当前位置：首页 > 实用文档 > 其他范文> 新东方名师讲解：如何备考托福阅读

新东方名师讲解：如何备考托福阅读

时间：2023-05-29 07:35:09 其他范文收藏本文下载本文

新东方名师讲解：如何备考托福阅读（共7篇）由网友“han”投稿提供，以下文章小编为您整理的新东方名师讲解：如何备考托福阅读，供大家阅读。

新东方名师讲解：如何备考托福阅读

篇1：新东方名师讲解：如何备考托福阅读

新东方教师：托福阅读技巧指导

阅读理解部分是TOEFL考试的第四部分，这一部分考试时间为55分钟，阅读长度为350词左右的文章5篇，做50道含四个选项的客观题。从题型看，TOEFL阅读的特点是题量大，涉及的词汇面广;从题目顺序来看，阅读放在最后。一般来说，在做完写作,听力，语法三部分之后，考生已经开始感到有些疲倦。要想考好阅读，不光要凭扎实的英语基础，而且还要讲求做题策略。如何避免做题的误区，如何读好每一篇文章，如何合理安排考场时间，如何答好每一道题，这些都是每个考生十分关心的问题。笔者在长期的TOEFL 教学中总结出了一些经验，在此愿意介绍给广大考生。

一、做题的误区

考生做TOEFL阅读时，时常表现出一些不良的做题习惯。有些考生读文章时喜欢在试题上划线，似乎不做记号，阅读就无法进行，思绪就停止了活动。而考生在试题的任何一部分做任何标志记号。

有些考生文章根本不读完，直接做题。这种方法相当于瞎子摸象，对文章的概念无法获得。要提问的题量有所增加。所以，不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。

有些考生则喜欢把文章一字不漏地细读之后在做题。这种方法仅适合于两种情况，其一，考生已具备相当的阅读水平，长期以来运用这种方法效果甚佳;其二，某一篇具体的文章是考生所熟悉的内容，细读文章并不应该忘记，阅读理解测试速度和理解两个方面。在做词汇题时，许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关，认识的单词能做对，不认识的单词就会做错。事实上，那些认识的单词经常就会做错，不认识的单词就会做错。事实上，那些认识的单词经常做错，不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是，做不认识的单词时，忽略上下文，便匆匆做出抉择。所以，做好词汇的关键在于透彻分析上下文─词汇题的句子以及上下一句话，有时候，个别词汇题也许需要在文章其他段落寻找线索。

另一个问题是如何检查答案。有想当多的考生做完题之后，或多或少剩下一些时间，但不能有效利用。有的考生东看一篇文章，西看一道题，似乎在检查，却没有明确的目标，有时候把正确的答案改错。我们认为里在富裕的时间，考生应重点检查两类题：一类是个别的理解题;另一类是个别词汇题。阅读有时后是一种不可思议的行为，有时候，你的脑子会因断电而僵在某一个点上，不会有任何收获，但是当你放下这个难点，做完别的题后再回过头来处理这个难题时，一下子又变得畅通无阻。如果出现这种情况，考生可以在答题纸上题的序号旁标记这个难题，先预选答案，待有时间时在仔细推敲。检查完务必将序号旁的记号擦掉。二、读文章的方法

二、读文章一般分为两个步骤：

第一步：花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子，定位文章难易程度。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟，答案是有的文章需要15分钟左右。一般来说，5篇文章中有两篇难度较大，比方说，如果最后一篇文章难度较大，且有12～14道题，在这种情况下，按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好多道题，带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难易程度，同时目测文章的含金量(既题量分布)，有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间。

第二步：采取“结构扫描”法分配阅读具体一篇文章。所谓结构，既文章的骨架。TOEFL文章是纯学术体Acasemic,是北美国际留学生在大学里天天都能接触到的教科书风格的文章，这些文章涉及人文社科和自然段组成，正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章受句先吃透，文章首句经常为文章主题。然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读，文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句，没有必要每个句子都彻底看个明白。有时候，段落中个别句子理解难度大，而不涉及考题，在此句停留无疑是白百浪费时间。所以，采取“结构扫描”法，意味着以最快捷的方式了解文章大从而正确引导下一步做具体的题，而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。

三、答题的方法

1.做题总则：

文章大致看完之后，才能开始做题。做题时，应牢记以下几点：

① 每篇文章的题目基本上根据文章布局一步一步向前推进，即使有个别题打乱文章布局，在题干里总是有提供信息的关键词将考生带入文章的具体部位。

② 做题时，根据题干或选项的关键词回归文章寻找重现关键词或其释义的语言区域，透彻理解，同时排除相应的选项。

③ 解题遇到难句时，最直接有效的方法就是对其进行句子结构分析，迅速把握整个句子的意思，不要盯着单个词不放，不然就会因小失大。

④ 每个问题的四个选项或者是对文章中相关部分的正确释义，或者是歪曲原文，或者与原文毫不相关。换句话说，命题专家在设置试题时会玩一些文字游戏，用各种表达形式让考生昏头转向，雾里看花。考生应该明白自己的职责是辨别真伪，找到符合文章意思和题意的选项。换句话说，考生在答题时不能有参与意识，有些考生做错题就是因为带上了自己的偏见，以次我们要时刻牢记一点：答案永远是根据文章内容答题，应该排除文章以外的任何干扰因素。读者毕竟不是作者。

2.区别对待几种题：

① 主旨题。主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、文章的标题;C、文章的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题，建议考生把这道题放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解文章的各个细节，在做题的过程中就会对文章有个总的理解，最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成，万无一失。

② 举题。列举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正一误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归文章找到一句话，这句话含三个选项的内容;第二类：局部列举。根据题意，回归文章发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落列举。题干语言在某一自然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这一段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：文章列举。选项内容涉及整个文章。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题，根据题序做题，不必区别对待。文章列举题和局部列举题则应放在其他题做完之后在处理。

③ 文章结论题。文章结论题即根据文章可以推断出下面哪个选项的结论是正确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为文章第一道题时，相当于文章主旨题，应放在最后解答;放在中间时，基本上针对中间部分;放在最后一道题时，有可能针对文章最后部分，也有可能针对整篇文章，但不大可能涉及文章其他部分的细节。所以文章结论题应该具体情况具体分析，并不一定是面对整个文章。 ④ 作者态度题。作者态度题分为两种：A、局部作者态度题;B、整体作者态度题。文章最后一道题问及作者态度时为整体作者态度题，它涉及通篇文章，要根据整个文章数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也就是作者行文的口气。考生千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题，因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点，而是考整体感觉。局部作者态度题位置比较灵活，往往问及作者对文章中某一个具体内容的看法，题干通常有信号词将考生带回文章某一区域，考查考生对某个语言点的理解。有时候，某个选项从读者的角度来看是正确的，但是却与作者的表达向悖，因此，做作者态度题时，考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的分析、观点强加于作者。

