托福阅读infer题的具体解析（推荐8篇）由网友“旺得宝”投稿提供，下面是小编整理过的托福阅读infer题的具体解析，欢迎大家阅读分享借鉴，欢迎大家分享。
篇1：托福阅读infer题的具体解析
托福阅读infer题的具体解析
其实，任何题型的考察都是围绕着托福阅读文章本身来的，我们只要理清了托福阅读文章的“套路”和逻辑，完全可以根据作者的思路和风格去采取正向和逆向双重思维解决推断题。OG上将推断题定义为检查考生对文章中强烈建议但绝不明说观点(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，属于理解性题目。一般来说，托福阅读infer题主要有以下三个解题步骤：
1.判断题型。我们拿到题目，看到上面四个单词中的任何一个，心中就想着这是推断题，推断题的做题宗旨是文章强烈暗示，要通过文章内容进行合理推断。
2.审清题干，原文定位。仔细阅读题干，弄清题干内容，推断方向，带着题干核心信息到文章中准确定位。
3.推测+判断。根据相关句进行正向或逆向的推理，最后择优而选，确定答案。
托福文章有很清晰的逻辑结构，每个自然段往往是按照TS(Topic Sentence)+SD (Supporting details)展开的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects+Attitudes展开的。只有明白了文章的写作思路才能更好更快的做对题目，作者必定是按照一定的行文顺序编排段落的，如果画一个水平轴作为事件发展的顺序，推断题是让你从这个轴上的某一个点去推测，无非就两个方向，顺着轴发展的方向或者逆着轴发展的方向。具体来看，正向推断和事实信息题的做题方法一样，答案就是定位的句子的同义改写;逆向推断稍微复杂一点，大致分为时间和事物对比这两类。
1)两类事物对比，往往文中会出现表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等词。例如官方真题Official 2中的The Origins of Cetaceans的第2题，让考生推测关于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，会发现关键句中存在着一个unlike,说不像sea otters,想象一下早期鲸类比较困难(not easy = difficult)，那我们逆推一下，不就是说想象早期sea otters长什么样比较容易，正确答案中出现了not difficult,所以这道题很简单。当然ETS不会一直都出这么简单的推断题，这里只是给大家一个答题的方向。
Paragraph 4: These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced “beaches” shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.
10. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?
○Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.
○The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.
○Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.
○The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.
解析：根据关键词我们定位到文段的中间部分：Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean.
这道题可以当做事实信息题去做，但注意不是原文的简单重复，suggest是原文中indicate的同义转换，我们只要找到what就好了，原文that后面是重点，出现了too few, should have,情感态度推测一下，持否定态度，也就说说形成 an ancient ocean不太可能，我们看选项，A中说Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.主客体与原文矛盾，排除;B选项The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.说不适合形成大量的水，持否定态度，符合原文，保留;C选项Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.相关句中未提及，排除;D选项The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.说的是ancient oceans没有，而不是原来有后来干涸了，与原文不符，排除，所以正确答案为B。
2)题干中出现表示时间的信息，比如：after 1932,since early years of the 19th century.例如官方真题Official 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:
Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.
○They were able to sell their produce at high prices
○They had not been successful in raising cattle.
○They did not operate in a national market economy.
题干中出现了两个信息，一个是western farmers,一个是prior to 1815,带着两条信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中没有提到18之前，只有1815年之后，答案其实很简单，只要把1815年之后的内容看懂了，并且在这个内容前面加not即可。举个简单的例子，“从现在起Jessica是个姑娘”，“请问你能推断出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了变性手术?”，其实这就算过分推断了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是个姑娘。言归正题，文中说到，改善的交通使得越来越多的西部农民摆脱了自给自足的生活，并且进入了国家性的市场经济，那个时候货物的价格很多，所以向西迁移的速率也大幅增长。
托福阅读直接事实题和infer题
直接事实题
问法：According to the passage, what/ which/ why/ when?
技巧：定位原文, 细读
(1)题干明确定位 (如给出第几段, highlight)
(2) 题干无明确定位
A 找题干中人名, 地名, 物种名, 大写, 斜体, 数字年代, 符号.
