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篇1：谈谈with引导的独立主格结构
罗玉南
谈谈with引导的独立主格结构
英语中，with引导的独立主格结构很富有表现力，在句子中作状语，表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等。它不是句子而是短语，其结构为：with＋名词／ 代词 ＋ 介词短语 ／ 形容词 ／副词 ＋ 名词 ／ 非谓语动词。 现将with引导的独立主格结构作一小结。 1． with ＋名词（代词）＋介词短语
He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand． 他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。
The old man stood there, with his back against the wall．
那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。
Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door．
玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
2． with ＋名词（代词）＋形容词
He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open． 他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。
The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery．
这人抬起头来，眼里充满了好奇。
He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold．
他站在那儿瑟瑟发抖，脸都冻红了。
3． with ＋名词（代词）＋副词
With production up by 60％, the company has had another excellent year．
产量上升了60％, 公司又是一个好年景。 The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on． 这位愚蠢的皇帝一丝不挂地行进在游行队伍中。
The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down．
这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前。
He put on his socks with the wrong side out． 他把袜子穿反了。
4． with ＋名词（代词）＋名词
She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion．
她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。
He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl．他去世的时候，女儿还是个中学生。 5． with ＋名词（代词）＋现在分词
She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her．
她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。
With you helping me whenever I’m in trouble, I feel very obliged to you．
无论我什么时候遇到困难你总是帮助我，真是太感激你了。
6． with ＋名词（代词）＋过去分词
“I think we can leave with our heads held high,” Eriksson said． “We came out of the toughest group, beat Argentina, beat Denmark in a convincing way．”
“我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾里克松说。“我们来自死亡之组，以一种令人信服的方式击败了阿根廷，击败了丹麦。”
The goalkeeper left Japan with his flaws laid bare．
这位守门员离开了日本，而他的缺点却暴露无遗。
7． with ＋名词（代词）＋不定式
With 10 minutes to go, you’d better hurry．
还有十分钟，你最好快一点。
With you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed．
有你领导我们，我们组肯定能成功。
篇2：独立主格结构详解
一、概念：
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
二、功能：
“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
三、形式：
独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为：—ing 分词独立主格结构;—ed分词独立主格结构;无动词独立主格结构等。
四、举例：
1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.
由于无事可做，他们离开了。(代词+-ing; 表原因)
2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.
王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。(无动词结构;表伴随)
3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.
老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。(名词+-ed; 表状态)
4、Class over, we began to play basketball.
放学了，我们开始玩篮球。(名词+副词;表时间)
5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.
没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。(借此结构;表伴随)
6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.
最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。(名词+不定式;表时间)
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篇3：高中英语知识点：独立主格结构
高中英语知识点：独立主格结构
独立主格结构基本构成形式
名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语)
1、名词(代词)+现在分词
Night enshrouding the earth， nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.
黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
2、名词(代词)+过去分词
The workers worked still harder， their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
3、名词(代词)+不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor， each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
4、名词(代词)+形容词
The Trojans asleep， the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
5、名词(代词)+副词
The meeting over， our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。
6、名词(代词)+名词
His first shot failure，he fired again.
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
7、名词(代词) +介词短语
He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm.
他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
with，without 引导的独立主格结构
with ( without)+宾语(名词/代词)+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格
独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。
1、作时间状语
My shoes removed， I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.
我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。
The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path.
总督思考问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。
2、作条件状语
Weather permitting， they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。
3、作原因状语
The boy leading the way， we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。
4、作伴随状语或补充说明
I took my ticket， and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side.
我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。
5、作定语，独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
独立主格结构注意事项
1)独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或 两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The president assassinated， the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
2)动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried，many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急， 有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间)
3)独立主格结构介词使用的问题
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词)，也不用复数。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。
He lay there， his teeth set， his hands clenched， his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
4)独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。
这些短语有：
Generally speaking (总的说来)，Frankly speaking (坦率地说)，Judging from(从……判断)，Supposing (假设)等等。
有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。
这些短语有：
to be honest(老实说)，to be sure (确实)，to tell you the truth (说实话)，to cut a long story short (长话短说)，to be frank (坦率地说)，to make matters / things worse (更糟糕的是)，等等。
5)独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
高中英语复习：不定式的完成式
完成式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态之前。
如：
I am sorry to have kept you waiting. (=I am sorry that I have kept you waiting)
对不起，让你久等了。
注意：
若谓语表示“愿望、打算、意图”的动词时。
如hope，think，want，plan，expect，mean，
intend等，其后可以跟不定式的完成式表示“本来想要或打算做某事，而实际上未能实现”。
如：
We meant to have stopped him from doing such a thing.