⑤ 文章结构题。文章结构题有三种：A、文章前面的段落内容是什么?B、文章下面接着将要讲什么?C、文章的组织结构是什么?推断文章前面的内容立足于文章首句，因为文章首句承上启下，尤其注意首句中诸如this, so, other than之类的结构词。预测下文的内容则分两步走：第一、读文章末句，文章末句承上启下;第二、读文章每段首句表示文章内容的逻辑走向。如果文章讲述某一事物的两个阶段或方面，下文将介绍这一事物的第三个阶段或方面。我们把预测下文内容的题称之为坐标题，即竖看文章每段首句，横看文章最后一句，其他句子是文章所讲内容，而不是下面将要讲的内容，往往选项干扰来自于文章所讲内容。至于文章的组织结构题，只需要读文章每段首句即可，因为这些句子是文章的框架。

以上五种题基本上都涉及整个文章，如果考生对这些题的规律及对策没有较清楚的认识，就会在做这些题时耗费大量的时间，甚至影响做其他题的情绪。

新东方葛旭：托福阅读机经有什么用?

在这个星球上做所有的事情都不易——尤其是那些能让自己真正感到自豪的事情。如今跟托福结下孽缘的国人大多从上个世纪就开始痛下决心同英语死磕到底，结果不尽如人意、考后怨声载道哀鸿遍野的场面早已是常态。我们有时太容易放弃，一遍遍履行“破罐子破摔”的谶语。这样不好。一种普遍的心态是：还有十天就上考场，再临阵磨枪夫复何用哉。

于是大家看到了点题班，仿佛看到了最后一棵救命稻草。

没错，我就想谈谈这临阵磨枪的“何用哉”部分，而且是谈一个曾经一度被认为不可能被点题的科目：阅读。

点题无非是寄希望于某一次考过的题目在即将来临的考试中再次出现，于是前人们含着悲愤眼泪回忆出来的东西便显得至关重要，这个东西叫“机经”。我们有能力通过一定的规律来将下一次考试的范围缩小到一定程度，那么到这一步，能够呈献给大家只有一本写得乱七八糟前言不搭后语的机经组合。现在问题出现了：几乎没有人能做到将阅读原文八九不离十地回忆出来，也几乎不会有人去刻意记忆那些错综复杂的阅读题型——实际上，机经的回忆者甚至不能保证自己在紧张激烈的阅读考试中是否真正读懂了文本与题目。那么在机经上体现出来的就是一群杂乱无章的絮语。那么通过阅读这些破碎而并不准确的汉语信息几乎解决不了实际问题。我们需要的比这多。那么我来告诉大家这阅读点题是如何剑走偏锋，达到某种“实用”之极致的。

那我就先介绍一个新的概念：叫做“关键词映射”。阅读不会涉及校园生活，而是三篇最残暴的学术类文章。每一篇文章都对应一个范围相对狭窄的话题，而每一个话题，实际都是由一个词或词组承载实意的。这些词能够映射到其他相关联的、表示诠释或细化的词，到这里大家应该能意识到，它们就是文章的“关键词”。不管机经回忆者的记忆有多么模糊，能够确定的一点就是，这些同我们生活并无太大关联的学术型关键词是几乎不可能被生造出来的——它们是机经里唯一值得我们信赖的东西。

这时候，我用一个例子来问大家。

当提到“牛顿勋爵”(Sir Issac Newton)你会想到什么?答案会多种多样，我列举一下：苹果;微积分;莱布尼茨;物理学;剑桥;英国人;__徒;煮熟的怀表;终生未婚;怪异?? (Apple, Leibniz, Calculus, Physics, Cambridge, British, Christian, Cooked Pocket Watch, Not Married and…Weirdness…)

那么这是一个相当大的话题，每个人想到的可能都会是一个很具体的方面。但是如果我现在要是把关键词的范围扩大到两个呢?比如说：当提到”牛顿勋爵“和”苹果“时你会想到什么?相必绝大多数人直接想到一个很确定的答案：”牛顿第一定律“(First Law of Motion)。大家会发现，当关键词数量不断增多的情况下，反映到我们意识中的概念就会越来越清晰具体。那么，同样的道理，如果机经的回忆者只要能给出超过三个准确的关键词，这三个词所能界定的范围就会非常狭窄。

那这又有什么用呢?我们假设现在有一百位研究牛顿的专家共同写一篇介绍性的、内涵不必特别深入的托福阅读式文章，其话题就是”牛顿勋爵“与”苹果“——几乎可以确定的是，他们写作的内容会惊人的相似。的确，不同点是存在的，那就是——讨论同一话题的不同作者只有语言组织的不同，而话题本身不会改变。也就是说我们只要读到其中一个人写作成的文本，那么其他人写作的文本在阅读时就会直接预测到其实质内容。

那么这就是托福阅读点题的实质：不记题也不背机经，直接命中该话题的具体内容——还原原文。

在整理点题班讲义文本的时候，我逐渐发现绝大多数阅读原文都是根据某一个领域的学术研究成果简化而成。在还原的过程中，有时甚至能将该文所引用的原始资料”挖掘”出来。这也就意味着，一旦点题命中，那么考试文本将是讲义文本文意的子集。虽然点题文本不可避免地会大大超越托福考试文本难度，但若能将这些原始资料读懂，何惧托福焉!

那最后一个触动大家神经的问题出现了：预测有风险，不中怎么办?我只想说一个词来回答这个问题：开卷有益。我想借这个话题给大家说明一个道理：试想一下当你翻开一本沉甸甸的阅读讲义，用几天时间静静地读完，那些有趣的话题将会组织成一张知识与语言的网络。语言本身是如流水般变化多端而非顽石一块亘古不变。文字永远是知识与智识的载体，而在我们这个僵化千年的帝国体系下，人们太容易直视一件事物的某一个侧面而从未试图去看清全貌，殊不知一个看似迥然不同的话题实际是一个大图景的另一个视角。一种绣花般的葵花宝典式的学习法必然同自然正常的语言养成背道而驰;我们更需要一种独孤九剑般的无招胜有招。一个睿智的阅读者不一定是极具语言天赋的人，但他一定耐得住孤独与寂寞，知道如何去用心感悟这个世界，知道如何去享受寂寥的世事与美丽的智慧。他就是这个时代的英雄。

无须多言，望与诸君相遇。不说教，只唯实。共勉矣!

