托福阅读最后一题怎么评分

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托福阅读最后一题怎么评分(精选9篇)由网友“玫色布朗尼”投稿提供,以下是小编整理过的托福阅读最后一题怎么评分,欢迎阅读分享,希望对您有所帮助。

托福阅读最后一题怎么评分

篇1:托福阅读最后一题怎么评分

托福阅读最后一题中的六选三满分分值为2分,选对2个得一分,选对一个不得分。

七选五题目满分为3分,选对4个得2分,选对3个得一分,选对两个和两个以下不得分。

篇2:托福阅读最后一题顺序解析

托福阅读最后一题顺序解析

最后一道题是从6个中选3个,可是TPO上这六个的排列顺序很不固定:

有的答案是按横向:

A B

C D

E F

有的答案是按纵向:

A D

B E

C F

这样选择的时候虽然选对了,但那三个空没有按顺序,也会被判错。这是怎么回事?

小马过河国际教育托福名师答:不会的,只要选的3个内容是对的,不分顺序的。

托福阅读最后一题的评分标准:

托福阅读六选三的题满分2分,选对2个得1分,选对1个不得分;

托福阅读七选五的题满分3分,选对4个得2分,选对3个得1分,选对两个和两个以下不得分

托福阅读最后一题的答题方法

方法一:

选大意的题目:先用最快的速度按细节排除的原则作,一般能排除两个细节选项,那么最多只错一个了,然后往往还有一个选项是被改动过是错的,所以很快就做对了。

做托福阅读时先浏览每个段落的首句(第一段短的话每句都要看),然后按段落记录关键词。

方法二:

1、分清楚文章细节与主题。在读文章的时候做好文章分析,那些是本段论点,那些是段落中的举例,和离体内容。那些肯定不是答案。除了一种情况,大段举例可以作为主旨。

2、托福阅读时做好简单笔记。理清文章思路。那些是论点及论点的支持论据,那些是转折,作者态度,就这三点。

3、排除文章中没有提到的选项。

用这些方法,相信多加练习是可以作对的。

方法三:

托福阅读最后一题感觉大致分为两种情况:比较普通的一种是选三个文章讨论的主要内容,另一种是仅针对文章某一部分的三个主要方面。

由此可见,一般情况下文章肯定是有三个中心论点(不管是并列或是顺承或是递进),所以可以按照这样的方法解题。

1、回原文

2、跳过首段(首段一般交代背景引出总话题,但最后一题问的是分话题)

3、重读每段首句,读的时候主要确认分话题的组成段落。一定是某个或某几个自然段组成一个分话题,不可能出现一段中两个分话题的,反正我没见过。

4、心中确认了三个分话题,可以提取出关键词(如候鸟导航里三个:太阳、生物钟、星星),在提取关键词时候是基于做前面题对文章每段内容的了解上,因为有的在段落末句而非首句,有的在句中。

5、最后找答案,很好使,不过注意文章的主要讨论对象不能变(见蒸汽机那篇)。

6、所选答案都是结论性的。

托福阅读备考有哪些关键点?

一、词汇量的增加

如果考生想要提高自己的阅读做题速度,那么首要任务就是积累单词量,掌握一些高频单词的词义、语法以及运用。

对于托福考试来说,阅读每篇大概有700个单词。而且其中有很多学术类词汇,也就是我们日常生活中比较少见到的词汇。由此可知,托福阅读对中国考生的词汇量、语法难度的要求是非常高的。因此考生在学习过程中对那些最容易在托福阅读文章里出现的高频词汇一定要多做归纳整理,然后对这些单词加以熟练运用、掌握。

二、长难句的分析

长难句的分析依赖于学生的语法知识和对于句子主干的提取。通过掌握语法知识、复杂句型和英语语句的结构等来提高自己的分析能力。

大家在做托福阅读的过程中应该可以感觉到英语语法内容知识点的重要性。想要从容应对这些托福阅读,最关键的是对文章内容的句子结构分析。提升句子结构,就是指将主谓宾结构部分和定状补修饰成分准确把握。

三、灵活掌握阅读方法:精读与意群阅读

托福阅读中精读就是把句子中的每一个词认真的读一遍,从而理解整段话的全部内容以及句子间的逻辑关系。在阅读理解中长难句的理解上会出现花费时间长来理解,但是能够精准的掌握整个句子在文章中的影响,这就是阅读精读。

意群阅读是在阅读过程中准确的获取信息,准确把握信息即可,所以想在比较短的时间内获得足够的信息,意群阅读是很合适的方法。意群阅读的方法与精读不同不用把注意力放在每一个单词上,而意群阅读是以词组、固定搭配和完整词意为单位的阅读,只要掌握该句所表达的含义即可。

总体来说,托福阅读要想拿高分,词汇量是基础,掌握各种长难句、英语语句结构是关键,加快阅读和分析速度是核心。

托福阅读材料练习:Plant adaptation to the desert

Cactus adaptations.

The secret to the superior endurance of cacti lies in their adaptations. Over millions of years, through natural selection, only the strongest and best adapted species survived.

As you know, it is very dry in the desert. Plants that adapt to this are known as xerophytes (from xeros, dry and phyton, plant). There are plants that avoid the dry season by sprouting from seed just after the spring rain and growing very fast so that by the time the dry season comes, they have already produced a lot of seeds and died. These seeds lie on the soil for the dry season and sprout again in spring and the cycle repeats. Other xerophytes simply drop their leaves and stay dormant for the winter. But there is another special type of xerophyte which stores water in its fleshy tissues. Such plants are called succulents (from succus, juicy). The cactus is a typical example of a succulent.

If you cut a cactus open, you see a juicy, slimy tissue. This is where the moisture is stored for the dry season. The part between the middle circle (or pith) and just under the very green part of the plant (or palisade parenchyma) just under the skin is allocated for the storage of water and food for the plant. This is a type of spongy parenchyma and can take up up to 85% of the plant's volume. This is a major adaptation in the desert. Because the plant remains completely alive during the dry season and there is no need for it to dry up and lose everything, makes it possible for the plant to grow to large sizes. Another advantage is that the plant retains supplies (in the form of starch) for the winter so that it can flower right away in spring without accumulating more supplies (as most plants need to do in spring). The whole purpose of storing supplies for the winter is mostly to energize flowering in spring but it also lets the cactus start growing much sooner.

