“油炸小香菇”为你分享20篇“托福教学计划”，经本站小编整理后发布，但愿对你的工作、学习、生活带来方便。
篇1：托福，雅思是什么
雅思与托福考试一直是国内影响力最大的两种出国类语言测试。在八十年代末和九十年代初，托福考试几乎是所有拥有留学或移民梦想考生的惟一选择。而近年来，随着留美签证难度的加大和英联邦国家留学移民的兴起，雅思考试逐渐取代了托福考试的霸主地位，在国内甚至是全球英语(论坛)水平测试领域处于领先地位。也许是受到了雅思考试的冲击，托福考试从九十年代初就开始酝酿改革，经过十多年的研发，在ETS终于开始推出全新的基于计算机网络的新托福考试(TOEFL iBT)。虽然新托福考试要到今年8月份才正式登陆国内，但可以想象，这个由美国老牌教育服务机构推出的全新考试系统一定会给国内的英语语言测试市场带来不小的冲击。那么雅思考试和新托福考试到底有哪些不同呢?哪个比较容易些?哪一个有效期更长?认可度更高?本文将会从多方面对雅思和新托福考试进行比较。一，雅思与新托福的相似性(1)国际性英语语言测试，留学的敲门砖雅思考试是由“剑桥大学考试委员会”、“澳大利亚国际教育开发署”和“英国文化协会”三家国际性机构联手在全球推出的国际英语语言测试。而新托福的主办方则是美国有着100多年历史的老牌教育服务机构“ETS”。两种考试都有着全球领先的考试组织力量和试题研发能力，并都建立了遍布世界各地的考点和服务网络，应该说都是名副其实的“国际性考试”。拥有雅思或(新)托福的成绩，等于拥有了进入国际院校的敲门砖。(2)听、说、读、写分科测试，同等重要雅思和新托福从考试形式上来看都是分为听、说、读、写四门，而且四门各自计算成绩最后再折算成总分。雅思的总分是听、说、读、写四门成绩总分的平均(满分9分)，而新托福总分则是四门成绩的总计(满分120分)。可以看出雅思和新托福考试都是需要对学生英语语言能力做全面测试，且对考生的听、说、读写四门技能同等重视。(3)有效期、适用性和认可度目前，雅思和新托福成绩的有效期均为两年。从适用性和认可度来看，虽然目前有些国家的成绩接收机构可能更偏好其中的一种(比如有些英国大学还只承认雅思成绩，有些美国学校也只承认托福)，但是随着两种考试在全球范围的不断推广，相信最终新托福和雅思成绩都会在全世界范围内被认可。一些国外大学的招生网站上现在就已经明确表示雅思和新托福成绩均被接收。二， 雅思与新托福的主要区别(1)笔考VS.网考雅思考试现在还是以传统的笔试为主，至少在近一两年，在国内还是只能进行笔试。而新托福则是以网考的形式进行，整个新托福考试的运行都要通过电脑加网络来完成。首先，考生要用电脑做答，所有的考题都是在电脑屏幕上显示，通过耳机传送音频材料，考生通过点击鼠标、敲击键盘或对着麦克风说话做答。其次，考试的题目是通过网络随机派送的，也就是说一个考场里的考生可能考题都不一样，而且考生的回答也都将通过网络系统传送给位于ETS总部的考试中心阅卷人员。(2)人性化VS.人机对话 雅思的口语考试是由考官和考生一对一的交谈。考官会向考生发问，如果考生不能理解问题，还能请求考官重复一遍。在回答问题的时候，考生能通过眼神交流、肢体语言等一些“人性化”的方式与考官进行交流。而在新托福考试的口语部分，考生将戴上耳机听考题，然后在限定时间内思考，最后对着麦克风在规定的时间内进行回答。整个过程考生面对的是机器、屏幕提示和读秒指示，这种“人机对话”的经历对考生的心理素质要求很高，若不经过相当的训练，考生会感到紧张、压力大甚至无所适从。(3)单独技能测试VS.综合技能测试虽然都是分为听、说、读、写四科分别测试，但雅思考试的四科测试要相对独立。例如听力部分结束以后，之后的读写测试就不会再涉及听力材料。而新托福考试中的一个难点则是综合技能(integrated skills)的测试，在说和写的测试中也融入了听和读的考察。典型的例子是考生在回答口语的第三和第四道问题或者写作的第一道考题时，要先读一段文字，然后再听一段听力材料，之后再针对这段文字和这段听力材料之间的联系说一分钟或者写一篇150-225字的作文。可以看出新托福考试把语言技能的综合运用作为考察的重点。
篇2：托福，雅思是什么
雅思
雅思考试(IELTS)，外文名International English Language Testing System，由剑桥大学考试委员会外语考试部、英国文化协会及IDP教育集团共同管理，是一种针英语能力，为打算到使用英语的国家学习、工作或定居的人们设置的英语水平考试。
托福
托福是由美国教育测验服务社(ETS)举办的英语能力考试，全名为“检定非英语为母语者的英语能力考试”，中文音译为“托福”。TOEFL有三种，分别是： pbt—paper based test 纸考 677, cbt—computer based test 机考 300, ibt—internet based test 网考 120, 新托福满分是120分。TOEFL考试的有效期为两年，是从考试日期开始计算的。
雅思与托福的区别如下：
一、考试时间不同，发布成绩的时间也不同。“雅思”考试在中国的主要城市，每月都有，考试成绩在2至3周内就可获得; 而“托福”考试一年只有1、5、8、10、月的4次考试，并且需至2至3个月才出成绩，与“雅思”比较，考试次数少且出成绩慢。
二、考试的科目不同“雅思”考试增加了口语测试，而“托福”考试则没有口语。除这两点不同之外，试题难度则无法比较，因为两者的出题原则是有一定区别的。有的学生由于练习较多，习惯了“托福”考试成绩不准咨询，成绩单只给考生一份，通过邮局寄出，信封是由考生或考生家长在考前认真填写的，丢失不负任何责任。
三、最重要的一点不同是“雅思”强调考生不死记硬背，而是要求考生灵活地运用语言。多与生活实际联系紧密，尤其注重说和写，主观题较托福多，形式比较多样化，故而有不少人把通过“雅思”考试作为衡量英语应用能力的主要手段之一。但是也不是说托福不重要，托福考试仍然具有科学、严谨的特点，它的考试难度较大，对词汇量的要求也更高，这对于打好学习英语的基本功是至关重要的。
托福与雅思分别针对什么?两者有何不同?
一定要比的话，托福是美语为主，除了一些专有词汇和地道美音外，还牵扯到俚语，美国的现代俚语是多且杂的，而且国内现在雅思热，针对托福的材料和补习班不多，所以技巧和练习也成为了难度之一;
雅思偏重地道英式英语，但是在国内来看，雅思的英语真正基础远远没有技巧来得重要，技巧好或者撞到练习过的题目拿高分还是比托福容易些的。
托福是去北美留学的英语水平测试。
雅思是去英联邦国家留学或移民的英语水平测试。
篇3：托福，雅思是什么
TOEFL(The Test of English as a Foreign Language，简称TOEFL)是由美国教育测验服务社(ETS)举办的英语能力考试，全名为“检定非英语为母语者的英语能力考试”，中文音译为“托福”。TOEFL有三种，分别是: pbt-paper based test 纸考 677, cbt-computer based test 机考 300, ibt-internet based test 网考 120, 新托福满分是120分。
9月，美国教育考试服务中心ETS在全球推出了一种全新的综合英语测试方法，即能够反映在一流大专院校教学和校园生活中对语言实际需求的新托福考试，即TOEFL iBT(Internet Based Test)。 新托福由四部分组成，分别是阅读(Reading)、听力(Listening)、口试(Speaking)、写作(Writing)。每部分满分30分，整个试题满分120分。
雅思(International English Language Testing System，简称IELTS，中文名为国际英语语言测试系统)是由英国文化协会(The British Council，即英国驻华大使馆/总领事馆文化教育处)、剑桥大学考试委员会(CESOL)和澳大利亚教育国际开发署(IDP Australia)共同举办的国际英语水平测试。此项考试是为申请赴英语国家(美国、英国、澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰等)留学、移民的非英语国家学生而设，用来评定考生运用英语的能力。
雅思考试包括四个部分，依次为听力、阅读、写作和口语，考试时间共2小时45分钟。每一部分都独立评分，四部分得分的平均分作为考生的雅思综合得分(小数部分取舍到最近的一分或半分，即如果平均分为6.125分，雅思得分算作6分)。成绩单上将列出考生每一部分的得分，同时给出考生的综合得分。雅思考试满分为9分。考试成绩在考试后十个工作日后通知考生。成绩有效期为两年。
篇4：托福，雅思是什么
雅思的英文名为IELTS ( International English Language Testing System)
IELTS国际英语水平测试由英国剑桥大学测试中心(The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicat - UCLES)、澳大利亚高校国际开发署(IDP Education Australia)及英国文化委员会(The British Council)共同举办。1990年4月在中国推广。全球已有210个考试中心，遍布105个城市。为准备进入以英语为主导教学语言的大学和学院进修的学生或以英语为母语的国家(指英联邦国家)移民人士测试英语水平而设。
英国、澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大、荷兰、英格兰、苏格兰、新加坡、美国(200所院校)以及许多国家的众多院校均采用并认可雅思成绩。澳洲7月1日起留学全部递交雅思，不使用托福成绩。加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家的移民局均将考试成绩作为技术及其他类移民中衡量英语语言能力的唯一标准。以上国家的学校和进修项目及许多国家院校都接受考试成绩，并设立不同的成绩合格标准。
篇5：托福英语
flinch
美 [flɪntʃ] 英 [flɪntʃ]
n. 退缩
v. 畏缩;(突然)退缩
fling
美 [flɪŋ] 英 [flɪŋ]
v. 抛;猛动(身体或身体部位);粗暴地(向某人)说
n. 一阵尽情欢乐;一时的放纵;短暂的风流韵事
flip
美 [flɪp] 英 [flɪp]
n. 浏览;空翻;轻抛;捻掷
v. 迅速翻动;按(开关);按(按钮);开(或关)(机器等)
adj. 〈美俚〉= flippant
flippant
美 ['flɪpənt] 英 ['flɪpənt]
adj. 轻率的
flirt
美 [flɜrt] 英 [flɜː(r)t]
n. 与多人调情的人
v. 调情
float
美 [floʊt] 英 [fləʊt]
v. 浮;浮动;漂浮;漂流
n. 浮子;彩车;鱼漂;(学游泳用的)浮板
flock
美 [flɑk] 英 [flɒk]
v. 聚集;群集;蜂拥
n. (羊或鸟)群;(尤指同类人的)一大群
flog
美 [flɑɡ] 英 [flɒɡ]
v. 鞭笞;出售(某物给某人)
flop
美 [flɑp] 英 [flɒp]
v. 沉重地躺下;移动;砸锅;完全失败
adv. 噗地一声
n. 不成功
florid
美 ['flɔrɪd] 英 ['flɒrɪd]
adj. 红润的;过分装饰的;过多修饰的
flounder
美 ['flaʊndər] 英 ['flaʊndə(r)]
n. 比目鱼;偏口鱼
v. 不知所措;挠头;支吾;困难重重
flour sack
网络. 面粉袋;面粉袋纸;面口袋
flourish
美 ['flɜrɪʃ] 英 ['flʌrɪʃ]
v. 繁荣;兴旺;昌盛;茁壮成长
n. (为引起注意的)夸张动作;给人深刻印象的行动;令人难忘的方式;修饰
flout
美 [flaʊt] 英 [flaʊt]
n. 嘲笑;表示轻蔑的言行
v. 无视(法律等)
fluffy
美 ['flʌfi] 英 ['flʌfi]
adj. 绒毛般的;覆有绒毛的;松软的;轻软状的
flush
美 [flʌʃ] 英 [flʌʃ]
v. 冲洗;脸红;发红;冲(抽水马桶)
n. 脸红;潮红;一阵强烈情感;(流露出的)一阵激情
adj. 富有;完全齐平