新东方教师解读：托福阅读文章备考策略

一般说高中基础的同学词汇量比较小，高中程度的英语词汇量是3500个，这离8千的量就少很多了，所以我们建议两步走。第一步找一本词汇书背一些，同时因为你词汇量比较小，而且背单词比较枯燥，同时我也建议你在背单词书的同时，大量的精读托福阅读文章。因为我们知道你获得单词是从两个方面获得的，一方面是机械地获得这个词汇;第二块来自你阅读的文章中，每篇阅读文章中，如果是英语单词比较差的同学，甚至会发现100个单词不认识。但是我们也发现，在阅读中背单词是特别快，而且不容易忘记。所以我建议两方面结合，第一个是背一本单词书，我们基本上要求新东方的学员或者叫托福备考学员在考试前一本单词书至少背7、8遍;第二个是大量阅读新托福的文章，包括老的托福的文章也是特别有意义的文章，同时把里面的单词全部都背下来，这对你是非常有利的。为什么这么强调单词呢?就在于新托福的阅读中有1/4的题目全部在于词汇上。

我也接触过即将参加SAT考试的同学，一般来说，SAT的阅读要比托福的难。比方说我们SAT的批判性阅读部分需要的词汇量是13000个词汇量，而托福的阅读需要8千个词汇量，从这个比例我们就可以看出来，SAT阅读比托福要难一些。但是整个的阅读的感觉和阅读的题材文章还是有一些差异的，托福的文章主要以科普类的为多，而SAT有很多的文章是文学类的，历史类的，所以这一方面需要更多准备。

所以你是完全可以用SAT阅读去准备托福阅读的，但是需要你做一个转变的过程，做一个什么事情呢?托福中有很多题型是SAT没有的，所以我建议考完SAT以后，最好再买两本新托福备考的书，大量做一下练习题，尽快熟悉托福的题型和做题的感觉。《新托福综合教材》是一本非常不错的书，这本书尽管前面的板块有一点简单，但是这本书有一个特别大的好处，它把新托福的题型介绍的特别细，是备考托福非常好的一本书。而且告诉你一个好消息，目前为止我培训的很多学生都是SAT打高分以后再回来考托福的，他们很多人的托福都是在110分以上。

新托福阅读的新题型重点考察句子间的关系

有同学曾问过我：新托福阅读的拖入文本题有什么做题技巧?拖入文本题有很多叫法，有的人叫插入文本题，有的叫代入文本题，在托福阅读中有那么一个段落，其中有4个框框，他代表你在题干中的那句话可以拖入这个里面来，做题的方法是：第一步一定要优先阅读题干中要被拖入到原文的那句话。第二步找要被代入原文那句话当中的关键字和要点。因为我们知道，如果要把一句话代入到原文当中，这句话肯定和原文有很强的关联性。

然后第三点，我们找的是要被代入原文那句话中的关联词，这有很多，比方说一旦看到“因为”，前面讲的就可能是原因，因为这个结果后面有一个情况;再比如你看到THUS，通常表示结果，那么正确选项在第一个空和第二个空的可能性不是很大，在第三个空和第四个空的可能性比较大，因为它表示结果，基本都在比较靠后的位置;比如我们看到in contrast，跟前面正好是相反的，所以说这些关键词特别重要，从一定意义上来讲是我们做这种题型成败的关键。第四步我们要找逻辑关系，你要代入这句话的话，跟前面或者后面的话肯定有一种逻辑关系在里面，到底前后是转折还是递进还是表示结果还是什么样的关系，这是我们的情况。所以做这种题其实非常非常简单，就是读完这句话找到关键字以后，回到原文找到对应点代入进去就可以了，一般来说，多数中国同学做这个题还是比较容易的，我建议大家在备考的时候大量练习此类题目的做法。在朗文的综合教程或者是三角洲的模考题当中前面都有一个专门的章节，有大量的练习题会帮我们解决这个问题。

在此也顺便引出一点，我们也发现了一点，新托福阅读中新增加了五点新题型，都在重点考察句子的层面上，对句子的理解和句子之间的关系的层面上，所以我们在备考的时候对所有的新托福的题型中句子的理解，结构的分析，句子结构之间的逻辑关系得分析作为我们备考的重点。

新托福口语，是语音语调重要还是叙述的逻辑性相对重要?

在新托福考试中，因为是上机考试，同学们往往很难把握到底是语音语调重要，还是叙述的逻辑相对重要。其实后者更重要一些：即逻辑更重要或者回答内容更重要。前不久我们参加了ETS举办的叫做新托福教师培训的一个WORKSHOP。ETS的培训师专门给我们很多的口语录音的样本，比如这是满分的样本，这是4分的样本，这是3分的样本，让我们先听一下然后有一个评判，然后再让我们去判分，其实这个评判过程和实际判分的过程是一样的。在整个过程当中我们发现，有的测试者语音语调一般，一听声音就是外国人，但是他回答问题的要点和问题内容还有问题的逻辑性都很好，他的分数就非常高甚至满分。所以ETS的培训师也跟我们说，ETS知道所有这些人参加托福考试的人都是外国人，所以你有外国口音没关系，我们能听懂就可以，因为理论上他已经知道你是外国人了，他重视的是回答的内容和要点，还有回答问题的逻辑性永远是最重要的。

iBT多选题的关键在于题干

记得前两年有同学问过我一个非常好的问题，即：iBT的听力和阅读的多选题应该如何把握?这也确实是中国同学比较容易错的一个地方，新托福iBT中的多选题是这样的，即一部分题型，每道题当中都有几个选项是正确选项，也就是我们说的多选题。比如说，阅读题最后一道题一般都是多选题，多选题分两类，一类叫图表题，给你一个图表，让你6选3或者8选4。第二类叫文章内容小节题，文章内容概述题，什么意思呢?先给你一句话，这句话就是这篇文章的中心思想，请问下面哪几个选项中反映了这篇文章的中心思想。

这样的话，这个题目是我们的第二个问法，这是阅读中我们最常见的两种多选题，这种题同学们不要有畏惧心理，因为这类题目分值也比较高，一般是2分或3分。我们即使答错一个空，3分题还会拿到两分，不会给你扣掉所有的分。第二，这个问题是基于你之前问题的答案的基础上，当你把之前其他的问题都答完了，你整个的这篇文章读的也很好了，再做这个题的话，基本上问题不大了。只要别错太多，这种题多少都会有分的。第三，这类题目的数量比较少。所以我们做这个题要特别的细心，做这个题的关键在于对这道题题干中的那句话的理解，因为这句话就是文章的概述，基本上下面的答案都是符合这句话的，或和这句话有关联点的，跟这句话扯得太远的一般就是错误选项，所以要求我们特别细心，越细心越好。最后就是针对性的大量的做练习，这对提高此类题目的正确率也是非常有效的。

篇2：托福阅读备考:事实信息题讲解

托福阅读备考之事实信息题讲解

1. 提问方式：

Accordingto paragraph… which of the following statements is true of / concerned with /related to X?