Flowering plants breathe and transpire (evaporate water from their surface) through closeable microscopic pores called stomates on the leaves or stems. To do this, their pores have to be open. In most plants these are open all day and on warm nights. But for cacti this is inconvenient as in daytime it is very hot and thus the plant would lose a lot of water through evaporation. So the cactus must close them in the daytime. But then it cannot breathe or photosynthesize (the process where sugars are made from carbon dioxide and water and releasing oxygen using the sun's energy). Succulents have an adaptation to that. Their stomates are closed during the day and are open at night, when it is not that hot and store carbon dioxide in its tissues as crassulean acid and then turn it back to carbon dioxide in the daytime. This process is called crassulean acid metabolism or CAM and it is a very smart way of respiring in the desert.

If we look at the outside of the plant, we notice that there is a tough leathery skin covering the plant, we can also notice the presence of ribs and spines and sometimes fur. These are all very smart adaptations. They serve mainly for surviving heat but are also used as defense.

The tough leathery skin is very impermeable to water, thus reducing evaporation from the surface of the plant. This skin often has a layer of plant wax on it which is often lightly coloured (Pilosocereus azures is an example of a plant with such wax), white or blue. This reflects light and also reduces evaporation from the inside.

The ribs are special structures that are also used for enduring extreme heat. The ribs (and spines) trap wind so that the plant is enveloped in a layer of extremely still air, and this is a very important factor in reducing evaporation. On a very windy days even the ribs don't help and cacti sometimes wilt because of high water loss.

The spines have different functions. They not only help shade the plant from the sun but are also known to help the cactus absorb water. They do it like this. On cool nights, dew settles on the spines of the plant. The spines are actually known to draw droplets of water towards the areole (the point out of which the spines grow) and here the droplets are absorbed. You can try this at home. Spray the plants with a very fine mist of water and watch what happens to the droplets that settle on the spines. They literally get attracted to the areole along the spine. The spine's structure allows them to do this. Even spines pointing downwards seem to suck the droplets up themselves.

Adaptation features are visible in this Pilosocereus glauchochorous. Notice the spines, ribs, fur and wax (the blue coloration). The top of a typically adapted plant.

Some plants have fur, sometimes all over the plant, sometimes only near the top. This fur shades the plant even further and is also known to attract water towards the areole. Some plants only have fur near the top. This is very beneficial because the top of the plant is very sensitive to sunlight, new tissues get formed there. Young areoles, with their spines not even wooded yet can get dried up completely in the sun. When an areole is born near the top of the plant, it starts developing spines. At this time the fur appears as well. This fur accompanies the areole as it moves down the plant, shading the growing point inside. By the time the areole is about 15cm away from the top, the fur wears out completely and the now inactive areole gets exposed to the sun.

As for the roots of cacti, they are also fully adapted to living in the desert. Some species (especially plants from very dry deserts) have very shallow root systems that spread very far from the plant. This way the plant can take advantage of tiny amounts of moisture from dew or light rain as the roots spread far away and are very shallow (less than 10cm deep while spreading up to 5 metres from the parent plant). On the other hand, some cacti send their roots deep down (like many Echinocacti) to reach the ground water.

Rainforest cacti often have aerial roots that can collect water all the time when it rains (and it rains very often in South American forests).

The shape of cacti itself is an adaptation. You may have noticed that cacti have a barrel like or candle like shape. This allows for maximum internal volume with a minimum surface area, which is also very smart adaption as a cactus can store a lot of water and have a small external surface area to reduce water loss.

【托福阅读】长难句解析——蓄水层水量不足

托福阅读长难句实例

Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

句子分析

本句逗号比较多,容易使人看不清主要意思。本句中的but unfortunately引起前后两句的转折关系,在前半句中,indicate that引导的宾语从句,表达观点。在后半句中,核心意思是rates of addition of the aquifer are minimal,而其前面under the semiarid climatic conditions这个介词短语后有that引导的定语从句,修饰前面的conditions,最后amounting to(相当于)是现在分词作状语,对核心意思进行补充说明。

单词回顾

本句有一些地质学的词汇,比如:aquifer 蓄水层,semiarid 半干旱的,rates of addition 补水的速率。另外,请注意rate除了有“比率”的意思,还可以作动词,表示“评估,评价”,比如:This is rated as a five-star hotel. 这家酒店被评为五星级。She doesn’t rate herself very highly. 她自视不高。最后,amount to表示“相当于”,比如:a cargo amounting to 2,000 tons 共计2,000吨货物。

句子翻译

我们可以这样翻译:“据估计,蓄水层含有足够的水来填满休伦湖。但不幸的是,在目前处于该地区的半干旱气候的影响下,该蓄水层的补水率极低,总计每年大概半厘米左右。”

篇3:托福阅读最后一题技巧讲解

方法一:

选大意的题目:先用最快的速度按细节排除的原则作,一般能排除两个细节选项,那么最多只错一个了,然后往往还有一个选项是被改动过是错的,所以很快就做对了。

做托福阅读时先浏览每个段落的首句(第一段短的话每句都要看),然后按段落记录关键词。

方法二:

一、分清楚文章细节与主题。在读文章的时候做好文章分析,那些是本段论点,那些是段落中的举例,和离体内容。那些肯定不是答案。除了一种情况,大段举例可以作为主旨。

二、托福阅读时做好简单笔记。理清文章思路。那些是论点及论点的支持论据,那些是转折,作者态度,就这三点。

三、排除文章中没有提到的选项。

用这些方法,相信多加练习是可以作对的。

方法三:

托福阅读最后一题感觉大致分为两种情况:比较普通的一种是选三个文章讨论的主要内容,另一种是仅针对文章某一部分的三个主要方面。由此可见,一般情况下文章肯定是有三个中心论点(不管是并列或是顺承或是递进),所以可以按照这样的方法解题。

1、回原文

2、跳过首段(首段一般交代背景引出总话题,但最后一题问的是分话题)

3、重读每段首句,读的时候主要确认分话题的组成段落。一定是某个或某几个自然段组成一个分话题,不可能出现一段中两个分话题的,反正我没见过。

4、心中确认了三个分话题,可以提取出关键词(如候鸟导航里三个:太阳、生物钟、星星),在提取关键词时候是基于做前面题对文章每段内容的了解上,因为有的在段落末句而非首句,有的在句中。

