托福阅读学术性文章2大结构分析指点(推荐9篇)由网友“哈尼哈尼”投稿提供,下面是小编整理过的托福阅读学术性文章2大结构分析指点,欢迎大家阅读分享借鉴,欢迎大家分享。
篇1:托福阅读学术性文章2大结构分析指点
在学术性文章中,一般需要具备三个组成部分:
(1)Topic 话题:即文章的主角是什么。比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象,探讨某个历史事件;在托福文章中,这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解。
(2)Aspects 方面:即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。若话题为某个科学论点,则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象,则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件,则方面为几段发展时期。在托福阅读文章中,往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系,将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落,共同组成行文主体。
(3)Attitude态度:即文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定,或是消极否定,或是保持中立。在托福阅读文章中,态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。
Topic话题 +Aspects方面 + Attitude态度,这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“T+A+A篇章结构”。托福文章大都遵循这种结构,我们通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向,再抓住文章的各个段落主旨,便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。
篇2:托福阅读学术性文章2大结构分析指点
学术性文章的自然段落,一般需要具备两个组成部分:
(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句:表达段落的主旨,即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么。
(2) Detail 细节:为了详细说明段落中心含义,所罗列的相关支持内容,即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。
Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节,这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“TS+D段落结构”。托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构,我们通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。
托福阅读中出现频率最高的问题有哪些?
1.事实信息类问题。
问题说明:要求您识别文章中明确说明的事实信息。
示例:根据文章段落,以下哪些内容是关于 X 的正确说明?
2.错误事实信息类问题。
问题说明:要求您确定在 4 个答案选项中哪个是错误的,该错误选项的细节或观点并不存在于文章中或表达不当。
示例:作者在描述 X 时,提到以下所有内容,除了……
3.推断题。
问题说明:问题阅读完文章后,会要求您确定 4 种表述中哪个是作者试图暗示的内容。
示例:关于 X 可以做出以下哪些推断?
4.修辞目的题。
问题说明:您会被问及为何文章作者在某一特别位置或采用某一特别方式说明了某一条特别信息。
示例:作者为何提到 X?
5.词汇题.
问题说明:要求您根据文章回答 4 个答案选项中哪个选项在意思上最接近所选的词语或词组。
示例:文中的词语 X -=在意思上最接近……
6.指代题。
问题说明:文章中某一词语突出显示;要求您从 4 个答案选项中选择哪一个最准确地指代了突出显示的词语。
示例:文中的 X 词语指的是……
7.句子简化题。
问题说明:要求您选择一个与文中某个句子基本意思相同的句子。
示例:以下哪项最准确地表达了文中突出显示文字的基本信息?
8.句子插入题。
问题说明:您会看到一个新句子并被问及它最适合放在文章的哪个地方。
示例:【你将看到粗体显示的句子】该句最适合放在哪个地方?
9.文章总结题。
问题说明:要求您选择文章的主要观点,与文章次要观点或不包含的观点区分开来。
示例:哪三个选项表达了文章中最重要的观点?
10.填表题。
问题说明:向您提供一份根据文章信息已进行部分填写的表格,并要求您将表述内容与所提供的原文进行正确匹配。
示例:将表述内容与所提供的原文进行正确匹配。
托福阅读中的绝对词
在众多口口相传的做题技巧中,我想“绝对化表达不选”一定是出现频率很高的一条。我不知道最早的想出这条规律的前辈他说的原话是什么,我只知道经过这么多年的传承,很多人都被忽悠了。
我先举个栗子。
TPO当中有这么一道题,其中B选项里有个大大的best,很多人就在心里把这个选项枪毙了。是的,不凑巧,偏偏这就是正确答案。
Paragraph 1 indicates which of the following about ::Roman pottery::?
A Roman amphorae were of much higher quality overall than other Roman pottery.
B Roman pottery can .best. be appreciated when actual pieces are handled.
C Roman pottery declined slightly in quality when the use of fast wheels and kilns was introduced.
D Roman practical tableware spread more rapidly across the Mediterranean than amphorae did.
The pottery of ancient Romans is remarkable in several ways. .The high quality of Roman pottery is very easy to appreciate when handling actual pieces of tableware or indeed kitchenware and amphorae (the large jars used throughout the Mediterranean for the transport and storage of liquids, such as wine and oil). However, it is impossible to do justice to Roman wares on the page, even when words can be backed up by photographs and drawing. .Most Roman pottery is light and smooth to touch and very tough, although, like all pottery, it shatters if dropped on a hard surface. It is generally made with carefully selected and purified clay, worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel and fired in a kiln (pottery oven) capable of ensuring a consistent finish. With handmade pottery, inevitably there are slight differences between individual vessels of the same design and occasional minor blemishes (flaws). But what strikes the eye and the touch most immediately and most powerfully with Roman pottery is its consistent high quality.
这个题目相关的句子我已经加粗标记了,这句话比较明显的有一个逻辑连接词however,所以对比的意思非常的明确。而四个选项里也有三个都表现了对比,而这三个选项在内容上还都集中在标红那一段。所以这个题目来势汹汹其实一点都不难,错误选项迷惑度低,但让人遗憾的是,这道题错误率很高。而且大多数学生是在这样的一种情况下错的:我知道我选的不太对,但我不知道选什么。但是大家又都坚定地认为B选项里面的BEST太过于绝对,坚决不选。
其实标记的句子写得很清楚,……is very easy to appreciate……However, it is impossible to do……我先大致翻译一下这句话:罗马的瓷器的高品质在你亲手碰触到实物的时候是很容易感受的,但是通过图片就不可能做出公正的评价。这句话中两者对比语气很强烈,语意也很清楚,就是想表达罗马瓷器你要把玩实物才能感受它的高品质,就是handling actual pieces好,page不好。
B选项是很合适的。
对于这种大段落考查细节题的情况,同学们往往会紧张,越紧张越慌乱,什么都找不到。其实我们仔细分析一下这段话,第一句总起,说罗马瓷器在很多方面都很出众。然后就是一个大对比,表明它的好的好是图片表现不了的,你得亲手去感触。再往下就是关于它如何好更细致的内容了。在更细节的内容里,还有一个对比,.like all pottery, it shatters if dropped on a hard surface. .这也就是第二题的答案出处。
其实ETS还是比较套路滴,第一段的后半部分中有大量关于罗马瓷器的细节描述,这种情况下最容易出EXCEPT的题目,而第二题的答案句也不是意外的落在一个对比表达上。给大家附上第二题哈:
All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 1 as characteristics of Roman pottery EXCEPT:
A It was usually made with high-quality clay.
B It generally did not weigh much.
C It did not break as easily as other ancient pottery.
D It sometimes had imperfections.
我平时没事儿的时候喜欢把TPO的文章拿出来细细地读,然后跟题目进行对比,有些文章类型,题目简直就是固定搭配。后来我再做真题或者新的TPO,我都先猜一猜这个段落会怎么出题,我也会直接通过看题目,直接猜答案,结果竟然八九不离十。不是在炫技,也不是教大家投机取巧,是觉得多多分析文章的结构对做题目帮助很大,所谓的题感大概就是这样吧。
其实ETS还是比较套路滴,第一段的后半部分中有大量关于罗马瓷器的细节描述,这种情况下最容易出EXCEPT的题目,而第二题的答案句也不是意外的落在一个对比表达上。给大家附上第二题哈:
All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 1 as characteristics of Roman pottery EXCEPT:
A It was usually made with high-quality clay.
B It generally did not weigh much.
C It did not break as easily as other ancient pottery.
D It sometimes had imperfections.
遇到托福阅读加试题了怎么办?
遇到托福阅读加试题是比较正常的,我们不能心慌,更不能乱做。原因很简单,我们不知道加试部分到底怎么算分,市面上流行的说法那么几种:加试部分是为了测试题目的平衡性,不算分;加试部分会抽几道题算分,认真做;ETS会利用加试题目的难度来平衡试卷的总体难度,加权平均后会给学生加分或者减分。
其实,不管是那种情况,我们完全没有必要被加试所影响。跟新托福实施的早几年相比,现在的托福考试已经非常友好了。要知道以前你是不知道托福阅读试题是否有加试的:以前阅读部分采用分别计时制,20分钟完成第一篇,如果有加试,那么剩余时间会变成40+40;在采用新的计时方式后,我们在第一时间就能知道有无加试,具体有几篇,因为整体时间会在屏幕上显示。再者说,我们有经典的托福阅读文章加试题目,完全可以在考试前全部记忆下来,这样在考场上就能够快速地完成加试部分,然后利用剩余的时间来检测前文已经做过的题目。这也算是托福阅读加试的福利了。
既然去考托福就应该有充足的准备,如果有了很好地准备工作,即使多出了几篇托福阅读文章也应该不会影响整体发挥。托福阅读试题加试近几年出现的频率增高,考生们应该放平心态,坦然面对。这样才有机会最大化发挥自己的实力,取得理想的成绩。
篇3:托福阅读学术性文章2大结构分析
学术性文章的自然段落,一般需要具备两个组成部分:
(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句:表达段落的主旨,即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么。
(2) Detail 细节:为了详细说明段落中心含义,所罗列的相关支持内容,即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。
Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节,这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“TS+D段落结构”。托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构,我们通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。
托福(TOEFL)考试阅读模拟试题
Hormones in the Body
Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.
Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.
As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.
Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual's personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.
In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.
Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.
27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) desire
(B) origin
(C) science
(D) chemical
28. The word it in the passage refers to
(A) secretin
(B) small intestine
(C) bloodstream
(D) pancreas
29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) remembered
(B) surprised
(C) invented
(D) motivated
30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must
(A) be part of the digestive process
(B) influence the operations of the nervous system
(C) affect processes in a different part of the body
(D) regulate attitudes and behavior
31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to
(A) whether scientists understand their function
(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body
(C) whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process
(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the blood
Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]
32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) misunderstood
(B) precise
(C) significant
(D) simple
33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) sudden
(B) small
(C) changing
(D) noticeable
34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.
(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.
(C) When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.
(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people's psychology and actions extensively.
35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) decreased
(B) advertised
(C) prescribed
(D) researched
36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?
(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal
(B) Adults with strong digestive systems
(C) Children who are not at risk from the treatment
(D) Children who may remain abnormally small
37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?
These sentences are highlighted in the passage.
(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.
(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.
(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form.
(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.
38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren't aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.
Answer Choices
The term hormone is based on a Greek word that means “to excite” or “to set in motion.”Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.
Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.
Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.
Answer Keys
Reading:
27. B
28. A
29. D
30. C
31. D
32. C
33. B
34. D
35. A
36. D
37. A
38. third square
39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….
2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..
3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….
篇4:托福阅读如何搞定学术性强的文章
托福阅读如何搞定学术性强的文章?从段落结构找线索
托福阅读学术类文章篇章结构介绍
在学术性文章中,一般需要具备三个组成部分:
(1)Topic 话题:即文章的主角是什么。比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象,探讨某个历史事件;
在托福文章中,这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解;
(2)Aspects 方面:即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。若话题为某个科学论点,则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象,则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件,则方面为几段发展时期;
在托福阅读文章中,往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系,将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落,共同组成行文主体;
(3)Attitude态度:即文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定,或是消极否定,或是保持中立。在托福阅读文章中,态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。
Topic话题+ Aspects方面+ Attitude态度,这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“T+A+A篇章结构”。托福文章大都遵循这种结构,考生通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向,再抓住文章的各个段落主旨,便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。
托福阅读学术类文章段落结构分析
学术性文章的自然段落,一般需要具备两个组成部分:
(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句:表达段落的主旨,即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么;
(2) Detail 细节:为了详细说明段落中心含义,所罗列的相关支持内容,即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。
Topic Sentence主旨句+ Detail细节,这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“TS+D段落结构”。托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构,考生通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。
当考生们了解了这种TAA篇章结构(Topic话题+ Aspects方面+ Attitude态度)和TS+D段落结构(Topic Sentence主旨句+ Detail细节)的行文规律后,对文章框架的把握就会做到心里有数,更有利于提高阅读速度和定位有效信息的准确度。
托福阅读长难句:植物体
These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight. (TPO25, 47)
vessel /'ves(?)l/ n. 船(尤指大船),舰;容器, 器皿;管状结构,血管,导管
photosynthetic /?f?ut?sin'θetik/ adj. 光合作用的
stiffen /'st?fn/vt. (使某物)变得(更加)坚硬﹑僵硬
lignin /'l?gn?n/n. ‘化学’木质素
大家自己先读,不回读,看一遍是否能理解
These include conducting vessels (that transport water and minerals upward from the roots) and (that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body) and the stiffening substance lignin, (which support the plant body), (helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.) (TPO25, 47)
修饰一:(that transport water and minerals upward from the roots) ,从句,修饰conducting vessels
中文:从根部向上运输水与矿物质
修饰二:(that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body) ,从句,修饰conducting vessels,注意其中有个from to的介词短语,从叶子到植物体的其余部分
中文:从叶子向植物体内其余各部分运输光合作用产物
修饰三:(which support the plant body) ,从句,修饰substance lignin
中文:维持植物体的生命
修饰四:(helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.) ,非谓语动词
中文:有助于植物体大部分表面暴露于阳光之下
托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译:
这些包括导管(用来从根部向上运输水与矿物质以及从叶子向植物体其余各部分运输光合作用产物)和坚硬的物质木质素(用来维持植物体的生命,有助于植物体大部分表面暴露于阳光之下)。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是非谓语动词、从句,大家务必想清楚,每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么,才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
托福阅读长难句:植物减少水分流失
They include roots or rootlike structures, a waxy cuticle that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water, and pores called stomata in leaves and stems that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss. (TPO25, 46)
waxy /'w?ks?/ adj. 蜡状的
cuticle /'kj?t?kl/ n. ‘植物’角皮,角质层;表皮,外皮
scarce /ske?s/ adj. 不足的,稀有的
大家自己先读,不回读,看一遍是否能理解
They include roots or rootlike structures, (a waxy cuticle)(that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water), and pores (called stomata)(in leaves and stems)(that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss). (TPO25,46)
托福阅读长难句100句分析:
这个句子的主干就是:
They include roots or rootlike structures and pores
修饰一:(a waxy cuticle) ,同位语
中文:一种蜡状角质层
修饰二:(that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water) ,从句,修饰a waxy cuticle
中文:覆盖在叶子和茎表面并且限制水分蒸发
修饰三:(called stomata) ,修饰pores
中文:称之为气孔
修饰四:(in leaves and stems) ,介词短语
中文:在叶子和茎上
修饰五:(that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss) ,从句,修饰pores,但是注意这个从句里还有三个修饰成分,疯了!!!
从句:but close
从句:when water is scarce
非谓语动词: thus reducingwater loss
中文:保证气体交换但当水分不足时则会关闭,从而减少水分流失
托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译:
他们包括根部或类似根部的结构(一种覆盖在叶子和茎表面并限制水分蒸发的蜡状角质层)以及在叶子和茎上的称之为气孔的毛孔(这些毛孔保证气体交换但当水分不足时则会关闭,从而减少水分流失)。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是非谓语动词、从句、介词短语以及同位语,大家务必想清楚,每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么,才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
如何搞定托福阅读中的学术词汇
什么是学术词汇
在托福阅读的课堂上,经常有学生对繁杂的学术词汇头疼不已。碰到这类词汇,会大大拖慢阅读速度,影响整体的正确率。托福阅读中,所有的单词可以被归为两类:一般功能词汇和学术词汇。一般功能词没有明显的学术背景,比如:animal, organ, time 而学术词汇指的是一类有特定学科背景的词汇。比如某一种动物,像是archaeopteryx(始祖鸟);某一个生物结构,像是nerve cord(神经索),或者某一个历史时期,像是 Cretaceous(白垩纪)等等。比起一般功能词,托福阅读中的这些学术词汇更容易对我们造成阅读障碍。
具体来说阅读文章中的学术词汇之所以难主要在三个方面:第一,我们备考过程中很少会背到某个特定学科的词汇;第二,学术词汇往往难以用普通的词根词缀法去猜测;第三,我们甚至可能根本连它的汉语意思都不知道,例如:托福阅读中出现过一种叫Kittiwake的鸟,汉语叫三趾鸥,这个中文名词,我们可能也没有听过。如此,陌生的学术词汇会影响我们阅读的速度,也影响我们的心理状态。
为什么会有学术词汇
那么既然托福是一门语言考试,那么为什么阅读文章中会出现如此多的学术词汇?而这所有的学术词汇,为什么考试中都不会给你任何解释呢?