例：According toparagraph 1, what was true of the Sahara region around 6,000 B.C.? (TPO 28 EarlySaharan Pastoralists)

Accordingto paragraph… why / how / what….?

例：According to paragraph 1, why is playdifficult to define? (TPO 30 Role of Playin Development)

分析：通过以上两种不同提问方式可以总结出该题型有以下几个特点：

1). 该题型是就某段话当中的某个细节信息(即提问方式1中的X)进行提问。

2). 该题型可以围绕该细节信息的不同方面进行提问，通过特殊疑问词which;what; why; how可以看出。

3). 由于题干中未出现infer;suggest; indicate等字样，所以该题型旨在考察文本信息的字面含义，无需考生进行文本的隐含意推理。

2. 解题步骤：

Step 1: 读题干，找出定位词

注意：如果是提问方式1, 那么定位词则是位于介词of/with/ to后面的信息。

如果是提问方式2, 那么定位词一般是名词，并且是非主题性的名词(当然定位词不一定只能找一个，一般可以找2到3个，因为定位词越多相对定位的位置也会越。)

例：

Accordingto paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?(TPO30 Role of Play in Development)

分析：通过提问方式类似于第1种提问方式，其实题干可以改写成whichof the following statements is true of the challenge to researchers who… 因此，定位词应该是位于介词of后面的challenge toresearchers。至于后面的playbehavior就不需要了，因为它属于通篇的主题词。

Accordingto paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction ofmechanical clocks? (TPO 30 The Inventionof Mechanical Clock)

分析：通过提问方式属于第2种提问方式，因此考生们应该在题干中找出名词部分，考生们可以看到两组名词：CatholicChurch和MechanicalClocks, 并且这两组词都是我们所需要的定位词。

Paragraph5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks. (TPO 30 The Invention of Mechanical Clock)

分析：通过题干找出题干中一疑似的定位词组Mechanical Clocks, 但是却发现整篇文章都在讨论MechanicalClocks。这种类型的提问方式是考生们怕看到的，因为定位词无效。此刻建议考生们可以反过来先读选项，然后根据选项中的定位词回读段落寻找答案。

Step 2: 通过题干中定位词回原文进行定位。

注意：在定位的过程中考生们可能会遇到以下2个问题：

问题1：定位词在原文中可能是非原文原词(如果是专有名词一般在原文中就是原文原词，但如果是普通名词则有可能是非原文原词)。

例1：定位词为原文原词的情况

Paragraph 1: Evolutionary biologists believe thatspeciation, the formation of a new species, often begins when some kind ofphysical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species intoseparate subpopulations. Physical separation between subpopulations promotesthe formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation canno longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchangevariant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations. In the absences of geneflow between the subpopulations, genetic differences between the groups beginto accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinctthat they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them wereremoved. At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species.This route to speciationis known as allopatry(“alio-” means “different”，and “patria” means “homeland”).(TPO31 Speciationin Geographically Isolated Populations)

Q: According to paragraph 1, allopatric speciation involveswhich of the following?

分析：此题干中的定位词为allopatric speciation, 为专有名词，在原文中为原文原词，即后一句话为定位句。

例2：定位词为非原文原词的情况

Paragraph 2: Playappears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairlysophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studiedmost extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play isstill a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not bethe same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficultbecause the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing upuntil the animal's adulthood. (TPO30 Role of Play in Development)

According toparagraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?

O The delay between activities and the benefitsthe animal derives from them.

O The difficulty in determining which animalspecies play and which do not.

O The fact that for most animals, there is noclear transition from youth to full adulthood.

O The lack of research on the play behavior ofanimals other than canids and primates.

分析：此题干中的定位词为challenge & researchers, 在原文中考生们无法找到这两个定位词，但是可以找到challenge的同义替换形式difficult, 因此该句即是我们所需要的定位句。

问题2：定位词在原文中出现不止一次。

Paragraph 7: Occasionally, a sequence offossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organismover a long period of time. For example, Peter Sheldon' s studies of trilobites, a now extinct marineanimal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpse into three million yearsof evolution in one marine environment. In that study, each of eight different trilobitespecies was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number of segments ---typically an increase of one or two segments over the whole time interval. Nosignificant discontinuous were observed, leading Sheldon to conclude thatenvironmental conditions were quite stable during the period he examined. (TPO30 The Pace of Evolutionary Change)

According toparagraph 7, Peter Sheldon’s studies demonstrated which of the following abouttrilobites?

O They underwent gradual change over a longtime period

O They experienced a number of discontinuoustransitions during their history

O They remained unchanged during a long periodof environmental stability

O They evolved in ways that cannot be countedfor by either of the two competing theories.

分析：通过题干找出定位词Peter Sheldon & trilobites, 然后回读原文进行定位，考生们会发现这两组定位词在原文中分别出现2次。因此，考生们需要定位的范围变大，难度由此也加大了。这种类型的事实信息题是考生们在考场上不愿意看到的一种，但是很不幸的是由新的几套TPO中的例题显示这种类型的题目正在变多，所以朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家请各位考生平时在练习时加大这种类型的考题的练习。

Step3: 比较定位句与选项的内容，选出语义接近的选项。

注意：1). 考生们所看到的定位句可能是一个非常长的句子，而选项相对比较简短，所以考生们一定要学会从长难句中截取你所需要的能回答问题的部分。简单点说就是比如题干中问你why….;那么，此时考生们在分析原文定位句时应该重点看because这种能够解释的部分。

2). 考生们在比较定位句与选项时切忌不能随意推理，只需要把握文本的字面意思即可。

例1：

Paragraph 3: To what extent competition determines the composition of acommunity and the density of particular species has been the source ofconsiderable controversy. The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot beobserved directly but must be inferred from the spread or increase of onespecies and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. TheRussian biologist G. F. Gause performed numerous two-species experimentsin the laboratory, in which one of the species became extinct when only asingle kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and offield observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated,according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numerousseeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually beexplained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a majorjoint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche. (TPO 29 Competition)

Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gause’s experiments were importantbecause they

O provided a situation in whichcompetition could be removed from the interaction between two species

O showed that previous ideasabout the extent to which competition determines the composition of a communitywere completely mistaken

O helped establish thatcompetition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche

O offered evidence thatcompetition between species is minimal when there is an overabundance of asingle food source