5、最后找答案,很好使,不过注意文章的主要讨论对象不能变(见蒸汽机那篇)。

6、所选答案都是结论性的。'

篇4:托福阅读最后一题技巧讲解

1、一般情况下,托福阅读前面的几大题型都是针对某一段来进行出题的,所以大家在做前面几题的时候就可以对文章内容框架和逻辑顺序有一个大致的认识,因为题目的顺序一般文章顺序是一致的,这一点考生要牢记,这对自己总结做题方法也是很重要的。在这当中,考生可以总结每一段的论点,并且留意一下每一段的概括性的中思语句的布情况,为解答最后一题做准备。

2、一般对于托福阅读最后一题,首段可以直接忽略,大部分情况下,首段的内容都是文章的背景介绍,在文章在起到一个铺垫作用的段落,对于整个文章的总结来说关系不是很大。

3、由于考试时间的关系,考生没有那么多的时间在做最一题的时候去通读全文,考生做最后一题的时候,可以大致的去浏览一下正文,对于描述性的语句可以直接忽略,一般每段的重点内容都在段首部分,这很符合西方人的表达方式。考生只要找准每段的核心内容,这样对于最后一题的解答就容易多了。

4、有时在题目中,考生找到中心词再与相应的关键句进行对应,就这大大的提高解题的准确率了。

5、再有就是对阅读文章的分论点进行筛选,一般情况下分论点与主旨是环环相扣的,这时我们排除答案中的不相关的内容也是可以找出正确答案的。

6、如果最后一题是考察某个分论点的向个论述方面的,那么考生就可以缩小范围,然后就这个分论点找出正确答案。

在备考托福阅读的时候,我们要知道,在托福阅读考试中,出题者对于考生的考察不可能很直观的让考生来回答对问题,更为重要的是让考生能根据题目来思考,从而选择正确的答案,这也符合一般的托福考试的出题规律。如果考生掌握了这个规律,那么做起题来也就有了目标性了。

篇5:托福阅读如何评分

托福阅读评分标准:阅读成绩是如何计算的?

托福阅读部分,总共有3篇文章(如遇到加试,则随机3篇文章算分,另1篇文章不算分)。每篇文章700个字,对应10道题目。其中,基础信息和推断题,每道题1分。最后一道题是小结题,俗称大题,满分2分。大题一般情况下是6选3,3个选项错一个扣一分,扣完为止,即在答题中错2或3个选项,这个题目不得分。

8月1日改革前,每篇文章对应14个题目,共15分。阅读部分整体42道题,对应原始分数满分45分。根据如下表格,将会给出原始分数与最终分数的对应。

比如,某位学生阅读部分,错了5道小题,3道大题各错一个选项,因此扣去的分数就应该为5+1+1+1=8分,因此原始分数就是37分,最终得分为27分。另一位学生,错了12道小题,3道大题中,1道大题选错2个选项,另外两道大题各选错一个,则扣分为12+2+1+1=16分,原始分数为29分,最终分数对应为20分。

在此分数对应表格中,需要特别注意的是25分和20分的最终分数。如果得到25分以上,那就等于总分有可能上100分,而100分是申请美国名校的比较有竞争力的分数。如果得到20分以上,那就意味着总分有可能到80分以上,这个分数是申请美国前100名学校时比较基本的分数。

大家还需要注意的是0分的最终分数,对应的9分以下的原始分数。在传统考试中,如果不看题目,直接“蒙”,可能会得到一定的分数。而在托福阅读中,如果用“蒙”的方法,可能会得到9分的原始分数,但最终分数就是0分。

改革后评分标准尚未公布。

备考托福阅读高分计划

新托福阅读是最容易轻视的,因为很多考生会感觉阅读是自己的强项,对于此项无需过多的重视。然而这种认知不一定准确。通过很多案例发现不少这样的学员,自认新托福阅读考试还不错的,实际考出来的分数只有22分左右,甚至会更低。下面我们来看看如何让你的托福阅读更上一层楼。

在阅读题部分,务必控制好时间。按照托福考试的阅读量,每一篇阅读题不能超过20分钟,学生们能在18分钟之内做完一篇阅读,再快一点可以15分钟,但是在强调速度的同时,也要保证正确率。在课余训练时,应自己定好闹钟,训练做题速度。现在部分学生做完题对答案时,只知道自己是怎么错的,但不知道自己是怎么对的。“看看自己是怎么对的也很重要,特别是针对那些蒙对的题,有的学生就这样轻易带过了。”在做阅读时,如果遇到不认识的生词,必须要划下来,然后把这个词的中文词义抄在旁边,让自己记下这个单词;如果下次还碰到这个单词,依然不会,那就再把中文词义抄一遍,直到把这个单词记下为止。这种方法比你单纯地背单词书可能更管用。

以上是专家对于新托福阅读的几个提醒,托福考试的重点首先是单词,不管是口语还是写作,所以大家在备考前要做好充分的词汇准备,最后小编祝大家考试顺利。

怎样缩短托福阅读的时间

我们对一个托福阅读句子的理解,有很多种解释。通常人们看到一个句子,会首先确定单词。所以托福阅读时间很短,快到我们反映不过来,比如The old manthe boat. 这里,眼睛定位单词后,大脑迅速把old man认为是一个名词组。当我们接着看,感觉不对,才会回头去分析这个句子。

应用到托福阅读备考中,各位需要把各个学科的高频词多看一下,比如生物的光合作用、新陈代谢,地理的地壳、_X岩石之类的。对各种名词片语、动词片语进行修饰的形容词,副词。说起来很多,其实各位有坚持做老托真题和新托的黄金23篇,可以发现这些词语重复率很高。

另外,人对句子的理解是线性的。语言能力越差的(比如小孩子),只能理解句子的越前面,造成理解错误。(此理论仅限英语。中文不行,其他各种语言本人水平有限,不知道)从小孩子的实验来看,3到5岁的小孩理解句子只能记住前面部分。比如:Put the frog on the red paper in the box.小孩子会把青蛙放到红纸上。这里可以看到,他们阅读的时候把句子意思理解错了,没有看完。但是,非常有趣的现象是,这句话我们说给小孩子听的时候,100%的小孩子都做出了正确的选择 - 即把红纸上的青蛙装到了盒子里。

