浅析表示状态变化的连系动词

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浅析表示状态变化的连系动词

篇1:浅析表示状态变化的连系动词

浅 析 表 示 状 态 变 化 的 连 系 动 词

赵 国 强

英语中,除be动词之外,还有许多表示状态的特征、存在和变化的连系动词。get, become, grow, turn, come, go, fall以及run, wear, make等动词能够表达“成为”、“变成”等意义,即表示状态的变化。如:get ready(准备好), run dry(干枯), go wrong(出毛病),fall due(到期)等。 有些词组的结构搭配较为固定,毋需赘述。但纵观其它连系动词及自身相互比较,表示状态变化的连系动词有以下特点。

一、时态表达 直接自然

一般而言,如果不表达某一特殊含义,连系动词是没有进行时和完成时的。seem, appear等连系动词的进行时和完成时也必须通过其后的不定式或从句来表达。而表示状态变化的连系动词都可以直接用进行时、完成时及将来时来表达正在(渐渐)、已经或将要“变得”或“成为”等时间概念或意义。试比较下列几组句子:

1) He seemed to be writing something.(=It seemed that he was writing something.)

他好象在写什么东西。

Our country is becoming (或getting) stronger and stronger.

我们国家日益强大。

2) He seems (或appears) to have been to Beijing. (=It seems (或appears) that he has been to Beijing.)

他似乎去过北京。

The custom has now become a rule.

那习俗现已变为成规。

This material has worn thin.

这料子已磨薄了。

3) It seems as if it is going to rain.

看来快下雨了。

The milk in the cup will go bad.

杯子里的牛奶要坏了。

二、内部结构 各有侧重

连系动词要跟表语。表示状态变化的连系动词和表语的基本结构如以下图表:(其后的例词为其中部分较常见的结构搭配)

词 例 形容词 名 词 过去分词 不定式 介 词

get ready/ strong/ sick an old man married/ used to/ drunk/ to know/ to like/ to be under way

become easy/ silent chairman/

a big problem known/ crowded __ of...

grow tall/old/ hot __ excited/ advanced to like/ to be out of fashion/ into..

turn red/pale / sour writer/ traitor un-结构 __ __ into.../ from ...to...

come true/ cheap/dear __ to know/ to be on duty

go white/ hungry the colour/pink

(较少用) unnoticed/ unpunished __ out of fashion/

out of one's mind

fall ill/ asleep victim/

(或prey) __ __ in love with/ out of fashion

run dry/wild/ short __ __ __ __

wear thin __ __ __ __

make __ a good actor __ __ __

以上图表显示出有关连系动词和表语较常见的搭配。可以看出,它们大都用途广泛,结构灵活。及某一方面的侧重或特色。但在实际使用中是有分寸的。

1、除make外, 均可接形容词,表示“(渐渐)变成(某种状态)”;come表示“算起来(贵、贱等)”。

It grew (或got, became) colder as night drew on.

当夜幕降临时,天气渐渐变得冷一些了。

We may not get wiser as we get older.

不一定年龄越大就越聪明。

Your hair has turned (或gone) grey.

你的头发变白了。

The horse fell lame.那马跛了。

The boy's wish to become an expert has come true.

那孩子想当专家的愿望已经实现。

The expense comes cheap [expensive/dear].

这开支算起来便宜(昂贵)。

2、become, get, turn, make, fall可接名词,但各有特点。get后的名词前可加to be,而become则不行;turn跟名词时,前面多不加冠词。make必须与有定语的名词连用; fall常与victim,prey(牺牲者、受害者)等名词连用。(go偶尔接颜色类名词)

He has become (或got) a (famous) scientist.

他成了(著名)科学家。

He has made a famous scientist.

他成了著名科学家。

He used to be a soldier till he turned writer.

他当作家之前曾是战士。

The guard fell a victim to the dagger of a murderer.

警卫死于凶手的刀下。

She fell (或was falling) an easy prey to him.

她轻易地被他控制着。

3、分词前面多用become和 get表示;也有用grow接分词的情况;以un-开头的过去分词前主要用come,还有用go来表示的。

The room soon became crowded.

屋里一会儿就挤满了人。

At last the truth became (或got) known.

