谓语的常见用法 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

谓语的常见用法 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)（集锦14篇）由网友“错位时空app”投稿提供，以下是小编为大家整理后的谓语的常见用法 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

篇1：谓语的常见用法 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

谓语的常见用法

Ⅰ．概说

A．英语句子结构相对简单

1．5种类型的谓语

1326 在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有5种类型的谓语。

第一类包含一个不及物动词（Ⅳ）：

He came．

My wife cried．

第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TV＋O）：

John likes me．

His uncle wrote letters．

第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（DV+IO+DO）：

They teach me English．

I bought Mary sugar．

第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LV＋C）：

He is a teacher．

She looks sad．

第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FV＋O＋C）：

We made him king．

She left the house dirty．

2．动词的短语形式

1327 不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看作是一种不及物动词：

He lost heart．（他灰心了。）

This habit has struck root．（这种习惯已根深蒂固）

下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：

I looked for my lost dictionary．（我在找我弄失的字典。）

He paid attention to his lesson．（他很注意他的功课。）

He gave up drinking．（他戒酒了。）

He is afraid of blood．（他怕血。）

He can't get along with anyone．（他和谁都处不好。）

下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：

I waited for him to come．（我等他来。）

详见 1182-1206节。

3．宾语的9种形式

1328 此外，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有9种东西可用作及物动词、双宾动词及宾补动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用，可以称作名词等同体（Noun－Equivalent），名词等同体，可用作动词的宾语：

I know John（名词）．

She kept the floor dirty．

I will teach John Chinese．

I know him（代词）．

She kept it clean．

That depends upon them．

He threw out an apple of discord（名词短语）．

I have just visited the Board of Trade．

I am not fond of wild goose chase．

This matter interests the rich and the poor（the +形容词或分词）．

The general visited the dying and the wounded．I know the long and（the） short of this case．

He wants to go to college（不定式）．

She refuses to marry me．

I asked to see a friend in prison．

He is fond of swimming in the morning（动名词）．

He avoids meeting any of his friends．

I postponed going to the doctor．

I know that she loves me（that引起的从句）．

I am sure that you will succeed．

Is he afraid that he will be defeated？

I wonder what he wants（疑问词引起的从句）．

I asked where he had been．

I don't know which way I should go．

I don't know what to do（疑问词引起的不定式）．

I am doubtful how to settle this problem．

I do not care where to eat dinner．

4．补语的15种形式

1329 不只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的9种名词等同体以及下面例句中的6种形容词等同体（Adjective－Equiva－lent）都可用作系动词或宾补动词的补语。

名词及名词等同体作补语：

He is a king（名词）．

We chose him chairman．

It is me（代词）．

He became a fish out of water（名词短语）．

I find it a moot point．

The victims are always the poor（the +形容词）．

To respect others is to be respected（不定式）．

Seeing is believing（动名词）．

His purpose is that all children should be educated（that引起的从句）．

The problem is who is to blame（疑问词引起的从句）．

My problem is how to learn（疑问词引起的不定式）．

形容词及形容词等同体作补语：

He seems happy（形容词）．

You look young．

He makes me angry．

He is out（地点副词）．

The show is over．

Time is up．

He is at home（介词短语）．

We are on good terms．

He leaves his desk out of order．

It seems interesting（现在分词）．

The situation grows encouraging．

I saw Mary smoking．

I am astonished（过去分词）．

He looked frightened．

I had my clothes washed．

He is to blame（不定式）．

It is to be thrown away．

He wants his daughter to marry a rich man．

5．再复杂的句子也可简化

1330 因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词，把许多不同形式看作同类东西，从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把I know that he does not like to live in this country．中的10个斜体词和I know John．中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西，因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。我们也可把He begged to see a friend in prison．中的 6个斜体词和He begged pardon．中的一个斜体词看作是作用相等，因为两者都是宾语。

同样，我们也可把He is to come to the office at eight．中的7个斜体词和He is punctual．中的一个斜体词看作相等的东西，因为两者都是补语。另外下面4个句子中的斜体词，形式不一，我们却可看作一类东西，都是及物动词或是起及物动词作用的词组：

He likes chocolate．（他喜欢巧克力。）

He is fond of teaching．（他爱教书。）

John pays attention to his business．（约翰关心他的买卖。）

I am sure that he will be a good husband．（我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。）

此外，在上面单元中，我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等，尽管形式不同，字数不等，却都起同样作用，担任句子的主语。这样，不管多复杂的句子都可简化，而简化是语法的目的。

B．何种谓语类型用何种动词

1．47种谓语类型

1331 我们一方面有不同形式的动词，另一方面有不同形式的宾语及补语。把它们结合起来，再加上一些其他因素，我们可以得出47种基本的谓语类型，这几乎代表了英语中的各种可能的谓语。我们可能读到的或写出的任何谓语，几乎都可以（而且应当）纳入这些类型。这47种类型可列举如下：

IV 有3种类型

TV＋O 有15种类型

DV＋IO＋DO 有5种类型

LV＋C 有13种类型

FV＋O＋C 有11种类型

5类谓语 共有47种类型

2．一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中

1332 为了更好了解这些谓语类型，先看看下面句子：

a．I know him to work hard．

b．We want him to come．

c．She let us to use her car．

d．They suppose all of us to obey．

e．John saw Mary to walk with a boy．

所有这些句子的谓语都属于第42种类型，即“宾补动词+名词+不定式”，但只有b．句的谓语是正确的，因为只有want这一动词可用于这个类型，其他动词都不能这样用。再看下面句子：

a．I tried advising her．

b．I asked seeing the boss．

c．He thinks going with you．

d．We wish moving to another place．

e．They refused helping us．

上面所有谓语都属于第13种类型，即“及物动词+动名词”，但只有a．句是正确的，因为动词tried可用于这种类型，而其他动词不可这样用。

从上面10个例句我们可以看出，一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中，在一特定类型中，一个特定的动词能用还是不能用，完全是一个习惯用法的问题。

1333 从下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少类型的谓语中：

I know John．（及物动词+名词）（正确）

I know John to come tomorrow．（宾补动词+名词+不定式）（错误）

I know that John comes tomorrow．（及物动词+that引起的从句）（正确）

I know to answer this question．（及物动词+不定式）（错误）

I know the work easy．（宾补动词+名词+形容词）（错误）

I know how to answer this question．（及物动词+疑问词引起的不定式）（正确）

I know the work to be easy．（宾补动词+名词+to be+形容词）（正确）

I know John coming（宾补动词+名词+现在分词）．（错误）

I know organizing a political party（及物动词+动名词）．（错误）

从上面例句我们可以看出某些动词只能用在47种类型的某些类型中，不能在许多类型中使用。

3．一个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词

1334 有些类型中可以使用很多动词，另一些却只能使用少量动词。例如在“系动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中只能用be这一个动词。在“不及物动词+介词+疑问词引起的从句”这种类型中约可用20个动词，在“及物动词+不定式或动名词”这类类型中，约可用50个动词，而在“及物动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中，约可用150个动词。每种类型中能用的动词，在本单元中将几乎全部列出并加上例句，以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。不过某些谓语类型中可用的动词极多（可说是成百上千）。在这种情况下只能给出一小部分动词。

C．谓语类型与句型

1335 关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意：

1．动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致，因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。而动词和宾语及补语的关系比较复杂，这在下面47种谓语类型中可清楚看出。如果对主语不加考虑，这47种谓语类型也就是47种句型。事实上在下面讨论中，谓语类型的公式都采用“S＋TV＋N”，“S+DV＋N＋N”，“S＋FV＋N＋A”这类形式，里面包含了主语（S），因此也就代表了句型。

2．一个句型可以包含一个简单句：

John knows how to play football．

He avoided meeting her at some party．

3．它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句：

He knows what you are doing．

I asked where he got it．

4．但并列句中至少需有两个句型：

I have decided to go（一个句型）and he will go too（一个句型），but she decides to remain at home（一个句型）．（共包含三个句型）

D．修饰语与独立成分

1336 句型指一个完整句子的骨架，它可包含任何数量的修饰语（即形容词、副词及起同样作用的其他词语）。这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要，但在语法上却是可以删除的，在我们考虑句型，也就是句子的基本结构时，可以对它们不加考虑。所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+及物动词+名词”，但却可包含不同类型的修饰语（斜体部分）。最后包含25个词的句子和第一个包含4个词的句子同属一个句型：

I saw a house．

I saw a big house．

I saw a big house on the opposite side．

I saw a big house on the opposite side，which was said to be haunted by a ghost．

Yesterday I saw a big house…．

Yesterday when I sailed down the river I saw a big house…．

修饰语在后面将作详细讨论。句型还可以包含一个独立成分，但基本结构不变。

所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+系动词+补语”：

That man is crazy．

Oh！that man is crazy．

Oh！that man is crazy，I am sure．

Oh！that man is crazy，you may be sure，Mary．

E．句型的用法

1337 在下面讨论中，所列出能用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。列出的目的只是说明某一句型使用范围大致有多广。一般说来，数目越小，越难使用，因为如果这个句型只限于用少数动词，则用错的机会更多。

1338 偶尔也会有些例外的句子无法归入这47种句型的任何一个。但如果把某些不规则的动词短语适当转换为规则的动词短语，则它们大部分仍可归入某些句型：

I have a good mind（=intend）to punish you．（have a good mind可能换为intend，则句型将是“主语+及物动词+不定式”。）

He will have it（=insists） that I have cheated him．（主语+及物动词+that引起的从句）

“Who has taken my pen？”“John（has taken your pen）．”

（I）Beg（your）pardon．

（It was）No sooner said than（it was） done．

（You） Live and let（others）live．

（I wish you）Good luck！

1339 确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。下面的句子都是错的，因为它们不代表47种句型中的任何一个：

1．I hear about that John has arrived．（主语+不及物动词+介词+that引起的从句）

2．I paid attention what he was doing．（主语+及物动词+名词+疑问词引起的从句）

3．He is afraid of that he will be assassinated．（主语+系动词+形容词+介词+that引起的从句）

4．He is afraid being assassinated．（主语+系动词+形容词+动名词）

5．I know that who has broken the window．（主语+及物动词+that+疑问词引起的从句）

6．We want peaceful．（主语+及物动词+形容词）

这些句型应改正如下：

正确句型 正确句子

1．主语+及物动词+that引 I hear that John has ar-

起的从句 rived．

2．主语+及物动词+名词+ I paid attention to what

介词+疑问词引起的从句 he was doing．

3．主语+系动词+形容词+ He is afraid that he will

that引起的从句 be assassinated．

4．主语+系动词+形容词+ He is afraid of being as-

介词+动名词 sassinated．

5．主语+及物动词+疑问词 I know who has broken

引起的从句 the window．

6．主语+及物动词+名词 We want peace．

其次，应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。

F．47种句型的公式

1340 每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表，例如：“S＋IV”，“S＋TV＋N”，“S＋LV＋AP”，“S ＋FV＋N + PaP”，“S＋DV＋N＋that－Cl”．下面列出了代表某些词的缩写形式：

S= Subject（主语） PaP ＝Past Participle（过

O= Object（宾语） 去分词）

C= Complement（补语） N= Noun or Pronoun（名

IO= Indirect Object（间接 词或代词）

宾语） R= Reflexive Pronoun（反

DO= Direct Object（直接 身代词）

宾语） A= Adjective（形容词）

IV= Intransitive Verb（不 P= Preposition（介词）

及物动词） AP＝Adverb of Place，or

TV＝Transitive Verb（及 Adverbial Particle，as

物动词） in，out，up，away

DV= Dative Verb（双宾动 （地点副词或副词性小

词） 品词）

LV＝Linking Verb（系动

词） W－Cl = Interrogative-

FV= Factitive Verb（宾补 Clause，（疑问词引起的动词）

从 句，由whether，

I= Infinitive（不定式） what，which，who，

G= Gerund（动名词） whom，whose，where，

PrP = Present Participle when，why，how引

（现在分词） 起）

That-Cl= Noun-Clause inn．＝innumreable＝hun-

（that引起的名词从 dreds or thousands（无

句） 数，成百上千）

“”表示它前后的词构成成语，如IV．P，LV．A．P．，TV．N．P，LV．PaP，它们包含2个或3个词。

1341 一个“+”号表示这个句型包含2个基本成分，即主语及不及物动词，如：

S+IV S+IV．AP

2个“+”号表示这个句型包含有3个基本成分，即主语，及物动词及宾语，如：

S+TV+N S+IV．P+ that－Cl

S+LV．A．P+G

或指另外3个成分，如主语、系动词及补语：

S+LV+A S+LV+ that-Cl

S+LV+P．N

3个“+”号表示这个句型包含4个成分：主语、双宾动词、间接宾语及直接宾语，如：

S+DV+N+N S+DV+N+W-Cl

S+DV+N+ that-Cl

也可以是另外4个成分，如主语、宾补动词、宾语及（宾语）补语：

S+FV+N+A S+FV +N +PaP

S+IV．P+N+I

这里我们可以了解一个十分重要的事实，即英语句子是很简单的，它少则包含两个成分，多则包含四个成分。

了解了公式及图解的意义，现在就可开始藉助它们研究47种谓语类型或句型。注意：句子末尾的星号表示这个句子将在每一类句型讲完之后进行图解。

Ⅱ．47种谓语类型（附公式及图解）

A．各种不及物动词

1．S+IV（John laughed．）

1342 不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语，其数量不可胜数：

They smiled．John died．Mary walked slowly．Fire burns．

I dreamed last night．He wept bitterly．You must dress for dinner．That depends．It does not pay．

1343 通常跟有宾语的及物动词，如果宾语可以猜出，着重点不是宾语，而是动词（动作）时，可以把宾语省略，用作不及物动词：

A tractor can cut，push，pull，dig，lift，pump，carry and spray．The blind do not see．We must eat．I will change （my dress）．The knife cuts well．I will consider．If time permits．He can read．Don't trouble（yourself）．The stain shows（itself）．They married（each other）．

1344 有些动词用在表示数量的名词前，看起来像及物动词，实际上却是不及物动词：

The thermometer rose（or fell）two degrees．

He waited ten minutes．The wedding lasted three days．

I walked five miles．

1345 图解：

2．S+IV．AP（John moved in．）

1346 无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词，与之构成成语。但在多数情况下，这些副词并不表示地点，而有其他意思，因此可以称作副词性小品词（Adverbial Particle）．

a．Don't answer back（=answer rudely）when a superior speaks to you．He backs away（=draws back）from her because he has made her angry．Don't worry，I will never back out（=fail to fulfil a promise）．In order to survive， we must band together（=unite）．He barged in（＝inter－ rupted rudely） while we were talking．The storm will soon blow over（=pass away without injurious effect）．The dynamite placed beneath the bridge blew up（=exploded）．He blows up（=loses his temper）at every small incident．Quick！The soup is boiling over（=over－flowing the side of a pan）．Brace up（=take courage）if you really want to get married．Many prisoners broke away（=suddenly escaped）．Our car suddenly broke down（=failed to function）on our way home．A fire broke out（＝started suddenly and violently）on Sixth Street．Tears burst forth（=suddenly appeared）．

b．She colours up（=blushes）if we mention her love．An accident like this comes about（=happens）every day．My wife and I come together（＝are reconciled）after ten years of quarrel．The seeds have come up（=shot up above the ground）．When we were talking，a young man came up （=approached）．Three days after the quarrel，I cooled down（=became calm）．She was shocked at the bill，but she had to cough up（=pay，perhaps unwillingly）．Hardly a week had he learned computer science when he cracked up（= suffered a mental breakdown）．An error may creep in（=steal in unnoticed）．This old empire crumbled away （=disintegrated gradually）because of misrule．I should not take much sugar，but I cannot cut down（=lessen）．

c．All members of my family dine out（=eat away from home）every Sunday．They drink liquor every day and can－ not do without（=dispense with it）．We dressed up（= put on formal clothes）for a banquet．I will drop by（=call casually）when I am free．The production of rice dropped off（=decreased）last year．He dropped out（=left school before finishing his courses）at fifteen．The well has dried up（＝become dry）．The road is rough，we should ease down（=lessen speed）．Let us ease down（＝work less，make less effort）．His reputation faded out（=gradually disappeared）after his death．The country fell apart（= fell to pieces）because of civil war．I never fall back（=re－treat）before difficulties．Our country falls behind（= drops behind）in science and technology．Let us fall to（= begin to eat or to work．）

d．We were unable to get by（=pass）because the road was blocked．She got down（=dismounted）from her horse．The train got in．We got off（＝started a journey）．How are you getting on？I get up at six in the morning．At last I have to give in（=yield）．Rice is going down（= becoming cheaper）．A rumour went forth（＝became public）．The gun went off（=exploded）suddenly．Our work went on（=continued）．The candle has gone out（= ceased to burn）．I won't hold back（=keep behind）if every one goes forward．Since I have started，I can't leave off（=stop）．Look in（=Pay a short visit）as you pass．While all are busy，don't look on（=be a mere spectator）．Look out（=Take precaution），here comes a truck！I moved in（=moved into a house）after he moved out．All trouble will pass away（=cease to exist）．She passed away（=died）a month ago．

e．The clock ran down（=stopped running，because the battery had exhausted itself）．She ran on（=talked incessantly）．Supplies have run out（=become exhausted）．Bad weather set in（=began）．We set out（=set off）on February 16．He settled down（=established himself） at a small village． I don't want to listen any more，so shut up！ He stood aside（or apart，aloof） while we were quarrelling．Some stood back（＝retreated），some stood out （＝refused to yield）．The proposal will stand over（=be postponed）till next Friday．At the bad news I stepped back from surprise．The tyrant should step down（=re-sign）．Many volunteers stepped forward（=offered help）．My brothers quarrelled，but my father never stepped in（=interfered）．He stowed away（=hid in a ship or plane to get a free ride）．The band struck up（＝began to play）．He summed up（=summarized）after a debate．The son tagged behind（or along）（＝followed closely）wherever his mom went．Before I think ahead（=anticipate），I think back（=recall）．Our business is just ticking over（= getting on in a routine way）．We touched down（=landed after a flight）at 6 p．m．Many workers walked out（=re- fused to work）．