B 定位某一段, 再定位某一位置
C 用核心名词定位
infer题(需要精确理解)
注意：既然是infer, imply, 就一定不是原文中明确说的
技巧：
(1)时间前后推理
(2)排除法
a 原文直接清楚描述的,排除
b 与原文无关的新内容,排除
(3)不要加入自己的观点
托福阅读句子分析的方法
托福阅读提高来自于各个方面的学习，有很多人只重视做题而忽略了托福阅读文章本身，这是不对的，不仅文章要看，托福阅读词汇也不能落下。
认真背托福阅读词汇
单词量不足除了影响对全文理解外，还直接影响托福阅读里面的很多vocabulary的题目的解答。所以，托福一定要背单词，单词真的是王道。
实际上，市面上常见的任何一本单词书拿来应对考试都不会有什么问题，关键在于是否能持之以恒地把一本书啃透。
适应托福阅读文章的长度和句子架构的方式
其实要想适应托福阅读考试中的长难句，就是多进行句子分析，或者多看阅读文章。
比如说，如果某一道题你做错了，那么请你对完答案之后，多花两分钟的时间来思考你的选项和给出的正确选项之间有什么差别?是语气不对?还是我们没有从那一段的整体把握的角度来做出正确的判断?亦或是其它什么原因?哪句话是解题的核心?我们通过这句话能获得或者说提炼什么有效的信息?分析原因，找到自己的错误，做题才有价值。
注意到托福阅读考试的字体
每个人对文字的感觉实际上是不同的，某些同学对文字形状可能本身就敏感，等到考试的时候，看到的英文字体和自己平时看的字体不一样，可能会感到很别扭，很不习惯。这虽然是紧张的表现，但还是建议考生再平时进行阅读练习的时候就尽量把字体调成Arial，这样与托福阅读考试中英文字符的字体一样。
托福基础阅读文章练习步骤
第一步：花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子，定位文章难易程度。
虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟，但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付，有的文章则需要15分钟左右。
一般来说，5篇文章中有2篇难度大一些，比方说：如果 后一篇文章难度大，且12-14道题，在这种情况下，按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题，带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难程度，同时目测文章的含金量(即题量分布)，有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间。
第二步：采取“结构扫描”法阅读具体的一篇文章。
所谓结构，即文章的骨架子。托福阅读文章是纯学术体(Academic)，是北美国际留学生在大学里天天都能接触到的教科书风格的文章，这些文章涉及人文社科和自然科学，均议论文、说明文， 显著的特点是呈板块结构。
托福阅读文章均由数个自然段组成，正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句经常为文章主题。然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读，文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句，没有必要每个句子理解难度大，而不涉及考题，在此句停留无疑是白白浪费时间。
所以，采取“结构扫描”法读托福阅读文章，意味着以 快捷的方式了解文章大意，从而正确引导下一步做具体的题，而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。
篇2：托福阅读infer题技巧
托福阅读infer题
“infer”意为推断推理，题干中有出现infer,imply,indicate或suggest这四个单词，我们就判定这个题目为托福阅读infer题(推断题or推理题)。托福阅读infer题顾名思义就是考察考生对文章没有明说观点或想法的推理能力，你可以理解为是考察隐藏的事实信息。如果让所有考生投票选择托福阅读中最难的题型，大概莫过于推断题和文章摘要题了，而文章摘要题我们尚且可以依赖文章结构框架把握，托福阅读infer题则是真正让很多同学感到头痛。
其实，任何题型的考察都是围绕着托福阅读文章本身来的，我们只要理清了托福阅读文章的“套路”和逻辑，完全可以根据作者的思路和风格去采取正向和逆向双重思维解决推断题。OG上将推断题定义为检查考生对文章中强烈建议但绝不明说观点(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，属于理解性题目。一般来说，托福阅读infer题主要有以下三个解题步骤：
1.判断题型。我们拿到题目，看到上面四个单词中的任何一个，心中就想着这是推断题，推断题的做题宗旨是文章强烈暗示，要通过文章内容进行合理推断。
2.审清题干，原文定位。仔细阅读题干，弄清题干内容，推断方向，带着题干核心信息到文章中准确定位。
3.推测+判断。根据相关句进行正向或逆向的推理，最后择优而选，确定答案。
托福文章有很清晰的逻辑结构，每个自然段往往是按照TS(Topic Sentence)+SD (Supporting details)展开的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects+Attitudes展开的。只有明白了文章的写作思路才能更好更快的做对题目，作者必定是按照一定的行文顺序编排段落的，如果画一个水平轴作为事件发展的顺序，推断题是让你从这个轴上的某一个点去推测，无非就两个方向，顺着轴发展的方向或者逆着轴发展的方向。具体来看，正向推断和事实信息题的做题方法一样，答案就是定位的句子的同义改写;逆向推断稍微复杂一点，大致分为时间和事物对比这两类。
1)两类事物对比，往往文中会出现表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等词。例如官方真题Official 2中的The Origins of Cetaceans的第2题，让考生推测关于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，会发现关键句中存在着一个unlike,说不像sea otters,想象一下早期鲸类比较困难(not easy = difficult)，那我们逆推一下，不就是说想象早期sea otters长什么样比较容易，正确答案中出现了not difficult,所以这道题很简单。当然ETS不会一直都出这么简单的推断题，这里只是给大家一个答题的方向。