最后真相大白了。

Don't get caught in the storm.

别让暴风雨淋着了。

Has he got engaged [married]?

他定婚(结婚)了吗?

Look out! You nearly got hit by the car.

当心!你差点让车给撞了。

The string came undone.

绳子散了。

The buttons on my coat came unfastened.

我的上衣扣子松了。

The package he is carrying is about to come unwrapped.

他扛的包快要散了。

The murderer shall not go unpunished.

凶手必须受到惩罚。

We soon grew dissatisfied with our work.

我们很快对自己的工作不满意了。

4、come, go, get等后面可接不定式,表示一种状态的变化;有些结构中to be可以省略。注:become后不能接不定式。

Mr Smith is getting (to be) an old man.

史密斯先生渐渐成了老人。

I've come to like him.

我渐渐喜欢他了。

She's growing (或getting) to hate those who don't keep their promise.

她渐渐地痛恨那些说话不算数的人了。

He has grown to be a fine young man.

他长成个很好的男子汉了。

5、come, go, grow, get, fall接介词短语的情况较多一些,有些已构成固定表达。如:go into a rage(大发雷庭); fall into despair(陷入绝望之中)。另举几例:

He has grown into a fine young man.他长成个很棒的男子汉了。

At nine, she fell in love with the pipa. 她九岁就爱上了琵琶。

The child comes of(或from) a poor family.孩子出身于贫家。

三、褒贬色彩 各居其位

1、有些连系动词受到原行为动词意义的影响,常常褒贬搭配,泾渭分明。如:

go bad [hungry, mad, blind, deaf, tired, etc.]变坏(饿、疯、瞎、聋、累……)

turn sour [cold, chilly, pale, quarrelsome, etc.]变得酸(冷、寒冷、苍白、爱争吵……)

fall ill (或sick) [asleep,silent, etc.]生病、睡着、沉默起来……

come true [right]变为现实(正确)

grow rich[ tall, large, clever, old, etc.]变得富裕(高、大、聪明、年老……)

2、颜色类形容词如red, green等前面多用turn和go,亦有用grow等词来表示的。

Her face went (或turned) red with anger.

她脸都气红了。

She went black in the face.

她(气得或累得)脸上发紫。

The fox may grow grey, but never good.

(谚语)江山易改,本性难移。

应该注意的是,由于表示状态变化的连系动词均由行为动词演变而成。因此,究竟怎样搭配,还是应该按照不同的意义、语境或结构加以处理,从而表达出某种最准确的固定含义。如:

The milk has gone bad.=The milk has turned.

牛奶坏了。

The wheat is coming nicely.

小麦长势良好。

Something has gone wrong with my watch.

我的手表出了毛病。

Everything went well [badly].

一切情况良好(恶劣)。

本文登于《中小学外语教学》95年第8期

篇2:关于如何区分半连系动词

最常用的连系动词为be(是)动词,即完全连系动词,另外还有look, turn, feel, get, become, sound, smell, stand, go, remain等半连系动词。无论是完全连系动词还是半连系动词、后面都有表语。由于半连系动词是由实意动词变来的,那如何分辨该动词为实意动词还是半连系动词呢?这对初学英语的中学生来说会感到有点困难,我在教学中尝试用比较法和替换法,使学生较能接受。

