济的兴趣爱好了——阅读。
如何挑选适合自己阅读水平的原文书
最后，关于怎样挑选合适自己阅读的英文书。首先大家要知道英语书分为小说类和非小说类，其中小说的难度往往是大于非小说的，而托福考试因为是语言类考试，选取的是相对语言难度低一些的非小说类的学术文章，而像SAT和ACT这样的考试，就会涉及到小说类文章。备考托福的同学，可以优先选择非小说类文章，而之后还要备考SAT或ACT考试的同学就可以循序渐进到小说类文章的阅读了。
选择适合自己的阅读材料要遵循三个原则：一是要感兴趣，二是要有质量保证，三是要难度适中。英文阅读本身就是一件有挑战的事儿，如果文章话题再让人提不起兴趣，那谁都很难坚持下去。比如，有的同学对世界政治、经济等话题很感兴趣，可以选择坚持阅读《经济学人》，有的同学喜欢有点小文艺的文章，可以读读《纽约客》，如果有同学不仅备考托福，还要备考SAT，经典小说也是不错的选择。还有同学如果真的对这些都不感冒，任何有点兴趣的原文书都是可以的，哈利波特可以，____都可以，总比不读书强。
当然一定要保证阅读材料的质量。千万不要选择网上没有可靠来源的文章，而要选择正规出版物，以免受到误导。 最后，寻找难度适中的读物。刚刚我已经给大家推荐了一个阅读能力测评网站，大家的蓝思指数可以在ReadingPro官网通过阅读测试获得。下面就告诉大家原文书的蓝思指数在哪里，除了刚刚的ReadingPro官网也有不少读物的蓝思指数，更多更权威的原文书原文材料的蓝思指数是可以在蓝思官网www.lexile.com查询得到的，二者之间进行匹配就可以找到难度适中的读物了。比如我的蓝思指数是1600，那我就可以选择蓝思指数在1500-1650之间的书本进行阅读了。
有了合适的阅读材料，我们就要选择适合自己的阅读方式了。现在的阅读渠道比较多，除了纸质书，还可以从网页上，手机App上和Kindle上进行阅读。我个人比较推荐的是纸质书和Kindle。网页和手机比较容易让人在阅读时分心，同时屏幕对眼睛也不是特别好，不推荐使用。如果实在客观条件只允许使用电脑网页的话，可以选择依旧在ReadingPro的平台上阅读，他的优势是界面比较友好，有大量免费的经典文学名著和分级读物可供大家在网页上进行阅读，平台还自带查词功能。我个人最喜欢的是Kindle, 电子油墨屏跟纸张感觉很像，看久了也不会累，而且现在Kindle格式的书本网上资源非常多，大家只要百度书名.mobi就可以搜到Kindle上可以阅读的书本了。
篇8：托福阅读句子简化题如何做好
托福阅读句子简化题如何做好?3个实例讲解把握作者意图技巧
托福阅读句子简化题解题思路实例分析
例1 [结果]These plants are termed opportunists because [原因]they rely on their seeds’ falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.
A. Because [原因]their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present, [结果]dandelions are classified as opportunists.
B. [结果]Dandelions are called opportunists because [原因]they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy.
C. The term opportunists apply to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other plants.
D. The term opportunists apply to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processes.
你发现原句中有个because，就知道这句话是在解释，必定有因有果。我们先去找因和果。结果是这些植物被称为机会主义者，原因是它们依赖种子掉进一个环境，后面说这个环境里竞争性的植物已经被移除了，即没有竞争性的环境。对句子稍做整理后变成，因为它们依赖自己的种子掉进一个没有竞争性的环境，所以这些植物被称为机会主义者。
有同学会问，后面的such as要怎么处理。一般我们有个原则，在句子当中如果是补充的信息，那很重要;如果是重复的信息，应该是不重要的。所以看such as只要明白一点，它到底给前面的什么内容举例。看例子的内容，会发现说的都是地方，说明是给setting举例，那么就可以把它放在一边。
于是，我们明白作者原句的意图是在解释有因果的关系，那么四个选项中正确的答案必定在逻辑关系和讲话的意图上和原句是一样的。发现A、B、C、D中只有A和B是有因果的，再进一步看具体的内容，可知A的原因和结果都与原句一致，为正确选项。
例2 [转折前]Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, [转折后]under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
A. Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region’s climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.
B. Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.
C. Because of the region’s present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer.
D. Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of water continue to increase.