Paragraph 4: These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced “beaches” shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.
10. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?
○Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.
○The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.
○Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.
○The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.
解析：根据关键词我们定位到文段的中间部分：Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean.
这道题可以当做事实信息题去做，但注意不是原文的简单重复，suggest是原文中indicate的同义转换，我们只要找到what就好了，原文that后面是重点，出现了too few, should have,情感态度推测一下，持否定态度，也就说说形成 an ancient ocean不太可能，我们看选项，A中说Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.主客体与原文矛盾，排除;B选项The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.说不适合形成大量的水，持否定态度，符合原文，保留;C选项Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.相关句中未提及，排除;D选项The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.说的是ancient oceans没有，而不是原来有后来干涸了，与原文不符，排除，所以正确答案为B。
2)题干中出现表示时间的信息，比如：after 1932,since early years of the 19th century.例如官方真题Official 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:
Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.
○They were able to sell their produce at high prices
○They had not been successful in raising cattle.
○They did not operate in a national market economy.
题干中出现了两个信息，一个是western farmers,一个是prior to 1815,带着两条信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中没有提到1815年之前，只有1815年之后，答案其实很简单，只要把1815年之后的内容看懂了，并且在这个内容前面加not即可。举个简单的例子，“从现在起Jessica是个姑娘”，“请问你能推断出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了变性手术?”，其实这就算过分推断了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是个姑娘。言归正题，文中说到，改善的交通使得越来越多的西部农民摆脱了自给自足的生活，并且进入了国家性的市场经济，那个时候货物的价格很多，所以向西迁移的速率也大幅增长。
面对托福阅读infer题，我们要把握住文章的整体逻辑结构，根据具体情况去综合利用正向思维和逆向思维进行合理推断，同时注意千万不要过度推理。托福阅读infer题和其他任何托福题型的备考策略相似，不能光看攻略不做题，要通过有针对性的真题练习把这些技巧方法都融入到实际做题中，获得托福阅读能力与分数的同步提高。
托福阅读：阅读具体的句型结构
一、英语句子结构的原则
1、谓动单一性原则 在一个句子里，有且只有一个谓语动词。
2、主句单一性原则 在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句。(从句可以有若干个)
二、三大从句
1、名词性从句 主语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句
引导词 (what/how/that/why/whether)
结构 主语从句
what+VO=n. for eg.
what+SV=n. What you said is right.
形式宾语 Make it possible for sb.to do
that/how/why/whether+SVO=n.
That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主语居多)
.形式主语和强调句的区别
形式主语 It + v + (that +SVO)=n.
n.=it
强调句 It is/was + A + that + B
SVO=A+B
而且通常情况下 It is/was……是强调句
同位语从句
同位语的实质 n1,n2—n1=n2
S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO
前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。
The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.