首先应该相信,作为世界范围内英语最为的考试之一,考试方将学术词汇设计进托福阅读一定是有其原因的。而上面问题的答案我们可以从托福考试的本质来思考。
托福的确是语言考试,但是托福考试考察的是母语非英语,但是却即将赴英语国家学习的学生。那么对于这些学生(其中多数是读本科或者研究生),对于他们的语言考试就更加侧重于测试他们能否在国外的大学环境中生存并且学习。而在大学里,一个学生阅读最多的是什么呢?显然是各种的课本。那么针对这种考察需求,托福考试的阅读部分就应该考察学生能否读懂,理解课本的能力。大学课本归根到底都是由学术性的文段组成,含有大量的学术词汇。这样,托福阅读中也出现如此多的学术词汇就理所应当了。只有这样才能真正考察学生是否能看懂课本。
一本动辄上千页的英文课本比起托福阅读难度自然大得多,可以说读懂托福阅读文章不一定能读懂英文课本;但是,如果托福文章都读不懂就肯定也难以理解英文课本。
“量”的问题--考前储备学术词汇
考前储备学术词汇,首先该明确的是托福文章所涉及的文章体裁十分广泛,自然科学,人文科学,社会科学,艺术等等无所不包,想穷尽所有考试中的学术词汇是不实际的,也是低效率的。但是托福阅读文章的出题题材是有偏好的。在考前储备学术词汇时,我们只需在练习时,把真题文章中的学术词汇进行一下整理,仅仅以“认识单词”为目标,不求会写,会听,会说,这样来积累一定的学术词汇,以保证如果考试时遇到相关学术词汇脑中有一个基本概念。常见的比如生物化学类文章中经常出现的carbohydrate(碳水化合物),动物类文章中经常出现的vertebrate(脊椎动物)等。
“质”的问题--考场理解学术词汇
当我们在考场上时,对文章中不同学术词汇的理解的层次,也就是“质”是不同的。主要可以归为两类。
第一类是文章中没有给出相关解释或定义的。这类学术词汇只需明白它们“是哪类事物”就可以。
例如:Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.
句中“common murres”, “Atlantic puffins”, “black-legged kittiwakes”, 和 “northern gannets” 都是我们陌生的学术词汇。对于它们,我们只需要从文章中读出它们是一些鸟类就可以,然后利用首字母缩写,分别可以用“C” “A” “BK” 和“N”来替代标记,之后在做到相关题时,比如:
According to the passage, which of the following birds conceal their nest?
(A) Bonaparte's gulls
(B) Atlantic puffins
(C) Kittiwake gulls
(D) Northern gannets
其中 B、C、D选项直接对应“A”、“BK” 和“N”即可。
第二类是文章中给出了相关解释或定义的。这类学术词汇我们不仅要知道它们“是哪类事物”,还要对它们的文中定义引起充分重视。常见引出对学术词汇定义或解释的信号有:定义从句,同位语从句,插入语,破折号,括号等。
例如:
1. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice.
这篇文章主题是冰川,句中cementation(黏固)是一个地质学术语,后面的破折号之间的部分,即是对cementation的解释定义。
2. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands).
这一句中,Maria(月海)和Terrace(月陆)都是关于月球的学术词汇,括号之中的部分在这里对二者进行了解释。在该文章的一个题目中,
All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:
(A) They have small craters.
(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.
(C) They have a rough texture.
(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.
选项D的即是对该句话括号中的学术名词解释部分进行的一个考查。
正确的态度面对学术词汇
学术词汇固然有一些难度,但在平时练习和考场上对它们有一个正确的心态是很重要的。依然从托福阅读考查本质的角度出发,它所模拟的是今后大学的学习过程。那么真正在学习的过程中,在阅读课本的过程中,肯定有很多术语是陌生的,没见过的,而学习正是把陌生知识变得熟悉的过程。正是通过对课本的阅读学习,才掌握了那些学术词汇,才学到了知识。
同样,做托福阅读时,不妨也把它当做一个袖珍版的课本学习过程。一些重要的术语(学术词汇)在课本(托福阅读文章)中是会给出解释定义的,而这些也是学习的重点,要着重理解。与课本不同的是,真正的课本上,概念和定义都会有突出着重的字体或字号来表示,而在托福阅读中,我们要善于在字体字号完全一样的文章中提取出对重点学术词汇的解释定义。而一些次要的学术词汇,理解的“质”也不需要那么高。
只要把握住托福阅读中学术词汇的考察本质,平时适当积累,掌握正确的应对方法,再加上正确的面对心态,相信大家都能够攻克托福阅读中五花八门的学术词汇。
篇5:托福阅读4大类文章主要结构实例分析
托福阅读4大类文章主要结构实例分析 提速从了解结构开始
1、Problem/Solution(问题与解决方法)
Problem/Solution解决方法类文章指的是文章一开头就抛出一个问题,而主题内容是在就这个问题进行探讨给出答案。此类文章最明显的特征就是在开头段背景引入部分会引入问题,然后下面给出几种可能的解释。例如TPO17《Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia》这篇文章,开头段讲东西方人都想要彼此进行贸易,但是苦于陆上交通被阻隔掉了,因此需要海上贸易,可是又存在一系列的问题。接着文章就具体描述存在的问题以及是如何克服掉这些阻碍的。主要问题介绍完了整篇文章也就差不多了,而最后的文章内容小结题总结出来的三个选项也是跟这些主要问题相关的。
2、Classification(分类)
Classification指的是文章对某一个大的话题进行分类讨论,这类文章结构非常清晰,能够让我们一目了然。以TPO17的《Symbiotic Relationships》为例,文章讨论的大的话题是symbiotic relationship(共生关系),文章在第一段就直接写明有3种symbiotic relationships,然后接下来分段论述这3种共生关系分别有什么样的特点。这样的结构对于我们做文章内容小结题非常有利,因为summary通常就是把所分的几个小类分别用一个选项概括出来。把握住了文章中3种共生关系的主要特点,最后一题也就手到擒来了。
同样属于分类结构的文章还有TPO13的《Types of Social Groups》,TPO16的《Planets of Our Solar Systems》,TPO20的《Fossil Preservation》等等,读文章时要注意记录各个类型的主要特点,这样在面对最后一题时即便时间有限也可以从容不迫。
3、Comparison/Contrast(比较)
Comparison/Contrast指的是文章中含有两种相关的事物,将这两种事物在各个方面进行了一系列的比较,其实整体结构类似于上面所说的分类。比较典型的文章例如TPO12的《Water in the Desert》,文中主要介绍了沙漠中的水,将其中的河流分为两大类:Endogenous Rivers(内流河)和Exogenous Rivers(外流河),然后分别论述这两大类的主要特征。
在碰到这种类型的文章时,往往最后会出一道表格题,要求考生总结两个比较对象的特征。表格题区别于文章内容小结题的一大特点是,选项中包含的细节比较多。不同于小结题的选项高度概括,表格题本质上其实是基于全文的细节题,需要看的内容比较多,所以在前面看文章时需要记好笔记,将文章主要行文结构弄清楚:这两类事物的本质区别是什么?分别在哪些段落讲述了各自的特征?确定好大的框架,最后做题时进行定位不至于慌乱。
类似的文章还有官方指南的《Applied Arts and Fine Arts》,《Artisan and Industrialization》,《Nineteenth-Century Politics In the United States》,《Early Cinema》以及TPO7的《Ancient Rome and Greece》,TPO30的《The Pace of Evolutionary Change》等等。
4、Cause/Effect(因果)
Cause/Effect又称现象解释型文章,所指的是一篇文章讨论的话题是一个现象,就这个现象的形成原因或是产生的结果花了大量篇幅进行介绍。最为典型的一篇文章就是官方指南中的《Desert Formation》,文章主要就是在介绍沙漠化形成的各种原因,最后文章小结也就是将这些原因当中比较重要的几点总结出来,所以概括时主要关注每个段落的中心句即可。官方指南中的《Green Icebergs》,《The Expression of Emotions》以及TPO16的《Trade and Ancient Middle East》等都属于此类文章。
托福考试阅读技巧 指代题解析
一、指代关系题可以分为两类: 代词指代题和词汇指代题。
1. 代词指代题:
对于代词指代题,简单句中的这类题目可以采用就近原则来解决:先读整个句子,以代词为线索在其周围寻找与它意思接近的词汇或者短语。而对于主从复合句,采用后指代前的方法。 一般来说,从句的代词主语指代主句的名词主语。这个与主从复合句的类型没有关系。
例如:
The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.
The word “they “refers to
A. skeleton B. scavengers C. creatures D. environments
这个句子为复合句,前半句的主语为skeletons,所以按照上面的原则A为正确答案。
2. 词汇指代题:
这种类题主要是指所考察的指代词语为词汇或者短语,而不是指代。
例如:代词指代题的常问方式为: The word “they, it, their...” refer to …
词汇指代题的常问方式为: The word “ W ” refer to … ,其中,“W ”为词汇或者短语。
其解题技巧和代词指代题解题技巧一样,采用就近原则和后指代前的方法。
我们来看一个例子:
In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magician’s trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process is obscured.