1.比较法

比较下列各组句子

(1) A. Please look at the blackboard.请看黑板。

B. He looked a perfect fool.他看上去是个十足的傻瓜。

(2) A. Turn to Page 16.翻到 16页。

B. He turned traitor to his country.他背叛了祖国。

A. He felt it his duty to help others. 他认为帮助别人是自己的责任。

B. I felt very hungry after a long walk. 走了一段长路,我感到很饿。

A. Get me some ink.给我一些墨水。

B. Our motherland is getting stronger and stronger. 我们国家变得越来越强大了。

A. Such words do not become a scholar. 那样的话不像出自学者之口。

B. Some of the land became covered with water. 一些田地覆盖着水。

A. This black key on the piano won't sound. 这钢琴上的黑键按下去不响。

B. The story sounds interesting. 这故事听起来很有趣。

A. I am sure I smell gas.我肯定闻到了煤气味。

B. The flowers smell sweet.花朵散发芳香。

A. He was too weak to stand.他太虚弱,不能站立。

B. Holding the note in his hand, he stood there dumbfounded.他拿着钞票,站在那里,目瞪口呆。

A. He goes to school early every morning. 他每天早上很早上学。

B. They went mad.他们发狂了。

A. I remained 3 weeks in Paris. 我在巴黎逗留了三周。

B. He never remained satisfied with his success.他从不满足于自己的成绩。

2.替换法

分析以上10组句子我们不难看出B组斜体动词均为连系动词,因为如果我们把动词 be(是)的适当形式替代斜体动词,句子能够成立,后面的成分即是表语。

(1)He was a perfect fool.

(2)He was a traitor to his country.

(3)I was very hungry after a long walk.

(4)Our motherland is stronger and stronger.

(5)Some of the land was covered with water.

(6)The story is interesting.

(7)The flowers are sweet.

(8)Holding the note in his hand, he was there dumbfounded.

(9)They were mad.

(10)He was never satisfied with his success.

反之,如果把 be(是)动词的适当形式替代 A组斜体动词,句子则不能成立,无法解释,A组动词均不为连系动词:

*(l)Please be at the blackboard.

*(2)Be to Pagel6.

*(3)He was if his duty to help others.

*(4)Be me some ink.

*(5)Such words are not a scholar.

*(6)The black key on the piano won't be.

*(7)I am sure I am gas.

*(8)He was too weak to be.

*(9)He is to school early every morning.

*(10)I was 3 weeks in Paris.

另外半连系动词是由实意动词变来的。所以把含有半连系动词的句子改为疑问句时,一定要用助动词。

例如:1. Do they look tired?

2.Has she got ready?

3.Did it become much more expensive to travel abroad?

不论完全连系动词或半连系动词,它们都有时态的变化,但有些半连系动词从形式上看像是现在进行时,实际上并不表示动作正在进行。而是表示“渐渐”的意思或表示一种感情色彩。

(1)It's getting warmer and warmer.天渐渐暖和起来了。

(2)Are you feeling better now?你现在好点了吗?

因为半连系动词本属于不及物动词,所以没有被动语态。

如不能说:* Good medicine is tasted bitter to the mouth.应说:

Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.良药苦口。

半连系动词的教学还是个较困难的问题,但在初学阶段用先比较,再替换的方法,还是能使学生

篇3:连系动词be的用法

I. 概念

Hi,大家好!我是连系动词be,你在刚开始学英语句子时,恐怕你首先遇到动词王国中的成员就是我be。不少同学对我说法不一,这叫我如何“是”好?我连系动词be的基本意思是“是”,其实,不少场合我连系动词be也充当“不是”。真可谓“是也不是”。让你先一睹我的“容貌”吧。

(1)询问年龄及回答时be不译出。

-How old are you? 你多大了?

-I'm eleven.我十一岁。

(2)询问姓名与回答时be不译成“是”。

-What's your name? 你叫什么名字?

-My name is Amy. 我叫Amy。

(3)在一些表示问候的用语及答语中be不译出。

-How are you? 你好吗?

-I'm fine. Thank you. 我很好。谢谢。

II. 用法

我连系动词be是am, is, are三者的原形,我一般不直接出现在句子中,而是以am, is, are的形式出现。它们各有分工,而且随着主语的人称和数的变化而变化。am最专一,始终跟着I转;are 跟you, we及表复数名词或复数意义的词连用;is的交际最广泛,is与“他、她、它”形影不离,至于名词单数,指示代词(this/that)都与is结下不解之缘。

刚开始学习英语的同学,往往对我连系动词be与主语人称保持一致的问题把握不好。为此,建议你在歌谣中熟悉我连系动词的“身影”:

我用am,你用are;

is用在他、她、它;

遇到复数全用are。

篇4:be动词的变化规则

当be在句子中作助动词的时候,当与动词的现在分词连用时,构成进行时态;当与动词的过去分词连用时,构成被动时态;当与动词的.不定式连用时,表示打算、计划做某事。当be在句子中作系动词的时候,含义是“做、有”。

be动词用法:

一、系动词be

be为连系动词,中心词义是“是”,句型为“主+系+表”结构。be的形式常用am, is, are(现在式);was, were(过去式);will/can/may/must be(助动词/情态动词+原形);have/has/had been(助动词+过去分词)等。

例句:

To help animals is helping people.

