托福阅读:托福阅读主旨题战略解读((推荐8篇))由网友“五指重击”投稿提供,下面是小编整理过的托福阅读:托福阅读主旨题战略解读,希望能帮助到大家!
篇1:托福阅读:托福阅读主旨题战略解读
托福阅读:托福阅读主旨题战略解读
编者认为托福阅读主旨题的解法应该分为两步:第一步:通读拉构架。 第二步:由4个判断选项标准解题。
一、如何以最快的速度拉出文章构架:即要在做所有题目之前快速跳读一遍文章。
通读文章的时候只需要读每段的首句、末句和转折句。一般抓住了首末句和转折句就抓住了一段的主旨。
读首末句的原因大家都很理解,为什么要读转折句呢?你看,一般首句说了什么,后面没有明显转折的话,通常就是两种情况:要么解释一下第一句的意思,要么就是顺着第一句往下说,最后再总结一下。这两种情况都是只读首末句就可以概括出段落大意。可是如果中间出现了转折句,那么转折句后面的部分很可能和第一句说的不是一回事儿了,转折句就把文章一段分成了前后两层,转折句本身呢,通常就是第二层的首句了,也就是第二层意思的概括。
读每段的首末句和转折句的时候要做一下笔记,把每段的主旨意思用短句或关键词的形式记在草稿纸上。
记录是非常重要的!!!这样看似浪费时间,其实是节省时间的关键。因为只有做了笔记才能节省做题的时候回去看文章的时间,那时候回去找文章是十分痛苦的,尤其是人家让找的又是主要内容,这种东西又是没法定位的,要读的内容太多,一下子就慌了。
补充说明一下:只读首句末句和转折句,在大多数的情况下是可以找到段落主旨的。不排除一些特殊情况下此种方法不可行,但是首先托福阅读选的文章是很规整的,通常是大学课本里的文章,这些文章的逻辑性很强,结构严谨,所以用这种办法可行度很高。
对于一些更加繁琐的快速阅读的规则,其实很不实用,规则一多就记不住,平时都记不住考场上更用不上,而且那样很耗时间,要判断哪句该读哪句不该读,有这时间直接都读一遍算了。
二、判断选项的四个标准:
一对三错——段意对,细节错,与文意相反错,编造文中没有出现的东西错。下面一一解释:
1)段意对:
如果某个选项恰好是刚刚笔记上记下的段意,则选项为正确选项。题干要求选出三个能概括文章主要内容的选项,用正常的思维去想一想,我们一般用什么来概括文章的主要内容呢?当然是段意了。
2)细节错:
人家要的是文章的主要内容,细节显然是错误答案。关键是怎么判断细节——标准就是细节是不需要被解释的内容。举个例子:我说“你是个好人”这就不是细节,这个需要解释:你为什么是好人。可是我说“你朋友借了你100块钱不还你也不催债”,这就是个细节。这句话不需要解释,它是用来解释你是个好人这句话的。所以说,看到一个选项,觉得这话没什么要解释的,那这个选项一定错了。
3)和文意相反的选项是错的:
这个理由很明白,不用解释什么,关键是你怎么知道哪个选项是和文意相悖的呢?你不是说只读每段的首末句和转折句吗?很多含有细节的句字都读不到呀。
这个问题的解决办法在于做题中积累信息。开始的快速阅读只是构建文章的框架,做主旨题之前的题目的过程就是积累细节的过程,这个不用刻意为之,因为之前的题目都是句子定位或者段落定位的,做题的过程中自然会读到每段的细节。
4)编造出来的选项是错的:
有一种情况是比较让人郁闷的,就是看到一个选项,又不是段意,也不能准确判断就是个细节,并且也判断不出这个选项和文中的那个内容有所违背。这时候有些考生就慌了,觉得自己是文章没有读仔细,又返回去读文章,可是慌慌张张读了半天还是找不到和这个选项有关的内容。
其实不必回去读文章了,关键是头脑要冷静。人家要的文章的主要内容,主要内容一定是某一段的段意或者某几段段意的总结,所以这时候要做的惟一事情就是把段意再总结一遍,如果这个选项和某一段或某几段的段意相符,那么正确,否则这就是一个编造选项,当机立断地把它排除掉!
如何短时间内提高托福阅读
不管是普通英语阅读还是托福阅读,讲究的就是要多读,“书读百遍,其意自见”多做习题,阅读对英语词汇量的要求是特别高的,就和中文一样,给你一篇语文阅读理解,很多汉字你都不认识,那这篇文章显然你是不能理解的,托福阅读也是如此。
托福阅读跟我们语文阅读考察的东西其实还是蛮相似的做阅读,单词是基础,是必须攻克的一关,之后我们就可以通过大量的刷题来掌握不同题型的解题思路和方法,达到理想的分数。可以说,托福阅读是四个部分相对来说比较好攻克的部分,大部分学生都可以通过大量的练习和思维的训练取得近乎满分的高分,所以大家一定要对自己有信心啦!托福阅读除了最后的文章总结题需要读完全文再判断以外,其他的题目都是和旁边的段落一一对应的。
阅读速度的主要可以分为三个部分:浏览-略读-扫读
浏览:就是在做文章之前进行浏览,对文章主题进行一个整体的把握,主要看一下题目、小标题等;
略读:需要你在短时间内掌握句子或段落的内容,这就需要你跳过一些东西;
扫读:在短时间内迅速找出一个单词在文章中位置的能力,这个能力完全可以靠自己多年的阅读经验来培养。
因此,做题不需要严格按照规定的顺序来。程度好的学生可以按照题号顺序做题;差一点的应按照难易程度进行,实现分数的最大化。填空类别的题目通常最简单,可以先做。
选择类通常都较难,放到后面做。此外,大家还应该选择3篇文章中背景最熟悉的一篇先做,树立做题信心,以提高文章的正确率。
托福阅读考什么
托福阅读是后面所有单项的基础,这个部分如果没有打牢的话,往往会造成后面的单项无论如何发力都不能提升,所以一定要争取高分!在这一部分,我们的备考原则是:循序渐进,由浅入深。结合前面做的评测结果,有针对性的备考托福阅读有一定要把握好单词、语法、长难句即可。
1. 单词
多背多记,一定是必须要做的。这里就不多说了。
2. 语法
这一条更多的是针对初级水平的宝宝们来说,除了背单词之外,其实就是要打磨语法。我们可以通过一个体系将自己的英语语法梳理一遍,如果时间比较长,比如说1-2年的时间,而且自学能力不是特别好的话可以找一些课程听一听。但是如果是比较着急的考友,来进行自学,建议大家可以去做一下托福的语法的真题,通过做题来让自己对于语法的细节可以进行熟练的运用,当然,分析错题,并且研究里面的讲解永远是很好的学习方法。
当大家可以刷10-20套老托福语法真题的时候,其实就已经具备了一个初步做题的能力,就可以尝试直接做TPO,然后再根据里面的错题来分析自己的问题。
3. 长难句
这一项是几乎90% 的考生都被打败的一项,长难句,顾名思义,不仅句子长,单词多,而且句子的结构复杂,有些甚至是层层嵌套,这些一系列的特征就让很多阅读能力平平的考生望而却步,那么,如何提高学生的阅读能力,帮助学员攻克阅读长难句呢?
(1)判断是简单还是复杂句?