1347 图解：

3．S+ IVp（This cloth wore well．）

1348 约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义，它们通常和表示无生命东西的主语连用：

a．This play acts excellently．The figures will not add up．The bread bakes well．The door blew open．The candle blew out．This bottle does not break．The dust won't brush off the hat．The luggage carries easily．David's raincoat caught on the nail．Some of the documents don't seem to check with the facts．This cannot compare （favourably）with that．Some of the sentences won't construe．Potatoes will cook slowly．Every minute counts．These people mostly count for nothing．The potatoes cropped well last year，but I think will crop badly this year．This light wood cuts like butter．The pineapple doesn't cut easily．This piece of cloth will cut up into two suits．Instinct derives from ancestors．Milk digests easily．Thie wine drinks well．The tooth draws easily．The frog eats like chicken．

b．This dress fastens down the back．The toilet does not flush．The eggs hatch out easily．This rice won't grind fine．Water heats readily．This cloth irons easily．This house lets well．The door will not lock．These books pack easily．My watch pawns for two dollars．These potatoes peel easily．She photographs（takes） well．The land ploughs hard．The film does not print well．This story reads ill（or well）．The photo reproduces well．

c．His house rents at＄800 a month．This poem does not rhyme．A shame does．not rub off．This plastic scratches easily．The play screen badly（=is unfit for filming）．The book sells well．This door won't shut．This cigarette smokes better than others．This wood split straight．This material stains easily．The ship steers with ease．The match will not strike．This paper will not tear．His de－ scent traced back to a king．This poem translates easily．The TV set won't turn on．This board will never warp．This material washes easily．Such shoes wear badly．The plan worked out well．The photo washes out a little．

d．Drums are beating（=are being beaten）．The book is binding（=is being bound）．Some trouble is brewing．Young people are always brimming with new ideas．The house is building．The bridge is completing now．The meal is digesting well．What is doing now？The task is finishing．Guns are firing．Friendship is forming．The theatre is rapidly filling up with people．The fish is frying．The house is leasing．The cows are milking．One boy is missing（or wanting）．He paid what was owing．Music was playing．Something is preparing．My application is processing．The problem is settling this way．A new film is showing．The boy is shaping well．The seeds of trouble are sowing．The fruits are spoiling quickly．Measures are taking．

1349 图解：

B．各种及物动词＋各种宾语

4．S+TV+N或 S+TV．N（John learned Japanese．）

1350 无数的及物动词可以用名词或代词作宾语：

John has a plan．Do you like him？What an interesting book

I am reading！ He speaks English．I love cats．

1351 不及物动词有时和后面跟的名词构成成语。整个成语，如果被化作一个整体，可以看成是一个不及物动词：

He lost hope（=despaired）．He gave ground（=retreated） The accident took place（=happened）this morning．

He made the grade（=succeeded）．We made our way（= advanced）to the jungle．

在某些成语中，名词前没有冠词，也没有物主代词：

a．He will bear witness．Her beauty beggars description（= makes words poor）．Don't borrow trouble（=worry about trouble that won't come）．We broke ground（=ploughed，untilled ground，began an undertaking）．Our boat cast anchor．I often caught cold．He caught fever（or infection）．Her house caught fire．He changed colour（=be－ came pale）．His personality commands esteem（or respect）．He never did evil（or ill，wrong）．None of us care whether they do right or wrong，good or harm．We did（=produced）Romeo and Juliet．Jan did（=acted） Juliet．I did（=prepared）omelette（or breakfast）．Tom did（=wrote） poetry．His brother did（=translated） French into English．I did（=studied） electricity．They cry wolf（=give a false warning）just for arms aid．

b．One must exercise patience and caution when one exercises authority and discipline．He felt regret，but not satisfaction．He found time（or leisure） to study．He has finished college．After he took the lead，we followed suit．They gained time by giving me ambiguous answers．My watch gained time．We have gained ground（=got an advantage）．We will soon gain power，if we are patient enough．He gave evidence in the law－court．He gave ear（or heed，credit）to the rumour．He gave judgement （or advice，notice，warning，trouble）．I've had it（= can't suffer any more）．You hit it（=said the right thing）．This theory doesn't hold water（=isn't valid）．The criminal jumped（or skipped）bail（=gave up the bail money and ran away to avoid trial）．

c．My mother kept house and kept books．Being hospitable he kept open house（= provided hospitability for any comer）．He cannot keep body and soul together（=keep away hunger）．He kept bad company（=associated with bad people）．My watch does not keep（good）time，so I am late．He killed time by reading novels or doing another thing interesting．

d．He left school last year．We may lose ground but will never lose hope．I never lost courage（or heart）after I fail．Be quick，don't lose time．He lost self-contrcl（or himself）in moments of stress．

e．Mother makes dinner．It seemed late，but he made good time（= travelled fast and arrived on time）．He doesn't work hard，but he makes good salary．Make haste（or speed）．He can make money（or profit），but spend much．After so many years of war we must make peace．I made tea（or hay）．We made way（＝stood aside） for others to pass through．We made way（or headway）（= advanced）in the face of difficulty．He marked time（= spent idle hours）while waiting for his wife．

f．The soldiers mounted（or kept，relieved，stood） guard．He moved heaven and earth（=did everything）to attack his opponent．They opened fire（=started shooting）and killed three of us．The children often play havoc（=do great damage）．He plays politics（＝attains political aims by hook or by crook）．He had broken the window，so he played possum（kept quiet to avoid attention）He played second fiddle（=held a subordinate place）．He failed be－ cause he had often played truant．

g．We raised money for a great project．I can read character from handwriting．He can read music．I must say goodbye now．We said grace（＝said a prayer of thanks before or after a meal）．We set（or made，struck）sail（=began a voyage）in February，1969．He refused to yield，he showed fight．He showed courage（or fear）．He sowed discord among his enemies．He struck oil（=had good luck in some enterprise）．He suffered（or sustained） defeat．

h．Don't take alarm if I tell you some bad news．He has to take breath after climbing upstairs．He took cold and could not work．He takes drink and drugs．Take heart，don't be afraid．The law will soon take effect（＝be effective）．Take exercise every morning and keep healthy．He took flight after murdering a woman．He took medicine（or poison）．Don't take offence（=be offended）．Something strange took place（=happened）in this old house．Let's take rest．We take stock every week．The evil has taken root（=become established）．My dream will take shape （=materialize）next year．He took trouble to help me．

i．Don't tempt providence（=take an unnecessary risk）．He has touched bottom（=is begining to prosper after his worst days）．The boat turned turtle（=turned upside down）．

在某些成语中名词前有不定冠词，或作复数：

j．He often acted a double part （=was deceitful）．Since I criticized him，he has borne a grudge（=nursed a grievance）．The enemy beat a retreat（=retreated in a hurry）．Thomas Edison blazed a torch（=started some－ thing new）in various fields．Don't breathe a word（=say a word） about this secret．When angry，he calls names（= call somebody by abusive names）．I would like to cross swords（=argue）with this boaster．You have done a good job（=done something well）．I drew a blank（=failed to get any information）when I returned to the office．We must draw a line（=distinguish）between right and wrong．We down tools（=stop work）at six．

k．My sister fixed a date for the celebration．This evening I have a date（or an engagement）（=have a social meeting） with her．I have a job（or a time）（=have trouble）writing this first love letter．（但：I have myself a time ［＝ have a good time］writing it．）As they didn't lift a finger （or a hand）（=didn't give help），I lent（or gave） a hand（=gave help） to the old lady．

1．I made an appointment（=had an engagement to meet some one）for 3 p．m．He made a boast，but who believed him？He made a call over the phone．He made a face（= twisted his face），and then we were no more angry．Don't make a fuss（=get excited about a trifle）．John made a hit（=gave a good impression）at the exhibition of his works．Shall we make a move（=start）right now？Dick made a public appearance after nine years in prison．Thomas makes a quick buck（＝earns money quickly）．We make a row（or a scene）（=started a violent quarrel） from time to time．As soon as we arrived we made reservations for hotel rooms．I must make tracks（=set off）before it is late．William made waves（=created a sensation to impress others）at the party．

m．A big boss behind pulls strings（=secretly exerts influence）．Don't run a risk（=put yourself in danger）．The patient ran a temperature（=had a fever）．The criminal has served a sentence（or time）（=passed term of imprisonment）．I smell a danger in this desolate area．We struck a happy medium（=found an answer between two extremes）．As you committed mistakes for the first time，we might stretch（or strain）a point（=allow an exception to the rules）．

n．I would willingly take a back seat（=occupy an unimportant position）．We take a coffee break（=drink coffee and rest a short while）after two hours of work．He took（or drew）a long breath before he spoke．The situation took a turn（=changed） for the better．He wouldn't turn an honest penny（=make money by honest means）．

在另一些成语中名词前有定冠词或有物主代词：

o．Act your age（=Don't be childish）．My warning merely beat the air（= made useless efforts）．I must bide my time （=wait for a good chance）．Someone blacked his eye（= gave him a blow）．He blew his own trumpet（=praised himself）．He has blown his mind（=becomes wildly enthusiastic because of drugs）．He bossed the show（＝con- trolled everything）．She boxed his ear（＝smacked him on the ear）．I have to break（or cancel，change，postpone） the appointment．After half an hour of silence，I broke the ice（＝overcome reserve）．The news broke her heart．He broke his word（=failed to keep his promise）．I broke the news（=announced the news） to her．They broke the peace（= quarrelled）．He burned his fingers（=suffered a loss through a rash action）．We buried the hatchet（= made peace）．I am not buying it（=am not to be deceived）．

p．He calls the roll（=calls the names to check who are absent）．Dick carried the ball（or the can）（=did the hardest part of the work）．I carried（or gained）my point（= succeeded）．We carried（or gained）the day（=won）．I caught my breath（=rest after hard breathing）after running．He tried to catch the train but missed it．This advertisement catches my eye．He changed his coat（=became a turncoat）．Don't change your mind．He changed his tune （＝changed his policy）．He cleared his reputation（=free his name from reproach）．He cracked the whip（=suddenly became bossy）to impress me．We crossed the Rubicon （=took a decisive step forward）．When nobody could settle the problem，he cut the Gordian knot（=settle it in an unusual rapid way）．

q．I did the sights（or the travel）（=went sightseeing or took a trip）．The little girl can do（=make clean and tidy） her hair，her teeth，her nails，even the laundry，the bed- room，the dishes．She does（=learns）her lessons well，and can do（=solve）any sum（or problem）．She does her bit（＝does her share of duty）splendidly．He dogged my footsteps（=constantly followed me）because he suspected I was a spy working for foreigners．He drags his feet（or heels）（=hesitates）when asked to work．We drew the swords（=were ready to fight）．He has to eat his words （=take back his words）．Although small，this table fills the bill（=is just right）．I have to face the music（＝face trouble）．He is feeling his way（=proceeding carefully but slowly）．Although they were cripples，they fought the way up the hill．We all follow the crowd．Don't worry，I'll foot the bill（=pay all the expenses）．This number of persons will not form the majority．

r．He got the sack（=was dismissed）．He got the upper hand （=gained control）．He has the courage of his convictions （=acts bravely according to his belief）．This car has had its day（=fallen into disuse）．This small affair hits the headlines（=becomes important news）in this small town．The music hits the public taste．He hits his stride（＝exhibits his best ability）when he tells a story．We will hold the fort（=defend the position）to the last．Hold your temper（=Don't get angry）．I have to hold my tongue（or my peace）（＝keep silent）．I must hold my own（=keep what I have）．We must hold（or keep，maintain）our ground（=keep what we have）．He has always husbanded his resources（=been frugal against an emergency）．

s．I jogged his memory（=reminded him）．He jumped the gun（=started to run before the starter's gun），and jumped the traces（=didn't obey the rules）．The train jumped the rails（or the track）（=suddenly，left the rails） and many were killed．Dick slipped but kept his feet（= kept standing）．He knows his way about（or around）（= understands the ways of the world）．He knows the ropes （or the score）（=knows the special rules）in the export business．He will lead the way（=be a guide） to the old castle．I left the beaten track（＝did not follow the crowd）．He lost his reason（=became mad）．

t．He made the grade（＝succeeded）in business．The doctor makes（or goes）the rounds（=goes from place to place to inspect）every morning．We made our way（＝advanced） through the forest．He mended his fences（＝made peace with people who dislike him）．You missed the boat（＝ missed the opportunity）．The company opened its doors （＝started doing business）in 1950 and closed its doors（= stopped doing business）in 1983．This exhibition opened our eyes（=made us see the truth）．I picked my way（= proceeded）up a steep hill．I must play the game（=do what is right）．You played your cards well（=acted cleverly）．Dick played the market（=bought and sold stocks） and lost lots of money．Jim pocketed his dignity（=laid a- side his pride）and even pocketed an insult（＝accepted it）．He has poisoned your ear（or mind）so that you can't be fair．

u．Every member should pull his weight（＝does his part）．Don't pull my leg（=fool me）．Once you succeed，never push your luck（=expect to continue to be lucky）．He has to run the gauntlet（=receive a series of ill treatment）．He ruled the roost（=lorded it over）．We must save the situation（=do something to improve the situation）．Anew method will see the light（=be disclosed）．This serves my turn（or purpose）．I have served my apprenticeship for seven years．She set the table for ten persons．He shows his face after ten years of absence．I will show the way．Everyone sings his praises（=praises him strongly）．He sowed his wild oats（=led a dissipated life when young）．I will speak my mind（=speak candidly）．He stole the show（=acted so well that the audience ignored the other performers）．He stole the spotlight（=made people watch him instead of what they should watch）．You stole my thunder（=said before me what I intended to say）．Jim has strained every nerve（=used every effort）．He swallowed the bait（=was offered a big promise and was caught）．

v．Mary took it（=endured it without complaints）though she was ill－treated．You can take your ease（or your own course）（=act your pleasure）．The doctor took my pulse and temperature（＝ascertain them）．Where does this custom take its rise（=originate）？Take your time（=Don't rush）．We must not tie our own hands（=restrain our－ selves from action）．We have to tighten our belts（=eat less and spend less than usual）．Just one vote tipped the balance（or the scale）（=turned the scale，decided some－ thing doubtful）．I would try my hand（=try）．Should I turn the other cheek（=be patient and not hit back） when I am injured or insulted？His success has turned his head （=made him act foolishly）．The dead body turned her stomach（=made her sick）．The reinforcements turned the tide（=change the situation favourably）．He turned his thought to something much more important．He just twiddled his thumbs（=didn't do anything）．

w．She walked the floor（=walked back and forth）all night，she was so worried．He walked the plank（=was forced to resign）．Watch it（=Be careful）．

人们似乎都不喜欢单独用一个不及物动词作谓语，特别是在简单句中。往往不说“ I cook．”“ He laughed．”“We chatted．”“Tom repairs．”“ we acted．”而说“I do the cooking．”“He gave a laugh．”“We had a chat．”“Tom makes repairs．” “We take action．”也就是把一个词换成了两个词，用一个do 或give这样色彩不重的动词加上一个大多由动词变来的名词。

下面是一些这类短语的例子：

x．I DO the cleaning，the reading，the shopping，the translating，a little sewing；a nap，a try，a brisk walk．

He GAVE a cry，a groan，a jump，a shout，a shrug，a long sigh，a satisfied smile．

We HAD a bath，a dream，a fight，an interview，a quar- rel，a shave，a shower，a smoke，a swim，a talk，a taste，a try，a walk，a wash，a chat，a go，a rest，a sleep．

She TOOK a bath，breath，a nap，a look，notice， objection， recreation，a rest，a solitary stroll，a long walk．

Paul MADE an announcement，an answer，an application，an appointment，an attack，an attempt，a beginning，a bid，a call，a check－up，a comment，a comparison，a copy，criticism，a decision，a declaration，a demand，experiments，an explanation，a guess，inquiries，investigations，notes，payment，preparations，progress，a proposal，a recovery，a remark，a request，repairs．re- searches，a sacrifice，a selection，a slip，a formal statement，another start，a long stay，a deep study，a helpful suggestion，a general survey，several visits．