二、助动词be

助动词be,无词义,辅助主要动词一起在句中作谓语动词。用法如下:

1、be+doing:构成进行时态,有现在和过去两种进行时态。

例句:

The girls is reading and copying the new words now.

2、be+done:构成被动语态(主语是动作的承受者,done必须是及物动词)。

例句:

Tea is grown in my hometown.

3、be+going to do,表示“打算或将要做某事”,be有现在和过去两种形式。

例句:

We are going to plant trees in the park.

4、be+to do,表示“按计划安排将要做某事”。

例句:

The new shop is not to be opened till next Monday.

三、there be句型

there be句式为:there be+主语部分+状语部分,表示“某处存在某物”,be常用现在时,过去时和将来时等。

例句:

There are about 80 pyramids in Egypt.

四、实义动词be

可以将be视为实义动词,因为它具有实际的词义,如“成为;做;发生;举行;逗留;到达”等。

例句:

His daughter wants to be a doctor for animals in her twenties.

篇5:动词的规则变化

另外,中学英语有近100个不规则动词,需要熟练掌握,这么多无法一蹴而就,可以定个计划,每天记忆几个,慢慢完成。有的同学问规则与不规则该怎么区分?

老师也只能呵呵,你只能把不规则的都记住,剩下的就是规则的,因为不规则的只是少数,如果不规则的你不记,就没办法。说到这里,又回到了英语该怎么学的.问题,不想费劲,不想记忆,那还是别学了。因为语言形成过程的任意性和多样性,人类学习任何语言,包括自己的母语在内,都不可避免要记忆大量的语音和文字。废话少说,加油吧!

篇6:动词过去式规则变化

在学习一般过去式规则动词变化的时候,为了让学生更清晰明了的理解和掌握变化规则及其读音,让学生以制作英语小海报的形式来梳理和比较这些动词与其过去式,然后再以chant等不同形式来操练,受到同学们的一致喜爱,既锻炼了同学们的动手能力,又轻松掌握了知识,突破重点,收到了良好的效果。

为您推荐:  1.初中英语--一般过去时(含练习)   2.born过去式   3.english interview解析

篇7:动词过去式规则变化

[1] e结尾的情况:

e结尾的动词, 直接加d: smile--smiled; hope--hoped. ie结尾动词,直接加d: died;tied.

[2] 双辅音结尾的情况:

两个辅音字母(consonant)结尾的, 直接加ed: helped; learned.

[3]两个元音+一个辅音结尾的情况:

两个元音(vowels:a,e,i,o,u)加一个辅音字母结尾的动词,直接加ed: rained; heated.

[4] 一个元音+一个辅音结尾的'情况:

一个元音(vowel)加一个辅音字母结尾的动词:

(1) 对单音节(one-syllable)单词,双写最后一个辅音字母加ed. . stopped; planned;

(2) 对双音节(two-syllable)单词,如果重读在第一个音节处,不双写加ed. 如: visited(重读在vis前); offered(重读在of前);

(3) 对双音节(two-syllable)单词,如果重读在第二个音节处,双写词尾辅音字母加ed. 如: preferred(重读在fer前); admitted(重读在mit前); referred; deferred;

[5] y结尾的情况:

元音+y结尾动词,直接加ed: played; enjoyed.

辅音+y结尾动词,y变i加ed: worried;studied.

1.把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。如:

begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam

2.把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。如:

drive—drove,ride—rode,write—wrote

3.改动词原形中的aw /ow为ew,变成过去式。如:

draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw(动词show除外,show—showed)

4.动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。如:

get—got,forget—forgot

5.动词原形中的ee改为e,变成过去式。如:

feed—fed,meet—met

6.动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式。如:

keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept

7.动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。如:

break—broke,speak—spoke

8.动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式。如:

sell—sold,tell—told

9.动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式。如:

stand—stood,understand—understood

10.以ought和aught结尾,且读音是〔 :t〕的过去式。如:

bring—brought,buy— bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught

11.以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式。如: can—could,shall—should,will—would