解题步骤：

1). 读题干，找出定位词Gause’s experiments, 然后把握题目问的内容是有关于G的实验的importance。

2). 通过定位词回到原文进行定位，位于第三句话。但是第三句只提到了定位词之一，接下来的第四句中提到了由此形成了一个law, 可以对应题干中想问的importance。

3). 第3句和第4句两句定位句的大意为“当只有一种食物来源被提供时，两种物种中的一种会消亡。参照这些实验和观察就形成了竞争互斥规律----没有哪两种物种可以占据同样的生态圈”，接下来浏览四个选项，发现C选项大意吻合----确定了竞争将会移除其他所有的物种在任何一个生态圈里面。

例2：

As railroad linesfanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois andthen Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production. Commercialagriculture transformed this remarkable treeless environment. To settlersaccustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands of square miles of tall grasswere an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestemall grew higher than a person. Because eastern plows could not penetrate thedensely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farmsalong the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. In 1837, however,John Deere patented a sharp-cutting steel plow that sliced through the sodwithout soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormick refined a mechanical reaperthat harvested fourteen times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By the1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a year and could not keep up withdemand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually. (TPO 33 Railroads andCommercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States)

Accordingto paragraph 5, the firstsettlersgenerally did not farm open prairie land because

A.they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available.

B.prairie land was usually very expensive to buy.

C.the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile thanthe soil of the open prairie.

D.the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlersarrived.

解题步骤：

1).读题干，找出定位词settlers& open prairie land, 并且抓住题干问的重点是because

2).根据定位词定位到句和第三句这样的语义群，这样的语义群可以给我们提供一个大范围定位，然后接下来考生们在第四句里看到了because,所以第四句就是我们需要的定位点。

3).定位句的语义大约为“因为东部的耕种工具无法穿透这里的根部缠结在一起的草，因此，早期的定居者们将农场建立在了远离草原的边界地区。”接下来浏览四个选项，只有A选项提到了因为耕作工具的原因，所以选择A选项。

3. 总结：

1).此种题型必须要先阅读题干，摸清题干所问的具体内容，然后再读文章进行定位

2).此种题型既可以只考察某一个特定的定位句理解;同时也可以考察2-3个定位句范围的意群理解。但无论怎样，考生不是漫无目的地搜索，而是根据题干有目的性地寻找答案

托福阅读真题原题+题目

By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this time had been introduced into the American colonies through books and prints, European visitors and immigrants, and traveling colonists who brought back copies (and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art institutions.

By the outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in 1776, the status of the artists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, painters had been willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing, gilding teaching, keeping shops, and painting wheel carriages, houses, and signs. The terminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status: limner was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760's; painter characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second half of the century, colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in the classics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists. Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons. Although subject to fluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficient patronage to allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, an image indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

Although the colonists tended to favor portraits, they also accepted landscapes, historical works, and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects. With the coming of independence from the British Crown, a sufficient number of artists and their works were available to serve nationalistic purposes. The achievements of the colonial artists, particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste — a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) European influence on colonial American painting

(B) The importance of patronage to artist

(D) Subjects preferred by artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century.

2. The word outbreak in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) cause

(B) beginning

(D) explanation

3. The word undergone in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) led to

(B) transformed

(D) experienced

4. According to the passage , before the American Revolution the main task of limners was to

(A) paint wheel carriages

(B) paint portraits

(D) paint flat surfaces

5. It can be inferred from the passage that artists who were trained in England

(A) considered artists to be superior to painters

(B) barely painted portraitists

(D) imitated English painters

6. The word consorted in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) made decisions

(B) studies

(D) associated

7. The word sufficient in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) adequate

(B) temporary

(D) expensive

8. According to the passage , artists such as Copley, West and Peal signed their paintings

(A) increased the monetary value of the paintings

(B) made it more difficult for other artists to copy the paintings

(D) distinguished colonial American artists from European artists

9. The author mentions James Bowdoin III and William Byrd in line 17 as examples of which of

the following?

(A) Art gallery owners who displayed only European art

(B) Art collectors who had a profound influence on American attitudes toward art

(D) Patrons whose helped to encourage artisans to become artists

10. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?

(A) Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop great art.

(B) The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.

(D) Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of the new nation.

PASSAGE 32 CBDBA DACBD

托福阅读备考之事实信息题讲解

篇3：托福口语备考和临场经验讲解

【提分须知】托福口语备考和临场实用经验讲解

日常练口语除了做题也要创造学习环境

功夫要从平时做起。有机会就通过网络，书籍，和手机等设备的客户端的软件、视频、音频等，有意识或无意识地跟听或跟说英语。也可以上网与北美人士交流。

虽说新托福口语主要考查交际、交流能力，但语音、语调和重音都会影响到成绩。建议平时多练习对墙、对镜子说话，力图达到自然流畅的程度。提供大家一个好办法：录下自己练习时的声音，扪心自问：别人是否能明白你所说的?

熟悉托福口语考试规则才能掌握答题要点

临场最重要：抓住重点。这个原则体现在多个方面。阅读短文时，注意话题和概括内容，不要试图记住一切细节。听录音对话和课堂讲座时，把握中心思想，特别注意说话人经常重复的关键词和概念。记笔记时，只记录重要观点、例证和原因。

然后，合理分配时间，仔细审题，参考笔记，考虑如何表达。注意：要有两到三个论据支持你所表达的观点。

托福口语临场注意事项解读

托福考试时对着话筒答题要发音清晰，措辞要小心，特别是内容要求的重要词汇;语速要正常，不快不慢，表达结构简单明了，使用过渡词，使用熟悉的词汇。

注意所剩时间，掌握好节奏，把该表达的都表达出来。如时间允许，可加上简单的总结结尾或将重要观点总结一下。

托福口语真题练习：乐于活在当下还是喜欢规划未来

英文题目Some people prefer to live in the present, others prefer to be prepared for the future and plan ahead. Which do you prefer? Explain why.

托福口语真题：

Some people prefer to live in the present, others prefer to be prepared for the future and plan ahead. Which do you prefer? Explain why.

托福口语真题答案：

I prefer to plan ahead and always be ready for tomorrow. First, I need to plan ahead to feel certain about myself. Sometimes life hits you hard. We must anticipate the troubles coming in our way in order to deal with them when problems present. For example, we must choose a major that has the most demand on the job market. This way we won’t waste our time on things that have little real life application. Second, planning ahead means I can always stay productive. I plan to not only finish my education with an outstanding grade, but also work a part-time job while I’m still a student so after I graduate, I’ll be able to have a resume that can impress my future employers.