语言学给出了我们解释,影响人们认知句子的,还有语音。根据这个实验,再结合平时我自己的情况,我推出了一个有理论依据的猜测: 阅读时候习惯读出声来的,会让你对句子的理解偏靠语音!从而让你对直接托福阅读句子的能力下降!很多人肯定喜欢边阅读边读,感觉这样可以加深理解。我同意,但是,如果你花了30分钟在阅和读上,那至少再花30分钟在阅上!不能让读的时间超过你看的时间。

就像我以前一样,喜欢边看边读,结果习惯了,看文章的时候,眼睛已经定位一个比较长的词语,很熟悉很熟悉,但是语音还没读到那个单词上,我的思维就卡住了,直到我读出了那个单词,我才知道这个单词的意思。 这里可以看到,我已经对语音很依赖了!这个现象非常危险。

朗读的速度太慢了,浪费时间。而且ETS给出的文章中有大量故意制造的难句,就像刚才的例子:The old man the boat,肯定要导致你回头重读。你的时间是不够的。

在托福阅读备考中进行审题时,千万不要边看边读,或边看边读的时间超过了托福阅读时间,考生要学会自己合适控制阅读时间。

篇6:托福阅读最后一题的答题方法

托福阅读最后一题的答题方法

在阅读最后一题的解答过程中,首先我们可以再次回到原文看一下文章的结构,扫描一下即可,不用花很多时间。但是,也必须提醒大家不必过于关注文章首段的内容。首段一般交代文章背景,引出总话题,但最后一题问的是分话题,所以可以跳过首段。

在解答最后一题时,心中还是必须明确文章中的一些关键词。也就是说,确认了三个分话题,可以提取出关键词,在提取关键词时候是基于做前面题对文章每段内容的了解上。不确定该选择哪个的时候,可以看一下哪些是非常细节的。非常细节的选项通常都不是答案。因为这个题目考察的是主要内容。

总之,觉得最重要的是把除了首段外的段落归为三部分,不过挺明显的,因为每部分的描写对象都是很不一样,掌握了这个原则,托福阅读最后一题也就比较好解答了。

托福阅读最后一题该怎么做

分数能达到这个水平的同学,相信词汇量的大小,还有句子的理解水平已经基本达到要求,而要向满分冲刺的话,此时需要做的功课则是把握全文结构,理清逻辑关系,找出最后一题的正确选项,与各段段落大意的对应关系。具体方法如下:

1. 找出每个段落的中心句,划分段落内部的层次,如分类/并列递进/对比转折等;

2. 区分主旨和细节。所谓主旨,就是被别的句子来支持解释的,也即众星拱月般的“老大”;所谓细节,就是去跟随“老大”的句子,证明“老大”说的都是对的。

3. 如果某段没有主旨句,则需自己进行总结,此时无需向小学语文课老师要求的那样,非要说出一个完整而优美的“标答”,只需用提取关键词,表示出核心观点即可,建议简洁明了,关键词包含核心概念和关键动作/状态即可。

4. 文章结构自己分析过一遍之后,找出正确选项与各段段落大意的对应关系。记住:正确的三个选项之所以正确,一定是与原文的某些个段落的段落大意有对应关系。

5. 错误的选项,错误逻辑基本上也可以归类为这几类:原文没有提到,原文提到了但是与原文矛盾,与原文对应内容正确但是属于细节而非主要观点。这三类错误隐蔽性属于逐级增强,同学们需要仔细去与文章核对。

按照这5个步骤操作分析,完成10套TPO阅读后,总结文章类型,以及答题规律,相信托福阅读文章总结题就再也挡不住大家冲向满分的节奏了!

托福阅读技巧:托福阅读段落间的主次顺序

关于句子的话,在托福考试中,一般都会在文章中穿插些看上去就很长很难的句子,通常一句话可能就占据了页面的一半,多半我们是看了前面忘记了后面的内容,如果不熟悉句型,可能就造成理解错误;也有人因为不熟悉倒装句型,以为是文章出现了错误,这样的练习在刚开始真的是很痛苦的,在刚开始练习时如果是不算时间的话还是可以慢慢理解的,一旦计时就会因为赶时间而断章起义,导致错误率的直线上升……所以我们必须专门进行了长难句的单独练习,每天练习至少10句以上。直接跳过头看最后的方法是不对的,虽然在练习的时候的确增加了语感,但是对理解来说还是不够的。还有要记得复习之前的句子,找到属于自己的方法。可能在刚开始练习的时候是很费时间,但在练习增加后,就可以从一句话要看三遍左右逐渐可以一遍通过。不管是多长的句子,其间的练习,希望大家能够坚持下来,只要过了那个阶段,我们的阅读速度就能提高许多。

阅读的段落更为重要的还是要分清楚主次顺序,毕竟考试时间是有限的,我们不能将每个信息进行分析,所以我们要通过我们自己的判断,对选择出来的信息再进行一次筛选,从而选择出更关键的信息。有时候在文章中会存在一个段落都是例子,而段落的第一句存在一个转折词,这样我们也就能判断出,这段话在文章中的作用了,我们也就只需看第一句话就足够了。遇到比较难的或者是专业性较强的文章的时候,在大致浏览一边后脑子里出现的基本也只是零零碎碎的信息。所以推荐大家尝试一边看一边来判断信息,将你认为可能是重要的信息的点进行标注。这样就不需要把一篇文章去仔细判断句与句之间的关系了。

阅读的段落讲完后,整篇文章就没什么好说的了,既然句子与段落都能理解了,那整篇文章的观点难道还不明显么?另外要说的是,判断文章的类型也是很有用的,至少能有个大致文章的走向,比如说科技文有说明文的基本固定结构,文化分析类的也有自己的基本固定结构,所以也能做一些快速地预测。关于是先看文章还是先看题,还是一起进行,这个差别并不是很大的,也要照个人习惯来看,但是有一点需要注意,就是不论你照哪个顺序做完全部的题后,最后还是要回归原文进行检查,这样也能提高我们阅读的正确率。

托福阅读技巧:托福阅读中颜色词的误区

托福阅读词汇:1. GREEN:

(0)He is still green to his job.

他对其工作尚无经验。

(1)Do you see any green in my eye?