不定式完成式的用法
1、表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作：
He seems to have caught a cold.
他似乎感冒了。
I hate to have quarreled with her.
我后悔和她吵架了。
I believe it to have been a mistake.
我相信这是一个错误。
You appear to have travelled quite a lot.
你似乎作过多次旅行。
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
对不起给了你这么多麻烦。
It’s said to have been built in the Ming dynasty.
据说它是明朝修建的。
2、表示在某个给定的时间之前已完成的动作：
I hope to have finished the work by now.
我希望现在以前已完成这项工作。
3、表示过去未曾实现的想法和愿望：
I should like to have come earlier.
我本想早点来的。
We were to have been married last year.
我们本来打算去年结婚的。
篇4：独立主格
独立主格
一）： 独立主格结构的构成：名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（二） 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的`逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
篇5：独立主格：With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: he stood there, his hand raised.
= he stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例题
the murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
a. being tied b. having tied c. to be tied d. tied
答案d. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词“手”与分词“绑”是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选d.
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
a robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。
he lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例题：
weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
a permitted b permitting c permits d for permitting
答案b. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选b。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为if weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
篇6：高中英语语法独立主格结构知识点
一、非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.
有这么能干的人来帮你,你迟早一定会成功的。
(such an able man和to help you之间存在着主谓关系)
=Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
He seating himself atthe desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。
(seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”)
=When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.
由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。
(lost的逻辑主语是the key，lost也可以用完成式having been lost)
=Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.
(一)不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
动词不定式用主动的形式：
在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.
他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。
(= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.)
—will you go to the concert tonight?
—sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I really can't afford any time.
—你今晚去听音乐会吗?
—对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。
(=Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time.)
The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
(=The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.)
Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。
(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)
(二)-ing形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
Being ill, he went home.
由于生病,他回家了。
(=As he was very ill, he went home.)
Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.
在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。
(= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.)
1、表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready,the teacher began his class.
每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。
(相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.
每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。
(相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated)
2、表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。
(相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way)
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.
许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。
(相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him)
【必背】含有being的独立主格结构。
It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded.
今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。
(= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.)
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
(= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.)
3、表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。
(相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。
(相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows)
4、表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。
(相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest)
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.
男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。
(相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky)
(三)-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.
该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。
(= As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.)
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
(= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.)
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
(= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.)
The task completed,he had two months' leave.
任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。
(=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave.)
【比较】动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried，many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。
(事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle)
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。
(事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束)
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。
(两个动作同时进行)
The food cooked, the boy went to bed.
饭做好了，小孩去睡了。
(两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的)
篇7：高中英语语法独立主格结构知识点
二、 动词独立主格结构
“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。
(一)逻辑主语+名词
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。
(the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being)
【注意】独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being +名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.
因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。
(二)逻辑主语+形容词
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
他睡眼惺忪地转向我。
(his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being)
= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.
He stood there, his mouth wide open.
他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。
(his mouth和wide open之间省去了being)
= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.
(三)逻辑主语+副词
School over, we all went home.
放学了，我们都回家了。
(school和over之间省去了being)
= School was over, and we all went home.
He sat at his desk, his shoes off.
他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。
(his shoes和off之间省去了being)
= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.
(四)逻辑主语+介词短语
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.
他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。
= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.
新老师面带微笑走了进来。
= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.
The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand.
老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。
= The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.
【提示】在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。
The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.
音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。
(=The music teacher stood at the door, a violinin his hand.)
篇8：高中英语语法独立主格结构知识点
三、with/without 引导的独立主格结构
介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
(一)with+名词代词+形容词
He doesn't like to sleep with the windows open.
他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He doesn't like to sleep when the windows are open.
He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.
他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.
【注意】在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn't want to study.
父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。
(二)with+名词代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
=The boy was walking and his father was ahead.
(三)with+名词代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.
或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.
或Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.
文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。
= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.
(四)with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
With the signal given, the train started.
信号发出了，火车开始起动了。
= After the signal was given, the train started.
I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.
工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.
(五)with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
(六)with+名词代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.
【提示】在with/without的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但without不能省略。
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