adv. 齐平地;直接地
fluster
美 ['flʌstər] 英 ['flʌstə(r)]
n. 慌张;慌乱
v. 使忙乱;使慌乱;使紧张
flutter
美 ['flʌtər] 英 ['flʌtə(r)]
n. 扑动;颤动;飘动;振动
v. 颤动;(鸟或昆虫)拍(翅);飞来飞去;翩翩飞舞
foam
美 [foʊm] 英 [fəʊm]
n. 泡沫;泡沫橡胶;海绵橡胶;泡沫剂(用于洗涤、剃须、灭火等)
v. 有泡沫;起泡沫
focus on
v. 聚焦于;集中于
foe
美 [foʊ] 英 [fəʊ]
n. 敌人;仇敌
foil
美 [fɔɪl] 英 [fɔɪl]
n. 箔;【船】(船艇的)水翼;陪衬物;【体】花剑
v. 衬托;阻止;挫败;【猎】搅乱
foist
美 [fɔɪst] 英 [fɔɪst]
v. 私自增加 (into;in);偷偷安插(人);骗卖(假货等)
n. 中国佛教徒
foliage
美 ['foʊliɪdʒ] 英 ['fəʊliɪdʒ]
n. (植物的)叶;枝叶
follow close to the line of
网络. 严格遵守
follow suit
na. 【牌】跟出同花色的牌;学样
folly
美 ['fɑli] 英 ['fɒli]
n. 愚蠢;愚笨;愚蠢的想法(或事情、行为)
foment
美 [foʊ'ment] 英 [fəʊ'ment]
v. 激起
fondle
美 ['fɑnd(ə)l] 英 ['fɒnd(ə)l]
v. (尤指示爱或两性间)爱抚
food processing
n. 食品加工
foolhardy
美 ['ful.hɑrdi] 英 ['fuːl.hɑː(r)di]
adj. 莽撞的;有勇无谋的
foolproof
美 ['ful.pruf] 英 ['fuːl.pruːf]
adj. 使用简便的;完全可靠的;万无一失的
for a time
na. 暂时
for the most part
na. 在极大程度上;就绝大部分而言;多半;基本上
for the time
网络. 在当时;发表日;更新
forage
英 ['fɒrɪdʒ]
n. 牧草;饲料;粮秣;粮秣的搜索[征发]
v. 搜索[征发]粮秣;给(马)吃草料;〔古语〕蹂躏;抢劫
glamor
n. 〈美〉同“glamour”;魔法;魔力;魄力
v. 迷住
glamorous
美 ['ɡlæm(ə)rəs] 英 ['ɡlæmərəs]
adj. 特别富有魅力的;富于刺激的;独特的
glance
美 [ɡlæns] 英 [ɡlɑːns]
v. 浏览;扫视;瞥一眼;匆匆一看
n. 一瞥;扫视;匆匆一看
glare
美 [ɡler] 英 [ɡleə(r)]
v. 怒目而视;发出刺眼的光
n. 刺眼的光;瞪眼
adj. 光滑的
glaring
美 ['ɡlerɪŋ] 英 ['ɡleərɪŋ]
adj. 显眼的;明显的;易见的;刺眼的
v. “glare”的现在分词
gleam
美 [ɡlim] 英 [ɡliːm]
v. 闪烁;发微光;隐约闪光;显得光洁明亮
n. 闪现;一线;微光(常指反光);少量
glean
美 [ɡlin] 英 [ɡliːn]
v. 四处搜集(信息、知识等)
gleeful
美 ['ɡlif(ə)l] 英 ['ɡliːf(ə)l]
adj. 欢喜的;高兴的;幸灾乐祸的
glib
美 [ɡlɪb] 英 [ɡlɪb]
adj. 油腔滑调的;不诚恳的;未经思考的;肤浅的
gloat
美 [ɡloʊt] 英 [ɡləʊt]
v. 幸灾乐祸;沾沾自喜;扬扬得意
n. 沾沾自喜;得意的注视;爱慕的凝视;垂涎
gloom
美 [ɡlum] 英 [ɡluːm]
n. 黑暗;忧郁;幽暗;昏暗
v. 变黑暗;变忧郁;现愁容;使朦胧
gloomy
美 ['ɡlumi] 英 ['ɡluːmi]
adj. 黑暗的;阴暗的;幽暗的;忧郁的
glossy
美 ['ɡlɔsi] 英 ['ɡlɒsi]
adj. 光滑的;光彩夺目的;有光泽的;浮华的
n. 用亮光纸印刷的杂志
glue
美 [ɡlu] 英 [ɡluː]
n. 胶;胶水
v. 粘贴
glum
美 [ɡlʌm] 英 [ɡlʌm]
adj. 忧郁的;死气沉沉的;闷闷不乐的
glut
美 [ɡlʌt] 英 [ɡlʌt]
n. 供应过剩;供过于求
v. 超量供应;充斥
gnaw
美 [nɔ] 英 [nɔː]
v. 啃;咬;啮
go about
na. 走来走去;着手(工作);(谣言等)流传;【航】掉转船头
go back as far as
网络. 追溯到
go back to
v. 追溯到
go off
na. 进行得 (well;badly);(话等)冒出
goad
美 [ɡoʊd] 英 [ɡəʊd]
n. 激励;(赶牛等牲畜用的)尖头棒
v. (不断地)招惹
gold rush
n. 淘金热
gold-headed cane
网络. 金手杖
gorge
美 [ɡɔrdʒ] 英 [ɡɔː(r)dʒ]
n. 峡谷
v. 贪婪地吃;狼吞虎咽
gorgeous
美 [ˈɡɔː(r)dʒəs]
adj. 漂亮的;艳丽的;美丽动人的;光彩夺目的
gossip
美 [ˈɡɒsip]
n. 八卦;八卦新闻;爱闲聊的人
v. 八卦
governing class
网络. 统治阶级;统治阶层;治理阶级
gown
美 [ɡaʊn] 英 [ɡaʊn]
n. 女长服;长外衣;外罩
v. 着大学礼服
grand
美 [ɡrænd] 英 [ɡrænd]
adj. 壮丽的;堂皇的;重大的;(用于大建筑物等的名称)大
n. 1 000 元;1 000 英镑
grandiose
美 ['ɡrændi.oʊs] 英 ['ɡrændiəʊs]
adj. 华而不实的;浮夸的;不切实际的
grapple
美 ['ɡræp(ə)l] 英 ['ɡræp(ə)l]
n. 格斗;紧握;抓机;同“grapnel”
v. 扭打;搏斗;努力设法解决
grass plains
网络. 长满草的平原
gratification
美 [ˌgrætɪfɪ'keɪʃn] 英 [ˌgrætɪfɪ'keɪʃn]
n. 满足;满意;快感;令人喜悦的事物
gratuitous
美 [ɡrə'tuɪtəs] 英 [ɡrə'tjuːɪtəs]
adj. 无正当理由(或目的)的;无谓的
gravel
美 ['ɡræv(ə)l] 英 ['ɡræv(ə)l]
n. 砾石;沙砾;石子
v. 铺石子(在路上);使着慌;(因砂粒嵌入蹄内)使(马)跛足
graze
美 [ɡreɪz] 英 [ɡreɪz]
v. 放牧;擦伤;(在草地上)吃青草;放牛
n. (表皮)擦伤
篇6：托福英语
1Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope or pronghorn.
美洲羚羊 或称叉角羚是该动物典型的草原动物。
2Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.
1986年看见哈雷彗星的千百万人当中 有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢?
3Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness andsurprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.
人类学家们已经发现 恐惧、快乐、悲伤和惊奇都会形之于色 这在全人类是共通的。
4Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.
由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂。
5In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.
任何盈利组织若要生存 最终都必须生产处消费者可用或需要的产品。
6The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
一个地方的人口越多 其对水、交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
7It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery that vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.
简明、直接、有力的写作难于花哨、含混而意义模糊的表达。
8With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.
随着现代办公室的日益自动化设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。
9The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.
诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的 而后者是口头的。
10The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。
11Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.
酸是一种化合物 它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性 并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。
12Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.
Billie Holiday‘s作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。
13Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.
理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。
14Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.
儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前 很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。
15Thanks to modern irrigation,crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.
受当代灌溉(技术设施)之赐 农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛地生长。
16The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.
机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷一边校准机械计时器。
17Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.
人类学是一门科学 因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果 而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。
18Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.
真菌在腐化过程中十分重要 而腐化过程将化学物质回馈与土壤 提高其肥力 并分解动物粪便。
19When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.