十大托福口语地道俗语汇总

在美国的日常生活中，有一些常用的口语俗语，看似简单确实地道口语的体现，如果同学们在托福口语练习中能够多应用这样一些俗语，无疑会提高你的托福口语成绩。

1. nerd和jock是美国学生常用的两个俗语。nerd的意思和汉语中的“书呆子”类似。这类人聪明勤奋，但却过于保守严肃，在校园里颇让人瞧不起。 jock则恰恰相反。他们魁梧帅气，很受女孩子们的欢迎，尤其擅长American football和basketball等各种体育运动。当然，校园中也不乏漂亮的girl jocks。

2. egghead这个词在1952年的美国总统大选中被首次使用。当时的竞选双方分别是二战盟军总司令艾森豪威尔和书生气十足的伊利诺伊州州长史蒂文森。史蒂文森精心准备的竞选演讲文字华丽晦涩，只有和他一样的知识分子才会感兴趣。因此对手取笑他说：Sure, all the eggheads love Stevenson. But how many eggheads do you think there are。 egghead的意思，就是指书生气很足的知识分子。

3. hick和city slicker这两个词的意思在各种语言中一定都能找到对应的词，它们分别是城里人和乡下人对对方的贬称。hick的意思是“乡巴佬，土包子，”而 slick字面意思是“圆滑的，油滑的”，因而city slicker也就是乡下人眼中的“城里老油子，打扮光鲜，老于世故却不可信的城里滑头”。

4.turkey(火鸡)，shrimp(虾)和crab(螃蟹)这三种动物在美国人眼中会是什么人呢?turkey是美国人在 Thanksgiving Day和Christmas Day家家都要吃的食物。但是，活的火鸡样子难看，行动又笨拙，所以turkey就用来形容那种愚蠢无用的人。而那种雇用了这些turkey，又不能开除他们的政府或商业机构就被称作turkey farm。shrimp常被用于指代那些个子矮小的人或无足轻重的小人物。请看下面的句子：You may call Napoleon a little shrimp. But for a shrimp, he certainly made the rest of Europe tremble。而crab因为长相丑陋凶恶，常被用来指那些性格暴躁、脾气很坏的人。

5. baby boomer, yuppie(雅皮士)， dink(丁克)，sandwich generation这四个词反映了美国经济和社会变化。二战结束后的二十年内，美国人口激增，那个时期出生的人在美国被称作baby boomers，因为boom有激增、暴涨之意。yuppie(雅皮士)(young urban professionals)是指生活在大城市、受过高等教育、生活富裕的成功职业人士。dinks (double income, no kids)是指那些有很好的工作和收入，但是不要孩子的夫妇。sandwich generation则恰恰相反，他们是既要赡养老人，又要抚养下一代，像三明治一样被夹在中间的经济负担较重的一群人。

6. couch potato和mall rat是两个和美国人生活习惯有关的俗语。couch potato指一有时间就坐在沙发上看电视的人，一声不吭，一动不动，就像一个圆滚滚的土豆。而mall rat当然不会是购物中心的真老鼠，而是指没事儿老喜欢到mall(大商场)里去逛的人。

7. backseat driver, wheeler-dealer, free-wheeler, fifth wheel是四个和汽车有关的常用习语。backseat driver坐在汽车后排，却不停地对前面开车的人指手画脚，因此是指那些自己不在岗位上，但是却喜欢给在位的人提供人家不需要的意见的人。 wheeler-dealer精明能干，是那种善于运用权利和财势在政治或商业活动中为所欲为，独断独行的人。free-wheeler喜欢自由，不受约束，是指那些不愿意遵守自己工作单位的规章制度，想怎么做就怎么做的人。而fifth wheel的意思则很好猜出。一辆汽车只有四只轮子，那么，fifth wheel当然是多余的、不受欢迎的人了。

8. green thumb和all thumbs也是两个很有意思的俗语。green thumb指善于养花种草的人，这些人总是能把花园收拾得绿色怡人，养出来的花草光亮健康，羡煞那些费了很多劲儿，种出来的花草蔬菜却总是半死不活的人。所以，green thumb就是那些很会养花种草的人。如果说一个人是all thumbs会是什么样呢?想想看，拇指虽好，可要是十个指头都长成短短粗粗的拇指，干起活来肯定很难受。因此all thumbs便是形容一个人笨手笨脚。

9.penny-pincher和cheapskate都是指花钱很小心、吝啬的人。penny是一美分，pinch意为“捏”，顾名思义，penny-pincher就是那些连一分钱都要在手里捏得紧紧的、舍不得花出去的人。cheapskate则是万事以省钱为本，越省越好，请客最多带你去MacDonald。这种人往往不受欢迎，尤其令他们的女朋友反感。从这个意义上说，cheapskate比penny-pincher更贬损。

10. spring chicken和lame duck是指春天孵出的小鸡和瘸腿的鸭子吗?当然不是，读一读下面这两句话，猜猜它们的意思吧。(1)The woman said,over forty, so I'm not a spring chicken any more。(2)The governor of our state ended up as a lame duck when he lost the election. He still has six weeks left in office but there's nothing to do except to pack up his papers。实际上，spring chicken意为“年轻人，缺乏经验的人”，lame duck是指“竞选连任失败、即将卸任的官员”，也用来指“不中用的人”。任何美国官员——从市长、州长、参议员到总统——都有可能因无能而被称为 lame duck。

托福口语练习要点：让句子形象化、可视化

托福口语资料优缺点分析，让句子形象化、可视化。下面通过例题讲解一篇通过例题讲解托福口语资料的优缺点，这样才能知道句子的好与坏。

为了更形象化的帮助大家了解优秀的托福口语句子，新东方在线托福考试频道和大家分享一篇通过例题讲解托福口语资料的优缺点，通过对不足之处以及怎样提高进行分析，将托福口语优秀的句子形象化、可视化。

例题：

Choose a place you go to often that is important to you and explain why it is important. Please include specific details in your explanation.

Answer：

The most important place to me is library. I like reading very much. In library I can read books I want， novels， science books， even history books. The knowledge I want is prepared to me.

解析：

(1) Original： In library I can read books I want， novels， science books， even history books.

Revised：In library I can read books I want， such as， novels， science books，even history books.

这样会使句子过渡衔接地更加自然，此外，such as它非常口语化，在口语中使用正合适，但是在写作中则不要使用为妙。

(2)深层次陈述问题方面的欠缺。

从上面的scripts中可以看得出他在全方位地支撑论点方面还有提升的空间。

其实他还可以从study， rest， date这几个分支来阐述。具体可以这样表述：Sometimes I can study there. Because it is a very quiet place; it is also a good place for me to take a rest. I can relax in the library. As nobody bothers me there; moreover， the library provides a wonderful environment for lovers to have a date.很明显添加这些内容之后，整个陈述就显得很完整了!