The word “process” in refer to
A. The righting of tumbling cat
B. The cat’s fall slowed down
C. High-speed photography
D. A scientific experiment
这是个主从复合句, 从句的主语为process,所以答案应该为The gyrations of the cat in midair,但是答案中没有相同的选项。根据代词指代的特点,本句中找不到所指代的对象,所指代的对象通常出现在上一句话中,所以正确答案为A。
二、解答指代关系题的三大步骤:
1. 看题干,确定指代类型
2. 带着题干主线索回原文圈定答案范围
3. 采用排除法,确定答案。
总之,正确理解原文是解决这类问题的关键,之后按照这三个步骤,采用就近原则和后指代前的技巧进行解答。
托福考试阅读技巧 插入题的解题步骤
插入句子题是IBT阅读中的新题性。这类题目是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应加入一个段落中四个方块的哪个部分,用鼠标双击所选的黑色方块即可。做这类题目的关键首先是理解该句子,寻找其中的衔接词,分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用,然后把这个句子带入原文中检验其是否合适。
掌握衔接词是解答插入句子题的关键
掌握衔接词对解答这类问题非常重要,因为它是理解上下文和这个句子的逻辑关系的核心。衔接词语主要包括代词(指示代词,例如this, these their, it, such, another ,这些通常是上文提到过的,所以可以采用就近原则来做。);关键同义词,重复出现的形容词,副词和名词;表示因果,转折等关系的过渡词语:如,therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary, however 等;递进扩展词:如,furthermore, also, as well, too, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally等;结构配对词:如,on the one hand…. on the other hand,some…others,同时还要注意一些表示顺序的词,如first ,second ,third等。
我们来具体来一个例子:
1. But there is also another special kind of conversational flow among Southern women that contributed to their writing. 2. Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake.3. Sometimes humorous, sometimes sad; all were as bright as the figures in the fine needlepoint. 4.
Look at the four positions that indicate where the following sentences can be added to the …paragraph of the passage.
These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations.
Click on a position to add the sentence to the passage.
A: position 1 B: Position 2 C: Position 3 D: Position 4
具体的解题步骤:
1. 理解要插入的句子:These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, and narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations. 我们看这个句子是主、谓、宾结构,其中宾语为一些列的并列名词和短语。
2. 寻找衔接词:这个句子的衔接词为:These tales
3. 分析这个句子和上下文的关系:位置1 不可能,因为它后面的句子是一个主题型句子,即,提出论点,而我们要插入的句子为一个小点,属于论据。然后看位置2,这里出现了和我们要加入句子一样的信息点Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake。显然句子放在位置2是不行的;位置3后面的句子是对其前面句子for their own sake的进一步解释。所以最后只能是位置4了。
4. 把这个句带入各个位置。
5. 检查每个位置,位置4是最恰当的。
总之,把握这五大步骤是我们解决插入句子题的一个便利小窍门,具体的应用方法因人而议。理解需要插入句子的结构,找出衔接词是解题关键。同时要注意整个段落的结构以及上下文逻辑关系。
托福阅读考试练习题目做题方法介绍
托福阅读考试练习题目做题方法一:顺序做题
在这样的方法中,通常大家都会用5分钟左右的时间阅读完整篇文章,而将大概的重点都放在文章的结构和关键内容的理解中。而剩余的15分钟时间,就会从题目的第一题顺序做到最后一题。也就是说,文章应对题目,看了一段题目后,找到相应要解决掉的题目。这样的方法相信是大部分备考学生都会采用到的。其优点在于,可以让大家对于整题的文章有了一定的把握,同时,容易理解文章的细节信息,建立阅读的自信。当然,其中的确定就是,很难控制好答题的时间,另外在做最后一题时候,往往会需要我们在重新阅读一下整篇文章。
托福阅读考试练习题目做题方法二:最后一题优先
而针对以上这样的问题,很多同学也曾经考虑过改变顺序从而应对答题时间的问题。也就是是说,在阅读完整篇文章之后,先做最后一到小结题,然后再从第一题做到倒数第二题。当然,这样方法有着一定的好处,因为在刚刚阅读结束后对于整篇文章有着比较深的印象,在完成最后一题是能有比较高的准确率。但如果在这道题中稍稍耽搁了一会儿,也将会之后解题带来很大的时间压力。
托福阅读考试练习题目做题方法三:先题后文
用题目还原到文章这样的解题,目前也是被大家逐渐推崇的一种不错的答题方法。也就是说,我们可以花上15分钟做第一题。然后,先题后文,读题目根据关键词定位到段落中某段话。然后,进行这句话和选项内容的比对,找到最终的答案。而最后的5分钟,我们就可以留给最后一题了。这样的方法不仅可以保证在规定时间内完成答题,同时,也可以保证绝大多数题目的准确率。但是,想要使用这种方法,我们就必须有着很好的答题技巧,必须对于各个题型的解题方法和流程非常娴熟,否则只能增加自己解题的心理负担。
篇6:托福阅读说明类文章阅读技巧指点
托福阅读说明类文章阅读技巧指点 结合实例从结构入手逐段分析
托福阅读说明文怎么看懂?
一般而言,托福阅读中的说明文会说明某个现象,文章的第一段是:介绍背景及引出下文;之后的主体段,结构也很清晰:主旨句Topic sentence + 解释句Explain + 举例子Examples + 总结句Summary。 其实跟我们高考语文有异曲同工之妙。下面来看实例解析:
The Roman Army's Impact on Britain(选自官方真题Official-19)
In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.
these troops had a considerable impact on Britain,也就是第一句说的是罗马军队对英国有影响。这句话相当于对题目的阐述,交代了文章的整个大背景。 之后2~4句其实交代前提,开始具体的说开,要估算军队对平民的影响首先要了解一个事实:士兵不是平均分布的。那既然不是平均分布,肯定是有多有少的。所以,第三句接着说了有些地方士兵少:很快融入帝国的区域;第四句说有些地方士兵多影响大:军队驻扎的地方。第5~7句说回重点,也就是what,到底有哪些影响:军营先要征地;然后会抢走当地领导参与政府的机会;之后社会发展受阻,人民不满而反抗,最后军事镇压。
首段的第一句话,虽然句子很长,但其实只需要抓住结构层次进行分析就能找到阅读重点。
所以总共7句话的段落,分层三个层次,主旨句+前提说明+重点阐述。事实上,段落第一句就完成了background+introduction双重目的:英国被罗马帝国征服+ 士兵的营地/防御工事以及参与当地经济所造成的影响。
Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. …… Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.
第二段一开始就交代了经济交换的影响:强大的购买力,以及帮助修建基础设施。
Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. …… These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.
第三段还是在讲经济:刚来的时候士兵有钱没地方花;最后军队驻扎地变成了小镇。
The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. …… By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.
第四段开始讲另一个重大影响:当地人通过当兵获得可继承的罗马公民地位。
This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.