当考生拿到一道句子简化题的时候,首先要做的就是对于题目中出现的长难句进行句类的判断。如果该句只含有一个主谓结构,并且句子各成分都只由单词或者短语构成,那么这个句子就是简单句。如果该句包含分句,那么这个句子就是复杂句。
(2)找出主干和句内逻辑
在对长难句的句类判断之后,考生可以分析这个句子内部的逻辑关系。对于简单句来说,只要找出这个句子的主干,即主谓宾语。而对于复杂句来说,考生需要做的就是分析复杂句内部各分句之间的逻辑关系。在句子简化题中最常考的逻辑关系分别有四种:并列、因果、转折、比较。要判断逻辑关系,考生可以在阅读过程中寻找相应的逻辑词,如and、but、because等等。
(3)在选项中找到句子主干和逻辑关系
当考生完成对句子的分析之后,考生就要去看选项了。但是这个时候考生不能只是去看选项,考生要做的是在选项里寻找考生刚刚对句子进行分析的结果:主干和逻辑关系。在判断句类和找到主干、逻辑关系后,考生就来看一下选项。如果选项主干和逻辑齐全,就是正确选项。其余都是错的。
托福阅读中易错的词汇
1. address
熟义:n.地址僻义:v.向...致辞, 演说Depending on whom he is addressing, the problems will be different.
根据与他谈话的不同对象,问题也有所不同。
2. diet
熟义:n.饮食习惯僻义:n.减肥,瘦身;议会American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, and haslearnt to be more quick-witted.
美国的工业已经改变了结构,进行了瘦身,学会了明智。
3. cause
熟义:n./v.原因,导致僻义:n.事业,理想,目标One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theorythat animals have rights ruling out their use in research.
一个这样的事业现在正在寻求终止生物医学的研究,因为有这样一种理论说,动物享有权利禁止它们被用于实验。
4. novel
熟义:n.小说僻义:adj.新颖的When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to determine itspurposes.
当一种新的文学理念出现时,人们应该试着去了解它的意图。
5. realize
熟义:v.意识到僻义:v.实现,发挥Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so thatyounger,healthier people can realize their potential.
据说,Colorado州前州长Richard Lamm曾经说,老年多病者“有责任死去和让位”,以让更年轻、更健康的人们去发挥他们的潜能。
6. stop
熟义:n./v.停止僻义:n.句号We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.
我们必须大量使用基本词汇,摆脱句号,修饰性形容词及限定动词的羁绊。
7. sound
熟义:n. 声音, 语音, 噪音 v. 听起来僻义:adj.健全的, 合理的, 有效彻底的, 健康的(soundand safe: 安然无恙)If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
如果我们准备保护大气,关键要让这些新发电厂对环境无害。
8. firm
熟义:adj. 结实的,稳固的僻义:n. 公司,商号Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tellanyone,even the victim, when data went astray.
直到加利福尼亚最近通过了一项法律,美国的公司不必告知任何人信息何时泄露,甚至包括受害人。
9. might
熟义:may的过去式僻义:n. 力量,威权 (with might and main: 尽全力)The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.
这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲,并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。
10. weather
熟义:n.天气僻义:v.经受风雨,度过难关This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered byunemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather badtimes.
这种“附加工人效应”可以支持失业保险或残疾保险所提供的保障制度,以帮助家庭渡过困难时期。
篇2:托福阅读主旨摘要题
托福阅读主旨摘要题 你想知道的都在这里
主旨摘要题是一种6选3的多选题,出现在阅读文章的最后一题。这类题目的答题指引(directions)如下:
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
根据directions,得到如下信息:
1)3个正确答案
2)正确答案的信息对应原文的the most important ideas
3)错误选项的信息与原文不符、或在原文中为minor ideas
4)本题2分
补充:
1)考试中,三个正确选项没有顺序要求
2)3个正确选项全对,得2分;选对2个正确选项,得1分;选对1个正确选项或全部选错,得0分
正确选项长啥样?
1)概括原文某段内几句话、或原文一段话、或原文某几段话、或全文内容
# - 1 - 概括一段or几段内容的选项
下面举例来看一下这种情况的选项
官方真题Official2 - Desert formation的主旨摘要题:
Growing human populations and the agricultural demands that come with such growth have upset the ecological balance in some areas and led to the spread of deserts.
本选项总结了原文第五段的主要内容。
第五段是全文转折后的第一个点:semiarid lands(本选项里的some areas)本身生态平衡非常的delicate,而人口增加后,对食物和能源的需求就会大增。所以这类地区受到的压力就会越来越大。在旱季,这种地区面对压力的调节能力较差,就会发生沙漠化,最终变为沙漠。
Excessive numbers of cattle and the need for firewood for fuel have reduced grasses and trees, leaving the land unprotected and vulnerable.
本选项总结了原文第七、八段的主要内容。
第七段说的是半干旱地区本身特别依赖畜牧业,所以放牧过多就会导致植被减少,发生沙漠化。
第八段的前半部分讲到,木柴firewood是一种燃料,人们对它的需求越来越多,导致砍伐增加,随之而来的植被减少,会影响地区的环境。
# - 2 - 概括某段内几句话的选项(出现较少)
官方真题Official4 - Cave art in Europe的主旨摘要题:
Some researchers have argued that the cave paintings mostly portrayed large animals that provided Upper Paleolithic people with meat and materials.
本选项对应第四段的第一个信息点:
第四段分别提出了三个证据,证明洞穴绘画上的动物有着象征性的意义。其中第一个点就是这些画上的动物,是那些能够给Upper Paleolithic时期的人类提供食物和生活材料的动物,对应这个选项。
# - 3 - 概括全文内容的选项(出现较少)
官方真题Official2 - The origins of cetaceans的主旨摘要题:
Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.
鲸类起源这篇文章整篇都在讲述:最近,科学家发现了一些处在陆地哺乳动物及鲸类动物之间过渡阶段的生物的化石,能够证明现在的鲸类动物(cetaceans)和陆地居住哺乳动物(land mammals、walking mammals)之间是有着千丝万缕的联系。
2)几个正确选项出现信息的重叠(出现较少)
有小部分小结题,几个正确选项的信息可能同时对应着某一段落。
举例
官方真题Official3 - Deer populations的主旨摘要题:
选项1:In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.
选项2:Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.
本文第四段说:随着人们改造了环境,鹿群数量减少,比如白尾鹿。但是黑尾鹿的数量却不降反升。
这两个正确选项都提到了黑尾鹿数量增多的信息,都包含了第四段的内容,出现了信息的重叠。
错误选项长啥样?
1)与原文信息不符,或者未在原文提及
例子众多,几乎每道小结题都会出现这种错误选项。
2)与原文相符,是非常具体的例子,并非文章或段落主旨
举例
官方真题Official2 - Early Cinema的主旨摘要题:
Slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to audiences of hundreds of spectators.
原文在第四段,举出了好多个能在众多观众面前表演的节目,slide-and-lantern shows是其中之一,并非段落主要内容,也不属于文章主要论述的movies的范畴。
3)与原文相同,但是前后文都没有围绕该信息展开讨论,并非文章或段落主旨
举例
官方真题Official2 - The origins of cetaceans的主旨摘要题:
选项1:Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.
本选项对应第二段的两个句子:“In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made.”但是后文并未对“oldest”这个信息进行展开描述,所以这个选项并非important idea。
选项2:Ambulocetus’ hind legs were used for propulsion in the water.
本选项对应第五段的部分信息。第五段论述的是Ambulocetus natans这种whale化石,并在倒数第三句话“The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water.”提到了这个选项的信息。但是前后文并未重点描述legs的作用,所以“legs用来做甚”并非文章的important idea。
知道了选项的样子,如何更快判断?