音叉被敲击时 产生几乎纯质的音调 其音量经久不衰。
20Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.
虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部 但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。
21Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others isoften called scape-goating.
用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。
22The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.
一个国家的主要食物是什么 大体取决于什么作物再起天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。
23Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event’soccurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.
在大量的实验中 某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率。
24Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.
大多数物质遇冷收缩所以它们的密度在固态时高于液态。
25The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.
大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白。
26By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.
到了二十一世纪中叶 美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。
27In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center.
伊丽莎白市 一个重要的航运和制造业中心 坐落于新泽西州的东部。
28Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.
Elizabeth Blackwell 美国第一个女医生 创建了员工一直为女性纽约诊所。
29Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.
Alexander Graham Bell曾告诉家人 他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老师 而非电话的发明者。
30Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance.
采摘下的迷迭香树叶常绿不衰 因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系在一起。
31Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.
骨头看起来是脆硬的 但它也有一定的弹性 使得骨骼能够承受相应的打击。
32That xenon could not FORM chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.
科学家曾相信：氙气是不能形成化合物的。
33Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.
对风暴动力学的研究是为了提高风暴预测从而减少损失 避免人员伤亡。
34The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed.
消除通货膨胀应确保还贷的钱应与所贷款的价值相同。
35Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.
未来主义 二十世纪早期的一个艺术思潮 拒绝一切传统 试图通过强调机械和动态来美化生活。
36One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.
Everglades是美国境内最为荒凉和人迹罕至的地区之一 此处有大量的野生动植物而且大多受(法律)保护。
37Lucretia Mott’s influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States.
Lucretia Mott’s的影响巨大 所以一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动的创始人。
38The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer.
国际市场研究者的活动范围常常较国内市场研究者广阔。
39The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific.
大陆分水岭是指北美落基山脉上的一道想象线 该线把大西洋流域和太平洋流域区分开来。
40Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.
对地球引力的研究表明 在不寻常的负荷之下地壳和地幔会发生位移。
41The annual worth of Utah’s manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined.
犹他州制造业的年产值大于其工业和农业的总和。
42The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.
墙花之所以叫墙花 是因为其脆弱的枝干经常要靠墙壁或顺石崖生长 以便有所依附。
43It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology.
社会心理学的主要焦点是人与人之间的交往 而不是他们各自生活中的事件。
44No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.
给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多的激发了Elizabeth Williams的热情。
45Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.
典型的鹌鹑都长有短而圆的翅膀 凭此他们可以在受惊时一跃而起飞离他们的躲藏地。
46According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.
根据人类学家的说法 直立行走的人的鼻祖面部轮廓与黑猩猩相似额头前倾眉毛突出。
47Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
直到1866年第一条横跨大西洋的电缆才完全成功的架通。
48In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.
John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来的精神贫困。
49Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.
父母的教导如果坚定 始终如一和理性孩子就有可能充满自信。
50The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops, but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy.
北美远古的Hopewell人很可能种植了玉米和其他农作物 但打猎和采集对他们的经济贸易仍是至关重要的。
篇7：托福写作
A or B
From my point of view, it is advisable to choose A rather than B. My arguments for this point are listed as follows.
The main reason for my propensity for ____________________ is that ________________.
There is another factor that deserves some words here.In a word, ________________________. While it is true that the argument, I disagree hold a little bit of water, I think_______________.
托福考试复习攻略：地道美式作文必备60词
aid=assist(帮助，援助)
alter=change or modify(改变)
ask=inquire(询问)
assail=denounce(谴责)
axe=dismissreduce(解雇，减少)
balk=impede(阻碍)
ban=prohibit or forbid(禁止)
bar=prevent(防止，阻止)
bare=expose or reveal(暴露，揭露)
blast=explode(爆炸)
begin=commence(开始)
bid=attempt(努力)
bilk=cheat(欺骗)
bolt=desert or abandon(放弃)
boost=increase(增加，提高)
check=examine(检查)
claim=ause the death of…(夺去……的生命)
clash=disagree strong1y(发生分歧，争议)
curb=control or restrict(控制)
dip=decIlne or decrease(下降)
ease=lessen(减轻，缓和)
end=terminate(结束，中止)
flay=criticize(批评)
flout=insult(侮辱)
foil=prevent from(阻止，防止)
grill = investigate(调查)
gut=destroy(摧毁)
head=direct(率领)
hold=arrest(逮捕)
laud=praise(赞扬)
lop=diminish(下降，减少)
map=work out(制订)
mark=celebrate(庆祝)
name=appointnominate(命名，提名)
moot=discuss(讨论)
mull=consider(考虑)
nab=arrest(逮捕)
nip=defeat(击败)
ease=lessen(减轻，缓和)
end=terminate(结束，中止)
flay=criticize(批评)
flout=insult(侮辱)
foil=prevent from(阻止，防止)
grill = investigate(调查)
gut=destroy(摧毁)
head=direct(率领)
hold=arrest(逮捕)
laud=praise(赞扬)
lop=diminish(下降，减少)
map=work out(制订)
mark=celebrate(庆祝)
name=appointnominate(命名，提名)
moot=discuss(讨论)
mull=consider(考虑)
nab=arrest(逮捕)
nip=defeat(击败)
slay=murder(谋杀)
soar=skyrocket(急剧上升)
spur=encourage(激励，鞭策)
swap=exchange(交流，交换)
sway=influence(影响)
trim=reduce(削减)
vie=compete(竞争)
vow=determine(决心，发誓)
weigh=consider(考虑)
托福写作模板:是否同意一辈子住在同一个地方
托福独立写作题目：
Topic 31 Some people spend their entire lives in one place. Others move a number of times throughout their lives， looking for a better job， house， community， or even climate. Which do you prefer： staying in one place or moving in search of another place? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.
托福写作模板及参考答案：
托福写作参考范文：
Even though I have lived in the same house， in the same neighborhood， in the same city my entire life， I know I would be happy living in a variety of places. Moving would expose me to new people， new weather， and new housing.
Even if I were to move to another part of my city， I would encounter new people. Each neighborhood has a distinct personality. When I move to that neighborhood， I would meet the shopkeepers and residents that shape that personality. I may even adopt part of their manner as my own so I could be recognized as part of that community.
If I want to encounter different weather patterns， I would have to move beyond my city. Where I live now， it is the same temperature all year. I would like to go to a place where there are four seasons so I can experience really cold temperatures. I would like to walk in the snow and perhaps go skiing. I could learn winter sports if I lived in the north.
Now， of course， I live with my parents in their home. It is a one story house built around a courtyard where our family spends a lot of time. If I were to move， I would like to live in an apartment on a very high floor so I could see all around me. I could also meet my neighbors in the elevator and we could get together for coffee in my apartment.
The more I move the more I would experience change. I would meet new people in everyplace I lived; I could move to sample countries with four seasons or even a continent like Antarctica which only has two. Wherever I lived， I would experience living in housing particular to that area. I would then be a citizen of the world， wouldn't I? Could you call me a foreigner if I called everyplace my home?
托福写作模板:环境
托福独立写作题目：
Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed (damaged) by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
托福写作模板及参考答案：
托福写作参考范文：
People have been living on the Earth for thousands of years. Human activity influences the Earth. Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. In my opinion， the earth is being damaged by human activity. There are many statements supporting my opinion.
Human activity has damaged natural environment and almost exausted natural resources. Modern industry needs more and more resources， including minerals， fuels and water. So we confront of the serious problems such as the lack of fuels and water. Ecological balance is damaged because factories occupy many places where animals and plants live. More and more buildings are constructed and forests become less and less. If we cannot recognize these problems and solve them soon， we would finally lose the environment suitable for our living.
An other serious problem is “the green-house effect.” Human activity decreases forests and increases the usage of fuels so that the gas of carbon dioxide is output more and more and there are not enough plants to absorb it. The green-house effect is more obvious and more sensible these years. Due to the effect， icebergs in the south polar and north polar melt and the sea level becomes higher than before. I am worried about the cities nearby the sea and hope scientists find an effective method to eliminate the green-house effect.
Although we have advanced machines and our life seems more comfortable than before， we have less chances to approach natures and less spaces to act. The cities become bigger and if we want to have a picnic with our friends， we have to drive a long distance to find a natural place. In fact， the spaces of human activity are being damaged by the skyscrapers and factories.
From the above statements， we can conclude that human activity brings the Earth many damages. Fortunately people have recognized the point and I believe that the Earth will become a better place to live with our ceaseless efforts.
篇8：托福习语
托福100条必备习语
1. a beach personM: Jennifer is going to the shore again this weekend.
W: Well, she’s always been a beach person.
a person who likes to go to the beach
2. a bunch of
A bunch of us are getting together to go to the basketball game on Saturday afternoon.
a group of
3. abound in
New Jercy abounds in colonial architecture, battlefields of the revolution, and other historical sites important in the early history.
be rich in
4. adhere to
We will adhere to our plan.
carry out a plan or an operation without deviation:
5. a host of
A host of terms came into use.
a group of
6. a household word
Pearl S. Buck was almost a household word throughout much of her lifetime.
A widely known saying, name, person, or thing
7. a large amount of jjj
a large quantity of
Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of information on a single map.
8. a needle in a haystack
something impossible to do（大海捞针）
W: We are supposed to meet John here at the train station.
M: That’s like looking for a needle in a haystack（干草堆）.
9. a nest egg
A sum of money put by as a reserve
Today the simple piggy bank is seen everywhere as the symbol of saving and frugality, for putting away funds for a rainy day, or building a nest egg (money saved for emergencies) for life’s sudden money needs.
10. a rainy day jjj
A time of need or trouble
they put away funds for a rainy day, or building a nest egg (money saved for emergencies) for life’s sudden money needs.
11. a range of 广泛的
She created a range of广泛的 sculptures in different styles in the 1940’s.
12. a rare treat
M: This casserole砂锅菜 really tastes good. I guess that’s because the vegetables in it are fresh instead of canned.
M: I know. Kind of a rare treat in this cafeteria.
13. a rule of thumb
A useful principle having wide application but not intended to be strictly accurate or reliable in every situation.
This basic chemical knowledge, which was applied in most cases as a rule of thumb, was nevertheless dependent on previous experiment.