1352 图解：

5．S+TV+R或 S+TV．R或 S+TV+（R）（John hid him- self behind it．）

1353 无数的及物动词可用反身代词作宾语（ S+TV+R）：She reproached herself．He killed himself．He praised himself．Don't deceive yourself．He cut himself．The dog choked itself．

1354 有些动词和反身代词构成成语，相当于一个不及物动词（S +TV．R）：

He avowed（or declared）himself（=showed his character openly）；collected himself （=regained self－control）；conceal himself（=hid）；enjoyed himself（=had a good time）；exerted himself（=endeavoured）；can't find himself（=provide his own living，or find out his abilities and use them）．I lost myself（＝demeaned myself，lost my way，or became absorbed in something）；pulled myself together（＝became composed）；seated（or settled）myself（=sat down）； washed myself（=bathed）．

1355约有20个及物动词常常或经常跟有反身代词：

I overworked myself，overslept myself，overate myself．

He disported（＝amused）himself．He perjured himself．

He busied himself．He absented himself from school．

Bestir yourself．I bethought myself of it．You must demean （or bear，comport，deport，conduct，acquit，quit）yourself properly．Help yourself（=Serve yourself with food）．He relieved himself（=went to the bathroom）．

1356 约有50个及物动词可跟有反身代词，也可以不跟（ S+TV+（R））：

a．就某些动词来说，使用反身代词时语气更强一些：

The bubble bursts（itself）．The clouds dispersed（themselves）．He dressed（himself）for a party；engaged（himself）in a contest（or a quarrel）．The horse fed（itself）on grass．He guarded（himself）against vice；hid（himself） behind；never intruded（himself）on anybody's company．Can I qualify（myself）for the post？I reformed（my- self）．I rested（myself）on the couch．He set（himself） up as a scholar．He shaved（himself）for a dinner； stripped（himself）for a shower－bath．I could not submit （or surrender）（ myself）to the enemy（or insult）．I trained（myself）for the race．I never troubled（myself） to help anyone．He turned（himself）to me for advice．He washed（himself）．He worried（himself）about nothing．He wrapped（himself）before going out．

b．在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词常常省略：

No suspicion attaches to John．A chicken develops in the egg．The road extends for miles．His heart fills with sorrow．Don't hurry．Keep quiet．Make sure that the journey is safe．We made merry．Don't misbehave．I cannot refrain from laughing．We removed from place to place．John separated from Mary．I withdraw from society．

c．在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词可以保留，也可以省略，根据特定的上下文决定：

The child does not behave（himself）（=show good manners）．

He behaved well（or gallantly，properly）．

He drew himself up（=assumed an erect attitude）．

He drew up（=came near）．

He gorged himself with meat．

He gorged on meat．

He indulged himself with wine．

He indulged（himself）in wine．

We have to prepare ourselves．

We have to prepare（ourselves）for the worst（or the exam）．

d．He is recovering himself （=becoming calm）．

He is recovering from illness（or madness，fatigue，shock，fright）．

He set himself to write letters（or to writing letters）（=began to write letters）．

He set to work（=began to work）．

He set out to do it，set about doing it（=began to do it）．

He settled himslef（=became calm）．He settled himself （=sat down）in a chair．

He settled（himself）down（=became established in a new way of life）in London．

It（Thing）will settle．

1357 图解：

6．S＋TV＋N（John lives a happy life．）

1358 约有60个动词，通常用作不及物动词，却可以有同源宾语（Cognate Object），这种宾语几乎和动词的意思相同，通常都有一个形容词或形容词短语修饰它。同源宾语可以和动词同形：

She blushed an innocent blush； bowed a little bow；coughed a terrible cough；danced a silly dance．He died a natural death（or a thousand deaths，the death of a martyr，the death he deserved）； dreamed a sweet dream；laughed a hearty laugh；lived a happy life；look a look of weariness；could not say his say．He sighed a deep sigh（or a sigh of satisfaction）；slept a sound sleep（or the sleep of the just）．It smelled a strange smell．He smiled a sad smile；talked foot－ball talk；thought all good thought．

1359 有些同源宾语可以和动词不同形：

It blew a brisk gale．He danced a phantom ballet；did a great deed；fought a brave war（or fight，battle，action）；went a long way（or a dangerous journey）；harvested a good crop；lived a hand－to－mouth existence；played a silly game；played（or acted） a great part；plod a weary way；prayed an earnest prayer；saw a strange sight；ran a long race．The bell rang a merry peal．He sang a beautiful song；struck a deadly blow．

1360 有些动词后的同源宾语常常省略，代之以一个表示情绪或态度等的名词：

He beamed satisfaction（=beamed a beam of satisfaction，showed satisfaction by beaming）； bowed his obedience（or his thanks）（=showed his obedience or thanks by bowing）；danced his joy（=danced his dance of joy，showed his joy by dancing）；gesticulated his love ；giggled agreement；laughed dissent；look inquiry（or his thanks）；nodded his assent（or welcome）；roared approval；shouted applause ；sighed disappointment；smiled his welcome（or his relief，his approval，his thanks）； whistled his contempt，wept tears of joy．

1361 有些同源宾语在最高级形容词后常常省略：

The fire blazed its brightest（blaze）．He breathed his last （breath） ；did his best（deed）；fought his bravest（war）；laughed his loudest；looked his best；ran his fastest；shouted his loudest；sang his sweetest；tried his hardest．

1362 在口语中一个没有意义的it常可用在某些动词后作同源宾语，表现一定的情绪：

He braved（or brazened）it out（＝faced trouble bravely［or shamelessly］）．We'll face it out and fight it out ．As it was getting dark，I had to hotel（or inn）it．She queened it（=domineer）over them．He used to rough it （=live an uncomfortable life）．I'll go it alone（=act independently）．He's starring it in a film．As there's no cab，I've to trudge（or walk，foot）it．

1363 图解：

7．S＋TV．AP＋N or G（John gave up his plan．）

1364 无数及物动词后面跟有一地点副词来构成成语，整个成语相当于一个及物动词。但这些地点副词（Advorb of Ploce）多不表示地点，而表示其他东西，因此这种副词也可称作副词性小品词（Adverbial Particle），可以用AP来代表：

He gave up his plan． I have to think out new methods．

She folded up his coat．We may pass over the details．

The plague swept off many people．He has taken over a business．He gave in the paper．He closed down the store．

The bell bellowed（or pealed）forth the anniversary（or the victory of our army）．

有些“动词＋地点副词”构成的成语可以用作不及物动词，如1340节中句子表示的那样，有些则用作及物动词：

An ammunition dump blew up（=exploded）．（作不及物动词）

The enemy blew up（=destroyed by explosion）the bridge．（作及物动词）

The noisy children cleared off when I came．（作不及物动词）

I have to clear off those noisy children．（作及物动词）

Our conversation broke off as a lady came in．（作不及物动词）

That fellow broke off our conversation．（作及物动词）

He showed off before girls．（作不及物动词）

He showed off his new car．（作及物动词）

如果宾语较短，特别是由人称代词表示时，地点副词可以甚至必须放在宾语后面，在对副词加以强调时尤其如此（可参阅1497节）：

Put the money by ．She called him back．Don't break it off．He dreamed his hours away；slept the clock around；cried his heart out；laughed（or talked）them down．He ate it up；closed it up；packed it up；tied it up．He sent me away，saw her off，called me out，drew us aside．

1365 其它例子：

a．They backed up（=supported）Johnson and his policy．They bailed out their friend．They beat back our attack．I must beat up（=beat severely） those mischievous children．I blew out（=extinguished）the candles．We bolstered up（=supported）this old system．I booked down （=wrote down）the sum．We booked up（=fixed an engagement with）several singers．They boss us about（=order us about）．The news bowled over（=overwhelmed）my family．We broke up（=dispersed）the meeting at 11∶00 p．m．．The mistake brought about（=caused）a lot of trouble．Can you bring down the price？The tax brought in ten million dollars a year．The examples bring out（=explain clearly）the meaning of this word．She brushed off（=jilted）her lover．We must build up our own armed forces．He will buy off（=pay money to get rid of）my interest．

b．This strong measure called forth（=provoked）a revolt．We called in a doctor．We have to call off（=cancel）the picnic，which we have prepared for so many days．Call （=Wake） me up at 6 a．m．．I'll call you up（=telephone to you）．The music carried off（=moved）everyone．He carried off（=won）all the prizes．Let's carry on（=continue）the work，We carried out（=performed）the plan．

c．He can dig up（=discover）some important information．He drew on（=pulled on） his socks after getting up．I drew up（=prepared）a bill（or a list）．The taxi dropped me off（=let me get off） at my hotel．The noise drowned out（=made inaudible）our conversation．

d．The mother fed up（=gave extra food to） her sickly son．We filled in（or out，up）the form．He fenced off（=built by means of a fence）a garden．Figure out（=count）the sum．He fired off many questions，which nobody could answer．They fitted out their son with everything necessary．We fitted up（=installed）the machine．We fixed up（=arranged）a trip．He flagged down（=stopped by waving to it） a passing car．Follow up（=Continue）your success with something more ambitious．

e．He gambled away his last cent，even all he had won be-fore．He will get over（=finish）his job．He gave away （=gave free of charge） his property．He gave away（=betrayed）his friends．We gave in（=handed in） the exercise books．The food gave off（=emitted） a bad smell．He gulped down his coffee．Heat up（=re－heat）the leftovers．He helped me out（=help me get over a difficulty）．She held back（=kept back）her tears．Can we hold down （=keep down）costs？We could not hold off（=keep at a distance）the attackers．

f．The enemy kept up（=maintained） the attack for three months．I knocked off（=ate up quickly）five bowls of rice．I laid aside（or by）（=saved for future needs） some dollars．I laid down（=state clearly） some rules for the office．Our company laid off（=dismissed）five workers．Leave off（=stop）fighting．He left out（=didn't include）Mary in the invitation．Don't let down（=disappoint）your parents．The driver let off（=dropped）a lady at the hotel．The judge let him off（=did not punish him）．I will look you up（=visit you） tomorrow．The manager looked the applicant up and down（=examine him carefully）．A girl will liven up（=make lively） our party．He lived out his years（or days，life）（=lived all his life）in this small village．He will make out（=write out） a cheque．My father can't make out（=see）these small letters，for he is farsighted．

He makes up（=invents）all kinds of lies．The boss marked down（=reduced the price of）all articles．He messed up（=put in disorder）my desk．I nailed up（=closed up with nails）the window．

g．He packed off（=sent away hurriedly）all his children to the country．Partition off（=Divide with partition） your living room．Pass on（=Hand）this notice to other people．We passed over（or up）（=overlooked） the chance．I've paid off（=paid the wages of） the workers．I have to pay off（=pay for safety）the blackmailers．I will pick out （=select）the best necktie for you．He picked up（=found）a cab at the cross-roads．He picked himself up（=got up after a fall）．He picked up（=learned without teachers）English so quickly．I pinned him down（=got him to commit himself）as to the question of socialism．

h．I played back the recording，so that what has been recorded about her speech could be heard．He played down（=made less emphatic）the defects of his factory products．Plug in（=Make connection，by means of a plug，with） the radio．He can polish off（=finish off）all these grapes．He pulled on（=put on） his pants and then went out．I pulled up（=stopped）my car at the post office．His brother pushes him about（or around）（=orders him about）．I put aside（or by）（=saved） a few thousand pounds．After five hours of work，I put away（=re－placed）the tools．Put forward your viewpoint．I put in （=spent）five hours repairing this radio－set．He put in （=submitted）an application months ago．We have to put off（=postpone）the trip until next month．Instead of losing weight I put on some weight lately．We put on（=presented）a show．

i．I'll ring you up（=telephone to you）．They roared out a 21－gun salute．Roll up the sleeping bag before we leave．We roped off（=enclosed with a rope） a space for dancing．Round up（ or down）the price（=Bring it to a whole number by raising ［or lowering］it）．

j．We save up some money for future needs．I will see（=ac－company）you back（or home）．She sent away（=dismissed）all her suitors．Send in（=Submit）your photos for the contest．He sent out invitations to his wedding．His departure was set back two weeks．This discontent set off（=caused）a revolt．We set out（=arranged）the goods for sale．We set up（=establish）a small store on the third floor．Can he shake off（=get rid of） his bad habit？She showed off（=displayed to impress people）her hands．He shut himself away（=confined himself）in his attic．

k．He signed away（=sold by signing legal papers） all his houses．He signed his house over to me．Let's size up（=make a judgement of） the situation．This small accident sparked off（=touched off） his temper．He sorted out （=arranged in classes）all the books he had collected．Switch off（=Turn off） the tape recorder．Sum up（=State briefly）your opinion．

l．Take down（=Write down）my speech，please．I will take over the business he decides to give up．I took up（=got interested in） painting last year．This bed takes up（=occupy） too much space．You can take up（=mention and discuss） the matter with the boss．I can talk round（=persuade）anybody who refuses to cooperate．I have to tear down（=take to pieces）the broken machine．He will tear up（=tear to pieces）the contract when it is no more useful to him．He told off（=reproached）his employees．He can think up（=devise）all kinds of lies．He threw on（=put on）his gown．

1366 在上面所有例句中，及物的动词成语都用名词或代词作宾语，但有些也可用动名词作宾语：

He kept on asking me． He put off going to the doctor．

He left off studying French．He gave over（or gave up）smoking．

1367 注意不要把地点副词错误地看作是介词，把及物动词看作不及物动词，换言之，不要把这第七类谓语类型和下面第八类谓语类型混淆。

1368 图解：

这个符号表示，上方所有的词（动名词短语）应看作是一个词类（名词），尽管它们内部各有特定的作用。Asking作为动词，以 me作宾语，而 me和 kept on没有直接关系。

8．S＋IV．P＋N or G或S＋IV．P．N（John laughed at me．）

1369 无数的不及物动词可跟特定的介词构成成语，整个成语起及物动词的作用，可以用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：

a．You must abide by（=keep） your promises．The river abounds with（=has many）fish．I agreed to his view．We aim at success in the examination．This answer amounts to refusal．I must apologize for my fault．I ask for（=demand）nothing luxurious．He depended upon me for advice．He dreamed of his grandfather．He got into politics．Don't gamble on it．He imposed on（=deceived）her．He laughed at（=derided）me．She looks after her child．He looked into（=examined）the matter．He sent for（=summoned）them．I thought of（=considered）this matter．Don't trifle with（=mock）her．

b．He abstained from drinking．His reply amounts to refusing her demand．We began with learning A B C．Happiness consists in being easily pleased．My success depends on my friend helping me．He died from drinking too much．I felt like beating him．He got to drinking．He goes about（=is busy）repairing a car．He heard of his brother having succeeded．We look to moving to a more peaceful country．He objected to being treated like a dog，a slave．He took to reading novels．The paper tells of the enemy having captured th city（=The paper says that the enemy has captured the city）．He thought of going abroad．He wondered at being praised for doing nothing．

1370 无数不及物动词不仅和介词，还可和名词构成成语。这种成语可以看作是不及物动词，因为它们后面既不跟宾语，也不跟补语。

a．这种成语中有些名词前不加冠词：

They burst into laughter（=suddenly laughed）． A steamer came into sight（=appeared）．When did this world come into existence（=come out）？ The new law comes into force （=functions）next September．My son came of age last year．He came to grief（=suffered misfortune）．Your letter has come to hand（=arrived）．He cried over spilt milk．Everything ended in smoke．He fell into poverty．The law has fallen into abeyance（=been no longer observed）．Many slang words have fallen out of use （＝been no longer used）．They got into trouble．We got into hot water（=became involved in difficulty）because of jealousy．I went on sick leave．He has gone through fire and water（=undergone the greatest perils）They go to law（=appeal to court）．The school went to great expense （=spent very much）．I will go to sea（=be a sailor）．He will go to rack and ruin（=perish）．Robbers lay in wait for us．We live from hand to mouth（=can save nothing）．The ship put to sea（=began a voyage） this morning．Don't stand on ceremony（=be formal）．

b．有些名词为复数形式：

She burst into tears（=suddenly cried）．The building burst into flames（=suddenly burned）．He fished in troubled waters（=looked for personal advantage in times of national calamity）．The fence fell into pieces．They fought against odds（=fought with men much more than they）．We should keep within bounds（=act with propriety）．They played at cross purposes（=opposed each other）．They played into the hands of another（=acted so as to give some advantage to another）．Don't play with edged tools（=play with things dangerous）．We took to the boats（=used the lifeboats to escape）．

c．有些名词前加“a”：

We came to a conclusion．His plan came to a bad end（or no good）（= failed）．Business has come to a standstill（=stopped）．The two came to an understanding（=began to understand each other）．We will go for a drive（=go in a car for relaxation）．Your argument goes（or flies）off at a tangent（=changed suddenly in its direction）．His life hung by a thread（=depended dangerously on something small）．Provide against a rainy day（=Prepare for any emergency that may arise）．

d．有些名词加“the”：

These two plans come to the same thing（give the same result）．He erred on the safe side（=chose a course erroneous but safe）．His works have fallen into the shade（=ceased to attract attention）．They fought to the bitter end （or to the death）．He goes by the name of Joo （=is familiarly called Joo）．He will go to the bad（=sink into poverty and disgrace）．The situation is going to the bad（=is becoming worse）．The weak will go to the wall（=be pushed aside as helpless）．He need not go to the trouble of employing a tutor（=trouble himself to employ one）．Don't harp on the same string（=keep saying the same thing）．Keep in the shade．He rose to the occasion（=showed that he was equal to it）．

e．有些名词前需加物主代词：

Come to your senses（=Stop behaving like a madman）．He fell on his knees（=knelt down）．Poverty fell to his lot （=became his destiny）．He is going about his work（=doing it）．She lies at your mercy（=is subject to your control）．The old widow lives on her own（=lives without help from others）．Do not quarrel with your bread and butter（=do anything harmful to your livelihood）．It rises from its ashes like a phoenix（=live again）．He rose to his feet（=stood up）．The chance slipped through my fingers （＝escaped）．My work will speak for itself（=be visible to all）．He stood on his dignity（=insisted on being treat-ed with proper respect）．He stood to his guns（=defended his rights）．You tread on his toes（=offend him）．He worked on my fears（=caused me to do something for him，by taking advantage of my fears）．