想要冲击阅读满分的同学可以重点练习小结题,并且训练自己对段意、段落结构和文章结构的把握。基础较差的同学,先把前面小题的正确率搞定,再追求小结题的正确率。
先来看两个数据,数据来自官方真题Official1-10的小结题。
统计结果1
86.6%的错误选项与原文信息不同
13.3%的错误选项与原文信息相同,但是相比于正确答案的信息较次要
结论1:先判断正误,再确认主次
如果一次考试3篇阅读文章最后的题目都是小结题,错误选项的个数为:3 × 3=9个。
其中,只有1个错误选项(9 × 13.3% = 1.2)会出现与原文信息相符、但比较次要的情况。其次,主次的判断往往比较复杂,对段意总结能力有一定的要求。所以,在排除选项时,建议先确认选项与原文是否一致,再判断所谓的“主次关系”。
当然,如果你对文章主旨把握的非常准确,看到某些选项,能够准确判断“不论正确与否都不是important ideas”,也可以直接排除这些选项。
统计结果2
81.1%的正确选项,可完全根据两个信息来源得出:(1)之前做题时、在解题过程中所阅读的信息;(2)之前出现的题目的答案
18.9%的正确选项,完全无法对应上面两个信息来源
结论2:做好小题是关键
如果一次考试3篇阅读文章最后的题目都是小结题,错误选项的个数为:3 × 3=9个。
其中,只有1-2个正确选项(9 × 18.9% = 1.7),我们无法根据前面做小题时阅读的信息和答案来做出判断。为了选对这些选项,我们需要把之前没有阅读的句子和段落再读一下。
由于这类选项占分极少(1/30),而且判断起来比较麻烦,对阅读水平的要求较高,所以,如果阅读分数在25分以上,或者试图冲击阅读满分,那么可以尝试保证这1.7个答案的准确率。如果目标分数并不高,或阅读水平不足,建议把更多的时间和精力留给小题。
主旨摘要题的做题顺序应该是这样的:
半学霸版
1)根据对前面做小题时阅读的信息、以及小题的题目和答案的印象,选出6个选项中与原文一致的选项,排除与原文信息直接相反的选项。若印象模糊,可重新阅读原文和题目;
2)如果此时只选出3个选项与印象中的信息一致,直接作为答案;
3)如果此时选出3个以上的选项与印象中的信息一致,那么根据选项的信息,回到相应的段落,判断选项的主次关系
学霸版
1)根据做题时的印象,留下与印象中信息一致的选项,排除与印象中信息不一致的选项;
2)回到原文,判断留下的选项是否是对应段落的概括内容;
3)若存在无法根据第1)步判断的选项,结合该选项的信息,回到原文浏览并找到出现该信息的段落,结合其内容,判断该选项的正确性与主次关系;
4)综合6个选项的情况,选出最优的3个选项作为正确答案
托福阅读时间不够用因为什么
1.逐字翻译导致读句子的速度慢
很多同学在翻译句子的过程中,都没有一个良好的习惯,只是机械地把所有英文单词的中文意思堆砌起来。对于简单句来说,这样做其实无可厚非;但是遇到语法结构稍微复杂的句子,这种方法便会立刻失效,于是同学们便会不断重复回看这句话,想要弄清楚它的意思,这样便造成了时间上的极大浪费。所以我们在平时练习过程中需要训练自己养成一个良好的阅读习惯,不要被那些单词牵着走,而要主动地去分析句子结构:句子主语是谁?这个主语怎么了,发生了什么事?谁是修饰成分?谁才是真正的谓语?当我们能够做到读完一句理解一句,相信我们自然就能在要求时间之内答完题了。
2.练习少,对题目缺乏熟悉度
许多同学把备考托福阅读等同于背单词,因而一天到晚只跟单词书亲近,却不曾正眼看过TPO中的阅读文章。背单词固然重要,毕竟单词不会,文章也无法理解。但是想要提高分数、想要冲刺阅读高分,那我们就必须把TPO阅读文章当作圣经一样来对待。这不只是草草做题对答案了事,更是通过大量做题,来增强自己对于托福阅读出题套路的了解,以期掌握每种题型的应对方案,争取做到读完题之后,能够立刻找到题干中的有效关键词,再迅速回文定位答案。同学们不要觉得题海战术是很笨的方法,多年实践已经证明,它其实是一种很有效率的学习方法,关键在于我们是否能够通过题海战术有所收获,而不是为了做题而做题。
3. 文章结构不够熟悉
我特别强调做完题后,分析每篇文章的文章结构这件事。为什么?因为文章结构大概也就那么几种,见得多了,便就一见如故了。在考场上,我们根本没有时间为了最后一道题而把文章再通读一便。而倘若我们在做题过程中,就能迅速总结出每一段的中心意思,那么这篇文章我们一定会读得更通透,在做每一段相应的题时也就能够提高准确率。而能否迅速总结出段落大意就依赖于平时严格的训练。不要做完了题就万事大吉,把每篇文章充分利用起来,观察它们的结构,多做总结,这样的工作做得多了,必然会有所收获的。
托福阅读考试出题点和应试技巧
托福阅读出题点1:时间和数字(number)
一般来说,出现时间概念的文章(essay)或段落通常和时间顺序(order)有关,作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索(clue)。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不容忽视的(ignored),因此,除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象(phenomenon),考生都需要把数字记录(record)下来。在记录时间和数字时需要注意两个问题(question),一是在记录时间的同时要同步记录下该时间点所发生事件的关键词,二是无论文章中的时间和数字是什么形式(form),考生在记录的时候都一律记录成阿拉伯数字,以便于之后做题时的查询。
托福阅读出题点2:主题段和主题句的关键词(key words)
TOEFL文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结构的,因此记录它们中的几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时,文章中有很多的重要信息(information)也会包含在这部分内容中。
托福阅读出题点3:人名、地名和专有名词(proper noun)
这些概念在文章中出现的时候,一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记(sign),非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外,当提到这几个具体的概念时(concept),文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点(opinion),因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。
托福阅读出题点4:举例主体
有的时候,为了说明某些理论和观点,文章中会出现大段的举例文字。
实际上(in fact),TOEFL考试中考查这些例子具体内容(specific content)的时候非常少,而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因(reason)或它们所证明的观点。因此,考生在快速笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了,至于例子中所阐述的具体信息,可以适当忽略(omit)。
托福阅读出题点5:新概念和局部核心概念
所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时,之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现(appearance),意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题,所以,新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念,对于这种概念来说,无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意(pay attention to),因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的(emphasized)。
托福阅读出题点6:重要的逻辑关系(relation)
很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容,但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系,因而对信息关联理解不准确(incorrect),这也是一种严重的错误(mistake)。因此,在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免(avoid)考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。
希望上面的内容能给有需要的同学提供帮助,也希望同学们可以取得好成绩。如果想了解更多关于托福阅读题及相关信息,请关注新东方的托福考试频道,小编也会持续为大家更新信息。出国留学,我们一直在!
说了这么多托福阅读考试的出题点,那么大家有哪些应试技巧呢?
一、猜测生词的技巧
考生在托福阅读词汇备考中不可能穷尽所有的单词,因此考生有必要掌握一些猜测生词的技巧。考场上遇到生词不要慌,一般文章中都会有一些提示性信息来帮助我们理解单词的意思。此外,我们还可以通过上下文的逻辑关系来推测单词的意思。这里小编为大家分享几种猜词生词的方法。
1. 通过例子猜单词
例1:In the animal world the task of moving about is fulfilled in many ways. For some animals locomotion is accomplished by changes in body shape.
