考研英语:语法(情态动词特征及变化)

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考研英语:语法(情态动词特征及变化)

篇1:考研英语:语法(情态动词特征及变化)

考研英语:语法大全(情态动词特征及变化)

情态动词概述

特征

1)情态动词(modal verb)本身有词义,表示说话人的语气或情态,但词义不完全,不能单独用作谓语动词,一般只能和动词原形一起构成谓语动词。

2)情态动词所表示的情态有:命令、允诺、请求、拒绝、愿望、愿意、义务、必要、可能、能力、敢于、需要等。

3)情态动词(ought除外)和助动词shall,will,should,would一样,后面的动词不定式一般皆不带。

形式变化

1)没有人称和数的变化,第三人称单数的现在时也无变化。如:

I can We can

You can You can

He

They can

She can

It

2)有些情态动词有过去式,有少数过去式和它的.原形相同。

a)有过去式的情态动词有:

may -- would

can DD could

mayDD night

shall -- should

have to -- had to

b)过去式不变的情态动词有:

must - must (或had to)

ought to - ought to

need---need

dare - dare(亦可用dared)

3)大多数情态动词后面可用动词的进行式、完成式和被动形式,如:can(may,must)be doing,can(may,must) have done,can(may,must)be done等。

否定式

情态动词和助动词一样,后面可直接跟否定词not。现将情态动词的否定式及其否定式的简略式(简略式用于口语中)列举如下:

shall not--shan't [FB:nt]

will not---won't [wEunt]

can not-can't [kB:nt]

must not-mustn't [5mQsnt]

should not-- shouldn't

would not-- wouldn't

could not-- couldn't

dare not- daren't [dZEnt]

need not-- needn't

在疑问句中的用法

情态动词在疑问句中的用法和助动词相同。如:

May I ask you a question? 我可以问你一个问题吗?

Can you let me use your dictionary for a minute? 你能把字典借我用一会儿吗?

Would you like to visit the heavy machinery plant? 你想参观重型机器厂吗?

注意have to在疑问句中的位置。如:

Do you have to go out today? 你今天一定得出去吗?

Does he have to finish the work tomorrow? 他明天非做完这项工作不可吗?

篇2:情态动词的语法特征

情态动词的语法特征

1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。

2) 情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的'不定式。

3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。

4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。

篇3:考研英语情态动词

考研英语情态动词

(一)情态动词

一.情态动词的现在完成式的用法

情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能:表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustn’t,;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;ought等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的

1.表示已经发生的情况。

1)must have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“(昨天)一定……”。如:

My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”

[A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be

(答案为C)

2)can’t / couldn’t have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为“(昨天)一定没……”。如:

Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.

[A] couldn’t have received [B] ought to have received

[C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received

(答案为A)

3)may / might have +过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为“也许……”。如:

At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.

2.表示虚拟语气。

1) needn’t have + 过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,相当于”didn’t need to do”,译为“其实没必要……”。如:

You needn’t have come over yourself.

As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.

[A] needn’t dress up [B]did not need have dressed up

[C] did not need dress up [D] needn’t have dressed up

(没有必要穿的'那么正式,体现是说话者的建议,实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定,答案为D)

2)should have +过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,译为“本应该……”should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了,译为“本不应该……”。如:

I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.

我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好,但实际上作者还是没有规划好,以至工作没有完成。

3) ought to have +过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,但实际上未发生,译为“该……”,与should 的完成式含义类似。如:

The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke .

4) could have +过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为“完全可以……”。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。如:

What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.

5) may/ might have +过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做,译为“(那样)也许会……”。如:

It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.

二.几个情态动词常考的句型:

1).may/might (just) as well “不妨,最好”,与had better相近;

Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.

既然航班已经取消了,你不妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train。

2) .cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好,怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over….如:

You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车时候,越小心越好。

The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized .

3) .usedn’t 或did’t use to 为used to (do) 的否定式。

4).should 除了“应该”一层意思外,考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法想象他竟然这样做。

三.情态动词被动关系的主动表达法

1. want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。

Your hair wants cutting

The book is worth reading

The floor requires washing.

2.need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ,两种形式都表达被动的意义

The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.

The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.