第五段,做了个小总结,讲这种融合过程及当地招募促进了北部边境的稳定。
托福阅读长难句:释放水动能
They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency, the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy. (TPO29, 48)
blade /bleɪd/ n. (刀﹑ 剑﹑ 凿等的)刃;(划水桨﹑ 螺旋桨﹑ 锹﹑ 铲﹑ 板球击球板等的)扁宽平面部分
kinetic /kɪ'netɪk/ adj. 运动的,运动引起的
They revealed output powers (ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60) (for the largest wheels) and confirmed that (for maximum efficiency), the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, (having given up almost all of its kinetic energy).(TPO29, 48)
分析:
这个句子主干就是:
They revealed output powers and confirmed that
宾语从句的主干:the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed
中文:水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过,并以最小的速度流走
修饰一:(ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60),非谓语动词
中文:输出功率范围是从1马力到最大水轮可能输出的60马力
修饰二:(for the largest wheels),介词短语
中文:对于最大水轮
修饰三:(for maximum efficiency),介词短语
中文:为了达到最高效率
修饰四:(having given up almost all of its kinetic energy),非谓语动词
中文:释放水的几乎所有动能
参考翻译:
它们(调查)显示输出功率范围是从1马力到最大水轮可能输出的60马力;它们也确定了要达到最高效率,水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过,并以最小的速度流走,释放水的几乎所有动能。
托福阅读长难句:清洗陶瓷碎片
This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) (where the labor (that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery)) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases ofexcavation).(TPO29, 42)
分析:
这个句子主干就是:
This abundance is notable in Roman settlements
这个句子理解的难点在于,where从句里中间有一个定语从句,把the labor和constitute隔开了,大家注意这样一个问题。这个问题只要能够理解,速读就不是问题了。
修饰一:(where the labor constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation),从句
中文:在这些地方劳动占了挖掘初期总工作量的很高的比例
修饰二:(that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery)) ,从句,修饰labor,难点就在于这个从句的理解,其实就是put the labor into the washing and storing of pots herds
中文:考古学家花在清洗分类陶瓷碎片上的劳动
参考翻译:
这种丰富性在罗马居住点(尤其在城市)很明显,在这些地方考古学家花在清洗分类陶瓷碎片上的劳动占了挖掘初期总工作量的很高的比例。
托福阅读说明类文章阅读技巧指点
篇7:托福阅读的常见文章结构
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托福阅读的常见文章结构
托福考试作为一门专业衡量语言能力的测试,无论是阅读还是听力,所涉及的 篇章都是属于学术性的,尤其是阅读这一部分,根据ETS在《新托福考试官方指南》中所说,阅读文章均摘录于大学教科书,一般是对某一学科或主题的介绍性内容,主要目的是评估考生对“学术性文章”的理解程度。而从ETS十大题型的设置来看,阅读考试考察的是由最基本的词汇到句子,再到文章逻辑关系以及段落理解,最后还通过小结题和图表题考察对全文的掌握。对于很多考生来说,最后一大题也就是文章小结和表格题最为头疼,因为所要看的内容实在太多,在有限的时间限制之下实在是毫无头绪,只能乱选一气。但其实只要我们搞清楚托福阅读文章常见的结构,完全可以在很短时间内抓住文章脉络拿下最后一道大题。
所有的阅读文章,无论文章背景是什么,结构无非会分为以下几种,《新托福考试官方指南》上把托福文章结构类型大致分为四类:classification(分类),comparison/contrast(比较),cause/effect(因果),problem/solution(问题与解决方法)。
Classification指的是文章对某一个大的话题进行分类讨论,这类文章结构非常清晰,能够让我们一目了然。以TPO17的《Symbiotic Relationships》为例,文章讨论的大的话题是symbiotic relationship(共生关系),然后再第一段就直接写明有3种symbiotic relationships,然后接下来分段论述3种共生关系分别有什么样的特点:paragrph2-3-- parasitism(寄生), paragraph4--commensalism(片利共生), paragraph5--mutualism(互利共生),最后再用很简短的一句话稍作总结。这样的结构对于我们做小结题非常有利,因为summary通常就是把所分的几个小类分别用一个选项概括出来,比如这篇文章的最后一题3个正确选项:Parasitic relationships involve the interplay of aggression by the parasite and resistance and adaptation by the host对应文章第二段讲述parasitism部分的内容;Mutualism is unique among symbiotic relationships in that it benefits both partners involved in the relationship对应文章第五段讲述mutualism部分内容;The rarity of commensal relationships stems from the difficulty of finding relationships that benefit one species without affecting the other对应文章第4段讲述commensalism部分内容。把握住了文章的3种共生关系的主要特点,最后一题也就手到擒来了。 同样属于分类结构的文章还有TPO13的《Types of Social Groups》、TPO16的《Planets of Our Solar Systems》、TPO20的《Fossil Preservation》等等,读文章时注意在笔记上几下各个类型的主要特点,在面对最后一题时即便时间有限也可以从容不迫。
Comparison/contrast指的是文章中含有两种相关事物,将这两种事物在各个方面进行了一系列的比较,其实整体结构类似于上面所说的分类。比较典型的文章例如TPO12的《Water in the desert》,文中主要介绍了沙漠中的水,将其中的河流分为两大类:Endogenous Rivers(内流河)和Exogenous Rivers(外流河),然后分别论述这两大类的主要特征—内流河起源于沙漠内部,往往来源于地下水,容易干涸;外流河只是途经沙漠,往往是一些比较大的河流等等。在碰到这种类型的文章时,往往最后会出到表格题,需要总结两个比较对象的特征。表格题区别于小结题的一大特点是,选项中包含的细节比较多,不同于小结题的选项高度概括,表格题本质上其实是基于全文的细节题,需要看的内容比较多,所以在前面看文章时需要记好笔记,将文章主要行文结构弄清楚,这两类事物本质区别是什么?分别是在哪些段落讲述了各自的特征?确定好大的框架,最后做题时进行定位不至于慌乱。类似的文章还有官方指南的《Applied Arts and Fine Arts》,《Artisan and Industrialization》,《Nineteenth-Century Politics In the United States》 ,《Early Cinema》以及TPO7的《Ancient Rome and Greece》,TPO30的《The Pace of Evolutionary Change》等等。
Cause/effect又称现象解释型文章,所指的是一篇文章讨论的话题是一个现象,就这个现象的形成原因或是产生的结果花了大量篇幅进行介绍。最为典型的一篇文章就是官方指南《Desert Formation》,文章主要就是在介绍沙漠化形成的各种原因:植被减少,气候干燥,人类活动等等,最后文章小结也就是将这些原因当中比较重要的几点总结出来,所以概括时主要关注每个段落的topic sentence即可。 官方指南《Green Icebergs》,《The Expression of Emotions》以及TPO16的《Trade and Ancient Middle East》等都属于此类文章。
Problem/solution解决方法类文章指的是文章一开头就抛出一个问题,而主题内容是在就这个问题进行探讨给出答案。此类文章最明显的特征就是在开头段背景引入部分会引入问题,然后下面给出几种可能的解释。例如TPO17《Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia》这篇文章,开头段讲东西方人都想要彼此进行贸易,但是苦于陆上交通被阻隔掉了,因此需要海上贸易,可是又存在一系列的问题。接着文章就具体描述存在的问题以及是如何克服掉这些阻碍的:航船的改变,导航仪的改进,海上行为规则的制定等等。主要问题介绍完了整篇文章也就差不多了,而最后的小结题总结出来的三个选项也是跟这些主要问题相关。与此类似的,TPO1的《The Origins of Theater》研究的问题是究竟戏院的起源是什么以及为什么它会发展起来,TPO6的《Infantile Amnesia》讨论的问题是婴儿为什么记不得自己三岁之前的事情,TPO18《The Mystery of Yawning》探究的是人为什么会打哈欠。类似的文章还是比较多的,做小结题时需要概括的就是给出的几种主要答案。
在平时做题过程中,考生需要学会对所做的每一篇文章进行总结,快速识别对应的文章类型,可以帮助我们在最短的时间内抓住文章的主要内容,从而提高最后一题的正确率。
托福阅读的十大出题原则是什么
一、列举和并列句
列举指的是: FirstFirst,……Second,……Third,……等逐条列出。;等逐条列出。并列句是指: A , B and C ,即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”,主要有两种:
1. Which 题型
该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案,其它条目与题目无关。这种情况下,往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项 。
2 . Except 题型
该题型俗称“三缺一”题型,即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容,剩下一个不符合,题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如: All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ???
这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句,这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的,也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点.我们在读文章的时候就可多留意,如看到并列、列举句,可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型,则应到并列、列举处找答案。
二、否定及转折句
否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT , NEVER 等否定词的句子,而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER , BUT 或 RATHER 等关联词引导的句子,它们可以用下面的句型说明: A is not B , as C , but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。
三、举例句
句中由 as 或 such as , for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句,常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。
四、数字与年代
文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点,如 年 10 月第 48 题。
五、最高级及绝对性词汇
文章中若出现 must , all , only , anyone , always , never 等绝对性词汇或 first , most beautiful 等最高级词汇,往往是考题要点,一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点,那就是 概念绝对 , 答案唯一 ,无论是出题还是做题,不会产出歧义和疑问,因此很容易出题,答案绝对正确。相反地,如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇,如果我们出这样一道题: What color hats did some people choose? 那么就没有唯一正确的答案,因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ,给评卷带来困难。
六、比较级及比喻
如果文中含有 more than 或 as ??? as , like ( a fly )等句型,则为比较级或比喻句结构,往往也是考题点,一般出“推断性题目”。
七、同位语及插入语
文章中带有由 that is , i.e. , or 等词汇引导的名词词组,放在一个名词后面,为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首,句中或句尾,不做句子成分,但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。 这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点,一般会出“细节性题目”。
八、因果句
句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句:
(1) 因果连词: because , since , for , as , therefore , so , consequently 等
(2) 表示因果的动词: cause , result in , originate from 等;
(3) 表示因果的名词: base, basis, result,consequence 等,这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的,尤为出题者所青陈.因为通过出题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。
九、段落句
文章各段第一句 ( 段首句 ) 和末段员后一句 ( 文尾句 ) 都是十分重要的地方,往往是文章作者表达中思想,进行总结综述的地方,因此常出: (1) 主题性问题 (2) 细节性问题 (3) 结构性问题。
十、特殊标点
有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围,它们是:
(1) 破折号,表示解释.考细节性问题;
(2) 括号,表示解释.考细节性问题;
(3) 冒号,一股同上,有时冒号也表示列举,则考“ EXCEPT ”题目;
(4) 引号,表示引用,考细节性问题:
(5) 惊叹号,表示作者感情,考态度性问题。
综上所述,我们可以利用上面所介绍的考题点,作为“路标”,迅速地指引我们找到正确答案;同时作为出题规律,检验自己所选答案的正确性。
托福阅读真题1
From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork. Where stone was the local building material, a mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for goods in kind from the customer's field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer; wove cloth of yarn spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood cut in the customer's own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm.
Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy scene, by one historian, as an orchestra conducted by nature. Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality — and few in rural areas were. Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.
1. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Farming practices
(B) The work of artisans
(C) The character of rural neighborhoods
(D) Types of furniture that were popular
2. The word inception in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) investigation
(B) location
(C) beginning
(D) records
3. The word fabricating in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) constructing
(B) altering
(C) selecting
(D) demonstrating
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of artificial light in colonial times was
(A) especially helpful to woodworkers
(B) popular in rural areas
(C) continuous in winter
(D) expensive
5. Why did colonial artisans want to regularize their schedules and methods (line 18)?
(A) to enable them to produce high quality products
(B) to enable them to duplicate an item many times
(C) to impress their customers
(D) to keep expenses low
6. The phrase resort to in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) protecting with
(B) moving toward
(C) manufacturing
(D) using
7. The word few' in lines 23 refers to
(A) woodworkers
(B) finished pieces
(C) customers
(D) chests
8. It can be inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that
were
(A) simple
(B) delicate
(C) beautifully decorated
(D) exceptionally long-lasting
PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCA
托福阅读真题2
Molting is one of the most involved processes of a bird's annual life cycle. Notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird's feather inevitably wears out. All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that are nearing the end of their useful life. Two distinct processes are involved in molting. The first step is when the old, worn feather is dropped, or shed. The second is when a new feather grows in its place. When each feather has been shed and replaced, then the molt can be said to be complete. This, however, is an abstraction that often does not happen: incomplete, overlapping, and arrested molts are quite common.
Molt requires that a bird find and process enough protein to rebuild approximately one-third of its body weight. It is not surprising that a bird in heavy molt often seems listless and unwell. But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration. Generally, molt occurs at the time of least stress on the bird. Many songbirds, for instance, molt in late summer, when the hard work of breeding is done but the weather is still warm and food still plentiful. This is why the woods in late summer often seem so quiet, when compared with the exuberant choruses of spring.
Molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.
1. The passage mainly discusses how
(A) birds prepare for breeding
(B) bird feathers differ from species
(C) birds shed and replace their feathers
(D) birds are affected by seasonal changes
2. The word Notwithstanding in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) despite
(B) because of
(C) instead of
(D) regarding
3. The word intricate in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) regular
(B) complex
(C) interesting
(D) important
4. The word random in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) unfortunate
(B) unusual
(C) unobservable
(D) unpredictable
5. The word optimal in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) slow
(B) frequent
(C) best
(D) early
6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason that songbirds molt in the late summer?
(A) Fewer predators are in the woods.
(B) The weathers are still warm.
(C) The songbirds have finished breeding.
(D) Food is still available.
7. Some birds that are molting maintain balance during flight by
(A) constantly preening and caring for their remaining feathers
(B) dropping flight feathers on both sides at the same time
(C) adjusting the angle of their flight to compensate for lost feathers
(D) only losing one-third of their feathers
8. The word Others in line 21 refers to
(A) ducks
(B) sides
(C) species
(D) flight feathers
9. The author discusses ducks in order to provide an example of birds that
(A) grow replacement feathers that are very long
(B) shed all their wing feathers at one time
(C) keep their innermost feathers
(D) shed their outermost feathers first
10. It can be inferred from the discussion about ducks that the molting of their flight feathers
takes
(A) a year
(B) a season
(C) several months
(D) a few weeks
PASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD
篇8:托福阅读:学会扫描文章结构
托福阅读:学会扫描文章结构
第一步:花两三分钟时间扫描每篇托福阅读文章头一两个句子,定位文章难易程度。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟,但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付,有的文章则需要15分钟左右。一般来说,5篇文章中有2篇难度大一些,比方说:如果最后一篇文章难度大,且12-14道题,在这种情况下,按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题,带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难程度,同时目测文章的含金量(即题量分布),有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间。
第二步:采取“结构扫描”法阅读具体的一篇文章。所谓结构,即文章的骨架子。托福阅读文章是纯学术体(Academic),是北美国际留学生在大学里天天都能接触到的教科书风格的文章,这些文章涉及人文社科和自然科学,均议论文、说明文,最显著的特点是呈板块结构。
文章均由数个自然段组成,正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透,文章首句经常为文章主题。然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读,文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句,没有必要每个句子理解难度大,而不涉及考题,在此句停留无疑是白白浪费时间。所以,采取“结构扫描”法,意味着以最快捷的方式了解托福阅读文章大意,从而正确引导下一步做具体的题,而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。
从这2步的托福阅读文章的方法,大家就可以看出来想要读懂托福阅读文章,第一句或者说前几句是最关键的,抓住了这个部分就能掌握文章大意,理解文章了。
托福阅读:备考练习应该限时吗
托福阅读学到一定程度,会进入一种倦怠期,无论我们怎样背单词,或者做题,收效都不大。这是因为我们把备考的目的弄反了。
其实当我们在准备托福的时候,很多考友只是很机械的,将新托福突破口TPO做了一遍又一遍。但是托福考试与物理化学是不一样的,做物理化学题的时候,我们每做一道题,有可能就会掌握一种新的解题思路。但是托福是个英语考试,英语考试其实我们可以把它想象成一个饭盒,它需要掌握的知识是非常有限的,这些只是其实我们早就学过了,托福考试并没有考到什么新的知识,托福考试要求的,仅仅是要求我们将之前的知识熟练运用即可!
但是,各位考友需要注意的是,托福考试所需要的知识,其实应该是对于“单词、语法、逻辑”的“快速、准确、细致”的理解,托福阅读的核心其实就是这些,也就这么简单!但是问题是不管你做多少遍题,本身都是不可能去帮助你掌握“单词、语法、逻辑”的,因为做题做一遍就是过了,里面的单词我们是没有背下来的,里面考到了什么语法呢?让我们说,我们也真的说不出来?同样的,与语法相关的逻辑我们也没有得到任何的提高。因为我们看到的都是一句一句单独的句子,这些句子是已经将“单词、语法、逻辑”整合起来了。我们做题看到的一个一个的句子,这就好比是我们看到的马路上的一台一台的汽车,托福考试考的核心是这些汽车里面的零部件的工作原理,可是如果我们只坐在路边看汽车的话,是根本看不到这些汽车里面的工作原理的。我们做多少遍题,我们就看了多少遍汽车在我们的面前飞驰而过,但是仍然是不可能知道这些车里面的工作原理的。
请注意,这里并不是说不可以做题,我们是可以做题的。但是我们并不应该仅仅是去掐时间20分钟做完题这么简单。
其实当我们在前期做题的时候,应该是不限时做题的,我们应该把做题的时间拉长,换句话说,就是我们就会有充分的时间,去研究里面每一个单词,每一个语法点的逻辑,以及弄懂每一句话是什么意思,当然还包括弄懂前后文的逻辑发展,这都是很重要的。这就好像把我们自己想象为《黑客帝国》里面的基努里维斯的非常经典的子弹时间一样,我们把时间都停下来,就像基努里维斯仔细观察那个子弹一样,仔细的观察每一个句子,只有把里面的单词和里面的语法和逻辑关系都搞定了,我们才有成绩提升的可能。当然,这是指在一开始做题的时候,我们要这么做。
做完题之后,也不是把题一下就扔在一边,我们还应该,去反思里面的错题,因为我们都已经不限时做题了,那么我们为什么还会做错题呢?原因很简单!就是因为我们掌握的知识里面是有错误的地方,或者我们有的知识根本学的不扎实!因此我们就要把那些题目做对了,但是我们不知道为什么,以及做错了的题弄清楚,我们为什么错了,到底是有什么知识点我们不清楚?!自己弄不懂就去求教高手,只有这样我们才能一点一点提升我们的分数。
总之,托福阅读速度的提高必须建立在保证甚至提高托福阅读正确率上,才是正确的备考方法。
托福阅读题型简析
综述:
文章数量:3-5篇
字数:700
要求:快速阅读+精确理解
题目数量:每篇文章12-14题
单题分值:1-4分
文体:说明, 论述, 记叙
速度要求:100 words/min
各类题型特征及解题方法:
1 词汇题
问法:The word/phrase X is closest in meaning to____
技巧:
(1)首先看是否认识, 如果在认识, 在选项中找同义或近义词, 并代入原文检验
(2)如果不认识,将4个选项代入原文, 看上下文是否合理
(3)看原词所在句子前后2句, 找重复对应
(4)如果悬想中有2个悬想都在上下文中合理,选择在含义上与原词沾边的词
(5)选项中不认识的词不轻易去选
做题顺序:
看单词,看选项,原文验证
注意:
(1)不可能所有单词都认识
(2)注意熟词僻义, 一定看完所有选项,并代回原文验证
2 指代题
问法:The word they/ their/ it/ its/ some in the passage refers to
技巧:
(1)单复数
it找单数名词或名词性词组
they找复数名词或名词性词组
(2)在主从复合句, 并列句中, 后半句的代词主语优先指代前半句主语的核心词(有例外, 要从意义判断)
(3)简单句中,代词优先指代主语核心词, 次之制代宾语核心词.