通过阅读上面的句子我们会发现,后面的“some animals”是前面“the animal world”的一个子集,是为了具体说明所有动物的某种特征而举的例子,它们之间是部分与整体的关系,那么整体具有的特点,部分也一定会具有。因此,单词“locomotion”应该和前面的“moving about”意思是一样的。
2. 通过连接词猜单词
句子中的连接词主要分为并列关系、转折关系、因果关系、递进关系等。通过连接词我们就可以根据已知半句话的意思推测另外半句话的意思,进而猜测单词的意思。
例2:The heavy amounts of heat and pollution rising form cities both delay and stimulate the fall of precipitation, depriving some areas of rain while drenching others.
上面这句话中出现了表示转折关系的连接词while(然而),说明前后内容是相反的。如果知道depriving是“剥夺”的意思,那么drenching的意思则与之相反,也就是“给予”的意思。
二、长难句的技巧
托福阅读中经常会出现一些长难句,遇到长难句考生首先要做的就是找出句子的主干,也就是句子的主谓宾,然后再确定剩余部分的成分。要想快速地找到句子的主干,考生必须要有扎实的语法基础,熟练掌握英语中的五大基本句型以及主要的修饰成分。
在阅读长难句时有一个技巧能够帮助考生迅速找到句子的主干,那就是按照意群阅读,而不是一个字一个字地阅读,因为逐字阅读往往会破坏句子的整体性,影响对句子的理解。
三、阅读提速的技巧
参加过托福考试的同学都深有体会,那就是托福阅读的时间是非常紧张的。要想在规定时间内完成所有文章的阅读和题目的作答,就需要掌握一些提高阅读速度的技巧。首先是关于做题习惯的问题:有些考生习惯读完文章再做题,这样在熟悉全文的基础上,做题也会更有把握;有些考生习惯先看题,带着问题去阅读文章,这样就会更有针对性。事实上,托福阅读是按照文章顺序来出题的,考生不妨每阅读完一段话做一下这段话涉及到的题目,这样信息量比较集中,缓解了阅读通篇文章的疲劳感。
篇3:托福阅读主旨题如何解
托福阅读最后一题算分标准是:分值一般为2分。答对3个得2分;答对2个得1分;答对一个或者全错得0分。
六选三的题满分2分,选对2个得1分,选对1个不得分;
七选五的题满分3分,选对4个得2分,选对3个得1分,选对两个和两个以下不得分
托福阅读主旨题解题技巧指点
考生在做托福阅读题的时候需要重视开头段,结尾段和过渡段,在这三个地方,一般会包含着托福阅读段的真实题义。
先用最快的速度按细节排除的原则作,一般能排除两个细节选项,那么最多只错一个了,然后往往还有一个选项是被改动过是错的。
做托福阅读时先浏览每个段落的首句(第一段短的话每句都要看),然后按段落记录关键词。
分清楚文章细节与主题。在读文章的时候做好文章分析,那些是本段论点,那些是段落中的举例,和离体内容。那些肯定不是答案。除了一种情况,大段举例可以作为主旨。
托福阅读时做好简单笔记。理清文章思路。哪些是论点及论点的支持论据,哪些是转折,作者态度,就这三点。
排除文章中没有提到的选项。
托福阅读陷阱题怎么做
Paragraph 5: Even the kind ofstability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is oftenfound in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, doesnot ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest thatdiversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. Amore complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system tobreak down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than achild’s tricycle.
Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A. They become less stable as theymature.
B. They support many species when theyreach climax.
C. They are found in temperate zones.
D. They have reduced diversity duringmid-successional stages.
思绪解析:
推断题(inference question)和事实信息题、否认信息题一样,以“找关键词+定位”为切入点。本题的关键词是redwood forest, 回到原文定位到第三句:Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. 这句话的意义是:例如,红杉树林一旦成熟,其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少。
看懂了这句话的我们立刻迫不及待的去搜索选项,却发现这句话的内容是无法与任何选项匹配的。于是,我们认识到,只阅读这句话的信息量是不够的,我们需求关注推断题定位范围的放大现象。关注到本句中有个关键词:for example, 意味着本句是例子,一定和前句的内容相关。所以我们来看前句: At least intemperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages,not in the climax community. 至少在温带地域,会经常在演替过程中发现最多物种,而不是在顶极群落中。发现三个选项中关键词climax,temperate, mid-successional stages在原文中都能够找到对应,并且B,D选项都与这句话所叙说内容相反能够很容易扫除。
接下来我们来看C选项:They are foundin temperate zones. 有很多同窗就卡在这里了,他们以为原文说在温带地域,最多物种是在演替过程中,而不是在顶级群落,阐明物种多样性和温带地域相关,没有证据标明redwood forest和温带地域相关,于是很多同窗在纠结之后选到了A选项: They become lessstable as they mature. 当它们成熟的时分它们变得更不稳定了。这类同窗以为Once a redwood forest matures, forexample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on theforest floor are reduced.红杉树林一旦成熟,其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少,然后想当然的以为物种减少就代表稳定性降低,但是我们认真读第一句:Even the kindof stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. 即便是这种被定义为简单地缺乏变化的稳定性并非总是与最多样的物种联络起来。简单来说,本句表达的含义是:稳定性和最大多样性是没有关联的,所以不能选A。
实践上这道题是典型的主题+例证类推理题,例子是来阐明主题的,所以例子的特征应该是与主题中所描绘的特征分歧的,即redwoodforests are found in temperate zones.
所以,同窗们一定要警觉片面的追求选项和原文间信息的匹配,疏忽了“选项首先对问题担任”这一根本的答题态度,最终招致学生基本无法辨认ETS命题组精心编织的偷换概念类的选项特征。
托福阅读题型分类的详细讲解
1 词汇题
问法:The word/phrase _X is closest in meaning to____
技巧:
(1)首先看是否认识, 如果在认识, 在选项中找同义或近义词, 并代入原文检验。
(2)如果不认识,将4个选项代入原文, 看上下文是否合理。
(3)看原词所在句子前后2句, 找重复对应。
(4)如果悬想中有2个悬想都在上下文中合理,选择在含义上与原词沾边的词。
(5)选项中不认识的词不轻易去选。
做题顺序:
看单词,看选项,原文验证。
2 指代题
问法:The word they/ their/ it/ its/ some in the passage refers to
技巧:
(1)单复数
it找单数名词或名词性词组。
they找复数名词或名词性词组。
(2)在主从复合句, 并列句中, 后半句的代词主语优先指代前半句主语的核心词(有例外, 要从意义判断)。
(3)简单句中,代词优先指代主语核心词, 次之制代宾语核心词。
(4)代词所在句子找不到合适的指代, 优先指代前一句主语, 次之指代后一句宾语。
(5)一句话中, 相同的代词指代相同。
3 直接事实题
问法:According to the passage, what/ which/ why/ when?
技巧:定位原文, 细读。
4 infer题(需要精确理解)
注意:既然是infer, imply, 就一定不是原文中明确说的。
技巧:
(1)时间前后推理。
(2)排除法。
(3)不要加入自己的观点。
5 举例说明概述题 (例子的作用)
技巧:
(1)重点不是例子本身, 而是举例子的目的及例子的服务对象。
(2)概述的同义改写就是答案。
6 EXCEPT列举题
技巧:重视文中三个或三个以上的列举 (遇到的话就做笔记记下来---Sissi如是说)。
定位:核心关键词 such as n1, n2, n3………A, B, and/ or C.
7 插入句子题
技巧
(1)待插入的句子中, 代词 this, these their, it, such, he, another 这些通常是上一句]提过的,所以才特指。
(2)因果, 转折等过渡词 therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary.
(3)递进扩展词 furthermore, also, as well, too, other, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally.
(4)结构配对词on the one hand…. On the other handsome…others.