12.把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式。如:

come—came,become—became

13.在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。如: hear〔hi 〕—heard〔h :d〕, say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕,mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕

14.动词的过去式与动词原形一样。如:let—let,must—must,put—put,read—read〔red〕

15.不符合上述规律的动词过去式。如:

am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,Feel—felt,find—found,fly—flew,go—went,have /has— had,hold—held,leave—left,make—made,may—might,run—ran,see—saw,take—took

写出下列动词的过去式

make______ do______ come__ go___

buy ______ eat_______ catch_______ say_______

studay_____am_______speak_______

stop_______see_______run________write______ read_______sing ______ sit________ are _______

have______give_______draw_______ feel_______

win_______drive______ swim_______ think______

cost_______ride_______meet______know_____

tell_______get________begin________sleep_________ drink_______ cut ________

答案

make(made) do(did) come(came) go(went)

buy (bougut) eat(ate) catch(caught)say(sad)

study(studied)am(was) speak(spoke) stop(stopped)

see (saw) run(ran)write(wrote) read(read)

sing(sang)sit(sat) are (were) have(has)

give(gave)draw(drew)feel(felt)win(won)

drive(drove) swim(swam) think(thought) cost(cost)

ride (rode) meet(met) know(knew) tell(told)

get(got) begin(began) sleep(slept) wake(woke)

fall(fell) drink(drank) cut(cut) throw(threw)

用所给动词的适当形式填空

1. I _______ (have) an exciting party last weekend.

2. _______ she _______ (practice) her guitar yesterday?

No, she ________.

3. What ________ Tom ________ (do) on Saturday evening?

He ________ (watch) TV and _______ (read) an interesting book.

4. They all ________ (go) to the mountains yesterday morning.

5. She ________ (not visit) her aunt last weekend.

She ________ (stay) at home and _______ (do) some cleaning.

6. When ________ you ________ (write) this song?

I ________ (write) it last year.

7. My friend, Carol, ________ (study) for the math test and ________ (practice) English last night.

8. _______ Mr. Li ________ (do) the project on Monday morning? Yes, he _______.

9. How ________ (be) Jim's weekend? It _______ (be not) bad.

10. _______ (be) your mother a sales assistant last year? No. she _______.

答案

1.had

2. Did; practice; didn't

3. did; do; watched; read

4. went

5. didn't visit; stayed; did

6. did write; wrote

7. studied; practiced

8. Did; do;did

9. was; wasn't

10. Was; wasn't

篇8:动词过去式不规则变化

give→gave;wake→woke;fall→fell;forget→forgot;drive→drove;drink→drank;

rise→rose;ride→rode;run→ran;get→got;ring→rang;lose→lost;stick→stuck;

send→sent;lend→lent;shine→shone;sing→sang;win→won;write→wrote;

spend→spent;know→knew;swim→swam;throw→threw;come→came;

draw→drew;become→became;hold→held;smell→smelt;grow→grew;

begin→began;build→built;make→made。

篇9:动词过去完成时变化规则

动词过去式的变化规则:

规则动词的过去式变化如下:

1.一般动词直接加-ed,e.g.look-looked;

2.以e结尾的动词直接加-d,e.g.dance-danced;

3.辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i再加ed,e.g.study-studied;

4.以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母(字母w,y,x除外),双写这个辅音字母加-ed,e.g.skip-skipped;

5.以l结尾的动词,若以非重读音节结尾,则末尾的字母l双写与不双写均可。其中不双写的是美式拼写。e.g.travel-travelled/traveled(U.S.)。

6.部分以-p结尾的动词同样遵循第5条,这类词多由“前缀+名词”构成。e.g.worship-worshipped/worshiped(U.S.)、handicap-handicapped/handicaped(U.S.)。

不规则动词的过去式的.构成:

1.把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。

2.把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。

3.改动词原形中的aw /ow为ew,变成过去式。

4.动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。

5.动词原形中的ee改为e,变成过去式。

6.动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式。

7.动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。

8.动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式。

9.动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式。

10.以ought和aught结尾,且读音是〔 :t〕的过去式。

11.以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式。

12.把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式。

13.在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。

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