1371 不要错误地以为下面句子的谓语和上面句中的谓语属于同一类型：

He came on Sunday．（S＋IV）

The children are playing by the tree．

1372 图解：

9．S＋IV．AP．P＋N or G（John looked down on me．）

1373 无数不及物动词可与地点副词和介词构成成语。整个成语可以看作一个及物动词，因为它们可用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：

a．The loss added up to（=amounted to） a million dollars．He bows down to（=flatters）nobody．He broke away from（=cut his ties with）all his friends．Carry on with （=continue）your work． Lee cashed in on（=made a profit from）tea．We don't really catch on to（=under－stand） this custom．I can't catch up with（=overtake）the class this year．I checked out of the hotel two days after I checked in（=signed the register on arriving）．The police checked up on（=investigated）the suspect．He came around to（=agreed，after disagreeing，to） my views．The teacher came down on（=reprimand） him．I came down with（=caught）a flu．I came near to death（=almost died）．No result came out of the test．He came out with a question．Last year no plays came up to（= equalled ） the standard．My friend came up with a good idea．We all cried out against（=opposed）favoritism．Most important，you must cut down on（=reduce consumption of）sugar．He cut in with（=insert）a terribly saucy remark while we were discussing．

b．This custom dates（=or goes）back to the early eighteenth century．We should do away with（=get rid of） all social evils．Everyone does well with him（=treats him well）．He dropped in on（=made an unplanned visit to） my family．He dropped off to sleep（=fell asleep）．He dropped out of（=quit）high school．He ended up as（=finally be－came）a manager．He ended up with not a cent in his pocket．I have to face up to（=bravely accept） the situation．We have to fall back upon（=depend upon） his sup－port．He fell out with（= quarrelled with）all his friends．I feel up to（=feel capable of undertaking）this job．He will find out about（=get facts about） this matter．He didn't fit in with（=live in harmony with）those foreigners．How can I get away from（=avoid）her nagging？How are you getting on（or along）with（=living together with）your bride？I cannot get out of（=avoid）this trouble．Have you got through with（=finish）that job？Don't give in to（=yield to）your impulse．He goes along with（=agrees with）our party．He goes（ or plays）around with（=fools around with）all kinds of girls．He went in for（=got interested in）stamp collecting．He will go on to college．This store will soon go out of business（=end a business）．This sweater has gone out of fashion（=is no more fashionable）．He often goes out with that pretty Japanese girl．She held on to（=kept grasping） his arm．

c．She keeps away from（=avoids）him．We should keep in with（=keep friendly with）our neighbors．I can not keep up with（=overtake）my classmates．This small event led up to（=prepared the way for）his death．Live up to（=Act according to）your promise．I often look back on（=recollect）the old days．He looked back over（=reviewed）his record．Don't look down on（=despise）small people．We are looking forward to（=anticipating with pleasure）your visit．Look out for（=Watch out for）the car．He cannot make up for（=compensate）the loss I have suffered．He made off with（=stole and hurried away with）all my money．Does his school work measure up to（=come up to） his hopes？Last year I met up with（=met by chance）Jane，who I hadn't seen for ten years．The child messed about with（=made a mess of）my desk．

d．He played up to（=tried to please）her．I had to put up with（=bear）these terrible noises every day．I must settle up with（=get even with）the man who has insulted me．Many signed up for（=joined in） the contest．The guests sat down to dinner at eight．I can't sit down with（=suffer without complaint）that insult．We should speak up for （=speak in a loud voice for）justice．This policeman stood in with（=was in secret league with）those gangsters．Why don't we stand out against（=oppose）this evil practice？ We should stand up for（=support）this good policy．I always think back to（=recall）my childhood．Think twice about it before you act．Tune in to another radio station．We should wake up to（=realize）the seriousness of our situation．They wait up for me（=They stay awake until I come home）．He walked away with（=easily won） the election．He walked off with（=took away）my umbrella．We walked out of the meeting as an expression of protest．I want out of（=want to be freed from） her nagging．I warmed up to（=became friendly with） my neighbors．We should wise up to（Am．）（=finally under－stand）what is going on．I can't work together with him．

e．He got out of（=avoided）smoking．We moved on to getting married．We stood up for prohibiting narcotics． I never turn aside from（=avoid）doing anything good．He went near to（=narrowly escaped） being killed．

1374

10．S＋TV．N．P＋N or G（John found fault with me．）

1375 无数及物动词和特定的名词和介词构成成语。整个成语可以看作及物动词，因为它们可用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：

a．They caught hold of（=seized） the thief； caught sight of （=spied） a strange star；declared war on（or against）a foreign country； found fault with（=censured）me；gained possession of（=got）a large estate；got notice from the police； gave warning to（=warned）us；had （an）interest in（=liked）music；left word with the office boy；lost sight of（=forgot）their purpose；lost touch with（=could not communicate with）all their friends；made war on（=fought）a foreign country；put confidence in（=trusted）me；put（or lost）faith in everyone；took care of their children；took （a） pride in their work．

b．They asked a favour of you； did a good turn to（=did a service to）me；did an injury to their brother；drew（or formed ） a conclusion from（=inferred from）this fact；entertained a fear for（=worried about） this adventure；extended an invitation to（=invited） all their friends；formed an estimate of（=estimated） his abilities；gave an account of（=related）the accident； gave an order to（=ordered）us； gave a trial to the candidate：had a lesson in （=learned）English．

c．They asked the favour of an early supply；cleared the way for the Queen；got（or had）the start of（=gained an adventage over） their rivals；got the better（or the best）of （=overcame）their competitors；lost the use of their legs；took the consequences of（=submitted to the results of）their folly；took the place of（=replaced）other members．

d．He cleared his mind of prejudice；directed our attention to the vice；did his duty to（or by） his country；found his way to my village；gave his love to his parents；paid his addresses to（=courted）her；raised his voice against（=opposed）the manager；set his mind on（=attended to） his business； shook his head at the news；thrust（or poked ，pushed）his nose into（=meddled officiously in） every－thing；took his eyes off her；took h

篇2：复合谓语 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

复合谓语

I.情态动词＋不定式

1.情态动词can,could,may,might,will,would,shall,should都可与不定式的一般式连用，意思是“可能” 、“许可”、“必须”等。如果要表示对现在或将来的推测时，情态动词的过去式与一般式在含义上并无多大 区别，只是语气更为婉转。例如：

(1)--Could I borrow your dictionary?我可以借用你的辞典吗？ --Yes,of course you can.(NMET94-23)可以，当然可以。

(2)If there were no examination,we should have a much happier time at school.(NMET94-30)要是不考试，我们在学校就会玩得更开心些。

2.can,may,must和不定式的完成式连用，表示对过去发生的行为或存在的状态进行想象和推测，含义是“ 可能已经“，”或许已经“，”一定“等。例如：

(3)Where is my pen?I must have lost it.(NMET92-35,SAM)我的钢笔在哪里？我准是弄丢了。

(4)--Li Hua must have gone to Beijing.李华一定是去北京了。

－－No,he can't have gone there.I saw him a minute ago.（'92江西 省高考适应性试题）不，他不可 能去北京，我刚才还看见过他呢。

3.could,might,would,should,ought to,needn't和不定式的完成式连用，不仅可以表示对过去发生的行为 或存在的状态进行想象和推测，而且还可以表示”本来可能“，”本来应该“完成而实际上并未完成的动作或 状态与过去事实相反的假设，而needn't则表示本来不必实现而又完成了这样一种情况。例如：

(5)I told Sally how to get here,but I perhaps should havewritten it out for her.(NMET94-16)我 告诉塞丽怎样去那儿，或许我本来应该给她写清楚。

(6)Tom ought not to have told me your secret,but he meantnoherm.(MET93-15)汤姆本来不该把你的秘密告诉我，但是他没有恶意。 II.had better,would rather和不定式连用，表示劝告或主观上做出选择， 例如：

(7)--Mum,I think I'm well enough to get back to school.妈，我想我已经恢复健康了，可以返回去上 学了。

--Not really,my dear.You'd better stay home for another day or two.(NMET93-38)你还没有真正康复呢，亲爱的，你最好是再在家里呆上一两天。

(8)--I'm sorry.But what happened?对不起，发生了什么事啦？ --Well,I would rather not tell you.(SBII,p60)唔，我情愿不告诉你的好。

III.be going to,be to,be about,be able to,be likely to,have to,happen to,seem to,appear to,u sed to,get to等结构和不定式连用的情况极为普遍， 例如：

(9)Is this the problem to be discussed at the meeting nextFriday? （'92江西省高考预选及师范专 科统招试题）这就是要在下周星期五的会上讨论的问题吗？

(10)If city noises are not kept from infreasing,people will have to shout to be heard even a t the table 20 years from now.(MET92-31)如果不能制止市内噪音的增长，人们只好从现在起用二十年时间 在会议桌边大声疾呼，以使人们听见他们的呼声。

Ⅳ.表示说话及心理状态的动词如 say,report,believe,suppose,think,know,consider等的被动结构后面常 接不定式，例如：

(11)I don't know the restaurant,but it's said to be quitea good one.(NMET94-36)我不知道那家餐 馆，但是据说它是满不错的一家餐馆。

(12)Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first conputer.(NMET93-15)人 们普遍认为是查尔斯贝贝治发明了第一台计 算机。

(13)The new secretary is supposed to report to the manageras soon as she arrives.(MET90-16)新 来的秘书一到就应该向经理报到。

Ⅴ.许多主动语态带复合宾语的动词构成被动语态后，补足语为带to的不定式、分词或形容词等，这也是一 种复合谓语形式。例如：

(14)John was made to wash the truck for a week as a punishment.(NMET91-28)约翰被迫洗一周卡车作为惩罚。

(15)The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.(NMET94-25) 上一次有人看见那些遗失 孩子在河边玩。

(16)When the time comes,the cocoons are torn open by the aunt nueses.(SBI,p225)到时候蚕茧就被 保育蚁撕开。

Ⅵ.”不及物动词＋表语“结构其中主语常是事物名词，谓语用主动形式表示被动意义。表语用形容词，常见错误是用成副词。例如：

1.谓语是某些表示知觉或感觉的动词如 feel,sound,taste,smell,look,seem,appear等。

(17)--Do you like the

material?你喜欢那材料吗？ --Yes.It feels very soft.(NMET94-27)（不用softly）喜欢，它摸起来 很柔软。

(18)These oranges taste good.(MET91-21)（不用well）这些橘柑味道鲜 美。

2.表示从一种状态变为另一种状态的动词如 become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come,run等。

(19)--Can I join your club,Dad?爸爸，我可以参加你们的俱乐部吗？ --You can when get a bit older.(NMET94-15)你长大了就可以参加。

(20)It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.(NMET92-35) 使她有点忧虑的是她的头发正 在变白。

3.表示保持某种状态的动词如

continue,remain,keep,prove,turnout,stand,sit,lie,stay等。

(21)Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.(MET90-27)汤姆对那一事件守口如瓶，以不致于丢掉饭碗。

(22)The Swede stood quite still.(SBI,p252)瑞典人一动不动地站着。

(23)The temperature stayed high this week.气温一直居高不下。

4.上述1-3项中只有appear,seem,prove,turn out等之后可以接”to be ＋形容词“结构，其它则不能。这又是易错题。例如：

(25)The weather turned out to be very good,which was morethan we could expect.(NMET94-39)天气 结果很晴朗，这是我们始料不及的。

(26)She appears to be very tired and sad.(SBI,p215)她看起来既疲备又悲伤。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇3：非谓语动词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

非谓语动词

I like cooking. ”

He likes cooking.

It' s not easy for me to learn English.

Seen from the space, the earth is a blue sphere.

以上英语句子中____________________等具有动词特征，但是在句子中不能作谓语的动词形式，就叫动词的非谓语形式，也叫非谓语动词。

非谓语动词是不随 _______________变化而变化的，它们不受人称和数的限定，所以又叫“非限定动词”。

动词的非谓语形式有三种：

（1）动词不定式：to study (to + 动词原形)

（2）分词：studying (现在分词)、studied (过去分词)

（3）动名词：studying (形式与现在分词相同)

动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化（以write为例）：

形态 主动 被动

动词不定式 一般

进行

完成

完成进行

现在分词和动名词 一般

完成

过去分词 一般 written

一、动词不定式

二、动名词

动名词可以起 ______词的作用，在句子中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。

动名词的否定形式是在前面加上not, never等否定词。

（一）做____________________

Fishing in this lake is forbidden.

Going abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two different things.

My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting stamps.

My job is teaching.

注意：

在______________; ______________; __________ ; _______________ ; _________________ ;___________________ 等习惯表达中，

It为__________，而将做主语的动名词短语放在后面。例如：

It’s no use /good ringing her up now.

Is it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents?

It’s wise trying again.

It is of great importance fighting against pollution.

It is no use operating on the sick man. He should have been sent here early.

It is no good smoking; you’d better give it up.

（二）动名词短语作___________________。

He avoided giving me a definite answer.

David suggested selling your dog and car to pay the debt.

I couldn’t risk missing that train.

常用的能接动名词的动词有：

承认__________，感激__________，避免__________，建议___________，不禁__________，庆祝__________，考虑__________，完成___________，延期__________，忍耐___________，喜欢__________，结束___________，想象__________，保持___________，在意__________，错过___________，允许__________，练习___________，冒险__________，明白___________。

例如：

（三）动名词短语作___________。如：

The children are fond of listening to pop music.

Are you interested in going to the show?

Thomas insisted on doing it in his own way.

Excuse me for interrupting you.

Before finishing your homework, you’d better not go out. 做

（四）动名词也可以有自己的逻辑主语，就是在动名词短语前面加上

_____________________。

I insisted on his (him) going to the cinema with me.

I can hardly imagine Peter’s sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

Linda’s coming will do you good.

What made him angry was their (them) laughing.

（五）动名词的完成式和被动语态：

（1）完成式表示__________________________________。例如：

I apologize for having broken my promise.

I don’t remember having talked with him before.

I regret not having met you before my marriage/before I got married.

（2）当___________________________________，动名词要用被动语态。例如：

I could no longer stand being treated like that.

She was proud of having been trained in the U.K.

He doesn’t like being laughed at.

（六）某些动词可接不定式也可接动名词做宾语，但意义有差别。

（1）like, love, hate, prefer等表示喜爱，厌恶的动词后面，

动名词表示______________________

不定式表示______________________

She likes dancing. But she wouldn’t like to dance with you.

He looked tired and I didn’t like to disturb him.

I don’t like reading, but I’d like to read a magazine in bed tonight.

Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening.

The reporter would /should like to see you again.

We don’t like talking about people behind their backs.

（2） forget to do sth. ___________________

forget doing sth.___________________

The light in the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off.

The light in the office is off. She turned it off, but she forgot turning it off.

（3）remember to do sth. _________________

remember doing sth. _________________

Do you remember meeting me at a party last year?

You must remember to leave tomorrow。

（4）stop to do sth. __________________

stop doing sth. __________________

She stopped to have a rest on a big rock by the side of the path.

As long as you live, your heart never stops beating,

（5） regret to do sth. _____________________

regret doing sth. ____________________

I regret saying that.

I regret to tell you the following truth.

（6）try to do sth. __________________

try doing sth. _________________

You must try to do it again.

Let’s try doing the work in some other way.

（7） mean to do sth. __________________

mean doing sth. __________________

If it means delaying more than a week, I’ll not wait.

I mean to help you, and nothing else. 。

I didn’t mean to hurt you. I’m sorry.

Declaring Taiwan independent means declaring war on China.

（8） go on to do sth. _____________________

go on doing sth. _____________________

After he finished his maths, he went on to do his physics.

I hope it won’t go on raining all day long.

现在做一些练习：

1．根据括号里的汉语意思用动名词填空：

1) ____________（游泳）is a very enjoyable exercise.

2) His work is ________________(修自行车).

3) Europeans uses an knife and a fork ______________(吃肉).

4) We will only succeed by ____________________(努力工作）.