(5)关键同义词 重复出现的名词、副词、形容词。
8 句子要点题
问法:which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence.
错误选项:
(1) 有新内容, 或有相反内容。
(2) 遗漏了原文中重要信息。
9 全文总结题
(1)注意段首句, 注意自己归纳总结。
(2)关注文章结构,特别是先总后分式。
10 信息归类题
特点:
(1)通常文章采用对比写法。
(2)有无用的选项。
关键:排除无用选项。
同学们在复习时可以分类练习,这样可以培养对每一类题型的敏锐感以及加快解题速度。
篇4:托福阅读学习方法解读
托福阅读学习方法解读 词汇知识储备很关键
托福阅读学习词汇量很关键
从某种意义上来讲,你积累的英语词汇量的多少,影响着你在托福考试中取得的成绩。如果说你具备的词汇量达不到最基本的要求,即使你的语言能力再强也过不了托福难关。之所以说词汇量的重要性,想必就算小编不加以强调,大家也都会很清楚。
试想一下,如果你掌握的词汇量不够多,当看见一个完整的句子时,你觉得你可能将整个句子要表达的意思理解清楚吗?所以说,想要训练阅读能力首先就要从词汇量上下手,只有掌握足够多的词汇后,你才具备他警告阅读能力的最低标准。
托福阅读学习知识储备很重要
当一个人知道的东西多了后,在面临问题时,就会显得更有自信,解决问题也会有自己的路子。这样方式在阅读能力训练中也同样适用,考生利用业余时间丰富自己的知识面,对各国或各地区等相关文化及常识有一定了解后,在参加托福考试时,当阅读到自己有所了解的东西后,解题试题时就会比较有自信和感觉,不会因为自己的不了解或是不清楚,对文章要说的东西特别盲目。相信每一位考生在解答试题时,如果阅读到自己熟悉的文章后,解答试题时也会比较轻松和容易。答题的准确率自然而然的也就会有所上升。
托福阅读学习做题顺序要注意
考生在解答阅读试题时往往会存在一定的误区,认为想要解答试题必须要阅读整片文章。小编在这提醒各位,这种理念是错误的。阅读文章的做种目的还不就是为了解答试题?只要能够准确的解答试题,不完全阅读文章页是可以的,有没有人会问你,全篇文章的详细内容,所以说,阅读时要秉着做题去阅读,而不是为了阅读而去阅读。
还有一点,考生解答阅读试题时,可以先看题干,对所要提出的问题有了一定的了解后,带着问题再去阅读文章,这样做在阅读时就会有着重点,针对性强,解答也比较容易,只要找到题干的大概范围,很轻松就可以选出想要的选项了。同时,也减少了大量的阅读时间,为你的考试赢回不少时间,可以用这部分时间去解答其他较难的试题。
托福阅读素材:4G是否在逐渐变慢
The new 4G mobile phone services in the UK are not as super-fast as the industry promised - and could get worse.
在英国,新的4G移动服务达不到运营商所承诺的超高速度,而且速度可能还会变慢。
The mobile phone companies boasted that 4G services would be ‘five times faster’ than the existing 3G networks when they launched in the autumn of .
当移动运营商在秋季开通4G服务时,它们宣称4G服务的速度将比现有3G网络快5倍。
However, a new official study puts the real figure at an average of 2.5 times faster - 14.7 megabits per second compared to 5.9Mbit/s per second on the 3G service that most people use.
然而,一份新的官方研究表明,真实的数字是4G速度仅比3G平均快2.5倍——也就是4G速度是14.79Mbit/s,大多数人使用的3G网络的速度是5.9Mbit/s。
At the same time, the evidence suggests that 4G services are likely to slow down as more people connect to them.
同时,有证据表明,当更多的人接入网络时,4G服务有可能变得更慢。
4G technology is being promoted by the big mobile networks on the basis it offers high speed internet access and smooth video streaming without annoying buffering.
基于能够提供高速的网络接入和流畅的视频流媒体服务并避免烦人的缓冲等优势,4G技术得以在大型移动网络中得到应用。
More than 10 million people have been won over by the promises and have signed two year contracts costing an average of ?20 ($30) a month.
超过一千万人被这一承诺所打动,他们签定了平均每月消费20英镑的合约。
When 4G services launched at the end of 2012, the average download speed was up at around 19 Mbit/s, however the new research suggests an average of 14.7 and other studies put it as low as 10.
当4G服务在20年底刚开通时,平均下载速度可达19Mbit/s。新的研究表明现在这一数字仅为14.7Mbit/s,甚至有研究认为只有10Mbit/s。
This has happened because more people are using the service, effectively causing jams on the airwaves. The only way this can be countered is if the networks spend millions upgrading masts and installing new ones.
这是因为越来越多的人开始使用4G,导致了无线网络的拥堵。而唯一的解决办法是由运营商投入大量资金对基站进行升级并且增加基站数量。
Vocabulary:
buffering 缓冲
托福阅读:“纯素食主义”的风险
近几年,素食主义悄然流行,越来越多的人加入了素食者的行列。不过,近日发布在自然母亲网络的一篇文章指出,纯素食也有潜在的健康风险,比如,纯素食者患肠癌的几率更高、骨矿物密度偏低,以及更容易缺乏维生素B12等等。营养专家表示,加入纯素食者行列意味着你要花更多的时间来规划饮食结构以保证各类营养摄入均衡。如果没有精力和时间详细规划,营养专家建议不妨做一个“弹性素食者”,即大部分时间吃素,偶尔吃点肉补充动物蛋白。
Thinking of giving up meat from your diet? The potential health benefits of a green diet are well established, but a story by the Mother Nature Network (MNN) says there are also some potential side effects and health risks associated with a vegetarian lifestyle.
Could low cholesterol kill you? A study by the Honolulu Heart Program found that elderly people with a “low cholesterol concentration” had a “significant association with mortality.” In addition, a review published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that while vegetarians have an overall lower rate of cancer compared with meat eaters, vegetarians do have a 39 percent higher rate of colorectal cancer.
Other health concerns associated with vegetarianism cited by MNN included lower bone mineral density and lower levels of vitamin B12. However, the publishers of the bone density study said the “magnitude of the association is clinically insignificant,” at just around 5 percent.
Going vegetarian appears to have gained popularity in recent years. A recent Yahoo Sports article even examined the diet of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) fighter Jake Shields. Though much of the media's focus has been on a worldwide trend toward bigger diets, whether that's Pizza Hut offering strange fast food mashups or yet another customer at the Heart Attack Grill proving that there is truth in advertising.
The lesson in these potential risk-factors seems to be that if you're going to become a vegan or vegetarian, you'll need to spend more time planning your nutritional choices to help ensure a balanced intake of vitamins and other nutrients. Though if you don't have the time or inclination for such efforts, there may be another option. University of Idaho nutritionist Katie Minor says that a “flexitarian” diet may be a viable third way.
“Flexitarians are people who are vegetarian most of the time, but once in a while will consume an a
nimal protein,” Minor told MNN. “The more restrictive you are with your diet, the more you'll have to closely monitor what you're consuming and the more likely your need will be to supplement. Work with a registered dietician to make sure you're not at risk for dietary deficiencies.”
托福阅读素材:爱尔兰通过同性婚姻公投
In case you haven’t heard, Ireland passed a historic referendum Friday. For the first time, same-sex marriage legalization was voted on by the people (they voted “Yes” btw). Here are some of the best celeb reactions to the news.
当地时间5月22日,爱尔兰通过了一项堪称史无前例的公投。有史以来第一次,同性婚姻合法化问题由民众投票决定(他们都投了赞成票)。来看看世界各地的名人明星们对这次公投的反应吧:
Hozier: The pure joy of it. I'm so proud of Irelandtoday... We can all take pride in making history. Only sorry I can't be there to celebrate!