可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……
同位语和定语从句的区别
同位语的句子中，前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。
The fact, that the sun is round.
定语从句中，引导词充当成分。
The book, that you bought for me. “that”充当宾语。
Example
It is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed, that Pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south and Laurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separated and drifted in various directions.
人们普遍接受，Pangaea 以一个特别大的陆地形式存在，后来他被分为两个大块，在南边的Gondwanaland 和在北边的Laurasia，他和那些在不同地壳上的大陆分开了并且向不同方向上漂移。
.如何找出复杂句中的谓语?
先找引导词，然后去掉随后的动词，还有动词的话，这个动词就是谓语。
2、形容词性从句=定语从句
引导词 (1)that/which/who(whom)(代词性)
(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)
结构 (1)that/which/who(whom)=S+VO=a.
This is pig that/which is very fat.
(1)that/which/who(whom)=O+SV=a.
因为代词性的引导词可以充当主语或宾语
This is the pig that/which I ate.(作宾语可省略引)
This is the pig from which I make fun.
引导词前的介词取决于后面的动词
This is the pig,which is very fast
This is the pig, (which)I ate.
This is the pig, from which I make fun.
(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)+SVO=a.
The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.
This is the place where(=in which 定语从句) I grew up. When 用在后面也可能是状从,也有可能是定从。
.具体分析举例
In his hypothesis that he developed based on it……
看上去该句的based 是一个n-ed的形式，但是她又是修饰谁呢?In his hypothesis he developed that based on it….
因此可以看出，based 修饰that，而在此句中，that指代 hypothesis.
.形容词性从句的省略
当that/which在定语从句中充当宾语时，可将其省略。
This is the pig that/which I ate.
This is the pig I ate.
当that/which在定语从句中充当主语时，且从句的谓语动词为be动词时，可将其同时省略。
The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.
The house, built in 1919,was destroyed.
.个别情况下，which/as在引导定语从句时，也指代前面整个一句话。
As the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which(指代前面一句话) was associated with the spread of the seafloor, or they may have converged, which(指代前面一句话) resulted in collision, subduction, and mountain building.
.系表倒装
主系表结构 变成 表系主 结构成为系表倒装只限于介词词组在句首时
1、My hometown lies in Jilin province.
In Jilin province lies my hometown.
2、A,B,C….are among the species of seabirds.
Among the species of seabird are A,B,C….
3、副词性从句 =状语从句
引导词 when/though/while/although……
结构 when+s’+v’+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.
When he was young, Jack was always beaten by his father.
省略的条件 s’=S v’=be
省略 When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.
省略 Other(联系同一类的名词，也就是说前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemical defenses, while (they are 省略) not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycolproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes the degrade cell walls.
托福阅读技巧：巧用关键词
托福考试阅读部分一篇文章一般较长，所以一般是以段落为单位的。有时候可能会有学生说我做题的时候并不会去看整段啊，或者有学生说我看懂了哎，但题目就是没做对啊!其实我们在阅读一个段落时要学会使用方法，是什么方法可以帮助我们快速阅读呢?
要读懂一个段落我们只需要抓住几个关键词而已。那么关键词怎么抓呢?一是看逻辑信号词;二是读句子的时候一定牢记只看主干!下面我们就以托福TPO25中的文章The Decline of Venetian Shipping为例，说说如何巧抓关键词。
TPO25-2 The Decline of Venetian Shipping：
Paragraph 2 This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade. First， Venic’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading. In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars)： guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers， and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. In the early sixteenth century the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. But the shortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem， despite continuous appeal to Venic’s tradition of maritime greatness. Even though sailors’ wages doubled among the northern Italian cities from 1550 to 1590， this did not elicit an increased supply.