5) Tom hates __________________(早晨9点以后起床).

6) I could' t help ________________(迟到).

7) _____________________(等着没用) there won' t be another bus.

2. 用动词不定式或动名词填空：

1) He wanted ____ (see) the book I had bought.

2) Please stop ___ (walk) about the room and sit down.

3) I called ____ (see) her yesterday but she was out.

4) In 1969, the United States succeeded in ____ (send) a rocket to the moon and ___ (land) two astronauts on its surface.

5) We decided ___ (put) off the meeting until Saturday.

6) Let me ___ (see) what you are doing.

7) When the professor finishes ____ (speak), we will ask him a question.

8) He made her ___ (go) although she wanted ___ (stay).

9) Please remember ____ (give) her this letter.

10) We heard him ___ (say) that he disliked ____ (go) abroad any more.

11) The child enjoyed ___ (play) at the seaside.

12) The little boy was made ___ (take) the medicine.

13) I watched the shop assistant ___ (take) the goods down for the shelf and put them on the counter.

14) He remembers ___ (go) to Shanghai with his parents when he was five.

15) She had her husband ___ (wash) her dirty linen.

16) The thief kept ____ (say) he hadn’t taken the purse.

17) The policeman saw him ___ (steal) the bicycle and ride away on it.

18) I’ve persuaded him ___ (help) us do the job.

19) You had better ____ (go) home now. It looks like rain.

20) Let me___ (know) if you had decided ____ (go).

21) He promised ___ (come) to our party.

22) I forget ____ (see) you there.

23) Don’t forget ___ (see) your grandma this Sunday.

24) I must apologize for not ___ (let) you know earlier.

三、分词

分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。

作为非谓语形式，分词可用作形容词和副词，在句子中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语、状语构成分词短语。

现在分词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为或存在的状态；它的完成式（having + 过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。

现在分词有主动语态和被动语态(being + 过去分词)。

过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。过去分词（及物动词）本身可以表示被动的含义，因而没有别的被动形式。

（一）用法

1．作定语。

作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词________________。

如果被修饰的词是something，anything，everything，nothing等，则分词放在这些词________________。

分词短语通常放在被修饰的名词_________________。

This is an interesting book。

China is a developing country.

a broken heart

a risen sun

There is something interesting in the news。

The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。

The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。

1. We lived in the house __________________(我舅舅们修建的).

2. Any medicine ________(服用) without the advice of a doctor can cause trouble.

3. We spent two hours discussing the plan ________________ (她制定的).

4. Lessons _____________ (易学的)are soon forgotten.

** ______________ (易学的) lessons are soon forgotten.

2、作状语。分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。

时间

When the students saw the teacher entering the room，They stood up。

= seeing the teacher entering the room, they stood up.

When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.

__________________________, I came across an old friend of mine.

After he had heard the news, he jumped with joy.

_________________________, he jumped with joy.

The metal expands when it is heated.

___________，the Metal expands.

When he was asked why he did not do it, he began to cry.

________________________________, he began to cry.

原因

As I was excited，I couldn’t go to sleep

_____________，I couldn’t go to sleep。

Because he was a student，he was interested in sports.

______________________，he was interested in sports.

Because they were inspired (激励) by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder

_______________，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder.

方式、伴随

The children went away。They laughed as they went.

The children went away laughing.

The professor stood there and he was surrounded by many students

The professor stood there，_______________________________

He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.

He sat on the sofa, _____________________

条件

If you work hard, you will succeed.

________________, you will succeed.

If you use your head, you will find a way.

________________, you will find a way.

If water is heated to a certain temperature, it turns into steam.

_________________________________, water turns into steam.

3、作宾语补足语。

现在分词

(I) 用在_____________之后作宾补

1. I saw him running along the street.

2. I felt an ant climbing over my leg.

3. Suddenly I noticed her standing outside.

4. I smell something burning.

5. I hear a girl singing in the hall.

(II) 用在 __________________之后做宾补

1. I would have him waiting for me at the gate of the park.

2. Sorry, I kept you waiting a long time.

3. They shut the door and left, leaving the fire burning.

过去分词

(I) 用在_______________ 之后作宾补。

1. The speaker raised his voice, but he still could not make himself heard.

2. Jane got her bad tooth pulled out at the dentist’s.

3. They are going to have the entrance hall painted white.

(II) 用在 ______________ 之后作宾补。

1. He didn’t notice his wallet stolen.

2. I was washing my clothes when I heard my name called.

(III) 用在 ______________之后作宾补。

1. He did not want such question discussed.

2. I would like my living room painted light blue.

4、作表语。

The result of the test is disappointing.

I feel disappointed in the result of the test.

The story is very interesting

He is interested in the book.

The result is surprising.

I am surprised at what he said.

现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质或特征，意为______________，

exciting, moving, amusing, astonishing, frightening, interesting, relaxing, shocking, surprising, terrifying, tiring etc.

过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的状态，意为_________________，

excited, moved, amused, astonished, frightened, interested, relaxed, satisfied, surprised, terrified, tired etc.

过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别

（1）被动结构强调___________，而系表结构强调________________

（2）_________________可以接by + 动作的执行者，___________则不行。

The glass is broken.

The glass is broken by Tom.

The bookstore is closed at six.

The bookstore is closed now.

注意：

（1）分词作状语时，_____________ 和 ______________ 一致：

__________at the top of the mountain，I saw lots of people there.

__________from the top of the mountain, the city is beautiful.

__________again, I found the book interesting.

__________again, the book was found interesting.

（2）在see，hear，watch，notice等动词后，

用动词不定式作宾语补语，通常表示_______________________。

如果用现在分词作宾语补语，则通常表示____________________。

We sat two hours and watched the teacher __________ the experiment.

We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher________ the experiment.

（3）在“have+宾语+分词”的结构中，

现在分词表示 _____________________

过去分词表示 _____________________

动词不定式表示 ___________________

He had the fire ___________ (burn) day and night。

Father had me ___________(swim) the whole summer vacation。

Mary had her dress __________(wash).

Tom had his legs ____________ (break)

I had my watch __________(steal) yesterday。

My mother had me ___________ (wash) my dress.

The teacher had me ______________ (clean) the classroom.

（二）分词的时态和语态

上面已经谈到，过去分词可以表示“被动”和“完成”等意义，因此没有时态和

语态方面的形式变化。下面谈一下现在分词的时态和语态。

1.现在分词的完成式(having+过去分词)表示____________________________。

Having written the letter，John went to the post office.

(=After he had written the letter，John went to the post office.

Having lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.

(=As he has lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.)

Having drunk two glasses of water, Xiao Ma felt a little better.

(=After he had drunk two glasses of water Xiao Ma felt a little better.)

2.现在分词的被动语态(being +过去分词)通常表示“正在被…”的意思。如强调现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，可用现在分词被动语态的完成式(having + been +过去分词)。

The bridge being built will be completed next month.

Having been kept out of the room about half an hour for his returning late，Tom was let in.

exercises:

1、用现在分词或过去分词结构改写下列句子:

1）The teacher is taking a walk on the playground. He is our teacher of English.

2）The birds filled the air with music. They were singing in the trees.

3) Here is a novel. It was written b Lu Xun.

4) The language is English. It is spoken in Australia.

5) Do you know the number of students? They are coming to the English Evening.

6) I could hear the boys. They were playing in the field.

7) He was glad to find the fire. It was burning brightly.

8) I watched them. They were dancing.

9) I saw a man. He was banging at your door

10）Tom rushed into the room. He was covered with snow.

11）Mary sat on the ground. She talked with Jane.

12）I stood at the gate. I was waiting for his arrival.

13) John put on his raincoat because he saw that it was raining.

14) As he was stepping carelessly off the pavement, he was knocked down by the bus.

15) He used chopsticks. He ate his dinner.

16) As he was going downstairs he tripped on the carpet.

17) When I was learning English, I had much trouble in pronunciation.

18) As he himself was one of the exploited Pottier shared their bitterness and sufferings.

19) The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longer safe.

20) What is the book? It is being translated.

21) As we did not know his address we could not get in touch with him.

22) As she had been there many times, she knew the place quit well.

23) As we had not got a reply from them, we became quite worried.

24) Because they had been brought up in the city, they knew little about farmwork.

25) He was a League member. He ought to take the lead in such activities.

2、 改正下列句子中的错误(注意分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是否一致)。

Example:

Climbing to the top of the hill, there is a magnificent view to be seen.

-----Climbing to the top of the hill, one can see a magnificent view.

-----If one climbs to the top of the hill, there is a magnificent view to be seen.

1）Being Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home.

______________ I shall have quiet day at home.

2）Entering the house, the door closed with a bang.

3）Walking through the park, the flowers made a lovely sight.

4）Waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.

5）Having been away from his hometown for more than thirty years, no one recognize him.

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇4：非谓语动词(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

非谓语动词

(一)不定式

非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式，动词ing形式(v-ing)及过去分词(ed分词)。

不定式的基本形式是由“to+ 动词原形”构成，其否定形式是not to do，不定式可以带自己的宾语或状语，构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化，不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语，不作谓语。如：

Lucy asked him to turn up the radio.

To make a plan first is a good idea.

1. 动词不定式不失动词的特点，有时态和语态的变化，不定式有六种形式，以write为例：

主动态 被动态

一般式 to write to be written

完成式 to have written to have

been written

进行式 to be writing

完成进行式 to have

been writing

(1)不定式的时态：

①不定式所表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生或是在谓语动词之后发生，不定式用一般式，如：

It seems that he knows this.

鯤e seems to know this.

I hope that I'll see you again.

鯥 hope to see you again.

②不定式所表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生，并强调动作正在进行的情景，或持续性，不定式用进行式，如：

He pretended that he was listening to English course when I came in.

鯤e pretended to be listening to English course when I came in.

I am very glad that I am working with you.

鯥 am very glad to be working with you.

③不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，不定式用完成式，如：

I am sorry that I have put you so much trouble.

鯥 am sorry to have put you so much trouble.

It seems that I have met you somewhere before.

鯥 seem to have met you somewhere before.

④如果强调不定式所表示的动作从过去某一时刻起一直持续到某一时刻，不定式用完成进行时，强调动作的持续性，不强调结果。如：

She seems to have been reading the novel for three hours.

The rain was said to have been falling for a week.

(2)不定式的语态：当不定式的逻辑主语与不定式是被动关系时，不定式一般用被动式。如：

This is the plan to be discussed at today's meeting.

The novel is said to have been translated into several languages.

Whether most countries can use natural energy in future remains to be seen.

2. 不定式的作用

(1)不定式作主语：

To say is one thing; to do is another.

To read novels is my hobby.

it形式主语常常代替作主语的不定式，而将不定式或不定式短语放在后面。

To talk with him is a great pleasure.

鯥t is great pleasure to talk with him.

To make electricity by building a dam across the sea is possible.

鯥t is possible to make electricity by building a dam across the sea.

注意：①To see is to believe. 主语和表语都是不定式，不能用it代替：It is to believe to see是错误的。

②To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly. 而finish与finishing放在than后面都是不合适的，因为前面句子的主语是to answer，后面的主语也要是to finish, 保持than前后句子结构平行。

(2)不定式作表语：不定式在系词后面作表语。

At that time his job was to write reports for the newspaper.

This suit doesn't seem to fit me.

The problems remain to be unsettled.

(3)不定式作宾语：在下列及物动词后，常跟不定式作宾语：want, need, hope, wish, expect, like, hate, try, manage, forget, remember, know, begin, start, intend, plan, mean, pretend, prefer, agree, refuse, learn等。

To keep the water clean, you need to get some under water plants.

I prefer to stay at home rather than go out.

They have decided to visit the nature park for the milu deer.

注意：不定式作宾语时，有时用“it”替换，it为形式宾语，而将真正的不定式作宾语后置，如：

I found to learn English well not easy.

鯥 found it not easy to learn English well.

I feel to help others my duty.

鯥 feel it my duty to help others.

(4)不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语：通常用于及物动词或动词短语之后，如：

Jim told me to give his best wishes to everyone here.

What caused you to change your mind?

在被动语态was considered后面，不定式为主语补足语接不定式作宾补和主补的动词常有:

ask, beg, cause, call n, help, force, allow, permit, advise, order, get, want, wish, tell

等。

(其中没有hope sb. to do, suggest sb. to do和agree sb. to do)

注意：①不定式作宾语补足语，在部分感官及使役动词后，用不带to的不定式作宾语，常用的动词有：let, make, have, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to, feel等，help有无to都可以，如：

The teacher had us recite the text every day.

The boss made his men work all the night.

把上面句子变成被动语态后，不定式成为句子的主语补足语，需带to，即在被动语态中不定式一律带to，不存在省略问题。

注意：②在谓语动词think, consider, suppose, believe, imagine, prove, find等后面跟to be作宾补，不跟to do，但其中有些可跟to have done作宾补。如：

imagine…to be

Imagine yourself(to be)in his place.

find…to be

We found him(to be)honest.

suppose…to be/suppose…to have done.

I suppose him to be about fifty.

We suppose him to have stolen it.

(5)不定式作定语：不定式作定语，有时与前面被修饰的名词逻辑上有动宾关系，如果不定式是不及物动词或所修饰的名词是不定式的地点，工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词，如：

I have a meeting to attend. (attend the meeting)

及物动词+ 宾语

Pass me a piece of paper to write on. (write on the paper)

不及物动词+ 介词+ 宾语

在time, place, way后面的不定式省略介词，如：

He had no money and no place to live.

其他不定式作定语情况，如：

I have no chance to go abroad.

They had never moment to rest.

注意：there be句型中的不定式作定语用主动或被动都可以

There is a lot of work to do.

=There is a lot of work to be done.

There is no time to lose.

=There is no time to be lost.

但是在下列句子中，不定式主动与被动形式意义不同：

--Have you anything to wash?

--No, nothing. I plan to go shopping.

不定式动作的执行者是you. you wash something

--Have you anything to be washed?

--No, Thank you.

不定式动作的执行者不是you. 是省略了的(…to be washed)by me或by someone else.

不定式作状语：

①作目的状语：

I got up early in order to catch the 6∶30 train.

The boy ran all the way so as not to be late.

注意：so as to不能置于句首，in order to可以。

②作原因状语：

He smiled to think of his clever plan.

③在某些形容词后面作状语：

I am glad to see you.

You are sure to succeed.

④作结果状语：

第一, I hurried to the post office, only to find it closed. (出乎意料的结果)

第二，too…to…“太……以至于不……”(to后面译作否定)

He is too old to read.

The boy is too young to dress himself.

当不定式前的形容词为nervous, pleased, willing, delighted, happy, glad等时，too…to，“to…”可译作肯定，

They are too nervous to leave. 他们急于离开

当too前有only, 即only too…to译作肯定

I am only too pleased to help you.

当不定式前有否定意义的词时译作肯定

We are never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

第三，形容词/副词enough to do sth.

He was quick enough to catch the ball.

The girl is old enough to go to school.

第四，so…as to/such…as to如此……以致于……

He was so angry that he was unable to speak.

He was so angry as to be unable to speak.

He was such a fool that he believed the cheat.

He was such a fool as to believe the cheat.

⑤不定式作方面状语，不定式作方面状语与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式多用主动结构，如果不定式为及物动词，后面不必再跟宾语，如果不定式为不及物动词，要用相应的介词，如：

The mountain is difficult to climb. (动宾关系：climb the mountain)

不定式不说to climb it或to be climbed

Lesson Two is easy to learn. (动宾关系：learn Lesson Two)

有时由形容词+ to do结构一起做宾语补足语

3. 不定式的逻辑主语：不定式的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语，如He seemed to be reading something, 当需要明确指出不定式动作的执行者时，用for/of sb. (sth. )to do sth. 表示，如：

(1)当作表语的形容词表达不定式的逻辑主语的品行，性格，性质时，要用of，常见的这类形容词有:

brave, careful, careless, kind, nice, good, honest, clever, wise, unwise, stupid, foolish, rude, cruel, silly, thoughtful, impolite, polite, right, wrong, 等。这时It+ be+ 形容词+ of sb. /sth. to do sth. 句型，等于sb. /sth. + be+ 形容词to do sth. , 如：

It is very kind of you to say so.

相当于You are very kind to say so.

It is clever of him to win the competition.

鯤e is clever to win the competition.

It+ be+ 形容词+ for sb. /sth. to do sth. 这一句型中的形容词大多为：

easy, important, usual, difficult, hard, possible, impossible, necessary等。这些词只能说明不定式行为的是与非，不能说明不定式的执行者，所以不等于sb. + be+ 形容词+ to do sth. ，如：

1)It is difficult for beginners to read the book.

不能说：Beginners are difficult to read.

但是第一类，即It+ be+ 形容词+ of sb. to do sth. 句型中的形容词，如right, impolite…等如果强调评论人用of，强调评论行为也可用for，应用情况如下：

(1)当sb. 为泛指时，形容词着重评论不定式行为本身，如：

It was not right for the south to break away from the Union.

(2)当不定式为被动语态时，不定式的执行者常常省略，因此形容词只用来评论不定式行为了。

It was unkind for you to be laughed at.