你认为我幼稚可欺吗?

(2)lf you want to be a successful gardener,of course you’ve gotto have green fingers.

假如你想当个称职的园工,那你就得有园艺技能。

(3)She is a green hand in teaching English.

在英语教学中,他还是个生手。

(4)Mother gave us the green light to go on the camping trip this summer.

妈妈准许我们今年夏天去野营一次。

(5)He has a green wound in the left breast.

他左胸上有一新伤口。

托福阅读词汇:2. BLUE:

(6)He is proud of his blue blood.

他因出身名门贵族而骄傲。

(7)Things are looking extremely blue.

情况极其不妙。

(8)True blue will never stain.

真金不怕火炼。

(9)She ran and ran until she was blue in the face.

她跑啊跑啊,累得脸色发青精疲力竭。

(10)lt’s once in a blue moon that you get a chance like that.

你得到的是个千载难逢的机会。

(11)He can read like a blue streak.

他看书极快。

(12)The bad news came like a bolt out of the blue.

这消息来得如青天霹雳。

(13)John arrived out of the blue.

约翰突然来了。

(14)A rainy day always gives me the blues.

下雨天总是使我心情抑郁。

篇7:托福阅读最后一题的答题技巧

托福阅读最后一题的答题技巧

在阅读最后一题的解答过程中,首先我们可以再次回到原文看一下文章的结构,扫描一下即可,不用花很多时间。但是,也必须提醒大家不必过于关注文章首段的内容。首段一般交代文章背景,引出总话题,但最后一题问的是分话题,所以可以跳过首段。

在解答最后一题时,心中还是必须明确文章中的一些关键词。也就是说,确认了三个分话题,可以提取出关键词,在提取关键词时候是基于做前面题对文章每段内容的了解上。不确定该选择哪个的时候,可以看一下哪些是非常细节的。非常细节的选项通常都不是答案。因为这个题目考察的是主要内容。

总之,觉得最重要的是把除了首段外的段落归为三部分,不过挺明显的,因为每部分的描写对象都是很不一样,掌握了这个原则,托福阅读最后一题也就比较好解答了。

托福阅读材料练习:the code of Hammurabi

Hammurabi was the ruler who chiefly established the greatness of Babylon, the world's first metropolis. Many relics of Hammurabi's reign ([1795-1750 BC]) have been preserved, and today we can study this remarkable King....as a wise law-giver in his celebrated code. . .

by far the most remarkable of the Hammurabi records is his code of laws, the earliest-known example of a ruler proclaiming publicly to his people an entire body of laws, arranged in orderly groups, so that all men might read and know what was required of them. The code was carved upon a black stone monument, eight feet high, and clearly intended to be reared in public view. This noted stone was found in the year 1901, not in Babylon, but in a city of the Persian mountains, to which some later conqueror must have carried it in triumph. It begins and ends with addresses to the gods. Even a law code was in those days regarded as a subject for prayer, though the prayers here are chiefly cursings of whoever shall neglect or destroy the law.

Yet even with this earliest set of laws, as with most things Babylonian, we find ourselves dealing with the end of things rather than the beginnings. Hammurabi's code was not really the earliest. The preceding sets of laws have disappeared, but we have found several traces of them, and Hammurabi's own code clearly implies their existence. He is but reorganizing a legal system long established.

托福阅读背景积累:美国的历史

The continent's first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State.

The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally discovered 'Indians' in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France.

The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, who ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California.

The systematic annihilation of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began the following year. The North prevailed in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber.

The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI's trenches, but finally capitulated in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, which sought to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock & roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I have a dream speech' in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America's youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. 'Tune in, turn on, drop out' was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA's moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, due to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low.

The 1970s and '80s were a period of technological advancement and declining industrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country. The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc's 'Evil Empire' in 1991 left the US as the world's sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 'new world order' into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky 'Fornigate' affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation's history.

The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida's electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush's presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.

托福阅读重要的句子积累

1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.

戴着面具身着盛装的人们,经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵,并且作为一个扮演者所能做的,就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临,阳光的重现的结果。

2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题,就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。

3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.

十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步,包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量,最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。

4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.

虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的,但用一句完全感性的话来说,电影从来就不是没有声音的。

5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.

多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中,通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。

6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.

更进一步,他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作,包含光滑,紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。

7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.

在春季和夏季,要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。

8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.

我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术,实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术,是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。

9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.

他们没有农业,但是经过几千年,已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济。

篇8:托福阅读如何评分你知道吗

许多备考的同学会存在一个疑问,托福阅读部分的成绩是如何来计算的?下面就将为大家解答。

托福阅读算分方法

从OG中我们可以看出托福阅读的算分方法,是这样的:

The Reading Section score is based on your performance on multiple-choice items. Except for the last question of each set, you received one point for each of the questions you answered correctly. The total points that you received were than converted to a score on a scale from 0-30. The reported score for the Reading Section will always be on this scale of 0-30.

The last question in each set is worth 2 points. These questions were scored as follows:

If you had: You received

1 correct answers 0 points

2 correct answers 1 point

3 correct answers 2 points

关于托福阅读评分标准的解读:

1. 这里所说的转换(convert),不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准,所以新托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。

2. 所以,计算新托福阅读的分数,不要计算对多少题,而是算拿到多少原始分“Raw Point Total(0-45)”,然后再参照评分表,计算最后的分数(0-30)。

下面解释下新托福阅读怎么算分。并公布下新托福阅读算分表,希望对托福备考有帮助。

托福阅读算分表:

原始分数

最终分数

原始分数

最终分数

45

30

22

13

44

29

21

11

43

29

20

10

42

29

19

9

41

29

18

8

40

28

17

7

39

28

16

5

38

27

15

4

37

27

14

3

36

26

13

2

35

25

12

2

34

25

11

1

33

24

10

1

32

23

9

0

31

22

8

0

30

21

7

0

29

20

6

0

28

19

5

0

27

18

4

0

26

17

3

0

25

16

2

0

24

15

1

0

23

14

0

0

托福阅读提分方法

技巧一:做阅读笔记

新托福考试都是进行机考的,由于托福阅读考试界面决定了我们不能从美观上来标注,这样对于我们把握文章来说是很不利的,所以考生在考试的时候可以通过做阅读笔记的方式来组织文章思路。