14. a scorcher
a hot day
Hew! It’s a real scorcher today.
15. a selection of
The jewelry store doesn’t have a good selection of watches.
16. a series of
Reversals of the field give rise to a series of magnetic stripes条纹地带 running parallel to the axis轴 of the rift裂口.
A number of objects or events arranged or coming one after the other in succession.
17. a suite of
Their fossilization required a suite (套) of factors.
18. a torrent of
大量的
They brought a torrent of criticism on the experimenter.
19. a trace of
一丝
Scientists believe that when the oceans were young they contained only a trace of salt and their level of salinity含盐量has been growing gradually.
篇9：托福阅读材料
下面是托福阅读材料的集锦，希望对你们有帮助，谢谢。
托福阅读材料：全球气候变暖
Rice yields falling under global warming
全球气候变暖也与亚洲的一些主要大米出产国的耕地面积减少有关。
Global warming is cutting rice yields in many parts of Asia, according to research, with more declines to come.
Yields have fallen by 10-20% over the last 25 years in some locations.
The group of mainly US-based scientists studied records from 227 farms in six important rice-producing countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, India and China.
This is the latest in a line of studies to suggest that climate change will make it harder to feed the world's growing population by cutting yields.
In , other researchers found that rice yields in the Philippines were dropping by 10% for every 1C increase in night-time temperature.
That finding, like others, came from experiments on a research station.
The latest data, by contrast, comes from working, fully-irrigated farms that grow “green revolution” crops, and span the rice-growing lands of Asia from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu to the outskirts of Shanghai.
Describing the findings, which are published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), lead researcher Jarrod Welch said:
“We found that as the daily minimum temperature increases, or as nights get hotter, rice yields drop.”
The mechanism involved is not clear but may involve rice plants having to respire more during warm nights, so expending more energy, without being able to photosynthesise.
By contrast, higher temperatures during the day were related to higher yields; but the effect was less than the yield-reducing impact of warmer nights.
However, if temperatures continue to rise as computer models of climate project, Mr Welch says hotter days will eventually begin to bring yields down.
We see a benefit of [higher] daytime temperatures principally because we haven't seen a scenario where daytime temperatures cross over a threshold where they'd stop benefiting yields and start reducing them,“ he told BBC News.
”There have been some recent studies on US crops, in particular corn, that showed the drop-off after that threshold is substantial,“ said the University of California at San Diego researcher.
The assessment of climate impacts from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that although a modest temperature rise could increase crop yields in some regions, for ”temperature increases more than 3C, average impacts are stressful to all crops assessed and to all regions“.
A study published at the begining of last year concluded that half of the world's population could face a climate-induced food crisis by 2100, with the most extreme summers of the last century becoming routine towards the end of this century.
托福阅读材料：莫斯科烟雾死亡率
Death rate doubles in Moscow's smoke, heat
高温和森林大火带来的烟尘使俄罗斯首都莫斯科的居民饱受煎熬
Scorching heat and acrid smoke have nearly doubled death rates in Moscow, a city official said on Monday, as a shroud of smog from raging forest and peat fires beset Russia's capital for a third week.
Firefighters battled wildfires covering 1,740 square km (672 sq miles) -- bigger than the area of Greater London -- in what the state weather forecaster said was Russia's worst heat wave for a millennium.
”The average death rate in the city during normal times is between 360 and 380 people per day. Today, we are around 700,“ Andrei Seltsovsky, Moscow's health department chief, told a city government meeting.
Russia's worst drought in decades has spooked world grain markets, driving wheat prices up at the swiftest rate in more than 30 years and raising the specter of a food crisis.
Seltsovsky said heat stroke was the main cause of the recent increase in deaths. He said ambulance dispatches in Moscow were up by about a quarter to 10,000 a day and problems linked to heart disease, bronchial asthma and strokes had increased.
”This is no secret,“ Seltsovsky said. ”Everyone thinks we're making secrets out of it. It's 40 degrees (Celsius, or 104 Fahrenheit) on the street. Abroad, people drown like flies and no one asks questions.“
Moscow morgues and hospitals were overcrowded, funeral parlors were doing a brisk business in coffins, and a sign in one crematorium said it was fully booked and taking no new orders.
”Today we have 80 bodies. We store them anywhere we can because the refrigerators are full,“ an attendant at Hospital No. 62's morgue, designed to hold up to 35 corpses, told Reuters.
Until Monday, neither federal nor Moscow authorities had announced data on deaths from heat and pollution, giving rise to suspicion of a Soviet-style cover-up in the face of criticism of the government's handling of the wildfire crisis.
Officials say 52 people have been killed by fires that have ravaged forests and fields and destroyed a handful of villages since late July.
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Prime Minister Vladimir Putin last week announced a grain export ban from August 15 to December 31, sending prices higher and hurting shares of brewers such as Carlsberg and Heineken.
SovEcon, a leading agricultural analyst, said on Monday the government might extend the ban even longer, reducing -11 wheat exports to about 3 million tonnes instead of the earlier expected 10-11 million tonnes.
SovEcon also said Russia's wheat crop might be about one-third smaller than last year's, dropping to 43 million tonnes from 61.7 million tonnes in .
Russia's main sugar lobby warned on Monday that the drought may hamper this year's beet sugar output, reducing it from the earlier expected 4 million tonnes to 3.2-3.5 million tonnes.
The downgraded sugar beet forecast is not expect to change Russia's import needs as it has large domestic reserves. Almost all sugar produced in Russia is consumed domestically.
Kremlin critics have blamed Putin for what they call a sluggish and ineffective government response to the fires, but polls have so far shown no decline in his popularity.
Russia has begun to feel economic effects from the horrid weather conditions, which have prompted banks and businesses to reduce staffing and slowed activity in the service sector.
Alfa Bank, a Moscow investment bank, said it would not publish a daily research bulletin on Monday or Tuesday.
”Owing to severe weather in Moscow, there is only a limited presence at the bank,“ an Alfa official said in an e-mail.
According to the business daily Kommersant, investment bank Uralsib shortened its workday on Monday, and state-controlled behemoth Sberbank closed some of its back offices.
But many Muscovites did report for work, trudging to metro stations or driving on streets where visibility was far below normal and smog veiled buildings.
Many people wore facemasks to try to filter the smoke, but the masks were increasingly hard to find and some doctors raised concerns about an official whitewash of the real impact of the smoke in Moscow.
An unnamed doctor at a Moscow clinic wrote on his Internet site over the weekend that he was wary of diagnosing patients with heat- and smoke-related illnesses for fear of dismissal.
Another doctor at a major hospital, speaking on condition of anonymity, told Reuters on Sunday that senior management had instructed staff not to link patients' illnesses with the heat.
Moscow authorities said over the weekend that reception centers were operating city-wide as refuges from the heat. But Vitaly Bredikhin, deputy manager of one of the centers, said that about 90 percent of the facilities lacked air-conditioning.
At one of the shelters, in an old building near Pushkin Square in the center of the city, about 10 elderly people sat in a hot dining room with no air-conditioning or even a fan.
托福阅读材料：美国对狼的保护
Judge orders US to keep protecting 'endangered' wolves
A federal judge has ordered the US to put Rocky Mountain grey wolves back on a list of protected endangered species.
Encouraged by the recovery of the once nearly-extinct wolf, the US last year moved to allow wolf hunts in two states while protecting them in a third.
But a judge ruled the law did not permit the US to protect part of a species population while allowing hunting of the rest.
Despite the ruling, Idaho said it would seek federal approval for a wolf hunt.
The decision puts wolves in the states of Montana and Idaho back on the endangered species list following their removal last year.
Wyoming's wolves had remained protected because the US government was unsatisfied with the state's wolf protection plan.
In Montana, US District Judge Donald Molloy came down on the side of a coalition of conservation groups who had challenged the US Fish and Wildlife Service's move to take the grey wolf off the endangered species list in Montana and Idaho.
Among several arguments, the coalition said the law did not permit the Fish and Wildlife Service to ”partially delist“ protected species - protecting the wolf in one state but not others.
Significant protection
”The plain language of the Endangered Species Act does not allow the agency to divide a [population segment] into a smaller taxonomy,“ Judge Molloy wrote.
Grey wolves were once abundant in the US, but a government-sponsored hunting programme nearly eradicated them. The wolves were gone from Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and south-western Canada by the 1930s.
The US passed the Endangered Species Act in 1973 and the wolf was listed as endangered in 1974, affording it significant protection from hunters.
In the 1990s, the government reintroduced wild wolf populations into the northern Rocky Mountains, situated in the western US.
Powerful ranching interests in the states concerned have opposed protection of the wolves, saying they threaten livestock.
篇10：托福口语
能和老外“无障碍交流”的这个标准其实非常模糊，如果我们用托福口语考试的标准来衡量，许多自认为可以和老外“无障碍沟通”的同学，是拿不到单科≥23分成绩的(托福口语单科满分30，中国考生此项均分18分)。
托福口语|能和外国人“无障碍交流”，口语一定能拿高分吗?