爱尔兰灵魂歌手霍齐尔(Hozier): “开心极了,爱尔兰我为你自豪... 创造历史就是创造荣耀,可惜我不能到场庆祝。”
J.K. Rowling: Sitting here watching the Irish make history. Extraordinary and wonderful.
英国作家J.K.罗琳(J.K. Rowling): “坐等见证爱尔兰人创造历史,简直棒极了!”
Zach Braff: Ireland, if this is wrong, I don't wanna be right.
美国明星扎克?布拉夫(Zach Braff): “爱尔兰同胞们!如果这是错误的决定,那我宁愿一错到底!”
Ricky Martin: #Ireland says YES to marriage equality making it the first country to pass the freedom to marry by popular vote! #Love Always Wins
波多黎各裔巨星瑞奇?马丁(Ricky Martin): “爱尔兰成为首个通过公投实现婚姻平等自由的国家,真爱无敌。“
Sam Smith: So happy Ireland have passed the law to get married there. Still genuinely shocks me thou, that this is only just happening!!
英国歌手萨姆?史密斯(Sam Smith): “真高兴爱尔兰公投通过了。不过我还是惊呆了,这一切竟然是真的!!”
Ellen DeGeneres: Ireland did it! The 1st country to legalize marriage equality by popular vote, but they won't be the last! What an incredible accomplishment
美国脱口秀主持人艾伦?德杰尼勒斯(Ellen DeGeneres): “爱尔兰做到了!成为第一个通过公投使同性婚姻合法的国家。相信未来会有更多国家效仿,他们真了不起!”
Olivia Wilde: Go Ireland go! Show the world how to lead with love. So proud to be Irish today.
美国女演员奥利维亚?维尔德(Olivia Wilde): “爱尔兰加油!你让世界看到了爱的力量!身为爱尔兰人我倍感骄傲。”
Kathy Griffin: As an Irish-American woman who spread her father's ashes in #Ireland, I couldn't be prouder today!
美国女演员凯西?格里芬(Kathy Griffin): “ 我是身在美国的爱尔兰人,我曾将父亲的骨灰撒在爱尔兰的土地,为今天的爱尔兰感到无比骄傲!”
Russell Crowe: Dear Ireland, you are even more amazing.
好莱坞男影星罗素?克洛(Russell Crowe): “亲爱的爱尔兰,你越来越了不起。”
Jesse Tyler Ferguson: I'm staunchly against leaving civil rights up to a popular vote but I'm thrilled the populous Ireland seems to embrace #Marriage Eqaulity!
美国演员杰西?泰勒?弗格森(Jesse Tyler Ferguson ): “让公投来左右民权我是坚决反对的,但爱尔兰民众如此渴望婚姻平等真是让我振奋!”
Stephen Fry: The Irish people spoke. And the words they spoke were Respect, Dignity and, loudest of all, Love. The sanctity of marriage has been upheld.
英国演员史蒂芬?弗莱(Stephen Fry): “爱尔兰人民表达了他们的意见,他们表达的是尊重、尊严还有最重要的,爱。婚姻的神圣得以坚持。”
Alan Cumming: Omfg!Ireland! Have you done it? Is it really a YES?
美国演员艾伦?卡明(Alan Cumming): “我滴个神啊!爱尔兰!你来真的?公投真的通过了?”
Josh Jackson: Proud of my #irish heritage every day. But to today it is particularly strong #Equality For All
加拿大演员乔什?杰克逊(Josh Jackson): “一直以我大爱尔兰为荣,但今天的荣耀感特别强!平等至上!”
Seth MacFarlane: Congratulations to Ireland for legalizing same-sex marriage on a national level! Come on U.S., let's catch up to the future.
美国制片人塞思?麦克法兰(Seth MacFarlane): “恭喜爱尔兰同性婚姻合法化!美国,加油,让我们也赶上这个潮流。”
Hillary Clinton: Well done, Ireland. -H
美国国务卿希拉里?克林顿(Hillary Clinton): “爱尔兰干得漂亮!”
Vocabulary:
staunchly: 坚定地
sanctity: 神圣性
篇5:托福阅读
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A)A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
(B)A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions
(C) Research on how people make decisions
(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making
2. The word “essential” in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) introductory
(B) changeable
(C) beneficial
(D) fundamental
3. The word “pertinent” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) relevant
(B) preceding
(C) insightful
(D) responsive
4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?
(A) Listing the consequences of each solution
(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution
(C) Deciding which consequences are most important
(D) Writing down all possible solutions
5.According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that
(A) has the fewest variables to consider
(B) uses the most decision worksheets
(C) has the most points assigned to it
(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people
6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of
(A) describing a process
(B) classifying types of worksheets
(C) providing historical background
(D) explaining a theory
7. The author states that “On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once
(lines 17-18) to explain that
(A) most decisions involve seven steps
(B) human mental capacity has limitations
(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions
(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice
8. The word ”succinct “in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) creative
(B) satisfactory
(C) personal
(D) concise
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Proponents (line 5)
(B) Optimal (line 5)
(C) Variables (line 17)
(D) Long-range goals (line 25)
10. The word ”it“ in line 24 refers to
(A) worksheet
(B) problem
(C) distinction
(D) decision
11. The word ”revise“ in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) ask
(B) explain
(C) change
(D) predict
篇6:托福阅读
ADADCABDBB C
托福阅读之心理学知识
1.认知
在托福听力中认知类文章首先会提出一种现象,然后分析这种现象产生的原因。一般情况下通过举例子等方法进行分析。例如,
TPO10 lecture 4关于儿童健忘症的两种解释。一种是儿童在3岁之前的阶段确实也形成了记忆,但是在我们长大的过程中就慢慢遗忘了;另一种是3岁以下的孩子缺乏记忆认知能力。
TPO15 lecture 1做事情时的精力分散和怎么集中精力做事情。首先讲的分散精力的一种遗忘;以电脑上敲字母为例子,后来又举分辨字母大小写的例子,讲到大脑区域的一部分V5与注意力的关系。
2.条件反射
一般情况下,这类文章会根据一个例子,然后提出假设,接着用实验验证假设,最后得出结论,考生可以分析文章的假设的观点,实验的方法以及结论,这三部分加深对文章的理解。
TPO14 lecture 1举了一个关于单词的例子解释了认识能力,记忆力和想象力,这些都是引导我们熟悉某事物并相信其存在的内在精神过程。每一个过程都有其局限性,可能会让我们产生错误的新年或做出错误的预测。
TPO2 lecture 1肌肉运动规律反应出我们的想法。约翰沃森认为喉部的运动是我们思想的符号。这是因为我们
解决问题的时候喉部肌肉运动增加。威廉詹姆斯认为人们都有自己意识不到的动作和活动,但是这些结论都是不确定的。
心理学高频词汇
psychology n. 心理学;心理状态
behaviorism n. 行为主义
muscular adj. 肌肉的;肌肉发达的;强健的
amnesia n. 健忘症,[内科] 记忆缺失
cognitive adj. 认知的,认识的
psychology n. 心理学;心理状态
infants n. 婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿
cognitive adj. 认知的,认识的
distraction n. 注意力分散;消遣;心烦意乱
心理学家从事基础研究的目的是描述、解释、预测和影响行为。应用心理学家还有第五个目的--提高人类生活的质量。这些目标构成了心理学事业的基础。
心理学符号的含义:符号在希腊语里是灵魂的意思,后来变成英文psyche。
托福阅读|心理学专业核心词汇及真题梳理
篇7:托福阅读材料
下面是托福阅读材料的集锦,希望对你们有帮助,谢谢。
托福阅读材料:全球气候变暖
Rice yields falling under global warming
全球气候变暖也与亚洲的一些主要大米出产国的耕地面积减少有关。
Global warming is cutting rice yields in many parts of Asia, according to research, with more declines to come.