做阅读笔记的目的就是为了做题时可以更加的迅速,定位更加的准确。托福阅读笔记记的内容是阅读文章要点及总结,从而将整个文章的框架组织起来。考生如果掌握了托福阅读笔记这一个技巧可以帮助大家快速的把握文章。

记录阅读笔记我们要记的内容有:主题段和主题句的关键词、时间和数字、专有名词、举例主体、新的概念和局部核心概念及重要的逻辑关系。这些内容可以更好的帮助我们做题。

技巧二:学会猜词

托福阅读考试的文章篇幅比较长,其中词汇也是非常多的,考生很容易就可以看到不明白的词汇,但是我们阅读托福阅读文章的目的是获得整个句子、整个段落、乃至于整个 篇章的思想,而不仅仅是孤立于一两个词汇的意义。

其实在阅读考试中,不能因为难词的存在而影响考生答题,故而我们在考试中,对于我们不认识的词汇我们可以靠猜,这个技巧在托福阅读考试中也是很实用的。

猜词的依据有很多种形式:

1.可以根据文章中的定义和解释猜测词义。ETS在设计托福阅读文章的时候就考虑到有一些难词考生是没有必要要掌握的,但是为了不影响答题,所以这些难词的周围就会给出相关的解释内容。

2.也可以根据同位语等复述性质的内容进行猜词。在托福阅读考试中同位语是非常常见的,同位语本质就是对前面内容的复述的。

3.还可以根据举例来猜词。文章中的例子和主体部分是包含关系还是被包含关系,所以在属性上也有相关性的。

4.利用同义词也是可在托福阅读中进行猜词的。托福阅读文章中的用词还是比较讲究的,不会出现某个单词是重复的,这种情况下,一般都会利用同义词替换来使表达更加的丰富。

5.可以利用构词法来猜词。这种猜词方法是从单词本身的角度出发来猜词的,当然这种猜词技巧是需要考生有构词法基础知识才能办得到的。

技巧三:利用排除法判断答案

在托福阅读考试中,答对阅读题才是我们最终的目标,考生在答题时最实用的技巧就是排除法了。排除法可以大大节省考生答题时间,甚至在对托福阅读题目选项特点有深刻理解基础上的排除法就可以直接解答某些题目。

排除法的使用的基本要求就是为了了解题目选项的设置。比如在托福阅读文章的总结题中有很多的选项也是可以直接进行排除的,像是细节信息,原文中没有信息,这种总结题中的错误选择一般多为细节信息,这里使用排除法也是屡试不爽的。

托福阅读提速方法

转折句理解很重要

既然已经说要在每段的首句、末句读懂大意,那么又为什么要那么关注于文章中的转折句呢?一般首句说了什么,后面没有明显转折的话,通常就是两种情况:要么解释一下第一句的意思,要么就是顺着第一句往下说,最后再总结一下。这两种情况都是只读首末句就可以概括出段落大意。

可是如果中间出现了转折句,那么转折句后面的部分很可能和第一句说的不是一回事儿了,转折句就把文章一段分成了前后两层,转折句本身呢,通常就是第二层的首句了,也就是第二层意思的概括。

阅读时学会做笔记

一般我们会在托福口语和托福听力时候强调笔记的重要,在阅读时候为什么又要注重于笔记呢?原因很简单,托福文章是比较长的,内容文章比较丰富。只有做了笔记才能节省做题的时候回去看文章的时间。尤其是让找的又是主要内容,如果没有关键内容的笔记,又是没法定位的,要读的内容太多,将要花费上很多时间。

托福阅读如何评分

篇9:托福口语如何评分

托福口语如何评分

一.托福口语的评分过程

和托福阅读、听力的客观评分不同,口语、写作都有主观评分参与,其牵扯到的人工费用很高,这无疑增加了ETS的运营成本。

很多同学会说托福报名费很高的!但目前考试报名费的1900+元,并不是ETS都拿走了,实际上要分一部分给国内教育考试管理部门、组织考试的学校考场、考试的推广费用,剩下拿到ETS手里的真不多了。随着考生的数量愈加扩大,人工判分的需求量自然暴增,无疑:机评代替人评是大势所趋,技术服务于需求。

从2006年开始,ETS推广iBT考试以来,一直把机评引擎的开发放在战略重点,每年都有各种论文和数据研究发表在世界级核心期刊上。2006年开始之初,机评引擎处于数据搜集期,2010年以后人评、机评校对过渡期,直到现在机评为主、人评为辅的应用期,ETS已经走过了十多年的自然语言识别研发路。

传统的口语的评分要经历三次人工:

1. 先由第一位rater判一个初始分(4分制原始分)

2. 再由第二位rater判一个校对分(4分制原始分)

3. 如果第二位和第一位的判分差在1分以内(4分制)则二者取平均换算成30分制的成绩Scaled Score

4. 如果第二位和第一位的判分差超过1分,则由第三位rater(administration老大级)进行终判。

可想而知ETS的人工投入成本之高,单靠那点报名费真的是捉襟见肘,技术服务于需求——机评势在必行:

1. ETS总部的SpeechRater引擎(不是给合作机构共享的阉割版)机评判分(4分制原始分)

2. 由人工按照10%的比例抽检

机评的应用使得人工成本骤减。很多同学会觉得自己被ETS的官方Rater评分是不是更占便宜,实际未必,因为人工判分工作负荷大,体力和脑力都是巨大挑战,很可能同一个rater在不同时间段打分会因为身体状况而有波动。

但机评就不会出现人工打分因工作量巨大而导致打分不稳定的问题。总之,无论你现在接不接受机评,ETS都坚信:人工智能机评——真香!

那问题来了,机评和人评的误差是多少,机评靠谱吗?