篇4：新东方托福阅读教师讲义

1. 句子简化题

The Great Red Spot

One distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.

1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.

B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.

C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.

D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.

答案：C

2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot.

B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth.

C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days.

D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.

答案：D

Passage One (Question 1-2)

Camouflage

Camouflage is one of the most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in the treeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape in the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.

1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protective coloration for Arctic animals.

B. The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails to protect the Arctic tundra.

C. In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffective in the treeless Arctic.

D. For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protects them during summer and winter months.

答案：A

2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.

B. The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summer and white in the winter.

C. It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white I the springtime and gray in the fall.

D. The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change during different seasons.

答案：D

Passage Two (Question 3-6)

Post-it Notes

Post-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty, could be reused. One suggestion was that it could be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the report and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born.

It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, was also quite unfamiliar. A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers, having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes – have been developed.

3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 1?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not a particularly strong adhesive.

B. Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.

C. Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program to develop the strongest adhesive of all.

D. Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylate copolymer microspheres.

答案：A

4. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a report prepared by a colleague.

B. One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending and receiving notes attached to documents.

C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3M’s products.

D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions by other workers.

答案：B

5. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities to introduce innovative products.

B. Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar to most customers.

C. The new product did not sell well because potential customers did not understand it.

D. After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the product was not innovative enough.

答案：C

6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. The company immediately understood the potential of the product and began to develop it further.

B. The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creating numerous varieties to make it successful.

C. The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watched for decades as sales improved.

D. It took some time for the company to understand how important its new product was and how many variation were possible.

答案：D

篇5：新东方托福阅读教师讲义

Sand Dunes

1 Sandy deserts contain enormous volumes of sand eroded from mountains and carried to the deserts by wind or water. The huge quantities of sand that make up sandy deserts are blow about into dunes of various shapes.

2 Ridge dunes form where there are large amounts of sand, generally in the interiors of deserts, and winds blow in one direction. Under there conditions, parallel ridges of sand, known as transverse dunes, form at right angles to the wind.

3 When the direction of the wind changes so that it comes from different directions, star-shaped dunes form from the massive amounts of sand in desert interiors. Star-shaped dunes are relatively stable dunes that reach incredible heights, up to 80 meters high in some deserts, and are quite common in massive deserts such as the Sahara.

4 Crescent dunes form on the edges of deserts where there is less sand and where the winds blow mainly in one direction. These dunes, which are also known as barchan dunes are less stable than star-shaped dunes and can shift as much as 20 meters per year as winds blow over the outer curves of the crescent in the direction of the pointed ends.

Directions: Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices, and match them to the critical information about the sand dunes to which they relate. THREE of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.

amount of

sand·

direction of

winds·

Answer Choices (choose 4 to complete the chart):

(1) Ridge and crescent dunes form where the winds blow from one direction.

(2) Crescent dunes are also known as barchan dunes.

(3) Star-shaped dunes form where the winds blow from different directions.

(4) Transverse dunes are created parallel to the wind.

(5) Ridge and star dunes form where there is a lot of sand.

(6) Star-shaped dunes are more stable than crescent dunes.

(7) Crescent dunes form where there is less sand.

参考答案：

第一栏：(5)、(7)

第二栏：(1)、(3)

William Faulkner

1 Author William Faulkner is today recognized as one of America's greatest writers on the basis of a body of novels that so convincingly portray the culture of the South in the years following the Civil War, with its citizens overcome by grief and defeat and trying to cling to old values while struggling to take their place in a changing world. The acclaim that today is Faulkner's, however, was slow in coming.

2 Though Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, is novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.

3 Beginning in 1946, Faulkner's career took an unexpected and dramatic turn as Faulkner came to be recognized as considerably more than a regional writer. The Portable Faulkner was published in that year by Viking Press; two years later he was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Arts and Letters; he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1949. Over the next decade, his work was recognized in various ways, including a National Book Award and two Pulitzer Prizes, and he became a novelist in residence at the University of Virginia. His success led to a degree of affluence that enabled him to take up the life of a southern gentleman, including horseback riding and fox hunting. Ironically, he died as a result of an accident related to these gentlemanly pursuits, succumbing as a result of injuries suffered during a fall from a horse.

Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices, and match them to the phase of William Faulkner's career to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.

Faulkner in the first phase of his career·

Faulkner in the second phase of his career·

Answer Choices (choose 6 to complete the chart):

(1) Was considered one of America's greatest writers

(2) Received a small amount of critical acclaim

(3) Died as a result of a horseback-riding incident

(4) Received numerous awards and acclaim

(5) Was considered merely a regional writer

(6) Wrote novels about various American regions

(7) Made his living as a novelist

(8) Made his living with writing other than novels

参考答案：第一栏：(2)、(5)、(8)第二栏：(1)、(4)、(7)

篇6：新东方托福阅读教师讲义

修辞目的性题

Xerography

1 One more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the mainstream is xerography, a process for replicating documents that is dependent on photoconductive materials. A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of a document is projected onto the surface of a rotating drum, and bright light causes the photoconductive material on the surface of the drum to become conductive.

2 As a result of the conductivity, the drum loses its charge in the lighted areas, and toner (small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself only to the darker parts of the image. The grains are then carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. When a laser printer is used, the image is projected by means of a laser beam, which creates a brighter light and a greater contrast between lighter and darker areas and therefore results in sharper printed images.

1. The author begins the first paragraph with One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to

(A) explain that xerography is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry

(B) make it clear that electrochemistry requires photoconductive materials

(D) indicate that other less familiar uses have already been discussed

2. Why does the author explain that A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light?

(A) It gives an explanation of a property that is necessary for xerography.

(B) It indicates that bright light is required for insulation to take place.

(D) It explains the role of insulation in xerography.

3. The author places the phrase small grains to which dry ink adheres in parentheses in order to

(A) provide information that contradicts the previous statement

(B) provide another example of conductivity

(D) provide an alternate explanation for the effectiveness of toner

4. Why is a laser printer mentioned?

(A) It is an alternative to xerography.

(B) It is a way of duplicating without using electrochemistry.

(D) It is a less

effective

type of xerography than is a photocopier.