以上算得上是托福阅读中较长的段落了，在快速阅读这个段落的时候我们要找的关键词是：逻辑信号词—如段落中所标示的first， but， this… 我们不难发现这些信号词所在的句子基本都是解题的信息点。那么在做题定位时不妨多加留意。当然，抓住这些关键词并不难，难在理解。
接下来我们就来看看理解这些句子时的关键词。每段话的首句是必定要读的。This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade。这是包含了一个定语从句的复杂句。先看到核心词changes，再看到Venetian shipping and trade。这篇文章接下来具体要写的内容就展露无遗，也就是威尼斯船业和贸易的变迁。
First，这当然是开始写shipping的标志了。Venice’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading. 我们一直强调句子要读主干，那么简单地看这个句子就是Venice’s functions were lost， 核心词很显然是lost，也对应了整篇文章的主题 decline. 接下来两句写到了15和16世纪遇到的船员难招的问题。…there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars)： guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers， and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. 这句话中有冒号的出现，阅读冒号之前的内容there was little problem;到下一句：the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. 这句中要看到的核心是not serious;再往后看到But….to be a greater and greater problem. 到这里意思应该已经一目了然了，就是讲威尼斯船业在招聘船员方面所遭遇的变迁：little problem—not serious —greater problem.
刚才我们讲了文章阅读部分要抓关键词，其实我们在阅读题目和选项时也是需要寻找关键词的。有些题目的选项是比较长的，四个选项看上去也差不多一段话了，所以一定要抓住关键词判断才行，如否定词、比较词和并列词。这些是快速浏览选项的第一步。再次也要看到题干和每个选项中能让我们快速定位到原文的关键词。我们还是以托福TPO25为例：
TPO25-1 The Surface of Mars
Paragraph 5 As on the Moon， the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way。
According to paragraph 5， what have scientists been able to determine from studies of large impact cratering on Mars?
A. Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought。
B. The age of Mars’s surface can vary from area to area。
C. Large impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanic activity。
D. Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are。
划出选项中的关键词后，定位到原文迅速浏览发现原文中并无如A和D选项中的比较，C中的否定词not和原文是明显相矛盾的，故而选择B，而B选项对应的恰好是本段末句：Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way。
根据以上分析，我们应该明白在阅读之时何为关键词。简单地讲有定位关键词和判断关键词。定位关键词包括题干及选项中的名词，还有就是段落中那些一直向你示好的逻辑信号词了，不要忘记用它们找到你解题需要的信息。判断关键词是选项中那些有特色的词汇，包括否定词，比较词或者是句子主干中的动词等，根据这些词和原文进行对应，至少有一半的选项可以迅速被排除。
篇3：托福阅读infer题双向思路破难题
托福阅读infer题：不走寻常路，双向思路破难题
“infer”意为推断推理，题干中有出现infer,imply,indicate或suggest这四个单词，我们就判定这个题目为托福阅读infer题(推断题or推理题)。托福阅读infer题顾名思义就是考察考生对文章没有明说观点或想法的推理能力，你可以理解为是考察隐藏的事实信息。如果让所有考生投票选择托福阅读中最难的题型，大概莫过于推断题和文章摘要题了，而文章摘要题我们尚且可以依赖文章结构框架把握，托福阅读infer题则是真正让很多同学感到头痛。
其实，任何题型的考察都是围绕着托福阅读文章本身来的，我们只要理清了托福阅读文章的“套路”和逻辑，完全可以根据作者的思路和风格去采取正向和逆向双重思维解决推断题。OG上将推断题定义为检查考生对文章中强烈建议但绝不明说观点(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，属于理解性题目。一般来说，托福阅读infer题主要有以下三个解题步骤：
1.判断题型。我们拿到题目，看到上面四个单词中的任何一个，心中就想着这是推断题，推断题的做题宗旨是文章强烈暗示，要通过文章内容进行合理推断。
2.审清题干，原文定位。仔细阅读题干，弄清题干内容，推断方向，带着题干核心信息到文章中准确定位。
3.推测+判断。根据相关句进行正向或逆向的推理，最后择优而选，确定答案。
托福文章有很清晰的逻辑结构，每个自然段往往是按照TS(Topic Sentence)+SD (Supporting details)展开的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects+Attitudes展开的。只有明白了文章的写作思路才能更好更快的做对题目，作者必定是按照一定的行文顺序编排段落的，如果画一个水平轴作为事件发展的顺序，推断题是让你从这个轴上的某一个点去推测，无非就两个方向，顺着轴发展的方向或者逆着轴发展的方向。具体来看，正向推断和事实信息题的做题方法一样，答案就是定位的句子的同义改写;逆向推断稍微复杂一点，大致分为时间和事物对比这两类。
1)两类事物对比，往往文中会出现表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等词。例如官方真题Official 2中的The Origins of Cetaceans的第2题，让考生推测关于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，会发现关键句中存在着一个unlike,说不像sea otters,想象一下早期鲸类比较困难(not easy = difficult)，那我们逆推一下，不就是说想象早期sea otters长什么样比较容易，正确答案中出现了not difficult,所以这道题很简单。当然ETS不会一直都出这么简单的推断题，这里只是给大家一个答题的方向。
Paragraph 4: These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced “beaches” shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.
10. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?
○Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.
○The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.
○Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.
○The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.
解析：根据关键词我们定位到文段的中间部分：Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean.
这道题可以当做事实信息题去做，但注意不是原文的简单重复，suggest是原文中indicate的同义转换，我们只要找到what就好了，原文that后面是重点，出现了too few, should have,情感态度推测一下，持否定态度，也就说说形成 an ancient ocean不太可能，我们看选项，A中说Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.主客体与原文矛盾，排除;B选项The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.说不适合形成大量的水，持否定态度，符合原文，保留;C选项Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.相关句中未提及，排除;D选项The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.说的是ancient oceans没有，而不是原来有后来干涸了，与原文不符，排除，所以正确答案为B。
2)题干中出现表示时间的信息，比如：after 1932,since early years of the 19th century.例如官方真题Official 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:
Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.
○They were able to sell their produce at high prices
○They had not been successful in raising cattle.
○They did not operate in a national market economy.
题干中出现了两个信息，一个是western farmers,一个是prior to 1815,带着两条信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中没有提到18之前，只有1815年之后，答案其实很简单，只要把1815年之后的内容看懂了，并且在这个内容前面加not即可。举个简单的例子，“从现在起Jessica是个姑娘”，“请问你能推断出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了变性手术?”，其实这就算过分推断了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是个姑娘。言归正题，文中说到，改善的交通使得越来越多的西部农民摆脱了自给自足的生活，并且进入了国家性的市场经济，那个时候货物的价格很多，所以向西迁移的速率也大幅增长。
面对托福阅读infer题，我们要把握住文章的整体逻辑结构，根据具体情况去综合利用正向思维和逆向思维进行合理推断，同时注意千万不要过度推理。托福阅读infer题和其他任何托福题型的备考策略相似，不能光看攻略不做题，要通过有针对性的真题练习把这些技巧方法都融入到实际做题中，获得托福阅读能力与分数的同步提高。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring theenvironment — the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay,and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resourcesmay be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies putthese materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people chooseto use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusiveanswers yet, the way in which a society views its environment is sometimes apparent in its choiceand use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved forceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone ortree may cause a sculptor to be sensitive to that material.
What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although thematerials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically,the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese society rakesand into patterns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, evenwhen the same material is used in the same way by members of different societies, the form orstyle of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose torepresent objects or phenomena that are important to its population. An examination of the artof the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theologicaldoctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that society'sart may also reflect the culture's social stratification.
1. According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are
(A) more difficult to handle than wood and
(B) of their stable social conditions
(C) of the unique stylistic features of their art
(D) available only in specific locations
2. The word conclusive in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) definitive
(B) controversial
(C) concurrent
(D) realistic
3. The word apparent in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) attractive
(B) logical
(C) evident
(D) distinct
4. Why does the author mention the supernatural powers of a stone or tree in line 10?
(A) to show that some sculptors avoid working with specific materials
(B) to emphasize the unusual properties of certain materials
(C) as an example of how art can be influenced by cultural beliefs
(D) as an illustration of the impact of the environment on religious beliefs
5. The word it in line 13 refers to
(A) realization
(B) society
(C) extent
(D) influence
6. It can be inferred that the author mentions the Japanese and Roman societies because
(A) they influenced each other stone
(B) commonly used by artists in all societies
(C) essential to create ceremonial objects
(D) they used the same artistic material in very different ways
7. According to the passage , all of the following statements about sand are true EXCEPT
(A) It is used to create glass.