篇4:考研英语:语法(情态动词-can,could)

考研英语:语法大全(情态动词-can,could)

情态动词――can, could

can和could

can的词义

表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”或客观上的“可能”。如:

Can you ride a bike? Yes,I can.你能骑自行车吗?是的,我能骑。

Can Mr. Smith use chopsticks? No,he can't .史密斯先生会用筷子吗?不,他不会。

Most women here can read and write now.这里的多数妇女都能识字,也会写字。

In China even barren mountains can be turned into fertile fields.在中国,荒山也能变成良田。

can用在否定句和疑问句中时

在这种句子中,can常可意谓“可能”,表示猜测和推理。如:

It surely can't be six o'clock already?不可能已经六点钟了吧?

You can't be hungry so soon,Tom. You've just had lunch.顿姆,你不可能饿得这么快,你刚吃过午饭。

She cannot be so careless.她不可能这么粗心。

Where can he be?他会在什么地方呢?

What can he mean?他会是什么意思呢?

It surely can't be six o'clock already?不可能已经是六点钟了吧?

注一:can加动词的进行时态,也可表示“可能”。如:

What can he be doing all this time?他一直会是在干什么呢?

She cannot be playing ping-pong now.她现在不可能在打乒乓球。

注二:在日常会话中,can可代替may表示“允许”,may比较正式,如:

You can drop in any time.你随时都可以来串门。

Can I use your basin? of course,you can.我可以用你的脸盆吗?――当然可以。

You can have my seat,I'm going now.我要走了,你坐我的座位吧。

Could

could是Call的过去式,表示与过去有关的1)能力和2)可能(在否定和疑问句中)。如:

1)We were sure that he could do the work.我们肯定他能做这工作。

He was a farmhand. He could not afford to send his son to school.他是个雇农,他供不起儿子上学。

2)At that time we thought the Story could not be true.那时我们以为所说的事不可能是真的。

注: could可代替can表示现在,但语气较为婉转。如:

could you wait half an hour?请你等半个小时好吗?

could you please ring up again at six?六点钟请你再来电话好吗?

could we visit a kindergarten? I've been wanting to see one ever since I came to China.我们可以访问一个幼儿园吗?我自从到中国来以后,一直想看一所幼儿园。

注二:表示过去的能力并已完成一具体动作时须用were (was) able (to),不可用could.如:

I am glad we were able to catch the train.我很高兴我们能赶上火车。但如未完成一具体动作,则可用could not.如:

I am sorry we couldn't (或weren't able to) catch the train.我很遗憾我们没有能赶上火车。

can的形式

can只有现在式can和过去式could两种形式,能表示现在一般和过去一般两种时态,有时也能表示将来。所有其他时态(包括将来)须用be able加动词不定式来表示。如:

With their help, we shall be able to finish the work in a few days.有他们的协助,我们将会在几天之内完成这项工作。

They have not been able to come to Boston.他们没有能到波斯顿来。

Mr. Johnson rang up just now to Say that he won't be able to come over this evening.约翰逊先生刚来电话,说今天晚上他来不了。

can,could用于否定或疑问句中

can (could)用于否定或疑问句中后面跟动词原形的完成式时,表示对过去发生事件的“可能性”。而could较can更加表示说话人的“不肯定的.”语气。如:

Can he have left already?他会是走了吗?

Could she have forgotten my address?她会把我的地址忘记了吗?

It couldn't have been henry. He has gone to the factory.不可能是亨利,他已经去工厂了。

Surely she can not have arrived so early.他当然不可能这么早到这里的。

注:could加动词的完成式时,有时表示“过去可能完成但事实上并没有实现的动作”。如:

You could have done the work better.你本来可以做得更好些。(事实上你做得不那么好)

You could have got the early train.你本来可以搭上早班火车的。(事实上没搭上)

篇5:考研英语:语法(情态动词-dare/need)

dare (敢)

的用法和其他动词有所不同。dare用于否定句或疑问句中时,其用法和其他情态动词一样,即dare本身无变化,后面所跟的动词不定式不带to。如:

They dare not tell the truth.他们不敢说真话。

Dare he admit his mistake? 他敢于承认错误吗?

He dared say no more。他不敢再说了。

但是dare用在肯定结构中时,后面的动词不定式可加to。如:

Young people should dare to think,dare to speak and dare to act.青年人要敢想、敢说、敢干。

[注一]在否定句或疑问句中,dare也可用作实义动词,用助动词do来帮助,后面的动词不定式可带to。如:

Do they dare to do it? 他们敢做这事吗?

The enemy did not dare to come out after dark.敌人夜间不敢出来。

[注二]注意下面将两种不同动词揉合在一起的说法。如:

I didn't dale come.我不敢来。

Who dares stop me? 谁敢阻拦我?