口语的提高，个人认为分为两个部分:1. 表达自然性的提高2.交流能力的提高。表达自然性的意思是语音语调等看似基础，但对我们日后表达的自信，流畅表达观点的能力，沟通效率等非常重要的必须能力。就好像想要顺畅地开高速路，得先通过小路、大路的驾照考试练习一样，没有基础保障的实践，就容易漏洞百出，上阵心慌。
而我认为我们很多人，对于“交流能力”的理解是有误区的：我们觉得能“听懂”老外的话并和对方进行对话，就代表自己有不错的交流能力了。而事实上，我相信绝大部分同学应该并不具备和老外像本国人一样自然、自信、漂亮地进行生活日常对话，及对于某些如教育、经济、哲学、政治等话题深入沟通、高效交换意见的能力。
换句话说，如果我们用托福口语考试的标准来衡量，许多自认为可以和老外“无障碍沟通”的同学，是拿不到单科≥23分成绩的(托福口语单科满分30，中国考生此项均分18分)。
而其实托福口语的高分标准(≥27)很简单：
说的顺，几乎没有不自然的卡顿、磕巴;
语言没有很多语法错误，内容表达效率高一些;
语音语调整体比较自然，发音、语调如果很地道，会有很不错的分数加成。
口语好的标准，自然是仁者见仁智者见智的，但是在我听了太多那些觉得和老外“沟通无障碍”但却托福口语分数非常一般的同学的抱怨，我觉得还是有必要解释一下“无障碍沟通”和“不错口语水平”之间的区别。
这里的逻辑不能错：
一个托福口语≥27分，表达能力强，交流能力佳，语音语调地道的人，是可以和老外“无障碍交流”的。
但却不能说：一个和老外经常说话，感觉可以和他们“无障碍交流”的人，就肯定表达能力强，交流能力佳，语音语调地道，且托福口语铁定≥27分。
能和老外“无障碍交流”的这个标准其实非常模糊，我们换个角度思考一下，如果有很多老外，把和你说话当成练习中文的机会，在你时间有限又不太想打消对方积极性的情况下，你是不是不会频繁指出对方发音、语法、意思方面的错误? 同时，你也不太可能和对方进行非常深入话题的讨论，因为往往交换意见的交流会变成你单方面的中文课堂…。
我们在相对更为舒适的Conversation(对话、交流)情境下说英文，往往会对自己的真实语言水平有不太直观的评价。因为谈话内容往往重复性高、语言简单，同时也没有规定时间让你必须准确、自然地说清楚你的个人观点这种比较严苛要求的束缚，“无障碍交流”事实上对于很多人都是触手可得的。
而考试的分数取决于整体，根植于细节。整体的流畅性，如果没有正确的发音、语法、表达积累的辅助，也无从谈起。
所以，我们应该怎么做?
我列出在我看来一天之中可以被利用起来的“垃圾”时间段:
- 早晨醒来没有立刻起身洗漱习惯，先看一会手机的时间
- 洗漱、上厕所的时间
- 上、下学/班路上坐公车或者坐地铁或者开车的时间
- 上学、上班期间，学习或者工作间隙的时间
- 吃午饭&晚饭的时间
- 吃完饭后的放松时间
- 睡前的一段无法立即入睡，看手机的时间
我们可以计算一下，回忆一下你近期起床、洗漱、通勤、吃饭、洗澡和睡觉的每日状态，计算一下自己的每日“垃圾”时间时长，一般都会≥3h，事实上，可能你也会比较惊讶于你每天“浪费”掉的时间竟然如此多。对于学习而言，其实只需要利用其中的一小部分，长此以往便可以取得不错的效果。
连时间都不愿付出就想收获成长，念念不忘，也无回响 …
托福独立口语机经思路解读
口语第一题：
NO.1
Your friend is considering a new pet, what kind of animal would you suggest?
思路:
Dog
1. man’s best friend
解释 everyone likes dogs, accompany us everywhere
例子 my dog T-mall is 5 years old now and he sleeps on my bed every night.
2.smart, keep strangers away
解释 dogs can smell strangers, and they can bark very loudly to scare them away
例子my neighbor’s dog even help to catch a thief last summer.
NO.2
The university acts as a venue for 3 kinds of students activities: Concerts performed by students, Drama acted out by theater students, Lectures given by a well-know professor. Which would you choose?
思路:
Drama
1.i love drama
解释 I am a big fan of drama and I dreamed to be an actress since I was a little girl
例子 when I am watching a drama, I can totally enjoy myself and forget about anything else. Relax. Release pressure.
2.concerts are loud.
Too many people and too much music give me headache.
3.lectures are so boring that I would fall asleep.
NO.3
University students are facing many challenges with their studies, what do you think is the most difficult challenge?
思路:
Balance study and entertainment
1.busy
解释:lots of assignments to accomplish: papers, reports, presentations…
例子:my sister has no time to play with me, even during weekends. She’s busy with a lot of things such as:
2.pressure
解释 even if students manage to have some free time, they would not be able to enjoy them, because they are so stressed out all the time.
例子 my teacher wants me to make progress, my parents want me to find a good job after graduation, let alone the peer pressure.
NO.4
这一百年有很多发明，哪一个对你生活改变最大?
思路:
two effects
1.make communication easier
解释in the past, send pigeons, write letters, it could take days or even weeks,but now, communication can be simultaneous
例子 chat online through apps such as…
emails
2.entertain
解释now, people are under pressure from work, study
例子through the internet, they can play games, watch movies, listen to music
NO.5
学校里喜欢做什么活动?
思路:
Gym
1.healthy
解释 nowadays, people are doing less exercise and eating less healthier diet. That explains why they are suffering from all sorts of diseases ranging from diabetes to heart attack.
例子my brother was weak before, but after running on the treadmill in the gym 2 hours per day for 2 months, he’s getting much better shape.
2.make friend/enlarge social network
解释more chances to meet people. Communicate. Common interests,
例子my brother met his best buddy Mark in the gym. They not only work out together, but also play games, going to dinners even watching movies together,
NO.6
上过的两个学校，解释两个学校的区别。
思路:primary school and high school
1. the environment is different.
解释 小学smaller than 高中.
小学no garden, 高中：big garden， flowers and trees, beautiful, fresh air.
2.teachers are different,
解释 小学 nice and kind， never blame us
高中 strict.
例子：once I was late for the math class, my head teacher called my parents immediately
NO.7
Why organizing time is challenging for students and why it is important?
思路:
1.challenging because students are so busy.
解释pressure from study. if I want to go to a better college, I have to study harder and harder
例子 homework, extra online courses, exams
2.important because time is limited and precious
解释：we should make full use of it so that we can learn more, we can do more things with the limited time.
例子：if I organized my time properly, I can use the saved time to do other more meaningful things such as:…
No.8
Talk about an important decision that you have made. Explain in detail why this decision was important to you.
思路:
Get my driver’s license
1. convenient
解释 fast ,save time, get things done more efficiently
例子drive myself to school.
30 minutes faster than taking the bus
2.I love cars
解释 get to know more about the things I am interested in since I was a child.
例子 I was crazy about automobiles. Read magazines, watch TV programs
NO.9
Which one of the following would you like to do on the weekend: stay with your family, go to the gym, or watch TV?
思路:
Gym
1.healthy
解释 nowadays, people are doing less exercise and eating less healthier diet. That explains why they are suffering from all sorts of diseases ranging from diabetes to heart attack.
例子my brother was weak before, but after running on the treadmill in the gym 2 hours per day for 2 months, he’s getting much better shape.
2.make friend/enlarge social network
解释more chances to meet people. Communicate. Common interests,
例子my brother met his best buddy Mark in the gym. They not only work out together, but also play games, going to dinners even watching movies together,
NO.10
If your friend is dropping out of the college, would you consider it a good thing?
思路:
good
1.save money
解释college tuition is expensive nowadays, plus the living expense.
Huge financial burden for the family.
Use the money to do other things, such as…
例子 if i drop out, I would start my own company…
2.save time
解释4 years of college, we might complete nothing, but if we do sth else, that’s a different story.
例子if I drop out, I would use the time to work. Get experience.
NO.11
大学收到一大笔钱，问你认为应该花在哪里来改善学生的生活：技术 运动设施，研究
思路:(答案参考no.9)
运动设施
1.healthy
解释
例子
2.make friends
解释
例子
NO.12
Which of the following Art classes would you be more interested in taking? Wood Sculpture, Painting or Photography?
三选一，可以学一样art，选哪样? wood sculpture; painting; 摄影;
思路:
photography
1.preserve memory
解释capture the most precious moment in our lives
例子my mother still kept the photo of my 3-year-old birthday
2.I love taking photos
解释 get to know more about the things I am interested in since I was a child.
例子 I was crazy about photography. Read magazines, watch TV programs about it.
NO.13
你有个哥们要面试了，他问你要ADVICE啊，你觉得他怎么样才能成功哇?
思路:
1.be confident
解释 leave a good impression to the interviewer
If he does not trust himself, he is destined to lose
例子last time when I was in a interview, I was so nervous that I thought myself unqualified for the job, and I failed.
2.ask sb with experience for help
解释save him time, give him tips, encouragement
例子 he can ask his father for some instructions
NO.14
你认为哪个时期是最困难的：童年时期，青少年时期，成年时期?Which period do you think is most difficult: childhood, teenager or adulthood?
思路:
Teenage time
1.pressure from study
解释 if I want to go to a better college, I have to study harder and harder
例子 homework, extra online courses, exams
2.stress from peers
解释trying to be better, to stand out, struggle for identity
例子everybody is working their best to catch up with one another.
NO.15
Describe your first time to go to school when you were young, you like it or not. 思路:
6 years old, and I like it
1.new faces
解释 curious about everyone. The teachers, classmates…
例子 I met 3 new friends in a single day: Mike, Marry and Ben.
2.knowledge
解释first step to get to now the world
例子 1+1=2, recognize some Chinese pinyin …
NO.16
你住的国家面临的问题... 翻译的不知道对不对
思路:
Air pollution
1.too many private cars
解释 gas emission. CO2, SO2… harmful
例子 we should encourage people to take more public transportation
2.cutting down trees
解释trees absorb CO2 and release O2 to fresh the air, but humans are cutting them down.
例子we should plant trees instead of consuming them
NO.17
描述一个你喜欢与之聊天的人。
Describe a person whom you would like to talk with often (this person could be one of your close friends, family members or teachers). Explain why you would like to talk with this person and what you would talk about?
思路:
My father
1.helpful
解释willing to listen and good at finding solutions
例子I was assigned to write a paper about photography, but I knew nothing about it.
After I talked with my father, he calmed me down and introduced me some useful books to get to know the subject
2.humorous
解释talking with him is simply fun
例子one time, I lost my favorite book, and I almost cried, but my father saved me by telling all sorts of jokes and making funny faces.
NO.18
What are some important effects of the worldwide availability of Internet on modern people's lives? Use specific details and examples to support your response.
思路:
two effects
1.make communication easier
解释in the past, send pigeons, write letters, it could take days or even weeks,but now, communication can be simultaneous
例子 chat online through apps such as…
emails
2.entertain
解释now, people are under pressure from work, study
例子through the internet, they can play games, watch movies, listen to music
托福独立口语机经思路解读
口语第二题：
NO.1
People often watch movies and TV with families and friends, some prefer to keep quiet until the end while others prefer to discuss while watching, which do you prefer?
思路:
Keep quiet
1.exercise our brain,
解释 if we discuss once we meet any problem, we would miss the time to figure it out by ourselves. Maybe, as the movies or shows go on, we would understand gradually.