总之for sb. to do sth. 强调不定式行为

of sb. to do sth. 强调不定式执行者

4. 带疑问词的不定式：动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, how, where, when, whether等连用，构成不定式短语，如：

The question is when to start.

They haven't ageed on whether to build a factory here or not.

what to say.

I don't know what to write about.

how to do it.

注意：没有if to do和why to do.

I don't know why to do it. (误)

I don't know why I should do it. (正)

5. 不定式省略“to”的情况：

(1)当and或or连接同一概念的不定式时，或者当它们之间的关系并列一致时，可将and或or后面的to省去，如：

I'd like to go and see a film.

He had to have a job or go hungry.

但是，有时为了表示对照，或加强语气，则不可以省去to，如：

It is easier to say than to do.

(2)不定式在一部分感官或使役动词后面作宾补省略to。

(3)不定式在but(除了……以外)，except后面的使用，如果but, except前有行为动词do, but, except后省去to，如：

They had nothing to do but wait for the doctor.

The whole night he did nothing except watch TV.

(4)在固定句型中：would rather do…than do…/prefer to do rather than do:

1)The bus was so crowded that I'd rather walk home than take a bus.

2)I prefer to play tennis rather than(play)basketball.

6. “to”代表整个不定式：有时为了避免重复，省去不定式后面的内容，保留到不定式符号to, 如果是to be，保留到be，如：

--Will you please give him a message when you see him?

--I'll be glad to.

--Would you like to go shopping with me?

--I'd like to. (或I'd love to)

有时为了强调，也可以不省略。

Do what he or she tell you to do.

(二)动词-ing形式

动词-ing形式由动词原形+ ing构成。动词-ing形式起到名词、形容词和副词的作用，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语和宾语补足语，但不能单独构成谓语，其构成形式如下，以do为例：

主动 被动

一般时态 doing being done

完成时态 having done having been done

否定式：not+ 动词-ing.

Learning English is very important to me.

Having been widened, the road took on a different look.

随着-ing在句子中所做的成分不同，所用的时态和语态有不同的要求，关于-ing的时态和语态的详细使用，在下面ing所作的句子成分中讲述。

1. 动词-ing形式作主语：

Seeing is believing.

有时主语太长，可用it作形式主语，将真正主语放在后面。如：

It is fun swimming in a river or lake in summer.

注意：动词-ing与不定式作主语的区别：

①一般情况下可以换用：

It is dangerous playing/to play with fire.

但在口语中用动词-ing形式放在句首比不定式多。

Going shopping is a pleasant thing.

②在下列句型中习惯用-ing作主语，不用不定式：

It is no use

It is no good doing.

It is useless

It is useless only learning English grammar.

It is no good cutting down the forest.

③在there+ be+ no+ 主语结构中，必须用动词-ing作主语：

There is no telling what will happen in the future.

④主语和表语结构相同，对等。

Seeing is believing.

To see is to believe.

2. 动词-ing作宾语：

(1)在及物动词后：

Would you mind my sitting here?

We suggest going out for a picnic on Sunday.

(2)在介词后：

We look forward to seeing you again.

(3)在worth, busy, feel like, look like等形容词后面：

China Daily is well worth reading.

The firefighters were busy putting out the big fire.

They look like winning the relay race.

Suddenly I feel like eating something.

动词-ing做主语或宾语时，一般情况下其逻辑主语为句子的主语，如果需要自己的逻辑主语时，要用物主代词或名词所有格+ 动词-ing，如：

His/Li Ping's coming late, made the teacher unhappy.

Would you mind my/me smoking here?

当动词-ing不在句首时，可用人称代词宾格，名词普通格代替，但逻辑主语为无生命的名词，或泛指时，用普通格，如：

We heard the noise of desks being opened and closed.

3. 不定式与动词-ing作宾语的比较：

(1)在下列一些动词后面常跟动词-ing作宾语，而不跟不定式：

admit, appreciate, advise, avoid, allow, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape,

excuse, face, feel like, finish, fancy, forbid, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mention,

mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest等。如：

He practices speaking English every day.

He admitted having broken the window.

I much appreciate your giving me the chance.

She dislikes doing housework.

He enjoys nothing but playing the computer.

(2)在下列一些动词后只跟不定式，不跟动词-ing作宾语：

want(想要)，hope, expect, wish, decide, would like, refuse, manage, pretend, demand,

offer, afford, plan, wonder, intend…等，如：

I am expecting to get a letter from my parents.

We are planning to build another research center.

I'd like to buy a new car made in the U. S. A.

(3)在下列一些动词后面跟不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语，意义不同，如：

I remember doing this exercise before.

我记得以前做过这个练习。

Remember to post the book for me.

记住帮我把那本书寄走。

归纳：remember doing记得(做过的事，某事已做过)

remember to do记住(去做某事，某事还没做)

We shall never forget hearing Jackson singing.

我们忘不了听杰克逊唱歌的情景。

Don't forget to give my regards to them.

别忘了代我向他们问好

归纳：forget doing忘了(做过的事，某事已做过)

forget to do忘了(去做某事，某事还没做)

I'll try to improve my pronunciation.

我要努力去纠正，提高我的发音。

Since no one answered the front door, why not try knocking at the back door?

既然前门没人答应，为什么不试试后门呢?

归纳：try to do. 尽力去做某事

try doing(用另外一种方法)试一试，试试看

I suggest we stop working and have a rest.

我建议我们停下干活，休息一会儿。

They stopped to listen, but there was no more sound.

他们停下来，听一听，再没什么声音。

归纳：stop to do停下(某事)去做某事，(表目的)

stop doing把某事停下来，(宾语)

What do you mean to do with your old bicycle?

你打算如何处理你那辆旧自行车?

I won't wait if it means delaying a week or so.

如果这意味着要推迟一星期左右，那我就不等了。

归纳：mean to do打算做某事

mean doing意味着做某事

(4)在love, like, hate, prefer后面跟不定式和动词-ing形式无多大区别，如：

Do you like to eat ice-cream?

I like traveling very much.

I like driving(do drive)fast cars.

(5)在start, begin后面，一般接不定式和动词-ing形式无多大区别，在下列情况下，多用不定式：

①自然界变化：

It started to rain.

Snow started to melt as spring came.

②心理活动，在understand, know, realize等词前面：

I began to understand my mother's feelings.

③begin, start本身为进行时：

Mother was starting to cook in the kitchen when I got home.

(6)在allow, advise, permit, forbid等动词后面，有名词或代词作宾语，用不定式做宾语补足语，如果没有宾语，直接用-ing形式，如：

1)We don't allow parking here.

2)The police don't allow people to park here.

3)He advised me to get an English pen friend.

4)I advise seeing more English films.

(7)need, require, want译作“需要”时，跟动词-ing作宾语，主动表示被动，相当于to be done，如：

The windows require cleaning.

The windows require to be cleaned.

The patient needs operating on at once.

The patient needs to be operated on.

The flowers want watering.

The flowers want to be watered.

(8)在一些固定表达中用动词-ing形式，不用不定式：

can't help doing, be worth doing, devote…to doing, look forward to doing, be/get/become used to doing, object to doing, thank…for doing, excuse…for doing等。

Einstein devoted his life to making a research in science.

I'm looking forward to getting your letter.

We are used to living in the countryside.

4. 动词-ing在句中作表语：

Our plan is setting up a new car factory.

My job is teaching/driving.

这类词作表语，起解释说明主语的作用，主表可颠倒：Teaching is my job. 转换成问句，用what提问：

--What's your job?

--My job is teaching.

这类词作表语，起描绘作用，主表不颠倒，转换成问句，用how提问

--How is your job?

--It is interesting.

--How was your trip?

--It is tiring, but interesting.

5. 动词-ing作定语：

(1)表示被修饰名词的用途：

There are two reading rooms in our school library.

a reading room其含义是A room is used for reading.

The swimming pool in our school is nearly completed.

the swimming pool其含义是The pool is used for swimming.

(2)如果动词-ing形式作定语表示被修饰的名词发出的一个正在进行的动作或某种特征行为，这时被修饰的名词与动词-ing逻辑上有主谓关系，如果是主动关系用doing, 被动关系用done, 或being done表达，另外有时间要求：

第一种情况：主动关系，-ing形式与谓语动词同时进行，或经常发生，用doing，如：

Look at the dancing girl. She is one of my classmates.

Look at the girl who is dancing. ….

China is a developing country.

China is a country that is developing.

注意：①如果动词-ing形式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，一般不用having done作定语，而用定语从句表达，如：

The teacher criticized the boy having broken the window. (误)

The teacher criticized the boy who had broken the window. (正)

注意：②如果表达的是未来发生的动作，或含有情态概念，用不定式表达，如：

I have a meeting to attend today.

鯥 have a meeting that I will attend today.

Mary is the proper worker to do the job.

鯩ary is the proper worker who can do the job.

第二种情况：被动关系：动词-ing表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生，正在进行，用being done; 发生在谓语动词之前，完成了的动作用done；发生在谓语动词之后，未来的动作，用to be done. 如：

The bridge being built now is two kilometers long.

鯰he bridge that is being built now is two kilometers long.

The bridge built last year is two kilometers long.

鯰he bridge that was built last year is two kilometers long.

The bridge to be built next year will be two kilometers long.

鯰he bridge that will be built next year will be two kilometers long.

6. 动词-ing作宾语补足语和主语补足语：经常在see, hear, feel, watch, notice,

observe, find, get, look at, listen to, keep, leave, send, set, catch等一些动词后面用动词-ing作补语，其中宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系，如果主谓关系是主动的，又表示动作在进行，或状态的持续，用doing; 如果主谓关系是被动的，又表示动作在进行，用being done，如：

I noticed them repairing the car.

鯳hen they were repairing the car, I noticed.

I noticed the car being repaired.

鯳hen the car was being repaired, I noticed.

如果宾语和宾补是主动关系，又表示动作的全过程，即完成或一般时态，宾补用不定式to do表达(在某些动词后面不定式不带to)；如果是被动关系，又表示动作的全过程，即完成时态用done表达，如：

I often notice them repair the car.

I noticed the car repaired.

如果把上述句子变成被动语态，宾语补足语就变成主语补足语了。

7. 动词-ing形式作状语：动词-ing形式作状语时，要求其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，句子的主语与动词-ing形式逻辑上有主谓关系。如果主谓关系是主动的，用主动语态；-ing动作与谓语动词同时发生用一般式doing, 如果-ing动作发生在谓语动词之前，用完成式having done, 如：

Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.

相当于When I was walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.

Having finished their work, they had a rest. 相当于After they had finished their work, they had a rest.

如果主谓关系是被动的，用被动语态；-ing动作与谓语动词同时发生，用done；如果-ing动作发生在谓语动词之前，已完成的动作，用被动语态的完成式having been done, 如：

Having been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.

相当于After our classroom had been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.

Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help many people.

相当于As he is well known for his expert advice, he was able to help many people.

注意：-ing形式做状语时，如果-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语，人称代词用主格，名词用普通格，如：

Mother/She being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.

It being Sunday, the shops are crowded.

(三)过去分词

过去分词由动词+ ed构成，起到形容词和副词的作用，在句中可作状语、表语、定语和宾语补足语。过去分词的性质是被动，完成，但有时侧重程度，有时侧重被动，不及物动词变成的过去分词无被动的意义，过去分词形式由动词原形加词尾-ed构成，及部分不规则的词如：done, played.

①侧重程度：

boiling water 沸水 fallen leaves落叶

boiled water 凉开水 frozen chicken冷冻鸡

developing country 发展中的国家

developed country 发达国家

②侧重主、被动：

a broken glass, a dancing girl, a damaged house.

1. 过去分词的作用：

(1)过去分词作状语：同动词-ing形式作状语一样，过去分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，如是被动关系，又与谓语动词同时发生，或无一定时间对比，用过去分词，如：

Seen from the top of the mountain, the lake looks like a mirror. (相当于The lake is seen)

相当于When the lake is seen from the top of the mountain it looks like a mirror.

Heated, water can turn into vapor.

相当于If it is heated, water can turn into vapor.

(2)过去分词作表语：

We are interested in science.

(3)过去分词作定语：过去分词作定语，有时间要求，发生在谓语动词之前，即完成的动作，用done，而不用having been done.

The bridge built last year is 2 kilometers long.

People invited to the party are most scientists.

(4)过去分词作宾补：

I noticed the car repaired.

2. 过去分词与动词-ing形式的区别：

(1)作表语和定语的区别：动词-ing形式表示事物对人造成的影响，事物是主动的，常译成令人……，使人……；过去分词表示人对事物的看法产生的心理反应，人是被动的，常译作：感到……如：

The news is surprising.

We are surprised at the news.

这类词很多，如：inspiring, inspired, astonishing, astonished, tiring, tired,

moving, moved, disappointing, disappointed, worrying, worried, encouraging, encouraged, …….

(2)作宾补的区别：宾语与宾补逻辑上有主谓关系，主动用动词-ing或不定式表达，被动用being done或done表达。

We found him standing outside the door.

He found the door locked.

(3)作状语的区别：用作状语的动词，与句子的主语逻辑上有主谓关系、主动用-ing形式，被动用过去分词。

The boy entered the room, followed by a dog.

相当于The boy entered the room and he was followed by a dog.

The boy entered the room, following his father.

相当于The boy entered the room and followed his father.

(4)-ing形式与ed分词都可以作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、结果、让步、程度，如：

Having brought her father back to England, Lucy helped him to get better. (时间)

After she had brought her father back to England, Lucy helped him to get better.

Disturbed by the noise, we had to finish the meeting early. (原因)

We had to finish the meeting early because we were disturbed by the noise.

Born a free man, he was now in chains. (让步)

Though he was born a free man, he was now in chains.

(If) bitten by a snake, you should send for help and not walk. (条件)

鯥f you are bitten by a snake, you should send for help and not walk.

The boy ran in, carrying a ball in his arm. (伴随)

鯰he boy ran in and carried a ball in his arm.

He dropped the plate, breaking it into pieces. (结果)

鯤e dropped the plate and broke it into pieces.

(5)-ing形式与ed分词的否定式，由not+ -ing构成：

Not knowing how to do it, I asked him for help.

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇5：非谓语总结 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

非谓语总结

一.分词

1.表语

1.The window is broken.

2.I’m surprised to hear that.

3.This book is interesting.

4.He is swimming

总结:现在分词表示主语的性质或正在进行的动作

过去分词表示主语所处于的状态

2.定语

falling leaves------fallen leaves

boiling water------boiled water

区别：现在分词表示正在进行的动作，

过去分词表示已经完成的动作。

总结: 动名词表示所修饰名词的用途=n+for+doing

现在分词表示所修饰名词的性质和正在进行

的动作

不定式放于所修饰名词后表示将进行的动作。=定语从句

过去分词表示已经完成的被动的动作或状态

1.a walking stick=a stick for walking

2.a falling leave=a leave which is falling

3.an interesting story=a story which is interesting

4.Is there anyone to go with me?=Is there anyone who will go with me?

5.a lost boy=a boy who has been lost

6.a respected teacher=a teacher who is respected

3、宾语补足语：其前的谓语动词多是感官动词和使让动词

1.He had his arm broken.

2.He heard the door locked.

3.He kept water running.

4,I see him playing the fire now.

总结: 1)感官动词后面

现在分词表示正在进行的动作

过去分词表示被动状态。

不定式表示已经完成的动作

1.I hear him singing in the next room.

2.I found him lost in the thought.

3.I see him cross the road and run.

2)使让动词后面

现在分词表示该动作持续一段时间

过去分词表示让别人做或被动动作

不定式表示将去做的动作。

1.Sorry to have kept you waiting a long time.

2.Please have your hair cut tomorrow.

3.Yesterday I had my bike stolen.

4.状语

1)时间状语

1.Walking along the street, he met his old friend.

=When he was walking along the street,he met his old friend.

2.Seen from the hill,the city looks beautiful.

=When it is seen from hill,the city looks beautiful.

总结：1。分词等于when,while,after引起的时间状语从句

2。在分词前可以加when,while,after.

2) 原因状语

1.Living in the country,we had few amusements.

=As we lived in the country,we had few amusements.

2. Born into a poor family,he had only two years of schooling

=As he was born into a poor family,he had only two years of schooling.

总结：分词等于as,since,because引起的原因状语从句

3)条件状语

1.Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all.

=If I know anything about it,I will tell you all.

2.Given more time,we are sure to finish it.

=If we are given more time,we are sure to finish it.

总结：1、分词等于if引起的条件状语从句

2、有时可以在分词前加 if

4)让步状语

1.Buying a lot of books for the exam,he failed in it because of

the learning method.

=Although he had bought a lot of books for the exam,he

failed in it because of the learning method.

2.Laughed at by everybody,he had my sympathy

=Though he was laughed at by everybody,he had my

sympathy .

总结：分词等于although,though,even if,even though引起的状语从句，常用于句首。

6)方式状语

They eat using their fingers.

The lichens came borne by storms.

这些地衣是暴风雨带来的。

7)伴随状语

He sits there listening to the teacher .

Train in this country spend too much time stopped, waiting for other trains.