篇6:考研英语:语法(情态动词-dare/need)

need(需要)

的.用法与dare几乎完全相同。即在否定句或疑问句中,和其他情态动词一样,本身无变化,后面用不带to的动词不定式;在肯定句中时,和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带to,第三人称单数现在一般时加-s,并有时态的变化。如:

Need we return the magazines today?我们今天需要把杂志还回去吗?

Every member needs to pay only a little money a year to get medical care.每个成员每年只需缴一点钱就可以得到医疗。

You need not write down your translation. You may do it orally. 你们不必写下这个翻译练习,口头做就行了。

[注]与dare一样,在否定句或疑问句里,need也可和实义动词相同,用助动词to do来帮助,后面的动词不定式必须带to。如:

Do they need to take any tools with them? -No., they don't need to.他们需要带工具吗? --不需要。

He did not need to go there early that day. 那天他不必早去。

need后面有名词作宾语时

完全用作实义动词,表示“需要”或“缺乏”某件事物。这时,它的变化和一般实义动词完全相同。如:

I need a dictionary.我需要字典。

You need a hair-cut. 你该理发了。

Do you need a fountain-pen? 你需要一支自来水笔吗?

I don't need a new jacket. 我不需要一件新茄克衫。

Mary looks tried,she needs a rest. 玛丽看上去累了,需要休息。

Needn't后加动词不定式(不带to)的完成式时

指过去已做了但勿须做的动作。如:

You needn't have watered the vegetables,as it is going to rain.你满可以不必浇菜,天要下雨了。

You needn't have brought your umbrella. We are going by taxi你满可以不必带伞,我们要坐出租汽车去。

[注一]注意didn't have to和didn't nee to则常表示过去未做也勿须做的动作。如:

I didn't have to interpret it for her,for she knows Chinese.我勿须为她翻译,她懂汉语。

I didn't need to take a taxi; it is only five minutes walk to the station.到车站只须走五分钟,我不需要坐出租汽车。

[注二] used to和had better也可看作是情态动词。情态动词used to表示过去的习惯,但现在已无此习惯(would表过去习惯时则无此含义)。如:

When I was young,I used to play football.我小时常踢足球。

He didn't use to come. (或用usedn't to)他过去不常来。

Did he used to come? (亦可说used he to...?)他过去常来吗?had better表可取,意为“应该”或“最好”。如:

We had better go now. 我们最好走吧。

You'd better stop now.你现在应该停下来。(对长辈不可用had better)

Hadn't we better go now? 我们现在走不好吗?(had better一般不用于肯定疑问句)

篇7:考研英语:语法(情态动词-will,would,ought)

考研英语:语法大全(情态动词-will,would,ought)

情态动词Will

可用于各人称,表示“意志”、“意愿”、“决心”、“允诺”等。如:

I will try.我愿一试。

I will do my best.我一定尽力而为。

We will never do it again.我们永远不会再做此事了。

Which will you fake?你要哪一个?

Who will go with me?谁愿和我一同去?

will在疑问句中用子第二人称时

这时句子表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问。如:

Will you please explain the sentence once more?请你再把这个句子解释一遍好吗?

Will you have western food or Chinese food,Mr. Smith?史密斯先生,你吃西餐还是中餐?

Will you pass me the butter?请你把黄油递给我好吗?

注意下面句中的won't亦表请求:

Won't you come in ?请进来好吗?

注一:在条件状语从句中须用现在一般时表将来,但当will用作情态动词表意愿时,则亦可用于条件状语从句,如I'll be glad if you will come.(你如愿来,我将会很高兴)。

注二:will在下面句子中= I suppose(我猜想)或probably(大概)。如:

This will be the room you are looking for.这大概就是你要找的那个房间。

You will remember the story I told you the other day.你们大概还记得我那天给你们讲的那个故事。

注三:will有时表示一种习惯动作或状态。如:

Water will boil at 100 degrees Centigrade.水总是在摄氏100度煮沸。

Boys will be boys.男孩子总是男孩子。

情态动词――would

Would

是will的过去式,可用于各人称,表示过去时间的“意志”、“愿望”和“决心”等。如:

He declared that he would do everything to help us.他说要尽一切可能来帮助我们。

I told peter that I would go along wit him.我告诉彼得我要跟他一块去。

All in e doctors and nurses told Dr. Bethune not to give his own blood to the wounded, but he wouldn't listen.和护士劝白求恩大夫不要把自己的血输给伤员,但是他不听。

would用来表示现在时间时

这时would不论是表达说话人本身的意志或向对方提出请求,均较will婉转。如:

Would you tell us something about yourself?请跟我们谈谈你自己好吗?