Yields have fallen by 10-20% over the last 25 years in some locations.
The group of mainly US-based scientists studied records from 227 farms in six important rice-producing countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, India and China.
This is the latest in a line of studies to suggest that climate change will make it harder to feed the world's growing population by cutting yields.
In , other researchers found that rice yields in the Philippines were dropping by 10% for every 1C increase in night-time temperature.
That finding, like others, came from experiments on a research station.
The latest data, by contrast, comes from working, fully-irrigated farms that grow ”green revolution“ crops, and span the rice-growing lands of Asia from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu to the outskirts of Shanghai.
Describing the findings, which are published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), lead researcher Jarrod Welch said:
”We found that as the daily minimum temperature increases, or as nights get hotter, rice yields drop.“
The mechanism involved is not clear but may involve rice plants having to respire more during warm nights, so expending more energy, without being able to photosynthesise.
By contrast, higher temperatures during the day were related to higher yields; but the effect was less than the yield-reducing impact of warmer nights.
However, if temperatures continue to rise as computer models of climate project, Mr Welch says hotter days will eventually begin to bring yields down.
We see a benefit of [higher] daytime temperatures principally because we haven't seen a scenario where daytime temperatures cross over a threshold where they'd stop benefiting yields and start reducing them,” he told BBC News.
“There have been some recent studies on US crops, in particular corn, that showed the drop-off after that threshold is substantial,” said the University of California at San Diego researcher.
The assessment of climate impacts from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that although a modest temperature rise could increase crop yields in some regions, for “temperature increases more than 3C, average impacts are stressful to all crops assessed and to all regions”.
A study published at the begining of last year concluded that half of the world's population could face a climate-induced food crisis by 2100, with the most extreme summers of the last century becoming routine towards the end of this century.
托福阅读材料:莫斯科烟雾死亡率
Death rate doubles in Moscow's smoke, heat
高温和森林大火带来的烟尘使俄罗斯首都莫斯科的居民饱受煎熬
Scorching heat and acrid smoke have nearly doubled death rates in Moscow, a city official said on Monday, as a shroud of smog from raging forest and peat fires beset Russia's capital for a third week.
Firefighters battled wildfires covering 1,740 square km (672 sq miles) -- bigger than the area of Greater London -- in what the state weather forecaster said was Russia's worst heat wave for a millennium.
“The average death rate in the city during normal times is between 360 and 380 people per day. Today, we are around 700,” Andrei Seltsovsky, Moscow's health department chief, told a city government meeting.
Russia's worst drought in decades has spooked world grain markets, driving wheat prices up at the swiftest rate in more than 30 years and raising the specter of a food crisis.
Seltsovsky said heat stroke was the main cause of the recent increase in deaths. He said ambulance dispatches in Moscow were up by about a quarter to 10,000 a day and problems linked to heart disease, bronchial asthma and strokes had increased.
“This is no secret,” Seltsovsky said. “Everyone thinks we're making secrets out of it. It's 40 degrees (Celsius, or 104 Fahrenheit) on the street. Abroad, people drown like flies and no one asks questions.”
Moscow morgues and hospitals were overcrowded, funeral parlors were doing a brisk business in coffins, and a sign in one crematorium said it was fully booked and taking no new orders.
“Today we have 80 bodies. We store them anywhere we can because the refrigerators are full,” an attendant at Hospital No. 62's morgue, designed to hold up to 35 corpses, told Reuters.
Until Monday, neither federal nor Moscow authorities had announced data on deaths from heat and pollution, giving rise to suspicion of a Soviet-style cover-up in the face of criticism of the government's handling of the wildfire crisis.
Officials say 52 people have been killed by fires that have ravaged forests and fields and destroyed a handful of villages since late July.
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Prime Minister Vladimir Putin last week announced a grain export ban from August 15 to December 31, sending prices higher and hurting shares of brewers such as Carlsberg and Heineken.
SovEcon, a leading agricultural analyst, said on Monday the government might extend the ban even longer, reducing -11 wheat exports to about 3 million tonnes instead of the earlier expected 10-11 million tonnes.
SovEcon also said Russia's wheat crop might be about one-third smaller than last year's, dropping to 43 million tonnes from 61.7 million tonnes in .
Russia's main sugar lobby warned on Monday that the drought may hamper this year's beet sugar output, reducing it from the earlier expected 4 million tonnes to 3.2-3.5 million tonnes.
The downgraded sugar beet forecast is not expect to change Russia's import needs as it has large domestic reserves. Almost all sugar produced in Russia is consumed domestically.
Kremlin critics have blamed Putin for what they call a sluggish and ineffective government response to the fires, but polls have so far shown no decline in his popularity.
Russia has begun to feel economic effects from the horrid weather conditions, which have prompted banks and businesses to reduce staffing and slowed activity in the service sector.
Alfa Bank, a Moscow investment bank, said it would not publish a daily research bulletin on Monday or Tuesday.
“Owing to severe weather in Moscow, there is only a limited presence at the bank,” an Alfa official said in an e-mail.
According to the business daily Kommersant, investment bank Uralsib shortened its workday on Monday, and state-controlled behemoth Sberbank closed some of its back offices.
But many Muscovites did report for work, trudging to metro stations or driving on streets where visibility was far below normal and smog veiled buildings.
Many people wore facemasks to try to filter the smoke, but the masks were increasingly hard to find and some doctors raised concerns about an official whitewash of the real impact of the smoke in Moscow.
An unnamed doctor at a Moscow clinic wrote on his Internet site over the weekend that he was wary of diagnosing patients with heat- and smoke-related illnesses for fear of dismissal.
Another doctor at a major hospital, speaking on condition of anonymity, told Reuters on Sunday that senior management had instructed staff not to link patients' illnesses with the heat.
Moscow authorities said over the weekend that reception centers were operating city-wide as refuges from the heat. But Vitaly Bredikhin, deputy manager of one of the centers, said that about 90 percent of the facilities lacked air-conditioning.
At one of the shelters, in an old building near Pushkin Square in the center of the city, about 10 elderly people sat in a hot dining room with no air-conditioning or even a fan.
托福阅读材料:美国对狼的保护
Judge orders US to keep protecting 'endangered' wolves
A federal judge has ordered the US to put Rocky Mountain grey wolves back on a list of protected endangered species.
Encouraged by the recovery of the once nearly-extinct wolf, the US last year moved to allow wolf hunts in two states while protecting them in a third.
But a judge ruled the law did not permit the US to protect part of a species population while allowing hunting of the rest.
Despite the ruling, Idaho said it would seek federal approval for a wolf hunt.
The decision puts wolves in the states of Montana and Idaho back on the endangered species list following their removal last year.
Wyoming's wolves had remained protected because the US government was unsatisfied with the state's wolf protection plan.
In Montana, US District Judge Donald Molloy came down on the side of a coalition of conservation groups who had challenged the US Fish and Wildlife Service's move to take the grey wolf off the endangered species list in Montana and Idaho.
Among several arguments, the coalition said the law did not permit the Fish and Wildlife Service to “partially delist” protected species - protecting the wolf in one state but not others.
Significant protection
“The plain language of the Endangered Species Act does not allow the agency to divide a [population segment] into a smaller taxonomy,” Judge Molloy wrote.