例子：last time, I went to a movie with my friends, and I didn’t ask them anything when I have some doubts, instead, I solve the puzzle myself quietly, and I felt proud.
2.respect others.
解释 if we discuss, it could affect other people’s experience.
例子 last time I went to a movie, my friends were discussing, and I couldn’t help listening. Guess what, I missed the most important part of the movie!
NO.2
Do you agree or disagree with the statement that it's more enjoyable to read fictional literature than those of non-fiction.
思路:
yes
1. it’s exciting when it’s not real
解释 real things could be plain and boring, that’s why there’s fiction, fiction exaggerates the reality and gives the readers better experience.
例子when I read some fiction literature, I would cry even when I know it’s impossible to happen because it got me thinking about my life.
2.getaway with reality is exactly what we need today
解释now, people are under pressure from study, work and life
例子when I read fictional literature, I can let go all the burdens and focus on sth that makes me feel far away from the real world.
NO.3
有人觉得在大学学习很重要，有人觉得不重要，你觉得呢?
思路:
No
1. expensive
解释college tuition is expensive nowadays, plus the living expense.
Huge financial burden for the family.
Use the money to do other things, such as…
例子 if i drop out, I would start my own company…
2.save time
解释4 years of college, we might complete nothing, but if we do sth else, that’s a different story.
例子if I drop out, I would use the time to work. Get experience.
NO.4
Do you like to study alone or with others?
思路:
With others
1.help each other
解释during study, we would encounter all sorts of problems which we might not be able to solve by ourselves, that’s when we need more brains, and even if we could, with extra help, we will work it out sooner
例子i usually join group discussions after class, guess what, I never have to stay up late to finish my homework
2.motivation
解释 peer pressure
例子 when I study by myself, I could easily be distracted. TV, phone or games
NO.5
Do you agree or disagree with the statement that it's important for students to study Art and Music in school. Explain your answer in details.
思路:
yes
1.art and music enable us to see the world from a different angle
解释artists and musicians use their unique way to capture the most beautiful or precious moment in our lives.
例子when I listened the Moonlight by Beethoven, I could almost feel myself in the situation. That’s the magic of music, same goes to art.
2.art and music help us relax
解释now, people are under pressure from study, work and life
例子when I am in my art class, I can let go all the burdens and focus on sth that makes me feel free.
NO.6
Do you agree or disagree that children should learn to draw or paint
思路:答案同第二题
yes
1.art and music enable us to see the world from a different angle
解释artists and musicians use their unique way to capture the most beautiful or precious moment in our lives.
例子when I listened the Moonlight by Beethoven, I could almost feel myself in the situation. That’s the magic of music, same goes to art.
2.art and music help us relax
解释now, people are under pressure from study, work and life
例子when I am in my art class, I can let go all the burdens and focus on sth that makes me feel free.
NO.7
Do you agree or disagree that assignments handed in after the deadline should receive a lower score?
思路:
Yes
1.fair to others
解释rules must be consistent and apply indiscriminately to all. Even if you finish better than others, the fact you hand it in late justifies that you deserve a lower score.
例子last time when similar situation happened in my class, where my teacher did not handle properly, we felt disappointed.
2.set up an example for all
解释this is as punishment to warn you and the others not to be late again.
例子my sister’s class has this strict rule, no wonder she’s being extra careful to punctuality
NO.8
有的大学强制上外语课，有的强制上计算机课。你认为哪个更重要?
思路:computer science， we should learn more about computer because it has brought so many advantages to us
思路:
1.make communication easier
解释in the past, send pigeons, write letters, it could take days or even weeks,but now, communication can be simultaneous
例子 chat online through apps such as…
emails
2.entertain
解释now, people are under pressure from work, study
例子through the internet, they can play games, watch movies, listen to music
NO.9
选择participate in activities alone or with a team or group.
答案同第4题
NO.10
你同意富人应当帮助穷人这种观点吗?Do you agree that wealthy people should be required to help poor people?
思路:
diagree
1.wealthy people earn money by themselves, they should have the right to decide where to spend.
解释it is unfair to require them to do sth against their own will
例子even though now this is no constitution requiring the rich to help the poor, they are actually and surprisingly doing it! Making it mandatory might change the game.
2.the poor should learn to stand up by themselves not others giving,
解释an old saying goes like this:give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. teach a man to fish and you feed him a lifetime.
NO.11
Some people think students should study in classroom. While others believe that they should visit museum and zoo to study. Which one do you like?
思路:
Museum and zoo
1.learn knowledge in practice.
解释 easy to understand and memorize
例子when I was in 5th grade, my biology teacher took us to the zoo to learn about animal behavior.
That was a class where I could see, touch, ask and discuss. I could still remember everything I learned at that time.
2.interesting experience
解释going out of the class room, the atmosphere changed. You might feel like talking more or talking to someone you do not feel like talking to before.
例子I found myself to be a completely different person outside the classroom and they adored me.
NO.12
Some students prefer to study in a library. Others prefer to study at home or in dormitories. Which way do you prefer and why? Include reasons and details in your response.
思路:
library
1.good environment
解释 quiet, study atmosphere
例子when I study in the school library, I could feel the pressure to concentrate, because all the students around me are burying their heads into the books and the only noise I could hear is their breath
2.all sorts of books
解释when we study, we would encounter all sorts of problems. The solutions might lie in one of those books on the shelves
例子when I need to solve some puzzles in my study, going to the library would be my first option, because our teachers or classmates could be busy, but the books are always there waiting for me to unfold.
NO.13
你同意参与课堂讨论能使学生学到更多这个观点吗?
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Participating in class discussions makes students learn more. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
思路： yes
1.understand knowledge better
解释If the students can not understand what the teacher is talking about during the class，It's necessary for them to stop right there to exchange ideas with others. Either their classmates might have the same problem, so they can solve it together. Or, they can provide the answers.
2.The student can improve their communication skills during the process
解释Communication is important.
Understanding is one thing, Being understood is another.
Class discussions create more opportunities for students to practice how to get along with others and how to express their ideas more efficiently.
NO.14
Some students prefer to go to universities or colleges in their hometown. Others prefer to go to universities or colleges in new cities or towns. Which do you prefer and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.
思路： new place
1. Learn to be independent.
解释everyone would need to take care of himself at certain points of life, which makes independent skills necessary and important.
例子 go to college in new cities
need to learn to clean the room, do the laundry, and even cook
2.New place ,new experience
解释 Meet different people, understand different culture
例子 I studied in Beijing,
Met my best friend Sarah
know more about Beijing's tradition
NO.15
Do you think that people will read fewer books in the future than they do today? Give details and examples to support your response. Begin your response after the beep.
思路：agree
1.Instant information filled with people's lives.
解释Gradually people are losing the capability to process long and complicated information like what's in the books.
例子My cousin is chatting with friends through wechat every other minute, or checking the news Seventeen times a day.
2. People would have no time to read books
解释More work, more pressure, less time.
NO.16
If you have time, would you choose to learn to play a new musical instrument or learn to play a new sport?
思路:答案同上
New sport
1.healthy
解释
例子
2.make friend
解释
例子
NO.17
高中毕业后,有些选择直接进入大学深造,有些要take a break, 你会选择哪个, 陈述理由
思路:
Take a break
1.do things I want to do
解释 high schools are so busy. We lose ourselves in it. When it is over, we finally have some “me” time, we should take it.
例子 when my father graduated from high school, he took a year off to travel around China, he said that was the smartest decision in his life other than marrying my mother and having me.
2.prepare ourselves for college
解释college is like a small society that needs us to be fully prepared if we want to survive let alone thrive.
例子If I manage to have this gap year, I would find a part time job to gain experience, meet new friends to expand my social network, and read enough books or take enough online courses to figure out my interests.
NO.18
你是否觉得it is important to study the hist0ry from ancestors
思路:
yes
1.remember where we came from
解释history is sth that tells us how we become who we are now, it is precious experience that makes what we are today.
例子if we do not know who our parents or grandparents are, where our home is, which country we belong to, we would have difficulties identifying ourselves, in other words, we could feel lost.
2.history are lessons we need to learn
解释we learn from both the good things and mistakes in the past.
例子if it were not the history that tells us war is disaster for humans, we would not go this far today to seek for peace.
托福口语|能和外国人“无障碍交流”，口语一定能拿高分吗
篇11：托福口语
托福口语多功能答案：Innovation
Since the invention of TV, human history has started a new page. First, TV allows people to learn about what's going on in the world. With such information, they are able to get a better understanding of the world they live in. What's more, TV provides a lot of interesting programs that many people enjoy after a long day's work. Its visual effect makes people feel less stressed and more relaxed. Most important of all, Television has a great influence on the way people think and talk. TV program brought people together by offering them shared experiences and information about the events around the world. People repeated things they heard on the TV-some phrases and speech patterns heard in songs and radio programs begin to be used by people all over the world.
托福口语兴趣爱好类模板
(1)学科/比赛/兴趣爱好/休闲方式
Although there are many kinds of subjects, my priority is PE lesson.
The reasons why I am so fascinated with PE lesson can be best summarized as the followings. It is quite convincing to say that the most significant reason consists in the fact that it can keep you as fit as a fiddle. From my own perspective, I think health is the most important aspect to our life. By doing some exercises in PE lesson, we can not only relax from our heavy study pressure, but also we can have a perfect figure. What’s more, when we are talking about PE lessons, it is impossible not to mention the spirit of “persistence” which we can learn from the games in PE lesson. You know, when we are playing football, everyone tries their best. The truth is that as long as we persist, we will finally win the game no matter how tough it is.
(2)歌曲或音乐
Have you ever given any thought to what is your favorite song? I sure did. People’s answer might differ greatly from one or another. Mine, however, is hero. I’d like to recommend this song to everyone.
At the very beginning, I’d like to mention the most curious reason why I am so attracted by this song. You know, it tells us a story about confidence and courage. Whenever I am down, I always listen to this song and it will immediately cheer me up. What’s more, I love this kind of music style. I prefer some songs with slow and emotional rhythms because when I am listening, I can think and appreciate the real meaning of the song. Personally, I can’t bear those rock and roll songs. I think they are too noisy. Therefore I will recommend this song to everyone.