二、机评和人评的误差对比

SpeechRater是世界上应用最广泛的英语口语测评系统之一,从2006年开始就内嵌在托福评分系统中(当时刚启动iBT考试,机评的主要任务先要喂数据),因为ETS自己就是测试模型的设计人,所以SpeechRater针对托福口语做了特别优化。

虽然市面上大家也能看到很多自称能给托福口语打分的APP或ETS合作授权版本,但趋于算法迭代版本和数据样本量的限制,顶多能对语速和输出量进行评估,还远远无法达到SpeechRater总部机评对托福答题进行质量鉴定的能力。

ETS在经过了2006-2015年整10年的数据积累,并经过人工打分校对不断优化机评打分容差,尤其伴随着2015年内嵌入神经网络学习,机评准确度已经达到82%以上。而且机评稳定性要远远高于人评,人总是有情绪的:短期内大量评分,体能损耗,情绪波动会影响评分的公允,对考生和测试系统的完善都不利。

所以,我们可以这样理解,机评介入后,即便你申请口语复议,也可能维持原判,甚至减分(人工复议会对答题逻辑内容要求更苛刻),即便机评的第一遍打分,你被打低了一分,复议确认机评校对,也就任务单项提高一分。举例:

比如口语6道题,小明分别得分:2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3(4分制原始分),把6道题的分数相加除以6得到口语2.5分(4分制原始分),换算口语19分。

如果小明申请复议,Task 1提了1分(4分制原始分),小明分别得分: 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3(4分制原始分),把6道题的分数相加除以6得到口语2.66分(4分制原始分),换算口语20分(原始分的换算)。

也就是千辛万苦复议过后的小明从19分提了1分到20分。算一笔账,有这个闲工夫复议较真,还不如仔细研究一下评分规则和机评算法结构,让机评给我们的口语分打高点更省心。

三、托福口语的评分规则

ETS口语评分的规则是根据 Lyle F. Bachman 和 Adrian S. Palmer 在 Language Testing in Practice——Designing and Developing Useful Language Tests 论文中的要点为测试模型设计基础:衡量Communicative competence的 Rubric dimensions包括:

Fluency输出流利, Pronunciation发音正确, Prosody声韵, Vocabulary Range口语词汇量, Sophistication句型复杂度, Grammatical Accuracy and Complexity语法正确和复杂度, Content内容丰富, Aspects of Discourse辩论推理。

因为ETS设计的托福测试模型受众并非是语言专业人群,所以上述规则被精简为:Fluency, Pronunciation, Prosody, Vocabulary Usage, Grammatical Expression, and Content. 由此归类为托福口语评分的三大规则:

1. Delivery传递表达:

(1)口齿清晰(日常说话舌头懒很吃亏)

(2)答题连贯(超过3秒卡壳就算不连贯)

(3)发音准确(元音、辅音的唇齿舌配合到位,ETS不奢求你像native speaker一样地道)

(4)节奏自然(不要忽快忽慢,背忘词了很尴尬)

(5)语音语调(有抑扬顿挫切忌语调平平)

注:这部分的训练方法,《清北托福备考联盟慕课——口语篇》(腾讯教育、B站公开课均可搜)中有提供;另外一篇知乎的答题在 3 个月之内准备托福,想要达到 100+数据模型报告中我也有列出了免费学习资源。

2. Language Use语言应用:

(1)语汇使用恰当多样(先恰当再多样)

(2)句型灵活搭配(状定同位语分词运用自如)

(3)语法无误(中国同学常犯单复数、冠词、主谓时态等问题)

注:到底怎样的词汇输出才能达到要求,我们还是以ETS的发表论文数据为参考,下表中ETS给出了独立任务和综合任务的Good Level满分级别的数据统计(下图红框)。

满分独立任务答题实际输出词100词就足够拿到满分;满分综合任务答题实际输出词约138词就足够拿到满分。在这些满分口语答题中,82%都是GSL 1K(General Service List)级别的基础词汇,而GSL 2K级别的高级词汇仅占4%-5%

3. Development论述拓展:

(1)观点明确回应题目(机评可以鉴别是否跑题)

(2)例证拓展细节丰富(通过神经网络学习,机评可以通过采样对比判断内容拓展是否达标)

(3)答题时间分配合理(如果答完一看还差5秒才到时间,就是时间分配不合理;当然允许超时,前提是已经足够论述,即便超时也无大防碍)

注:这部分的训练方法,《清北托福备考联盟慕课——口语篇》中有提供(腾讯教育、B站公开课均可搜);对于综合任务的笔记训练方法,可以在托福听力的练习过程中一起练快速笔记复述,不一定只抓着口语练笔记,要充分榨干每一套题的练习潜力。

四、口语机评的模组解析

1. Spoken Response,首先接收考场里的音频信号。我们答题的音频并不是平时听歌曲的CD音质,而是采样率较低的电话音质,所以这对我们答题时的环境有一定的要求。比如特别吵杂(旁边一堆人激励哇啦使劲喊着答题),或者答题人喜欢挨着话筒非常近喷麦(气流的传导声),都会影响音频信号的上传质量。所以,国内的同学们要注意考场文明答题,大声喊着答题不但对别的同学造成噪音干扰,而且自己的麦克风收音也会因喷麦爆掉。

2. ASR(Automatic Speech Recognition),然后进行第一步音频信号识别。在Signal Processing中,那些口齿不清晰、发音不标准的音频都会被标记为识别失败,这就跟写作系统的e-rater原理一样,一句话如果主谓宾单词都拼错了,机器只能判定本句作废;同理:因为口语发音不到位导致引擎无法识别发音信号,即便答了100个词,也可能因为识别不出而判定某句作废。目前SpeechRater的引擎辩音识别度能够达到95%以上的准确识别率,可以完全替代人工24小时不间断地投入工作。

3. Feature Generator

这分为两项,一项是Scoring Features,就是把识别出来的语音信号按照评分原则逐项评级;同步进行的是Similarity Features,就是作弊查重。ETS喂了很多数据给这个“作弊查重”模组,尤其对于大陆同学广为流传的:“20G30G 托福资料网盘转发”或者“某金80题”等烂遍街的转发材料,ETS都可以直接把这些朋友圈满天飞的内容导入模组,查重属实自动判定0分也不再给与复议资格。

趋于本文的篇幅和读者受众是考生为主,这里就不再赘述晦涩的Feature Computation Modules迭代。

4. Filtering Model,这是在SpeechRater的历次升级中,提升最显著的模组,用于过滤掉无效答题内容:non-scorable (NS) responses。可以理解为,考生自认为有用的内容,但实际上蛋用没有。对于国内同学来说,最常见的比如:中文作答,唱一首歌,背一段新概念第三册短文,亦或是在自己的答题中加入自认为很“洋气”的词,诸如:Well…, You know…, when we are talking about…, I believe this is a thought provoking question… 这些不知道是谁教给你的但实际上会被Filter Model模组直接过滤掉的信息,根本不会进入Scoring Model,对提分蛋用没有。