正确答案：D_A_C_C

篇7：新东方名师支招：四级听力备考宝典

听力的提高需要一定时间的训练，也是很多考生很没有自信的板块。在最后一段时间内，考生应通过正确的训练来维持听力水平，并力争有所突破。在最后一个月内，可以通过短时间高频率的方式来增加量的积累，通过精听一盘四级考试真题英语磁带的方式来实现质的飞越。

除了能力的提高，我们还需要从了解考试形式，掌握应试技巧方面来提高成绩。

听力部分包括两部分，第一部分是10个短对话(short conversations)，每个题目只播放1遍，涉及的话题较广，但是涉及的单词不难，句子结构相对简单，语速略低于正常语速；第二部分是短文理解(short passages)或复合式听写(compound dictation)。短文理解包括三篇文章，每篇文章后面有2到4个题目不等，一共是10个题目；复合式听写部分的文章在250个单词左右，一共播放三遍。其考法由两部分组成，前7个空是单词听写，所写单词必须是原文的单词，后3个空是补全内容，考生既可以按原文填写，也可以用自己的语言写出大概意思。其实，四级考试大纲还规定另外一种题型，即听写填空(spot dictation)，但是至今没有考过。这种考法涉及一篇120个单词的短文，有10左右的空，要求填入一个句子或者是句子的一部分。全文朗读三遍，第一遍没有停顿，考生掌握大意，第二遍在空格后有停顿，要求考生把听到的内容填入空格，第三遍没有停顿，供考生核对内容。大家在复习时，重点仍旧是前两种题型。

就四级听力应试方法而言，首要一点就是预览。因为预览会让你明白这个对话或这篇文章将会用到哪些核心单词，涉及什么主要内容，这无疑将提高我们的自信，提高听的效果。那么应该怎样预览呢？先看section a还是先看section b？section a是短对话部分，考试说明大概是120秒，有足够的时间把10个题目预览一下。而section b如果考短对话，考试说明的时间只有35秒，如果考复合式听写，考试说明是60秒左右，考生一般不能在这么短的时间内把后面所有题目预览完，所以在预览顺序上应该作一个调整。其实，考生进入考场后，9：10分可以拆卷，9：15分开始放听力磁带，这中间有5分钟，考生可以用这5分钟时间来预览第二部分。当9：15分放录音时，考生再利用第一部分120秒左右的时间迅速预览10个短对话，这样安排就会比较合理。

我们可以用 “竖看＋联想”来描述预览。下面就通过真题来分别说明第一部分和第二部分分别应该如何预览。

在第一部分，不能仅仅分析每一个选项的意思，而是要“竖看”，把握四个选项共同的重要信息，然后再根据这些共同的信息来“联想”这个题目可能涉及的话题。如2005年1月考题的第一题，

a) the man enjoys traveling by car. b) the man lives far from the subway.

c) the man is good at driving. d) the man used to own a car.

一览四个选项，可以发现主要信号是“the man”和“car”，说明可能会讨论这个人与车之间的关系了。又如第二题，

a) tony should continue taking the course. b) she approves of tony’s decision

c) tony can choose another science course. d) she can’t meet tony so early in the morning

四个选项中共同信号有“tony”，“course”，这说明会讨论tony与功课的关系，而“continue”，“decision”，“choose”这些词进一步说明，可能会讨论tony是否会继续选择某一功课的问题。

通过这样的预览，我们听的时候就会更有方向，而且很多单词由于事先已经看过，就更加容易听出来。在很多情况下，四个选项中共同信息较多的选项，不但会成为预览的重点，而且还可能直接成为正确答案。比如上面的第一题a和d有重复信息，而正确答案是d；第二题a和d有重复信息，而正确答案是a。又如在2003年6月的考题中第6题是，

a) buy something for the picnic b) go shopping with the man

c) go for a ride around town d) have a picnic

我们发现明显的共同信息是picnic，而正确答案是a。又如第9题，

a) the old lady sitting next to the couple likes toys very much.

b) an old lady took the couple’s suitcase for her own.

c) the couple’s suitcase was stolen in the restaurant.

d) the man forgot to put the toys in their suitcase.

这个题目中，a和b有old lady, couple这些共同信息，而b，c和d有共同信号suitcase，b选项汇集了最多的信息，而正确答案也正是b选项。当然，这种情况不是绝对的，但至少可以说明一点，预览共同信息很重要。

如果说在短对话部分“竖看”更加重要，那么在短文部分“联想”就更加重要了。如2003年6月考题第三篇短文，

18. a)a rescuer on the golden gate bridge.

b) a professional diver.

c) a telephone operator.

d) a guard on the golden gate bridge.

四个选项中rescuer，professional diver，telephone operator，guard都是讲一种人，所以可以联想到这个题目可能考一个人的职业，而且很有可能与“the golden gate bridge”有关。

19. a) someone has fallen off the bridge.

b) someone on the bridge is being attacked.

c) someone is threatening to destroy the bridge.

d) someone on the bridge is attempting to kill himself.

四个选项中fallen off the bridge，being attacked，threatening to destroy the bridge，attempting to kill himself都讲一件负面的事情，而且这件事发生在桥上，看来是重要细节题。

20. a) call the mother to come fight away.

b) try to communicate with them first.

c) help them to get out of their misty.

d) remind them that they have children to take care of.

四个选项中call the mother，try to communicate，help them，remind them这些动作让人联想到这个题目可能会涉及解决一个问题的方法。

最后，把几个选项联合起来，可以作一番简单联想：一个在the golden gate bridge从事某种职业的人，在桥上遇到一个问题，最后用一种方法把它解决了。有了这个大概的方向以后，听这篇短文就会有感觉了。

复合式听写的绝大部分文字已经在卷面给出，所以只要有时间先预览一遍，而且重点看空格上下文的内容，就可以基本知道文章的内容了。考生在第一遍听的时候，就可以尽量把听到的单词写下来，最后一定再检查一遍所写的内容，尤其防止在最后三题需要填写句子的部分，出现单复数和时态的错误。

听力部分，除了预览以外，还要注意另外的一些应试技巧，比如在短对话和短文部分，如果出现转折，比较，因果等重要逻辑关系，一般会成为考点；又如在复合式听写部分，考生要养成一定的速记习惯，因为考生一般不能跟上录音速度，更何况最后三个题目是要求填写句子，所以考生要写重点单词，甚至采用一些简写来跟上速度，我们可以在检查时再补全句子。比如，information可以先写“inf.”，additional可以先写“addi.”等等。

★ 名师讲解初中英语学习方法

★ 上海新东方名师点评新六级阅读

★ 初中英语作文辅导书

★ 新东方口语名师：口语速成途径敢于开口大声说

★ 暑假托福学习计划

★ 托福学习计划

★ 托福口语备考打基础7个高效训练方法介绍

★ 托福口语备考练习细节注意事项

★ 托福口语Task6难点分析

★ 托福五个月复习计划如何制定