托福口语模板：去哪里购物
托福口语题目：Many people choose to go to specific shops to buy specific products, such as only buying bread in bakery, only purchasing vegetables in vegetable market; while some people prefer to have one-stop shopping, buying all the things in one big supermarket. Which one is your habit and why? Give specific explanation in your response. 许多人喜欢到专门的店购买商品，如去面包房买面包，去菜市场买菜;而另一些人喜欢一站式购物，在大型超市购买所有的东西。你的习惯是哪个，为什么?用具体的事例说明。
郝新宇老师的Sample response:
Personally, I definitely prefer the one-stop shopping in one big supermarket, the main reason is time-saving and convenient. In a big supermarket, usually within halfan hour or forty minutes, I may buy everything I need for several days, such as pizza, bread, fruit and so on, very convenient! However, if buying specific items in specific shops, maybe in the east second ring road I buy my desired bread, in the east third ring road I buy fruits, in the western part of the city I buy fish, seafood and so on, the whole purchasing process might occupy my whole afternoon, which is really inconvenient.
篇12：托福口语
There are a great many beautiful and delicate pictures to illustrate the words and make it more understandable. With those wonderful pictures, learning can be real fun and easy!
篇13：托福口语
The amazing part is its picturesque view and enjoyable surroundings. Having a walk beside the lake and rockery, I can smell the fragrance of grass and the flowers, hear the cries of the birds and feel the bracing breeze on my face.
托福口语模板【学习英语】
With the language surroundings, it'll be easy for me to polish my speaking and listening skills.This can render me a good opportunity to practice my English, and eventually put me in a favorable position in the upcoming competition.
篇14：托福口语
I would be able to make friends with those who share the same love for this. Perhaps we can have a little get-together. We can talk, laugh, I mean, exchange our ideas and share our feelings. We all feel like one big family.
篇15：托福口语
You've got to have faith and courage; the only thing we have to fear is fear itself. In this rapid developing society, if we're easily freaked out by various challenges, then there's no way we can succeed.
篇16：托福口语
Since he is the role model for us, he needs to speak and behave appropriately, in order to set a good example for us. No one can deny that a good example can exert an profound influence on the people.
篇17：托福口语
托福口语多功能答案：Skill
Playing Music
I feel that Music is miraculous because different kinds of songs which include melody and lyrics will have different effects on audiences.
Some Lyrics of songs are often encouraging some individuals who are confronting some
embarrassment to strive to their goals while others help people find the courage to face their failures with optimism or rejoin their lives. They will exert themselves and march on after hearing it.
Melodies can help people relax themselves, providing energy for them. Some music has mellifluous melodies which can lessen stress from work and study.
Having that kind of skill just like having magic, I like this kind of feeling.
篇18：托福作文
最新托福作文模板
TOEFL班的托福作文模板，100句常用句型按照托福作文结构组合而成。
作文文套一
A or B
Depending on personal experience, personality type and emotional concern, we find that some people hold the idea of A meanwhile others prefer to B, from my point of view, it is more advisable to chose A rather than B. My arguments for this point are listed as follows.
The main reason for my propensity for A is that___________________________.就理由进行解释_____________________.For instance,____________________
Another reason can be seen by every one is that____________________________.就理由进行解释___________________For example,____________________
The argument I support in the first paragraph is also in a position of advantage because_____________________________
Although I agree that there may be a couple of advantages of B, I feel that the disadvantages are more obvious. Such as________________.
In a word, ________________________________________________.So, it is sagacious to support the statement that it is better to A.
作文文套二
A or B
将原题复述___________________________________________When faced with the decision of A of B, quite a few would deem that______________________, but others, in contrast, believe A/B as the premier choice and that is also my point. Among countless factors which influence -A/-B, there are three conspicuous aspects as follows.
The main reason for my propensity fo _________is that___________________
The second reason can be seen by every person that________.
In addition, these reason are also usable when we consider that_________.
There are some disadvantages in____________________另一种观点的缺点__________.
In a word, _____________重复观点句并缩写理由__________________.Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusi
篇19：托福听力材料
托福听力素材：30个美国校园场景
1.东西丢了：lost the key，can’t found the note
2.剃头：hardly bald, hairstyle change for not covering the eyes, cut curl hair
3.搭车：pick up the third one at the airline, give me a ride to the office
4.穿衣: a jean and T-shirt for interview is casual, clothes is wet before the concert
5.花需要光: put the flower to the window, the bookcase will prevent the sunlight, need the fresh
6.忘了: slip my mind, forgot to give the note to someone
7.图书馆: spend the whole day in the library, make the photocopy at library, meet at the library, return the books to the library, library is a better place to study
8.室友: looking for a roommate, roommate should apologize, roommate is too noisy,
9.吃的:fish can’t be eat, berry is a bush even for a bird, bread is over toasted, vegetables are over cooked, bread may be in the refrigerator,
10.借东西: lend me calculus book(calculator), borrow the money from check, borrow car for shopping
11.天气：clean up for picnic, cold enough for skating, snowing too much to fly, so hot that we need an air conditioner,
12.作业能否完成：wait till the last minute, chemistry test without time for reading, fill out the financial aid form without the priority, paper extended to the next week
13.第三者: have done it for me
14.排队: magazine to kill the time, read the magazine twice, go early for not queue
15.得病看医生: need another doctor, it is open till 10 at the health center, take the pill the doctor assigned,
16.没空帮忙: can’t give you a ride due to the meeting tomorrow morning,
17.锻炼减肥: lost weight, two blue clothes but one with the large size
18.电影或音乐会: see the concert twice make sense again, sell ticket to you so that you come with me, lectured by some professor is worth watching,
19.还书: return so as not to pay fine, help me return the books,
20.重新考虑以前的决定: reconsider your decision,
21.转让: movie ticket
22.加入社团: garden club, find another committee member to replace,
23.认不出来: beard, bother is different,
24.住房: find an apartment under 500 dollars, find a larger apartment, live nearer to the campus
25.放松: join a entertainment club for leisure, spend more time outdoors,
26.约会: (appointment), reschedule one of the appointment
27.关门了(过期了): museum closed, cafeteria closed,
28.照相: film run out, film not processed, film not good
29.同去: come go with me
30.太吵: too noisy, can’t concentrate
托福听力场景之艺术场景分析
一、艺术场景细分
艺术类场景的细分就比较复杂了。首先，艺术类可以简单分为：艺术家及艺术形式，艺术史(art history)，艺术理论，艺术保护(art conservation)这四个话题。其中，艺术形式涉及的内容就更多了，按目前TPO里的讲座来看，具体的艺术形式可以有：电影、歌剧、诗歌、散文、话剧、建筑、雕塑、绘画、音乐及乐器、舞蹈等。这个话题主要是说艺术家及其风格特色;艺术史着重的是与艺术有关的人或事情的发展，历史价值;艺术理论比较抽象，我们可以这么理解，如果艺术家和艺术形式是在讲具体的画，画中的景，景用的颜色等，那么艺术理论就是在说，颜色要怎么调，景色要怎么选…;艺术保护类的文章，顾名思义，不仅说具体的艺术品，还会讨论如何保护不会损坏，如何修复。
二、艺术场景难度分析
艺术场景难度起伏比较大，有的时候会比较简单，有的时候也是噩梦。
词汇难度
首先，从场景词汇的角度去说，由于具体的场景可以有非常多的细分，因此，艺术类场景的词汇非常繁杂。
比如，绘画这个场景中常出现的词汇有：brush 画笔;canvas 帆布、画布;sketch 素描、描绘;figure人物;gallery 画廊;pigment 颜料……
文学类的文章中常出现的词汇有：chapter 章节;biography 传纪;fiction 小说;character 人物;tale 故事;plot 情节……
电影类的文章中常出现的词汇有：edit 编辑;sciencefiction 科幻;costume 戏服;Narration 旁白……
简单以上面三个具体话题为例，我们发现，不同的场景里最常出现的词汇都不太一样，因为这些具体的艺术类型本身区别也比较大。词汇的繁杂也就体现在这里，因为艺术类场景所涉及的具体艺术形式有很多，且词汇相互重复率不高，因此要灵活掌握的单词数量也不少。
除了词汇数量之外，很多艺术类词汇还体现了另外一个特点：一词多义，或者说熟词僻义。
比如说，TPO 1的第1篇讲油画的讲座中就出现了N次movement这个词，“so, you‘ve probably studies both of these movements, separately, separatemovements, realism and impressionism in some of your art history courses…”, ”thisgives her an understanding of body movements and actions, how humans move andstand still”这两个句子当中movement明显不是同一个意思，后一句中的movement是常见的“移动”的意思，但第一个句子中的movement的意思，就绝对不是移动，根据上下文，应该是类似style的意思。当然，后句中still也是熟词僻义，表示静止的意思。朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家在研究和跟踪考试的过程中发现，艺术类中的一词多义最多，比如setting, 常见意思为“设置”，艺术里表示“背景”，这还算是一个艺术场景中比较普遍的词汇;pattern, 常见意思为“模式”，还有“花纹”的意思;vibrant, 常见意思为“有生命力的”，艺术讲座中还有“明亮”的意思，比如vibrant color; hero, 在艺术类文章中还可以表示“男主角”。