5. Scoring Model

在经过了对不清晰发音信号、无效答题信息、查重抄袭嫌疑的一系列数据过滤后,能够进入到打分模型的肯定不是同学们在答题时自己感觉的那样:我感觉挺好啊,我说的很流利啊,我语速不错啊,我答完了啊。

趋于本文的篇幅和读者受众是考生为主,这里不再赘述Multiple Regression Scoring Model的迭代,只需提醒一点,借助人工智能在这两年的突飞猛进,SpeechRater评分的人工校对准确率从73%提高到了82%。

尤其是Delivery和Language Use两项在配备了Filtering Model的深度学习后,可以准确判定70%的考生被刷在23分以下了:如果你的分数在22分及以下,大可不必操心复议提分,因为你已经没有资格享受人工判分的机会了,人工也听不懂这娃到底在嘟哝些啥。

五、机评数据的启示

1. 哪个数据处理环节把考生分数拉开了上断崖式差距?从ETS公布的数据来看,西方国家的口语成绩普遍高于东方国家,并不是语速快或者说得多,而是机评采样中西方人的Delivery和Language Use两项评级明显占优——西方同学发音大都清晰、流畅、语法正确率非常高。所以三大评分规则中的前两项都明显占优,自然口语评分就秒杀东亚的同学了。

2. 网上流传的各种很“洋气”的答题段子有用吗?在SpeechRater的初期发展中只能关注发音和流利度的测定,的确在没有加入Filtering Model的深度学习前比较弱鸡。但现在借助于DEEP Neural Networks和Graphics Processing Units,辅助于人工抽检已经有越来越高的鉴别率了,查到就是0分。想靠烂遍朋友圈的“20G资料”和所谓“..金模板”照抄伎俩万万不要再有了。

3. “有人说”托福成绩会压分,是真的吗?先问自己三个问题:你是何方神圣让ETS特别关照你?SpeechRater跟你结过梁子有仇吗?“有些人”是“哪些人”,贴过115+的成绩单吗?这个“有些人”“网上说”“据相关人士透露”的说辞,大都来自于这一群体:考试过百很难,自己永远没错,世界跟他有仇,随处散发负能量。

附:一位托福口语高分案例研究。在《清北托福备考联盟慕课——口语篇》的讲义附件材料里,有一位参加托福考试时16岁的高二女生,一战口语21经过82天的量化备考,二战口语27。我们一起详细记录了整个备考过程每一天的量化指标统计和分析。高分案例摆出数据,科学备考事半功倍。

2019年10月12日托福口语考试真题及答案

Task1

(重复2016年4月9日真题)

Some people spend their vacation visiting just one place. Others prefer to spend their vacation visiting several different places and spending a shorter amount o time in each. Which do you prefer and why.

去一个陌生的地方旅游,是大部分时间待在一个城市还是去逛很多地方

Task2

学校应该在美术教学楼里建个cafe。课间学生们可以买咖啡,还可以看艺术生的工艺品。女生表示支持,现在的咖啡屋太远不方便,新的可以方便学生上课,还可以欣赏艺术生花心思的作品。

Task3

(重复2016年5月29日/2014年3月22日真题)

false signaling。动物如何用假信号,化学信号吸引捕捉其它动物。听力中教授用spider和moth做例子spider release a chemical to mimic the female moth. male moth follows the scent released by spider, and then trapped on the spider's net。蛾和蜘蛛,蜘蛛散发雄蛾交配的同样的物质吸引雌蛾进而捕食

Task4

一个新的发现考古遗址的技术,加快了速度,减少时间。且提供了更多细节,找到之前没发现的sites。

【版本2】

Task1

If you are going to travel to a new country for a week, do you prefer to travel to a major city in the country or to several different places?

Task2

阅读:学生建议学校在艺术楼开咖啡吧方便同学们在课间买东西也能吸引人来看学生艺术展

听力:Agree

原因1:现在的咖啡屋太远了,不方便

原因2:可以方便学生上课,还可以欣赏艺术生花心思的作品

Task3

术语解释:false signal,捕食者会伪装其他动物发出的求偶化学物质去吸引猎物把它们吃掉 。

Task4

新的技术对绘制考古地图的两个优点

优点1:提高绘制速度

优点2:能绘制更多的细节

2019年7月6日托福口语考试真题及答案

Task 1

Your university has decided to build a new space near students’ dormitory buildings. Which of the following space do you think your university should build most? And why?

1. café

2. game room

3. study room

Task 2

Some students believe that students should choose what courses to study, other students believe that students’ professor should make the decision for students. Which opinion do you support and why?

Task 3

学校要在官网上提供visual Campus Tour, 想申请这个学校的学生就可以在线访校,此外 也可以用这个了解学校周围的popular sites。

听力:女生同意。

第一,有些人因为没有时间没有钱,或者像她一样是international Student,不方便访校。这个功能能给他们提供对学校的 更全面的认知,所以可以更好地选择。

第二,新生也可以用这个找校园里的休闲娱乐。

Task 4

autoinhibit

教授的例子是一种叫hize的植物,这种植物的种子非常小和轻,可以随风飘到很多地方发芽,在这种植物旁边的种子都长不好,研究后发现这种植物会产生一种有毒物质,阻止别的植物种子发芽,所以full grown的那些就可以享有更多资源。

Task 5

女生major in business,但是需要选一门科学课。

两个选择:

1. 女生有一个感兴趣的课程是animal,但是时间在晚上9点,而自己当天早上8点有课, 不得不在学校待一天。

2.她不喜欢物理课,但是上课教室正好在早上8点的课程教室旁边,而且上课时间正好在早上8点的课程结束后,她怕自己表现不好,但也许可以尝试喜欢物理。

Task 6

service guarantee 对business的好处

第一:更多customer,更多同类竞争优势。

例子:教授去纽约定了一个很贵的酒店,酒店保证如果不满意可以免费住一天。

第二:可以收到comment,用来提升服务,人在不满意的时候更容易提出意见。

例子:教授在网站上看有人抱怨酒店的枕头,他们就improve给了extra的枕头。

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托福阅读最后一题怎么评分
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