(B) Roman artists mix it into their paints.
(C) Its use varies from culture to culture.
(D) Japanese artists use it to create artistic patterns.
8. The word Moreover in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) similarly
(B) in addition
(C) in contrast
(D) frequently
9. The word preoccupation in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) involvement
(B) separation
(C) relationship
(D) argument
10. The word primary in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) discrete
(B) preliminary
(C) ideal
(D) fundamental
PASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBAD
托福阅读背景知识汇总之机械主义
机械主义(The Age of Machinery)
接下来要介绍一下机械主义(The Age of Machinery)及未来派(Futurism). 机械主义与未来派几乎是在同一个时代, 当时立体派没落, 在德国有表现派兴起, 法国有机械主义, 意大利则有未来派. 机械主义代表人物只有勒泽一人, 有些人干脆把他归入立体派中, 但再西洋艺术史中也可以说是不可忽略的一个流派. 机械主义的画家由机械上取得灵感, 加上塞尚的理论:“自然的一切, 都可以由球形, 圆锥形和圆筒形去求得. ” 机械主义传承了印象派及野受派的精华用原色作画, 事先不加调配. 机械主义的画家也不喜欢在画上加上特别的笔触, 只用平涂法作画. 如此, 机械主义的画看起来朴素且坚实, 运用强烈的色彩对比, 表现一种明朗生动的感觉.
篇4：托福阅读真题解析
Passage Three学科分类：生物
题目：The day length and reproductive time in animal
内容回忆：
第1段提出 动物一般都会在食物充分的时候生产，如果食物不够，后代不足以生存，那动物如何判断呢。有很多的环境线索，其中最重要的是日长，日长不但影响动物繁殖和生产还影响动物的迁徙和冬眠;
第2，3段讲到这日长影响动物的理论在1900初提出，后来在19得到论证，通过研究者多年观察某种鸟类迁徙过程，发现其都是固定时间生产和迁徙，发现比起时间，日照和温度的影响更大;
第4段讲热带因为日照季节差别小，所以不根据日照生产，但是人工条件下发现日照还是有影响的;最后讲到日长对动物繁殖生产有影响，但是影响不同。一般大的哺乳动物怀孕4-7月，但是马要怀孕11月。
词汇题：
1.formulate = investigate
2.invariable = always
3.retained = kept
篇5：托福阅读真题解析
Passage Two学科分类：生物
题目：The north long-neck turtle
内容回忆：
第1段介绍了生活在澳洲热带的long-neck turtle，它们的栖息地非常地特殊，会随着干湿两季的不同，改变栖息地;
第2段讲到研究者们找了两年也没有找到这种龟的栖息地，但是当地的土著人知道，他们知道这种龟会将蛋产在水下。为了验证这个说法，研究者在水下放了很多radio transmitter，turtle下蛋的时候，transmitter会附在蛋上，结果真的发现，long-neck turtle会在水下14-17米的泥下下蛋;
第3段讲为什么turtle会选这里下蛋，这和它们生存的环境有关，它们生存的环境没有稳定的水，干湿两季是主要原因。
第4段讲到 为什么这种龟下蛋在水下，蛋可以生存下来，不同于别的蛋，它们的蛋特别抗压。
词汇题：
1.ingenious = comprehensive
2.feat = achievement
3.bizarre = strange
4.unpredictable = viable
篇6：托福阅读真题解析
Passage One学科分类：生物
题目：Body temperature
内容回忆：
第1段动物需要保持体温，还需要将热量传输到表面皮肤。表面的温度低于内部才会产生热量的传输。
第2段产生热量的是少部分器官，比如人体中的chest，abdomen，brain产生的热量就占所有热量的72%。
第3段运动的时候，会产生更多的热量，要比平时多上十多倍的热量，主要是肌肉产生。
第4段说的内部温度也不是都一样的，inner的温度保持恒定，但是器官直接也有温度差，可能会有0.5度的差别。
第5，6段主要讲热量是怎么传输到表面的。最后两段主要内容讲到，体温会根据日常的活动调节，不同的动物会不一样。比如夜行动物在夜间体温高，白天低。
词汇题：