在这个国家，火车停留等待其它火车的时间太长了。

8)结果状语

It rained for two days, delaying our trip.

4.He always have his mother wash his clothes.

二、状语的逻辑主语

一）、逻辑主语通常就是句子中的主语。

二）、结果状语的逻辑主语可以是前边的整个句子

三）、逻辑主语与句子里的主语不一致

1.独立主格结构：分词或不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，这种主语常常是名词和代词，置于分词之前。

二者构成一种独立结构，在句中做状语，放于句首，句末，偶尔也置于句中。

1.This done,we went home.

2.Table set,they began to have lunch.

3.Time permiting,we will go for a walk.

4. A lot work to do ,I have to stay at home.

2、With结构：分词独立结构之前可用介词withwithout，介词在此没有什么意义，这种结构比较口语化。

1.He was brought in with hands tied behind.

2.The old man stood there with a finger pointing to the front.

3.He was lying in bed without anything to do.

三、总结

一）主语、宾语、表语

动名词表示泛指或习惯性的动作

不定式表示一次具体的动作

二）定语（见上文）

三）宾语补足语（见上文）

四）时态及语态

五）状语

六）词性及句子成分

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇6：It用法精练 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

It用法精练

1. Is _______ necessary to the design before National Day?

A. this B. that C. it D. he

2. She heard a terrible noise, ______ brought her heart into her mouth.

A. it B. which C. this D. that

3. Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _____didn’t help.

A. he B. which C. she D. it

4. ______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.

A. There B. This C. That D. It

5. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have ______?

A. it B. those C. one D. them

6. ---Why don’t you take a little break?

---Don’t we just have _______.

A. that B. this C. one D. it

7. 1. I like in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.

A. this B. that C. it D. one

8. ---He was nearly drowned once.

---When was _______?

---_______ was in when he was in middle school.

A. that, It B. this, This C. this, It D. that, This

9. The weather turned out to be very good, ______ was more that we had expected.

A. what B. which C. that D. it

10. Was ______ that I saw last night at the concert?

A. it you B. not you C. you D. that yourself

11. The Parkers bought a new house but will need a lot of work before they can move in.

A. they B. it C. one D. which

12. It was only with the help of the local guide ________.

A. was the mountain climber was rescued

B. that the mountain climber was rescued

C. when the mountain climber was rescued

D. then the mountain climber was rescued

13. ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.

A. It B. AS C. That D. What

14. Why! I have nothing to confess. _______ you want me to say?

A. What is it that B. What it is that C. How is it that D. How it is that

15. It was _____ back home after the experiment.

A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didn’t go

C. not until midnight that he went D. until midnight when he didn’t go

16. ________ from Beijing to London!

A. How long way it is B. What a long way is it

C. How long way is it D. What a long way it is

17. - We haven't been to the Great Wall for ages.

- No, I don't remember how many years ago _______ I last visited it.

A. it was that B. was it that C. it was when D. was it when

18. It was not until the beginning of the meeting _____ he realized _____ I told

him was the only possible way to deal with the problem.

A. that; what B. what; that C. when; what D. when; that

19. Was it in 1969 ____ the American astronauts succeeded ____ landing on the

moon?

A when; on B. that; on C. when; in D. that; in

20. That was really a splendid evening．It's years ______ I enjoyed myself so

much．

A．when B．that C. before D．since

21. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see .

A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is

22. In fact is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.

A. this B. that C. there D. it

23. Since you have repaired my computer, is no need for me to buy a new one.

A. it B. there C. this D. that

24. The official made clear that he would do everything possible to solve the problem.

A. it B. this C. that D. him

25. ---Do you like here?

---Oh, yes, the air, the weather and the way of life. Everything is so nice.

A. this B. there C. that D. it

26. Bill’s aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising in TV is illegal, ?

A. isn’t it B. is it C. isn’t he D. is he

27. is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high school is increasing.

A. which B. As C. That D. It

28. It was with great joy he received the news that his lost daughter had been found.

A. because B. it C. since D. that

29. It is the ability to do the job matters not where you come from or what you are.

A. one B. that C. what D. it

30. Little joy can equal to ______of a surprising ending when you read stories.

A. that B. it C. any D. some

31. ---- Did anybody ask for me during my absence?

---- Yes, ______ called Black asked to see you.

A. he B. it C. one D. that

32. --- I hear you’ve written another novel.

- -- Yes. _______ be out in a month or two.

A. That can B. One may C. It should D. The one will

33. .It is ______of you to cheat in the exam.

A. dangerous B. difficult C. foolish D. kind

34. --- Steven has got the first prize in the maths contest.

--- ______ is no wonder that he looks so happy today.

A. As B. It C. This D. That

35. It is what you do rather than what you say ____matters.

A. that B. what C. which D. this

1-5 CBDDC 6-10 CCABA 11-15 BBBAC 16－20 DAADD

21-25 DDBAD 26-30 ABDBA 31-35 CCCBA

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇7：非谓语动词-动词不定式 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

非谓语动词-动词不定式

问题：

1. 动词不定式在句中可以充当哪些成分？

2. 动词不定式有几种时态和语态的变化?

3. 动词不定式和动名词做主语有什么区别？

4. 介词后可以用动词不定式做宾语吗？

5. 哪些动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语时要省略to?

6. 动词不定式可以做哪些状语呢？

7. 哪些情况下常用动词不定式做定语？

8. 做插入语的动词不定式常见的有哪些？

Exercise 1: 判断：下列动词不定式在句中充当什么成分？

1. I feel lucky to have won a place on this trip.

2. It (the volcano) continued to erupt for the next three days.

3. How amazing it is to see the ancient Roman city of Pompeii as it was 2,000 years ago!

4. People started to dig in the area for treasure.

5. It’s hard to imagine how this quiet volcano destroyed the whole city.

6. Tomorrow we are off to Naples to visit the museum.

7. I was too tired to eat anything we were given.

8. Loulan is believed to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD200 to AD500.

9. I am so excited to be here!

10. Suddenly Polly felt a rough hand brush her face.

11. Polly heard it (the stick) hit the step.

12. Polly was beginning to feel frightened again.

13. Would you like to come in and rest for a while?

14. It gives me the chance to pay back the help that people give me when it’s sunny.

15. The shark bumps you to find out if you are fit to be eaten.

Exercise 2: 用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. I hope ____________ (see) you next week.

2. The car needs _________________ (repair) before we go on a trip to Europe.

3. I am sorry ______________ (give) you so much trouble.

4. Don’t pretend ______________ (work) hard. Just do what you should.

5. She is said ___________________ (write) the novel about New York for years.

6. The room seems _________________ (tidy) up already.

7. The meeting is ______________ (hold) tomorrow.

8. I am happy ___________________ (work) with you for so many years.

Exercise 3: 用所给动词的适当形式填空。

9. _____________ (read) aloud is good for your English learning.

10. It’s impossible _______________ (finish) all the homework within two hours.

11. Seeing is _____________ (believe).

12. It’s a waste of time _____________ (argue) with him.

13. It’s no use __________ (discuss) with him since he has made up his mind.

14. It’s important and necessary ________ (master) a foreign language and computer skills.

15. It is my duty __________ (help) you with you English studies.

16. It takes only 2 hours _________ (arrive) in shanghai by bullet train.

Exercise 4: 翻译句子。

17. 我对该干什么感兴趣，而对如何做并不感兴趣。

I’m interested in _________________________________.

18. 他怎么也不去上学。He does everything _______________________________.

19. 我没办法只好放弃这次出国的机会。I had no choice ___________this chance to go abroad.

20. 我没有办法只好依靠自己。 I have got nothing to do ______________________.

Exercise 5:补全句子。

21. 医生劝我多休息。 The doctor advised me __________________________．

22. 我让他们参加我们的讨论。I got them _____________________ in the discussion．

23. 他们在等校长来。They are waiting for the headmaster ______________________.

24. 大家都认为Jack是个勤奋的孩子。

Everyone thought Jack _________________________________．

25. 我们相信它是真的。We believe it ____________________________.

26. 我看见那位女士锁上了门。 I saw the lady ___________________________．

27. 我们没让任何人进来。 We didn’t let anyone ____________________________．

Exercise 6: 用所给动词适当形式填空。

28. His parents died, _____________ (leave) him an orphan.

29. He rushed to the post office only ___________ (find) it was closed.

Exercise 7: 用所给动词适当形式填空。

30. The man __________________(speak) at the meeting now is from America.

31. Do you know the professor _____________(speak) at the meeting tomorrow?

32. He is the professor ______________(invite) to dinner last month.

Key：

Exercise 1: 略

Exercise 2:

1. to see 2. to be repaired/repairing 3. to have given 4. to be working 5. to have been writing 6. to have been tidied 7. to be held 8. to have been working 9. Reading 10. to finish 11. believing 12. arguing 13. discussing 14. to master 15. to help 16. to arrive 17. what to do but not how to do it 18. but go to school 19. but to give up 20. but depend on myself 21. to have some rest. 22. to join us 23. to come 24. to be hardworking 25. to be true 26. lock the door 27. come in 28. leaving 29. to find 30. speaking 31. to speak 32. invited

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇8：代词IT的用法 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

代词IT的用法

一．IT的用法

用 法 例 证

1. 用作代词，为人称代词；第三人称单数，主格与宾格 There is a map on the wall. It is a map of China. 墙上有张地图，它是一张中国地图。(It指代上文提到的a map，在句中作主语)

Our monitor suggested that we go outing on Sunday. No one was against it. 班长建议我们星期天去郊游，没人反对。 (it指代上句这件事，作介词的宾语)

2．作无人称代词，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表天气，时间，度量及情况等。 ”What time is it?“ ”It's twelve o'clock.“ “现在几点了?”“十二点钟。”(指代时间)

It was quiet at that moment. 当时非常安静。(指代情况)

3．作先行代词。It作先行代词时，本身没有具体意义，而只是帮助把真正的主语或宾语移到句子的后面去，it的作用是代替它后面起主语或宾语作用的不定式，动名词或从句。 It is very important for us to study English. 学英语对我们来说非常重要。(it指代后面的动词不定式。)

It's doubtful whether he will be able to come. 他能否来还很难说。(it代替后面的whether从句)

It's no use crying over the spilt milk. 牛奶倾覆，哭之无益。(覆水难收)(it指代后面的动名词。)

I owe it to you that I can achieve so much. 我能取得这些成绩都归功于你。(it指代后面的that从句)

4．用于强调句型中，it是引词，本身无词义。lt is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其它成分这一句型可强调主语，宾语或状语。 It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. 大约是在6前，造了第一只有钟面与时针的钟。

5．用于一些固定词组中，接在某些由名词变来的动词后，无实际意义。口语中用作某些动词或介词的含糊宾语，无意义。 Put it on. 夸大其词，吹牛。

Watch it. 注意。

Go it while you are young. 趁你年轻努力干吧。

I had a good time of it. 我玩得很高兴。

Depend upon it, she will soon recover. 不错(毫无疑问)，她很快会复原。

As ill luck will have it. 偏偏不巧。

You'll catch it! 你可小心点儿!(警告用语)

You are in for it. 这下你可得干到底了(或这下你可要倒霉了。)

6. 用作代词。意为“的确是

那东西，更重要的(必要的)东西，理想，极致，最顶尖的人”，俚语中指“重要人物，讨厌，自负的人”。 That's it. 就这样了。/真是这样。

In a lilac sun bonnet she was it. 她戴着一顶紫色遮阳帽，瀑亮极了。

For barefaced lying you are really it. 以无耻造谣而论，你真算得上天下第一。

Stop acting as though you were it. 不要夜郎自大。

He is a perfect it. 他太讨厌了。

We'll foot it. 我们将步行去。

We'll taxi it. 我们将坐出租车去。

She queens it. 她玩着女皇派头。

二．IT作人称代词

用 法 例 证

1．代替前面(或后面)的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。

Where is my school-bag? It's on the desk. 我的书包在哪里?它在课桌上。(it指代前面的物school-bag)

Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but it didn't work. 汤姆的母亲不断地告诉他要好好努力，但这根本没用。(it指代

前面要他努力这样)

Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. 虽然我们看不见空气，但它在我们的周围。(it指代后面的air。在主从复合句中，it通常位于从句中，而它所指代的名词通常位于主句中。)

It would be wonderful if you could come to help us. 如果你来帮助我们，那就太好了。(it指将会发生的事情，代替if引导的从句)

2．代替有生命的但不能或不必分阴阳的东西。(包括某些集合名词，个体名词) Our class is a big one. We all love it very much. 我们班是个大班，我们都热爱它。(it指代前面的集体名词class)

The baby cried because it was hungry. 婴儿因为饿而哭了。(it指代前面的个体名词baby)

三．IT作无人称代词

用 法 例 证

1．指时间 It's twelve o'clock now and it's time for lunch. 现在十二点了，该吃午饭了。

”What day is it?“ ”It's Thursday.“ “今天星期几？”“星期四。”

It has been ten years since I left Taiwan. 我离开台湾已经十年了。

2．指距离 ”How far is it to the school?“ ”It's about one mile.“ “到学校有多远?”“大约一英里。”

It half an hour's walk to the factory. 到工厂需走半个小时的路程。

3．指自然现象 It is getting hotter and hotter. 天越来越热了。

It is going to rain. 天要下雨了。

It's cloudy today. 今天多云。

4．指度量 It's 10 kilegrams in weight. 重量为十公斤。

It is twenty square metres of area. 面积为20平方米。

5．指环境情况 It's dark in the room. 房间里很黑。

It was very quiet at the moment. 这时候很安静。

It's quite close in the room. Let's open the window. 房间里相当闷，把窗子打开吧。

四．IT作先行代词

用 法 例 证

1．It作形式主语，指代不定式，动名词或从句。 In fact it is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match. 事实上，在重大足球比赛中，警察们维护秩序是一件难事。(it代替动词不定式短语for the police to keep...)

It took them two years to finish the building. 他们花了两年时间建成了这座大楼。(it代替动词不定式短语to finish...)

It's no use reading without understanding. 读书不求甚解是无用的。(it代替后面动名词reading...)

It's no good talking up the matter now. 现在提起那个问题也没用。(it代替后面的动名词talking...)

It is a pity that you didn't come yesterday. 你昨天没有来，真可惜。(it代替从句that...)

It needs further discussion whether we'll build a new library or not. 我们是否要建一个新的图书馆还需进一步讨论。(it代替从句whether...)

2．it作形式宾语指代不定式，动名词或从句。 I found it difficult to hear what she said. 我发现要听见她说的话很困难。(it代替不定式to hear...)

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的形势很重要。(it代替不定式to study...)

She thought it no use telling him about that. 她觉得把那件事告诉他没有用。(it代替动名词telling...)

We consider it good reading aloud in the morning. 我们认为早晨大声朗读是有好处的。(it代替动名词短语reading...)

They think it necessary that we go there at once. 他们认为我们有必要立即赶到那里。(it代替从句that...)

小结：

在句型中充当形式宾语的情况有三种：

1．谓语动词appreciate，dislike，hate，like，love，make(按时到达，成功)等后接有if或when等引导的宾语从句时，往往在从句前加上形式宾语it。 I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party. 如果你能来参加我的生日晚会，我将感到高兴。

2．动词have(表达，坚持说)，take(认为，猜想)，hide(隐瞒)，publish(公布)，put(表达，写出来)等后接由引导的宾语从句时，往往在从句前加上形式宾语it。 I take it you have been out. 我想你出去过了。

We published it that we had finished the project ahead of time. 我们宣布了我们已提前完成了这项工程。

3．短语动词answer for(担保)， count on(期待)，depend on(依靠)，insist on(坚持)，see to(确保)等后接引导的宾语从句时，往往在从句前加上形式宾语it。 I am counting on it that you will come. 我们期待着你能来。

See to it that you always carry your passport. 你得常带着你的护照。

五．IT构成强调句

用 法 例 证

1．可以改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。其句型为It is/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom+其它成分，可强调主语，宾语或状语。 原句：I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. 我昨天在火车站遇到了李明。

强调主语：It was I that/who met Li Ming at the railway station. 是我昨天在火车站遇到李明的。

强调宾语：It was Li Ming that/who/whom I met at the railway station. 我昨天在火车站遇到的是李明。

强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday. 我昨天是在火车站遇到李明的。

强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station. 我是昨天在火车站遇到李明的。

2．强调句型也可强调一些状语从句。 It was only when I reread his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty. 只有当我最近重读他的诗歌时，我才欣赏到它们的美妙来。 (强调only when引导的从句)

It was not until she took off her glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. 直到她摘下眼镜，我才意识到她是一位著名电影明星。(强调not...until从句。注意not必须位于until前与后面的从句一起提前被强调。)

3．强调句的一般疑问句句型： Is/Was+it+被强调部分+that/who/whom+其他成分? Was it in 1969 that the America astronaut succeeded in landing the moon? 是在1969年美国宇航员成功登陆月球的吗?

4．强调句的特殊疑问句句型：疑问词+is/was+it+that/ who / whom? Where was it that you met with the famous singer? 在哪里你遇上了这位著名歌唱家的？

Why was it that he got so angry? 到底是为什么他会如此生气?