(4)代词所在句子找不到合适的指代, 优先指代前一句主语, 次之指代后一句宾语
(5)一句话中, 相同的代词指代相同
3 直接事实题
问法:According to the passage, what/ which/ why/ when?
技巧:定位原文, 细读
(1)题干明确定位 (如给出第几段, highlight)
(2) 题干无明确定位
A 找题干中人名, 地名, 物种名, 大写, 斜体, 数字年代, 符号.
B 定位某一段, 再定位某一位置
C 用核心名词定位
4 infer题(需要精确理解)
注意:既然是infer, imply, 就一定不是原文中明确说的
技巧:
(1)时间前后推理
(2)排除法
a 原文直接清楚描述的,排除
b 与原文无关的新内容,排除
(3)不要加入自己的观点
5 举例说明概述题 (例子的作用)
技巧:
(1)重点不是例子本身, 而是举例子的目的及例子的服务对象
(2)概述的同义改写就是答案
6 EXCEPT列举题
技巧:重视文中三个或三个以上的列举 (遇到的话就做笔记记下来---Sissi如是说)
定位:核心关键词 such as n1, n2, n3………A, B, and/ or C.
7 插入句子题
逻辑关系, 上下文关系, 是否紧密,是否有跳跃
技巧
(1)待插入的句子中, 代词 this, these their, it, such, he, another 这些通常是上一句]提过的,所以才特指
(2)因果, 转折等过渡词 therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary
(3)递进扩展词 furthermore, also, as well, too, other, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally
(4)结构配对词on the one hand…. On the other hand some…others
(5)关键同义词 重复出现的名词、副词、形容词
8 句子要点题
问法:which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence
错误选项:
(1) 有新内容, 或有相反内容
(2) 遗漏了原文中重要信息
9 全文总结题
考全文key points的总结 (不只一个key point)
(1)注意段首句, 注意自己归纳总结
(2)关注文章结构,特别是先总后分式
(3)错误选项特征
a 原文没有的新内容, 或在程度, 范围上发生变化
b 与原文相反
c 有原文中的细节 (细节不该是key point)
10 信息归类题
特点:
(1)通常文章采用对比写法
(2)有无用的选项
托福阅读背景知识:戴眼镜会令人显老
因为学习、电脑等各种原因,我们这一代人,很少有不戴眼镜的,但事实上有调查研究:带眼镜会使人看上去老3.5岁。这是真的吗?那么,就请跟新东方留学一起,进入今天的阅读材料:戴眼镜使人显老。
A new poll has revealed that wearing glasses ages people by at least three years. On average, glasses-wearers were put at 3.3 years older than they actually were in the survey of 4,000 people commissioned by the London Vision Clinic.
戴眼镜会让人看起来至少老3岁。日前伦敦视力医疗中心在对4000人做了调查后得出,戴眼镜者普遍看起来比他们的实际年龄大3.3岁。
Those who wear glasses were perceived to be older by respondents, who said they regarded them as more “geeky” and “good with computers” than people who do not wear them. And the perceived image was even worse for those aged 45 and over, who were thought to be five years older.
这项调查发现,相较于那些不戴眼镜的人群,戴眼镜者看起来更老,更“令人生厌”,也较“擅长于电脑”。而45岁以上的戴眼镜者的状况更加不容乐观,因为他们看起来比实际年龄大5岁。
The research was conducted by dividing the participants into two groups. The first group was given ten pictures of people with glasses and asked to guess their ages and discuss their personal attributes. The second group was given ten pictures of the same people without glasses and asked the same questions.
该项调查的受试对象被分为两组。第一组在看了10张戴眼镜者的照片后,被要求猜测照片中人的年龄与个人特质。第二组人看同样10人的照片,但照片中的人没有戴眼镜,然后被要求回答相同的问题。
The results showed a difference in perceived ages but also found that those who wore glasses were a fifth less likely to be seen as confident and were more likely to be thought of as physically weaker.
结果不仅表明人们对年龄的感知有所差异,还得出,戴眼镜者更有可能被认为缺乏自信以及体质孱弱。
Psychologist Dr Glenn Wilson, who analyzed the results, said: “This study is interesting as it highlights the snap judgments we make as a society about people when we meet them for the first time.”
分析研究结果的心理学家威尔森博士说:“这项研究有趣之处在于,它凸显了人们第一次相见时人类社会的快速判断。”
篇9:托福阅读学术类题材文章结构段落实例分析
托福阅读学术类题材文章结构段落实例分析
托福阅读说明文结构讲解
一般而言,托福阅读中的说明文会说明某个现象,文章的第一段是:介绍背景及引出下文;之后的主体段,结构也很清晰:主旨句Topic sentence + 解释句Explain + 举例子Examples + 总结句Summary。 其实跟我们高考语文有异曲同工之妙。下面来看实例解析:
官方真题Official-19 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain
In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.
留下 these troops had a considerable impact on Britain;也就是第一句说的是罗马军队对英国有影响。这句话相当于对题目的阐述,交代了文章的整个大背景。 之后2~4句其实交代前提,开始具体的说开,要估算军队对平民的影响首先要了解一个事实:士兵不是平均分布的。那既然不是平均分布,肯定是有多有少的。所以,第三句接着说了有些地方士兵少:很快融入帝国的区域;第四句说有些地方士兵多影响大:军队驻扎的地方。第5~7句说回重点,也就是what,到底有哪些影响:军营先要征地;然后会抢走当地领导参与政府的机会;之后社会发展受阻,人民不满而反抗,最后军事镇压。
首段的第一句话,虽然句子很长,但其实只需要抓住结构层次进行分析就能找到阅读重点。
所以总共7句话的段落,分层三个层次,主旨句+前提说明+重点阐述。事实上,段落第一句就完成了background+introduction双重目的:英国被罗马帝国征服+ 士兵的营地/防御工事以及参与当地经济所造成的影响。
Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. …… Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.
第二段一开始就交代了经济交换的影响:强大的购买力,以及帮助修建基础设施。
Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. …… These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.
第三段还是在讲经济:刚来的时候士兵有钱没地方花;最后军队驻扎地变成了小镇。
The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. …… By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.
第四段开始讲另一个重大影响:当地人通过当兵获得可继承的罗马公民地位。
This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.