这个题目原句中有一个but unfortunately，说明这句话前后有一个转折，那么它最核心的意义是作者前后表示的不同。
看转折前：aquifer地下蓄水层还有足够的水来填满休伦湖。虽然我们不知道休伦湖有多大，但你明白作者的意图是说水很多。
转折后：在这个半干旱的条件下，补充率很小。Amounting to后面给出补充率的数字，是重复内容不重要。
所以明确转折前说水量大，转折后说补充率小。然后我们看四个选项，正确答案一定在逻辑关系的表达上是跟But属于同一个范畴。A有despite，表示转折、让步;B有although，让步;C有个因果，原文没有存在因果;D有even表示让步。所以在四个选项中我们会优先考虑A、B、D这三个选项。
仔细看A选项，despite后的内容表示水量大，和原句转折前相同;而逗号后的内容表示补充率小，和原句转折后相同。所以A是正确选项。
例3 Numerous insects occupy the marsh, feeding on living or dead cordgrass tissue, and redwing blackbirds, sparrows, rodents, rabbits, and deer feed directly on the cordgrass.
A. Insects feed only on dead cordgrass, while most other marsh inhabitants feed on live cordgrass.
B. The marsh is a good habitat for insects, but a relatively poor one for birds and animals.
C. Although cordgrass provides food for birds and animals, it gives insects both food and a place to live.
D.Cordgrass provides food for numerous insects, birds, and other animals.
这个题目中有一个and，表示并列的关系。那么我们需要考虑并列前和并列后两部分的内容。并列的内容我们往往会取同，打包处理。原文意思是，and前说很多昆虫占据沼泽地，它吃这样的一种植物，and后说这些鸟类去吃这种植物，两部分并列在一起。
看四个选项，A选项中有个while，表示对比，逻辑关系不对;B有个but表示转折，逻辑关系不对;C有个although表示让步，逻辑关系不对。所以在逻辑关系上唯一比较符合原句的就是D选项。具体来看D选项，意思是这种植物给昆虫、鸟类、其他的动物提供了食物。
如果仔细阅读，你会发现C选项其实说得也很有道理：尽管这种植物给鸟类和其他动物提供了食物，但它给昆虫既提供食物又提供住的地方。似乎这句话更能够表示原文的意思，但是大家不要忘记，虽然它翻译成中文在语义上与原句差不多，但在作者讲话的逻辑意图和句子表示的功能上有所不同。原文没有用任何的转折、让步、比较这样一种取反、表示不同的逻辑关系表达，所以你就不能考虑although。大家要注意，内容说起来差不多，但是作者讲话的逻辑关系、意图不对，我们自然不考虑。所以这道题的答案选D选项。
托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练：Unlike in the Americas...
托福阅读长难句实例
Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development, Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron.
句子分析
本句的主句是Africans had iron from a relatively early date，句首出现unlike...提示了比较关系，这里是美洲与非洲作比较，在Americas之后有where引导的定语从句作修饰。而主句之后的developing ingenious furnaces则是现在分词作状语。本句还有两个不定式结构，分别是to produce the high heat和to control the amount of air，它们是前面furnaces的补语。句末that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的the amount of air。
词汇总结
metallurgy指的是“冶金术”。
ingenious表示“巧妙的“，比如：an ingenious way of making money 赚钱的妙法，an ingenious gadget 巧妙的小玩意，本句ingenious furnaces指的是“精巧的熔炉”。大家还要记下它的名词ingenuity，表示“心灵手巧;足智多谋”。
句子翻译
美洲的冶金技术发展得非常晚，而且有限。而非洲人则完全不同，他们从相对较早的时期开始就有了铁，并制造出了精巧的熔炉来产生冶金所需要的高温，熔炉还能控制与碳和铁矿石接触的空气用量以满足冶金的需要。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects — it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly personal communication citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Their physical characteristics
(B) Their names
(C) Their adaptation to different habitats
(D) Their variety
2. The word consequence in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) result
(B) explanation
(C) analysis
(D) requirement
3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues
because they
(A) are simple in structure
(B) are viewed positively by people
(C) have been given scientific names
(D) are found mainly in temperate climates
4. The word striking in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) physical
(B) confusing
(C) noticeable
(D) successful
5. The word exceed in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) locate
(B) allow
(C) go beyond
(D) come close to
6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity
EXCEPT
(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones
(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region
(C) migration among temperate and tropical zones
(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants
7. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 19 as an example of a location where
(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate
(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established
(C) butterflies are affected by human populations
(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species
8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?
(A) European butterfly habitats
(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions
(C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region
(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups
9. The word generated in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) requested
(B) caused
(C) assisted
(D) estimated
PASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB
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