Would you like to have a glass of wine?你要喝杯酒吗?

Would you please tell me the way to the nearest bus-stop?请告诉我去最近的公共汽车站怎么走好吗?

Would you mind helping me with my packing?请你帮我打打行李好吗?

注:在日常会话中,I would like to和I should like to都可以说,I would like的简略式为I'd like.如:

I should (would) like to have a look at the new television set.我想看看这架新电视机。

I'd like to borrow a copy of Alice in Wonderland.我要借一本《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》。

Would还可以表示过去习惯发生的动作

I found that retired persons would often go to the park to play chess.我发现退休的人经常到公园里下棋。

When he had a problem to solve,he would work at it until he found an answer.当他有个问题要解决时,他总是想办法一直到找到答案为止。

情态动词――ought

ought

ought只有一种形式,后面须跟带to的动词不定式。Ought表示“有义务或必要”做某件事,还可表示“劝告”。如:。

You ought to follow the old man's advice.你应当听那位老人的`话。

You oughtn't to smoke so much.你不应当抽烟太多。

You ought to go to the clinic at once. You don't look well.你脸色不好,应该马上到医务室去。

注:ought表示“应该”,语气比should强。

ought后加动词不定式的完成式时

指过去的动作。如用肯定形式(ought to have done),表示某一件事该做而未做,相当于should have done.如用否定形式(ought not to have done),则表示一件不该做的事情发生了,相当于should not have done.如:

He ought to have done the exercise more carefully.这个练习他应当作得更细心一些。

I ought to have returned these books to the library last week.我上星期就应当把这些书还给图书馆。

You ought not to have been so rude.你不该这样粗鲁。

You ought not to have taken his skates without asking him.你不该没有得到他的许可就把他的冰鞋拿走。

篇8:考研英语:语法(情态动词-may,might)

考研英语:语法大全(情态动词-may,might)

情态动词――may, might

may和might

may表示“允许”或“请求”

May I come in? -Yes,do.我可以进来吗?――请进。

May I borrow you raincoat?我可以借用你的雨衣吗?

You may go now.你现在可以走了。

You may ring us up any time during office hours.在办公时间你可以随时给我们打电话。

注:may表示“允许”的否定形式是must not(不应该,不许可)。如:

May I take this book out of the reading-room? -No,you mustn't.我可以把这本书拿出阅览室吗? ――不行。

may还可表示说话人的猜测,认为某一事情“或许”或“可能”发生

We may call on you this evening.我们也许今天晚上来看你。

She may not go to the concert tonight.今晚她可能不去听音乐会了。

The news may or may not be true.消息也许是真的,也许不是真的。

注:may用在感叹句中可表示祝愿,愿望如:

May you succeed.祝你成功。

May you have a pleasant journey.一路平安。

might为may的过去式

The speaker said we might ask him any question.作报告的人说我们可以向他提任何问题。

He said he might go to the Palace Museum on Sunday.他说他星期天可能去参观故宫博物院。

注一:night也可代替may,表示现在,但语气较为婉转客气或更加不肯定。如:

He night not come today.今天他也许不来了。

Might I make a suggestion?我可以提个建议吗?

注二:might用来表示现在时,还可表示“规劝”,如:

You might,pay more attention to spoken English.你要更多地注意英语口语。

You might shut the windows. The wind is blowing so hard outside.关上窗户吧。外面风很大。

may (might)后加动词的完成式

表示对过去的推测,认为某一事情在过去“可能”发生。这里may和might都指过去,不过might较为含蓄委婉或更加不肯定(常用于肯定结构)。如:

Nick may (might) have gone to the library.尼克可能到图书馆去了。

Our manager may (might) have gone to Harbin last weekend.

我们的经理上周末可能已经去哈尔滨了。

She may (might) have missed the plane.她也许没赶上飞机。

注一: may和might常用在so that和in order that所引导的`目的状语从句中(现在英语中还经常用can)。如:

Write is in simple language in order that everybody may understand it.为了大家都看得懂,你要用简明的文字写。

He died,so that others night 1iye.他为了别人而牺牲了。

注二:might加动词的完成式,可说明某一事情在过去没有实现并含有“劝告”甚至“责备”的意思。如:

You might have told me earlier.你本来可以早点告诉我的。

You might have been more careful.你本来可以多加小心。

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