Grey wolves were once abundant in the US, but a government-sponsored hunting programme nearly eradicated them. The wolves were gone from Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and south-western Canada by the 1930s.
The US passed the Endangered Species Act in 1973 and the wolf was listed as endangered in 1974, affording it significant protection from hunters.
In the 1990s, the government reintroduced wild wolf populations into the northern Rocky Mountains, situated in the western US.
Powerful ranching interests in the states concerned have opposed protection of the wolves, saying they threaten livestock.
篇8:解读托福听力中的主旨题
解读托福听力中的主旨题
(一)Basic Comprehension Questions 对材料的基本理解
1.Gist-Content (内容主旨题,理解讲座或对话的主旨大意)
2.Gist-Purpose (目的主旨题,考察对话目的)
3.Detail (细节题,听懂并记住讲座或对话中明晰的细节或事实)
(二)Pragmatic Understanding Questions 情景理解题
1.Understanding the Function of What Is Said (句子功能题,测试是否理解某一句话的功能)
2.Understanding the Speaker's Attitude (说话人态度题,考查是否能听出说话人的态度或观点)
(三)Connecting Information Questions ----- 整合信息题
1.Understanding Organization (组织结构题,识别整个听力材料的结构和听力材料中两个部分之间的关系)
2.Connecting Content (连接内容题,考查对材料中各观点之间的关系的理解能力,有时需要根据所听内容来推测)
3.Making Inferences (推论题,根据已听到的内容得出结论)
对于听力基础较弱的同学,尤其要抓住的就是类--基本理解题。我们把其中的前两种题型Gist Content(内容主旨题)以及Gist Purpose(目的主旨题)统称为Gist Questions(主旨题)。下面我们就一起来看一看托福听力Lecture中的主旨题该如何。
1、出题位置:
主旨题的出题位置是固定的,是听完每篇文章后的道题目。从题号上来说,是每个section中的1、6、12题。 要注意的是,托福听力答题过程中不走回头路,也就是说大家无法根据后面的细节题来推测文章的主旨大意。
2、题型识别:
(1)What is the main topic of the lecture?
What is the lecture mainly about?
What aspect of X does the professor mainly discuss?
【此类是OG中出现的Lecture 部分Gist Content的题目问法】
(2)Why does the professor explain X?
【此类是OG中出现的Lecture 部分Gist Purpose的题目问法】
不论是Gist Content还是Gist Purpose,考察重点都是文章的主旨大意,只是在问法上略有区别。也就是说,在每篇听力文章之后的题,即使大家不去仔细读题,也可以知道题目所问的是文章的主旨大意。
3、解题技巧:
(1)牢抓开头:
其实Lecture的主旨题非常简单。只要能抓住文章开头的有效信息,就能解决绝大多数题目。大家要了解的是,托福听力是为了让大家熟悉北美真实的学习、生活场景,因此Lecture的讲解方式与大学课堂中的professor亦是相似的。
Professor在讲解过程中非常注重逻辑性,也通常会在文章的开头部分就提出本节课的主要内容,这里就是我们所要解决的主旨题的位置所在。大家在听到如下标志词的时候,要竖起耳朵,因为下面接着的就是文章的主旨了:
Today/ Now/ We are going to discuss…
Let's look at…/ I'd like to mention…
I'd like to focus on…
I'd like to begin my class by introducing…
托福听力对话讲座常见出题思路提问方式汇总介绍
1. 对话或讲座的目的(purpose)意指其功能,是这个对话或讲座发生的主要理由。
对话中,说话人的目的是与对话的话题、说话人之间的关系以及谈话的背景相关的。
新托福听力考试中,关于目的的试题形式如下:
Why does the student go to see the professor?
What is the man's problem?
Why is the woman concerned?
What is the purpose of the conversation?
2. 谈话或讲座的目的与主题相关。新托福听力考试中关于目的的试题形式如下:
What is the purpose of the talk?
What is the main purpose of the lecture?
What is the speaker's main purpose?
3. 有些关于目的的试题只与部分对话或讲座的内容相关。这些问题通常问的是某个短语或句子的作用:
Why does the student say _?
Why does the professor mention _?
Why does the instructor talk about _?
Why does the speaker tell a story about _?
Why does the professor ask the class about _?
4. 有时考生可以再听一次部分对话或讲座的内容。之后会听到问题问及说话人的目的。例如:
Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. (You hear part oftbe lecture again.)
Why does the professor say this?
5. 下面是一些新托福听力考试中对话或讲座目的的例子:
To ask for advice
To answer a question
To compare two or more things
To complain about something
To define a term
To describe a process
To emphasize importance
To explain causes and effects
To give examples
To give reasons
To introduce a new concept
To recommend a course of action
6. 有时说话人会直接说出其目的:
“l need advice about my paper.“
“I'm concerned about my grade for this class.”
“I'm applying to graduate school, and l was wondering if you'd write me a 1 letter of recommendation.”
托福听力讲座的技巧介绍
首先,要集中精力听准文章的开头部分。在每篇讲座开始之前都会对整篇讲座内容作简短的开篇介绍,一般为一句话:Listen to part of the lecture in X class, the professor is talking about Y. 这里的X——学科名称,以及Y——主要内容,相当于给讲座内容指出了一个大的方向。正式讲座开始后,先要注意听其主题,大多数的教授都会在课程开始时开门见山,点明主题,例如:Today we will talk about…或者Today we will focus on…, on或者about后面的内容要重点把握,这就是整篇文章的核心内容,可以帮助我们迅速抓住文章的主题。
其次,在抓住主题后,对可能听到的内容进行积极预测。把握文章主题之后,要立刻集中精力抓住段落中的关键词和核心概念,迅速激活自己在该学术领域的相关知识,对可能听到的内容进行合理预测。例如:如果讲座将介绍火山的相关知识,那么应该迅速预测接下来可能会听到火山的分类、不同类别火山的喷发时间、所在地点以及危害性等等。这样带有“主动性”的去听,会对理解文章内容有很大帮助。当然,这种主动预测的能力是要建立在平时多听、多总结、多积累的基础之上的。
第三,抓住要点记笔记。记笔记是托福听力的必修课。讲座文章篇幅较长,也就是所包含的信息量较大,而文章的后面又会考察我们一些细节信息。在这种情况下,光凭大脑记忆是绝对不够的,必须拥有边听边记笔记的能力才能应对后面的题目。在记笔记时,要重点把握文章的一些细节信息点,例如:时间、名词、举例等等。对重要细节信息点要做到熟悉、敏感,并且可以迅速记录。完善的笔记能力需要长期的训练,在平时练习的过程中,要养成边听边记笔记的习惯,摸索笔记的规律,不断总结形成自己的缩写及笔记符号系统。
第四,利用上下文猜测生词词义。讲座的题材广泛、内容多样并有一定的学术性,因此不可避免的会碰到生僻词汇。对于讲座中的生词,首先要做好充分的心理准备,切忌慌张烦躁。大多数的生僻词汇后面都跟有名词解释,即便听不懂这个词,只要听懂名词解释,对整篇文章的理解就不会造成任何影响。即便有个别生词没有名词解释,也可以根据上下文猜测出词汇的意思。即使猜不出词汇意思也不要紧张,个别的词汇不会对理解构成障碍。对于讲座题材,重点把握文章的主题、文章的结构以及文章的思想,切忌为了一个生词苦思冥想,而耽误了后面的听力内容。当然,词汇量是托福考试中的一个重要因素,除了对词汇进行合理猜测之外,大家还是要不断积累和扩充自身的词汇量,从根本上提高自己的听力实力。
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