第五段,做了个小总结,讲这种融合过程及当地招募促进了北部边境的稳定。
深度分析影响托福阅读能力的几点情况
1.逐字翻译导致读句子的速度慢
很多同学在翻译句子的过程中,都没有一个良好的习惯,只是机械地把所有英文单词的中文意思堆砌起来。对于简单句来说,这样做其实无可厚非;但是遇到语法结构稍微复杂的句子,这种方法便会立刻失效,于是同学们便会不断重复回看这句话,想要弄清楚它的意思,这样便造成了时间上的极大浪费。所以我们在平时练习过程中需要训练自己养成一个良好的阅读习惯,不要被那些单词牵着走,而要主动地去分析句子结构:句子主语是谁?这个主语怎么了,发生了什么事?谁是修饰成分?谁才是真正的谓语?当我们能够做到读完一句理解一句,相信我们自然就能在要求时间之内答完题了。
2.练习少,对题目缺乏熟悉度
许多同学把备考托福阅读等同于背单词,因而一天到晚只跟单词书亲近,却不曾正眼看过TPO中的阅读文章。背单词固然重要,毕竟单词不会,文章也无法理解。但是想要提高分数、想要冲刺阅读高分,那我们就必须把TPO阅读文章当作圣经一样来对待。这不只是草草做题对答案了事,更是通过大量做题,来增强自己对于托福阅读出题套路的了解,以期掌握每种题型的应对方案,争取做到读完题之后,能够立刻找到题干中的有效关键词,再迅速回文定位答案。同学们不要觉得题海战术是很笨的方法,多年实践已经证明,它其实是一种很有效率的学习方法,关键在于我们是否能够通过题海战术有所收获,而不是为了做题而做题。
3. 文章结构不够熟悉
我特别强调做完题后,分析每篇文章的文章结构这件事。为什么?因为文章结构大概也就那么几种,见得多了,便就一见如故了。在考场上,我们根本没有时间为了最后一道题而把文章再通读一便。而倘若我们在做题过程中,就能迅速总结出每一段的中心意思,那么这篇文章我们一定会读得更通透,在做每一段相应的题时也就能够提高准确率。而能否迅速总结出段落大意就依赖于平时严格的训练。不要做完了题就万事大吉,把每篇文章充分利用起来,观察它们的结构,多做总结,这样的工作做得多了,必然会有所收获的。
巧用定位词缩短托福阅读时间
首先介绍一下,什么是托福阅读定位词?
其实很简单,打个比方,你和朋友约好了去酒吧,朋友和你说酒吧在沈阳新东方正对面,这个酒吧你是不知道地点的,也就是你的目的地;而新东方却很熟知,那么你只需找到新东方便可以找到酒吧了。在这里新东方是已知的,就是用来定位的词汇,而酒吧则是你的目的所在,也便是你要找的答案。
定位词的称呼有很多,如关键词,主旨词,功能词,中心词等等。这些只是个名称罢了,含义都是一致的:一个可以根据题干回原文定位,并能够找到出处的词,这个题干中的词就是定位词 or key word。
托福阅读定位词有什么样的特征?
定位词总体特征:不可变性和细节性
不可变性:定位词是用来定位的,所以必须找那些回原文依然不变的词汇,才有意义。通常不用动词和副词来定位。通常是名词或充当定语的形容词。
细节性:不要找大概念的词汇,更不要拿代表全文主旨的词汇来定位。换句话说不要找那些原文一大堆的词汇,无法定位。
如,95年英国剑桥委员会British Council给出的唯一样题文章的题目是: The Spectacular Eruption of Mount St. Helens
下面有一道选择题是“According to the text the eruption of Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes has influenced our climate by…”
拿这道题为例,如果大家把Mount St. Helens 作为关键词回原文进行定位,那你会郁闷致死,全文主要讲的就是圣海伦斯火山的喷发,原文有N多个Mount St. Helens,所以即使这个词属于大写的专有名词,但他违背了细节性,是概括性的词汇,也不能作为定位词来寻找答案。
究竟哪些词在托福阅读当中充当定位词?
以下是定位词的分类:
1、特殊词汇
在阅读中有一些词张的比较特殊,这种词很容易被记住,也很容易回原文定位。
好比,在大街上上看到一个人光着身子跑步-------特殊难看
一个人的个子超高,像姚明一样------特殊长
一个人身上穿着10多种颜色的衣服,而且不停的摇头-----特殊怪
特殊怪,特殊长,特殊难
这三种词就是特殊词的所有特征,在文中看到这样的词,一定要警惕。如,
Sequoia 美洲杉 ---特殊怪,很好定位,也经常作为考点。
sodium 【化学】钠---特殊难,大家只要知道是一种化学元素足矣。
Simultaneous 同时的---特殊长,这种词本身的特点决定应作为定位词。
2、数字:通常指时间,金钱和百分比。
有一个道题目是这样问的:
“What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions before 1980?”
那么像1980 3185$ 69%这些词因为长相原因,段落全是英文,突然跑出来几个数字,十分显眼,也就很好回原文找到他们。
3、专有名词:
斜体字,大写人名,地名,大写的专有名词,这一点大家都很熟悉,不用多说。
4、特殊符号:
在特殊符号里或者旁边的词,最好通过符号回原文进行定位,如“paper conversation”,(three cubic miles) 这些词本身并没有什么特别,但放在符号里面,就可以根据符号回原文进行寻找。
总之,在国外考试的阅读中,无论是阅读文章,还是回答后面的10几道题目,定位词的寻找,都是一种有效的应试策略,更是学术文章的阅读的重要方法。
浅析番茄时间管理与托福阅读训练
浅析番茄时间管理与托福阅读训练
英语阅读其实远没有我们想象的那么简单。从1920年前后开始,阅读行为研究作为一项跨学科性的研究,已经在各个方面持续性的进行。阅读行为的产生和人们其它的很多行为一样,受到各种因素的影响,无论是直接还是间接,都能使阅读行为因人、因时、因地而异。其中,时间是一个重要的因素,不同的时间会影响读者阅读行为的产生。许多考生可以利用电脑做各种事情,但是面对电脑屏幕做一两个小时的托福阅读,就不能集中注意力,很容易分神。当然,我们得承认在一个人际交流手段以及获取信息方式不断丰富的社会,人们的时间利用率反而越来越低,专心致志的做一件事情对于很多人来说似乎是一件不可能的任务。瑞典著名的时间管理专家Staffan Noteberg提出了一套专心管理时间的方法,即“番茄时间管理法(Pomodoro Technique),用以提升个人效率,从而改进工作和学习的流程。
一 番茄时间管理法是什么?
通常来说,对待一项要去完成的任务或工作,设定一个固定长度的番茄时间,通常为25分钟,这个时间长度根据心理学的研究,是人类最能高度集中注意力的上限。在托福阅读的训练过程中,也建议把一段练习的时间设为一个番茄时间即25分钟。然后在这个时间内集中注意力的阅读文章并完成后面的题目,中间不允许做任何与阅读无关的事情。时间到后,马上进入休息,再进入下一个番茄时间。之前没有完成的题目也可以放到下一个时间来。这种管理时间的方法以一个固定时间的短期迭代为节奏,帮助大家建立可持续的步伐并培养集中注意力的习惯。
二 番茄时间管理法如何操作?
执行此方法的做法很简单,准备一支笔、一张纸、一个计时器以及TPO阅读真题。纸的作用主要是明确列出今天的番茄数目也就是练习的数量,以及可以用来进行文章的笔记。当然,练习数量也不宜太多,3个左右即可。然后,计时器打开,25分钟时间内专心看文章做题,计时时间到适度休息,再进入下一个练习。借助简单的工具我们就能容易的达到提高效率的目的,不用考虑工作方法本身的难题。
三 哪些考生适合用番茄时间管理法?
1. 阅读训练时很容易分心做其它事情,做题目的过程中易被微博、微信、电话等外部事件干扰,影响做题的连续性
2. 看文章做题漫无目的没有时间控制,没有目标性,大段的时间一篇文章都没有真正完成,有一种挫败感和焦虑感的考生。对他们来说,采用番茄时间管理法可以逐步的克服这些不良的习惯
四 番茄时间管理法的原则
1. 不可分割性。在一篇阅读的训练过程中,没有任何事情是可以影响甚至是可以停止不做题目的,为了维护番茄时间的原则性,为了保证训练的高效,是可以对其它事情“say no”,在练习之前,合理的安排其它事务。
2. 适度休息。每一个番茄时间之后,一定要休息调整,放松大脑,从而保证有充足的精力进入后面的练习。
3. 长期坚持,循序渐进。番茄时间管理法需要一段时间内的长期坚持,偶尔一练没有明显的效果,一旦停止会让原来的不良习惯快速反弹。对于自控力确实差的同学,也可以先尝试5分钟内不被打断干扰,然后逐渐增加时间至25分钟。
由此可见,我们要把重点放到操作执行上,番茄时间管理简单具体,让大家在最佳状态下全速前进,高效的完成托福阅读的训练,长期练习速度和熟练程度就会相应提高,1个小时的阅读考试时间也不再是难以完成的任务。
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