文章难度
艺术类文章难度浮动大也就体现在这一方面。
一般来说，讲艺术家及艺术形式的文章是相对比较简单的，虽然艺术类的大背景很多同学不算熟悉，但ETS选择的艺术家、艺术品、艺术风格基本都是比较易于接受和理解的，比较生活化的。比如说，在绘画类的讲座中，有提过梵高，有提过莫奈，有提过很多著名的画家，他们的风格和作品都是普通人可以理解的，但没有提过毕加索，因为他老人家的风格就是没有固定的风格，他的画很多人看着也不理解，听了讲解也似懂非懂，他的画体现的内容还有社会的扭曲这样抽象、深层次的内容，他的造诣很高，但很多作品不大众化。一般来说，艺术家及艺术形式类文章不会找这些如此不大众化的内容，而且，作为语言类考试，虽然会有讲具体艺术专业的内容，但一般不会考到。同样以TPO 1中的第1篇讲座为例，文章中有讲述具体的某幅油画是怎么画的，这样的内容出现了3次，“It’s anoutdoor scene, an everyday scene. It’s kind of bleak(画面萧条), which you can really see those broad brushstrokes(笔触很宽)and the blurry lines(线条模糊).”和“Impressionist painters tended to apply paintreally thickly(油彩有的厚), and in big brushstrokes(大笔触), so the texture of the canvas was rough.”以及“the background of the painting, this woman with the pumpkins，is wrapped in a blanket of broad thick brushstrokes(画的背景就是以厚厚宽宽的笔触画上去的一层油彩), and, it’s all kinds of zigzagging brushstrokes(锯齿状笔触)and lines, kind of chaotic almost when you look atit close. And there are vibrant colors. There’s lots of orange, with littlehints of an electric blue peeking out(点缀着星星点点的闪电蓝).” 以上这么多内容，说法虽专业，但一个字也没有考到!综上，讲艺术家及艺术形式的文章对于词汇量没什么大问题的考生来说算是不难的。
艺术史同样也是比较容易的，艺术史当中强调的是历史，有的时候会结合具体的艺术家，艺术风格进行分析，比如TPO 3的第2篇讲座，讲电影史的，就有提到两个不同的电影制作家，以及各自的风格;而有时，艺术史就单纯的在讲历史事件的发生或者发展，比如TPO 8的第2篇讲座，讲艺术史的，就是在讲女子艺术学校的发展，没有提到具体的艺术作品或者艺术风格。只要单词不是硬伤，这类文章也很好理解。
而讲艺术理论和艺术保护的文章，可能就没前两种那么简单了。虽然没有哪篇艺术类文章开头说的是“Listen to part of a lecture in an art theoryclass”，但艺术理论类的文章确实不一样，其中不牵涉到具体的艺术风格、艺术作品、艺术家，就是单纯在讲理论，比如，TPO 27的第4篇讲座，就是在讲3原色的理论;托福听力机经中也有出现过考golden ratio黄金分割的理论及其应用。这些文章之所以难，原因之一是比较抽象，当然，如果本身对于内容背景，比如三原色理论或者黄金分割的概念非常清楚的，那听力理解肯定比较充分。但对于背景知识不是很了解的考生，这样抽象的文章，就会听得似懂非懂，这就好比去听这样的一句话“The term cognition refers to mental states likeknowing and believing, and to mental process that we use to arrive at thosestates”, 词汇都没问题，翻译过来的意思是：认知这个术语指的是心理状态，比如知道，或者相信，同样也指心理过程，通过这些心理过程会达到之前说的心理状态。且不论英文，中文的意思都比较抽象，不具体，没例子，所以理解起来肯定会有困难。在ETS发布的官方指南(OG)中，对于听力22分以上的考生是认定为水平高的考生，而ETS认为高水平的考生具备的听力能力当中就有这么一条：“understand abstract or complex ideas”，因此意思抽象的文章绝非偶然，是肯定会有的，是ETS安排好的来考察考生听力能力高低的一项。
当然，除了意思抽象之外，艺术理论类的文章还有一个难点，同样也是艺术保护类文章的难点：学科交叉内容比较多。在OG中，就有这样的要求，考生需要“understanddifferent kinds of material on a variety of topics”，这指的就可以是学科交叉。学科交叉就是指会涉及到其他学科的内容，比如TPO 15的第3篇讲座，讲的是阿基米德重写稿的保存和恢复，其中的保存部分就涉及到了物理的内容，ultraviolet light, X-ray等这样的词汇和概念;同样刚刚提过的TPO 27的第4篇讲3原色的讲座，也讲到了心理学(psychology, emotions)，物理学(spectrum, wave length)。学科交叉的难点在于对于听力细节把握的要求比较高，容错率比较低，如果有些内容没听懂，很有可能就不理解学科间是如何转换的，不理解艺术类的文章怎么就突然说到物理的光谱、波长，这样一来，对文章的理解就会有不到位，毕竟“recognize how pieces of information are connected”也是OG中给出的托福听力高分要点之一。
三、如何应对艺术类场景难点
如果艺术类场景词汇有所欠缺，最好的方式不是买本单词书去背，而是利用“学科听力法”，即不按TPO 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…这样的顺序去听，而是按话题去听，把艺术类话题的讲座都找出来，短时间内练习完，那么重要的、常见的单词肯定会在数篇文章中不止一次的听见，从而加深印象。当然，为了应对艺术类文章中的一词多义或者熟词僻义，那就需要在对文章理解的过程中不得过且过，抓住每一个理解不顺的细节，因为如果有内容理解不顺，肯定说明它不是你想的那个意思。对于眼熟，但是意思说不太通的单词，一定要有耐心去翻字典查一查。
而如果是文章内容抽象，或者文章学科交叉现象多的，不仅需要多听艺术类的文章，而且还要多听其他话题的文章，比如心理学类型的文章通常都比较抽象，可以多听多体会，而艺术类场景比较容易涉及到另外几个场景，比如，考古、物理、心理，也要利用“学科听力法”多多练习。
托福听力备考之同音词汇总
eight - number between 7 and 9, 8
ate - past tense of eat, 吃的过去式
bear - a big, hairy animal
bear - to be able to withstand something
bare - exposed
bred - past tense of breed 繁殖的过去式
bread - a type of food 面包
be - is 主动词 be
bee - an insect 蜜蜂
caught - past tense of catch 抓的过去式
cot - a portable bed that folds for storage 轻便小床
fan - a device for moving air 风扇
fan - short for fanatic 狂热，爱好者
groan - noise made in misery 呻吟
grown - fully mature 长大的
hart- 雄鹿
heart - energetic or enthusiastic 心脏
herd - a group of animals 牧群
heard - past tense of hear 听的过去式
I - me, myself 我
eye - body part we see with 眼睛
made - past tense of make 做的过去式
maid - a lady that cleans home or hotels for a living 女佣
no - opposite of yes 不
know - be aware of something 知道
roes - plural of roe = an argument 雌鹿的过去式
rows - plural of row = a row (line, queue) of vegetables planted in a farmer's field, a row of seats in a theatre 行，排
rows - present tense of row, as in rowing a boat (propelling a boat through the water with a paddle) 划船的现在式
rose - a beautiful flower that grows on a thorny stem 玫瑰
wring - twist 绞，扭
ring - noise a bell makes 敲钟，打电话
scent - smell 气味
sent - past tense of send 邮寄的过去式
see - to view something
sea - large body of salt water
threw - past tense of throw
through - finished or completed, also, to give direction (Go through the tunnel)
tail - cats and dogs have them 尾巴
tale - a story 故事
there they're their
week - 7 days
weak - not strong
worn - well used 用旧的，疲倦的
warn - to give notice of potential danger 警告
wood - what we get from trees
would - past tense of will
wore - past tense of wear 穿的过去式
war - what we call it when two countries' armies are fighting
one - a single unit
won - past tense of win
you'll
Yule- 圣诞季节
托福听力地质学中的“岩石”词汇分类
岩石(rock)一般分为三大类：
(一)火成岩(igneous rock)是指岩浆冷却后(地壳里喷出的岩浆，或者被融化的现存岩石)，成形的一种岩石。
常见的火成岩有：
花岗岩 granite: a very hard grey rock, often used in building
玄武岩 basalt: a type of black rock produced by volcanoes
黑曜石 obsidian: a type of rock that looks like black glass
浮石 pumice: very light grey rock from a volcano
granite basalt obsidian pumice
托福TPO真题链接：
Dating was used to establish that half of the sandstone in the samples was formed at the same time the granite in the Appalachian Mountains was formed. TPO-1
(二)沉积岩(sedimentary rock)是在地表不太深的地方，将其他岩石的风化产物和一些火山喷发物，经过水流或冰川的搬运、沉积、成岩作用形成的岩石。
常见的沉积岩有：
煤 coal: a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock
砂石 sandstone: a type of soft yellow or red rock
石灰石 limestone: a type of rock that contains calcium
页岩 shale: a smooth soft rock which breaks easily into thin flat pieces
石膏 gypsum: a soft white substance
白云石 dolomite: a kind of sedimentary rock
coal sandstone limestone shale gypsum dolomite
托福TPO真题链接：
It was formed from sandstone that solidified somewhere between 150 and 300 million years ago. TPO-1
Another difference, very important today for distinguishing between older lake beds and newer ones, is the location of the limestone formations. TPO-9
(三)变质岩(metamorphic rock)是指受到地球内部力量(温度、压力、应力的变化、化学成分等)改造而成的新型岩石。固态的岩石在地球内部的压力和温度作用下，发生物质成分的迁移和重结晶，形成新的矿物组合。
常见的变质岩有：
大理石 marble: a type of hard rock that becomes smooth when it is polished
石英石 quartzite: hard metamorphic rock consisting essentially of interlocking quartz crystals
板岩 slate: a dark grey rock that can easily be split into flat thin pieces
片麻岩 gneiss: a laminated rock similar to granite
marble quartzite slate gneiss
托福TPO真题链接：
Then they shipped these plastic casts to workshops all over the empire, where they were replicated in marble or bronze. TPO-18
篇20：托福阅读
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A)A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
(B)A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions
(C) Research on how people make decisions
(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making
2. The word ”essential“ in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) introductory
(B) changeable
(C) beneficial
(D) fundamental
3. The word ”pertinent“ in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) relevant
(B) preceding
(C) insightful
(D) responsive
4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?
(A) Listing the consequences of each solution
(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution
(C) Deciding which consequences are most important
(D) Writing down all possible solutions
5.According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that
(A) has the fewest variables to consider
(B) uses the most decision worksheets
(C) has the most points assigned to it
(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people
6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of
(A) describing a process
(B) classifying types of worksheets
(C) providing historical background
(D) explaining a theory
7. The author states that ”On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once
(lines 17-18) to explain that
(A) most decisions involve seven steps
(B) human mental capacity has limitations
(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions
(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice
8. The word “succinct ”in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) creative
(B) satisfactory
(C) personal
(D) concise
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Proponents (line 5)
(B) Optimal (line 5)
(C) Variables (line 17)
(D) Long-range goals (line 25)
10. The word “it” in line 24 refers to
(A) worksheet
(B) problem
(C) distinction
(D) decision
11. The word “revise” in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) ask
(B) explain
(C) change
(D) predict
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