1.uniform = constant
2.considerably = greatly
3.significance = importance
4.roughly = approximately
篇7：托福阅读真题解析
Passage Four学科分类：历史
题目：The United State interstate highway system
内容回忆：
第1段提出北美高速系统的建立，在1956年提出，1990年建立。主要还提到这个系统的三好处，加速，安全等等;
第2段讲到缺点，路的选择少，要绕，所以更费燃料，造成更大污染;
第3，4段讲这对老城区的巨大伤害，因为规划站在whole state的角度，对个别城市和古老社区考虑不周，造成破坏和萧条;
第5段讲到造成了new order，更多中心在郊区发展起来，更多人会在周末假期出去玩。;最后说到highway system和subway系统的重和。
词汇题：
1.alter = change
2.integrated = combined
3.hasten = sped up
篇8：托福阅读考试内容考点的具体解析
托福阅读的主要考点：列举和并列句
列举：First, Second, Third等逐条列出。
并列句：A ，B and C 即逐项列出。
它们共同的特征都是列出二点或三点以上的条目。
这一类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：
Which 题型
这一题型只是要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，另外的它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下，通常题目的答案出自最后一个选项 。
EXCEPT 题型
这一题型俗称“三缺一”题型，相当于题目 4 个选项中3个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目也就要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如：All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ?
有关此题型都只适合在考并列、列举句，如此是由于它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，相当于是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点.当大家读文章时就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。
托福阅读的主要考点：否定及转折句
否定句表示带有NO或NOT，NEVER等否定词的句子，但是转折句就表示带有HOWEVER、BUT或RATHER等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明：A is not B，as C，but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。
托福阅读的主要考点：举例句
句里通过as或suchas，for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。
托福阅读考试的题型内容
1.直接对应特定词汇
这种应该是大家最容易看到的一种细节题出题情况，其解答难度也是最低的。这种情况是题目中包含了某个特定词汇，而在原文中考生也可以找到完全一样的词汇。大家往往可以直接进行选择，而不需要再去文章其它段落里做进一步核对查找。
2.寻找定位句解题
这种情况与第一种情况类似，但并非特定词汇的直接对应，而是句子的对应。也就是题目或是选项中的某个句子整体或是其中一部分能够在原文中找到相同或者相似的对应内容。
这种情况想要返回原文中查找需要考生从定位句入手才会比较容易找到，而且有时候涉及到的不只是原句本身，还有其前后上下文的相关内容，当然只要大家能够顺利找到原句所在，想要解答细节题难度也并不会太高。
3.多选项分散对应
这种情况就属于细节题中比较麻烦的一类出题情况了。具体来说，一道题目四个选项，可能对应的并非单个细节，而是各个细节分散在文章的不同位置。
这种细节题如今在托福阅读考试中并不常见，但也偶尔会出现，一旦遇到考生在解题时就需要花费更多时间精力来把这些细节逐个找到对应位置之后再进行一一排除。
比较高效率的做法是先根据提问内容找到问题大致对应的位置，然后再直接从这个位置所在段落进行查找排除，这样一些干扰无关选项可以比较快速地被排查出来，节省一定的解题时间。
4.paraphrase对应
这种情况应该算是细节题的终极形态了，也就是大家无法直接根据题目内容在原文中找到相同或者相近的对应部分。
这种情况一般是因为出题时故意进行了paraphrase，也就是把原始细节换一种方式说出来，而且变更幅度比较大，虽然保持了基本意思的相同，但从用词和句子上面已经看不出原来的模样了。
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