小结

1. 强调状语时，连接词只能用that，强调人时，则可用that或who(在原句中作主语)或whom (在原句中作宾语)

2. 原句的谓语动词时态是一般过去进行时和过去完成时，用It was...来强调，其他时态用It is...来强调。

3. 强调谓语动词时不能用此句型，而应借助于助动词do，在句中要重读。 I did meet Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.我昨天在火车站确实碰上李明了。

I did forget your birthday.我确实把你的生日给忘了。

Do be careful.务必要小心。

4. 注意强调句不要与定语从句混淆。如果是强调句，那么去掉其强调结构It is/was与that/who/whom之后句子依然成立，否则便不是强调句。 It was on October 1st, 1949 what new China was founded.新中国是在1949年10月1日成立的。(强调句，强调时间状语)

It was October 1st 1949 when new China was founded.新中国成立的时间是1949年10月1日。(这不是强调句型，是一个定语从句)

高考选题

1. Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _____ didn't help.

A. he B. which C. she D. it

2. I was disappointed with the film, I had expected _____ to be much better.

A. that B. this C. one D. it

3. _____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.

A. There B. This C. That D. It

4. It was not until 1920 _____ regular radio broadcasts began.

A. while B. which C. that D. since

5. It was about 600 years ago _____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.

A. that B. until C. before D. when

6. It was only when I reread his poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.

A. until B. that C. then D. so

7. I hate _____ when people talk with their mouths full.

A. it B. that C. those D. them

8. It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.

A. one B. that C. what D. it

9. Was it in 1969 ___the American astronaut succeeded _____ landing on the moon?

A. when; on B. that; on C. when; in D. that; in

10. Was _____ that I saw last night at the concert?

A. it you B. not you C. you D. that yourself

11. ---Wasn't it Dr. Wang who spoke to you just now? ---_____.

A. I didn't know he was B. Yes, it was C. No, he wasn't D. Yes, he did

12. _____ was in 1979 _____ I graduated from the university.

A. That; that B. It; that C. That; when D. It; when

13. It was _____ he said _____ disappointed me.

A. what; that B. that; that C. what; what D. that; what

14. What a pity my new computer doesn't work. _____ must be something wrong with it.

A. It B. There C. This D. That

15. An awful accident _____, however, occur the other day,

A. does B. did C. h~ to D. had to

16. In fact _____ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.

A. this B. that C. there D. it

17. It is these poisonous products _____ can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles.

A. who B. that C. how D. what

18. _____ is no possibility _____ Bob can win the first prize in the match.

A. There; that B. It; that C. There; whether D. It; whether

19. Since you have repaired my TV set, _____ is no need for me to buy a new one.

A. it B. there C. this D. that

20. It _____ long before we _____ the result of the experiment.

A. will not ho; will know B. is; will know C. will not be; know D. is; know

21. It was because of bad weather _____ the football match had to be put off.

A. so B. so that C. why D. that

22. I don't remember how many years ago _____ I last showed you round the factory.

A. it was that B. was it that C. it was when D. was it when

23. _____ it is going to rain.

A. It looked like B. It looks liked C. It looked as though D. It looks as if

24. Was it in this palace _____ the last emperor died?

A. that B. in which C. where D. which

25. It was in 1969 _____ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.

A. that B. which C. when D. in which

26. Is it in that factory _____ ”Red Flag“ cars were made?

A. in which B. where C. that D. which

27. It is the factory _____ we worked with these old workers.

A. in which B. there C. in that D. that

28. It was 1968 _____ we visited that factory.

A. during that B. during which C. that D. which

29. ---Now let me check the number”67845544“.

---That's _____.

A. that B. this C. it D. one

30. Everything has now been said, hasn't _____?

A. they B. it C. which D. that

31. _____ very foolish of you to say so.

A. It's B. Its C. That's D. This

32. It is _____ to observe traffic rules.

A. of great importance for us B. important to us

C. great important of us D. if great importance to us

33. _____ is said that he has been to many places in the United States.

A. This B. He C. It D. That

34. _____ is no doubt that he will succeed in his examination.

A. It B. This C. That D. Them

35. What he has done helps us a lot, _____?

A. isn't he B. doesn't he C. isn't it D. doesn't it

36. _____ I was free that evening.

A. It happened to B. It happened that C. That happened D. It was happened that

37. We all thought _____ no use doing that.

A. it B. that C. this D. there

38. Was it by the roadside _____ they talking about the film?

A. where B. that C. what D. by which

39. Why is it _____ everyone thinks he's thief?

A. because B. as C. when D. that

40. Was it near the bridge _____ the car accident took place?

A. where B. that C. there D. /

41. Can it be in the office _____ you left your umbrella?

A. where B. that C. which D. in which

42. Jack is ill. Have you heard about _____?

A. him B. it C. this D. that

43. The problem is not so easy as _____.

A. it is B. it does C. there is D. it seems

44. He is fifty, but doesn't _____.

A. look at it B. look for it C. look it D. look him.

45. _____ is about two Li from here to the zoo.

A. This B. That C. It D. Which

46. The war and the suffering _____ caused impressed him greatly.

A. that B. which C. what D. it

47. There we found little snow, as most of _____ seemed to have been blown off the mountain.

A. that B. it C. which D. what

48. _____ won't take long to get to Shanghai by air.

A. That B. He C. It D. This

49. How happy _____ to be able to study and live together with you!

A. that will be B. is it C. will it be D. it will be

50. I found _____ to hear what he said.

A. that difficulty B. it difficulty C. that difficult D. it difficult

51. It was _____ who telephoned me yesterday.

A. him B. his C. himself D. he

代词it的练习答案:

1-5 D D D C A 6-10 B A B D A 11-15 B B A B B 16-20 D B A D C

21-25 D A D A A 26-30 C A B C B 31-35 A A C A D 36-40 B A B D B

41-45 B B D C C 46-51 A C C D D D

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇9：考点7 非谓语动词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

考点7 非谓语动词

1. I think you’ll grow him when you know him better.

A. liking B. to be like C. to like D. to be liking

2. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. the answers ready will be of great help.

A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having

3. Oil prices have risen by 32% since the start of the year, a record US $ 57.65 a barrel on April 4.

A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching

4. My cousin came to see me from the country, me a full basket of fresh fruits.

A. brought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought

5. There have been several new events to the program for the Beijing Olympic Games.

A. add B. to add C. adding D. added

6. Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title __ to ordinary people their contributions to environmental protection.

A. being given B. is given C. given D. was given

7. Don’t sit there ________ nothing. Come and help me with this table.

A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing

8. When last valuable, those books enjoyed great success.

A. finding B. found C. being found D. to be found

9. How pleased the detective was what his customer told him!

A. hearing B. to hear C. heard D. to hearing

10. - I’ll thank you my affairs alone. - I will. It is none of my business.

A. to have left B. for leaving C. to leave D. for having left

11. - Is Bob still performing?

- I’m afraid not. He is said the stage already as he has become an official.

A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left

12. in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.

A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing

13. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest in a year.

A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed

14. Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to __ since the flood hit the area last Friday.

A. have been missing B. have got lost C. be missing D. get lost

15. from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other county in the world.

A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated

17. AIDS is said the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.

A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been

18. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008.

A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held

19. There is no doubt that hiking is good for the retired couple, but it remains whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. seeing C. to be seen D. seen

20. - What should I do with this passage? - ________ the main idea of each paragraph.

A. Finding out B. Found out C. Find out D. To find out

21. in 1963, and in Philadelphia, Charles Petti grew so impressed his teachers that he was sent to Barklee School to study Jazz.

A. Being born; having raised B. Born; raised C. Was born; was raised D. Born; raising

22. - I regret you John has been fired. - I can hardly believe my ears. He is such a fine worker.

A. telling B. having told C. to tell D. to have told

23. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered at the party, but not _______.

A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave

24. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk the good opportunity.

A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost

25. The parents suggested in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip.

A. sleep B. to sleep C. sleeping D. having slept

26. I can’t stand with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ____ talking while she works.

A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop

27. I lost my way in complete darkness and, matters worse, it began to rain.

A. made B. having made C. making D. to make

28. The result was not made until last Sunday.

A. to know B. knowing C. known D. to be known

29. When he got off the bus, he found his pocket .

A. stolen B. picked C. gone D. missing

30. I really can’t understand her like that.

A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating

31. While watching television, .

A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings

C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rang

32. When _________ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.

A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared

33. Faced with a bill for $ 10,000, ___________.

A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given John an extra job

C. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John

34. A remote-controlled bomb explored outside a hotel yesterday, at least 12 people.

A. having been injured B. having injured C. injuring D. injured

35. in the USA, Louis has now become the 24th largest city.

A. Being the fourth biggest city B. Once the fourth biggest city

C. It was once the forth biggest city D. The forth biggest city it was

36. a reply, he decided to write again.

A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received

37. in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.

A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed

38. The storm left, a lot of damage to this area.

A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused

39. I’ve never seen anyone run so fast -- _ David go.

A. just watch B. just to watch C. just watching D. just having watched

40. - English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?

- Yes. more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.

A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known

41. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ____ the girl and took her away, into the woods.

A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared

C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing

42. If the project by the end of this year is delayed, the construction will be fined.

A. to be completed B. is completed C. being completing D. completed

43. - We do hope we can be of some help, doctor.

- That’s great! blood if you can and many lives will be saved.

A. Give B. To give C. Giving D. Given

44. How many of us , say, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion.

A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended

45. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, away.

A. run B. running C. to run D. ran

46. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just a look at the sports stars.

A. had B. having C. to have D. have

47. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and down to eat our picnic lunch.

A. sitting B. having at C. to sit D. sat

48. into use in April , the hotline has meant for residents reporting water and heating sup ply breakdowns.

A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put

49. more about university courses, call ( 920 ) 746 - 3789.

A. To find out B. Finding out C. Find out D. Having found out

50. in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.

A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed

51. I don’t want like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.

A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded

52. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise .

A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on

53. and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor’s help to end her life.

A. Having given up hope of cure B. With no hope for cure

C. There being hope for cure D. In the hope of cure

54. The manager, it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.

A. who has made B. having made C. made D. making

55. All these gifts must be mailed immediately in time for Christmas.

A. in order to have received B. in order to receive

C. so as to be received D. so as to receive

56. Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, fun.

A. had B. have C. to have D. having

57. He hurried to the station only that the train had left.

A. to have found B. finding C. found D. to find

58. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.

A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken

59. A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left .

A. unsatisfied B. unsatisfying C. to be unsatisfying D. being unsatisfied

60. Don’t respond to any e – mails __ __ personal information, no matter how official they look.

A. searching B. asking C. requesting D. questioning

61. Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16 -year- old boy, saying that he was not the one .

A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed

62. It remains whether Jim will be fit enough to play in the finals.

A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see

63. The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket the desert.

A. covering B. covered C. cover D. to cover

64. As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting _ .

A. to use B. to be used C. to have used D. to be using

65. He hurried to the booking office only __ that all the tickets had been sold out.

A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told

66. There was a terrible noise the sudden bursts of light.

A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed

67. football on the playground, the boys felt very happy.

A. Leaving playing B. Left to play C. Left playing D. To leave playing

68. Rather than for help from someone else, how ever difficult the task is, I prefer completing it by my self.

A. to ask B. asking C. ask D. to have asked

69. Which do you enjoy your spare time, playing cards at home or taking a walk in the park?

A. spending B. to spend C. having spent D. to have spent

70. - My son failed to be accepted by the firm after the interview.

- Now that he wasn’t well prepared, he might as well .

A. not try B. not to have tried C. not have tried D. not to try

71. New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before .

A. being fully accepted B. fully accepted C. fully accepting D. fully being accepting

72. I must apologize for ahead of time.

A. 1etting you not to know B. not letting you know

C. 1etting you know not D. 1etting you not know

73. To read aloud the English text before breakfast seemed to me a rule .

A. to never break B. never to be breaking

C. never to have broken D. never to be broken

考点小资料（非谓语动词）

I. 介词后的动词不定式只限于作介词except和but的宾语，此时except / but意为“除了，除去”。

cannot help(choose) but + 动词原形：……不能不……； do nothing but + 动词原形：只做……

There is nothing to do but + 动词原形：……只有做……；have no choice but to do：只有做……

The last bus having gone，I could do nothing but go home on foot．(省略 to)

I cannot choose lint tell him the truth．(省略to) / She could do nothing but leave．(省略抛)

I have no choice but to cry．(不能省略to)

II. 不定式作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是其动作的地点、工具等，不定式后须有相应的。介词。但名词way除外。如：He is not a man to tell lies．(主谓关系)

The boy has a nice pen to write with． / We found a way to solve this problem(in)．

通常使用不定式作定语的情况有：(1)不定式表示将来；(2)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no， all，any等限定词的中心词。(3)用来修饰一些抽象名词，常见的有：ability，disability，chance，idea， fact，excuse，promise，answer，reply，attempt，be her，way，reason，time等。如：During my holiday I burrowed some books to read．(表将来) / She Was the first woman to Will the gold medal in the Olympic Games．(有序数词修饰) / I have no chance to escape．(修饰抽象名词) / Do you have the ability to read French?(修饰抽象名词)

III. 不定式作状语时可以表示目的、原因、结果。表示目的时可用in order to，so as to换用。如：

He sat down to have a rest．(表目的) / He woke up to find everybody gone．(表结果)

I’m very pleased to hear from him．(表原因，主要是表示喜、怒、哀、乐)

He Was too excited to say a word．(表程度) / He is old enough to go to school．(表程度)

◆过去分词、不定式和现在分词的被动式作定语的区别：

这三种形式作定语，主要是体现在动作发生的时间上的区别。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前或是没有一定的时间性；现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。如：

The bridge to be built is named Stone in honor of the hero．(将要修建的)

The bridge being built is named Stone in honor of the hero．(正在修建的)

The bridge built is named Stone in honor of the hero．(已经修建了的)”

Have you read the novel written by Dickens?(在谓语之前)

He is a teacher loved and respected by all students．(没有时间性) Listen! The song sung is very popular with the young men．(表正在) / The question to be discussed … is very important．(表将来)

在英语中，表示“感觉状态”的动词现在分词和过去分词形式作表语和定语时，现在分词表示“令人感到……”，指主语或被修饰的词给人的感觉；过去分词表示“感到……”，指主语或被修饰的词本身的感觉。如：interesting令人感兴趣的；interested感到有兴趣的

◆过去分词、不定式和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别：

i. 感官动词(see，look at，watch，notice，observe，hear，listen to，feel)和使役动词(have，let， make)后的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词(不带to的不定式)，现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示主动和正在进行，过去分词表示被动完成，不定式表示主动和完成。注意：make不能接现在分词作宾补。如：I heard her sing a Chinese song jut now．(表示主动，完成)

I heard her singing a Chinese song when I passed her room last night．(表示正在进行)

I heard the Chinese song sung many times．(表示被动)

The captain got/have the soldiers moving to- ward the front after a shout rest．(不能用make)

注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表示完成和状态。如：

I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone．(表示状态)

I Was surprised to find my hometown changed a lot．(表示完成)

ii. 动词leave后接三种形式作宾补时，表达的具体含义是“使……处于某种状态”。如：It is wrong for you to leave the machine running．(主动，正在进行)

The guests left most of the dishes untouched。(被动，完成)

My workmate left, leaving me to do all the rest work．(主动，将来)

My workmate left．1eaving all the rest work to be done．(被动，将来)

◆过去分词和现在分词作状语的区别：

i. 一般来说，过去分词表示被动完成的动作，现在分词表示主动进行的动作。如：

Seen from a distance the mountain looked like a man．

Seeing the mountain，he always thinks of his hometown．

ii. 现在分词的被动一般式表示正在进行的被动动作，过去分词表示被动完成的动作。如： Being helped by the teacher，she will learn English well．

Helped by the teacher, she has learned English well.

iii. 现在分词的被动完成式表示先于谓语动词发生的动作，过去分词所表示的动作，有时发生在谓语动词之前，有时与谓语动词同时发生，有时表示未来的被动动作或状态。如：

Having been used for a long time, the watch needs to be mended.

Used in this way, the word shouldn’t be taken as a verb.

Given more time, we will finish the work perfectly.

◆垂悬分词作状语：垂悬分词是现在分词一种特殊用法，其逻辑主语是句子非主语部分中指人或物的某一名词或代词，或泛指“我们”。如：Searching along the street，it had taken him a long time to find a clinic．(searching的逻辑主语是句中him所指的人)

Walking or sleeping，this subject is always in my mind．(walking or sleeping的逻辑主语是句中my所指的“我”)

Using the electric energy，it is necessary to change its form．(using的逻辑主语泛指“我们”)

IV. 非谓语动词作宾语补足语

i. 感官动词后的宾补可以是doing，do，done，being done的结构，其中being done只用于少数动词后面，如 find，smell，feel等。

ii. have somebody do something让某人做某事 / have somebody doing something让某人一直做某事 / won’t have somebody do something不许某人做某事 / have something done使某事被做 / have something doing让……一直做……

iii. catch，smell，keep，set等只能接doing的结构，表示主动和正在进行。

iv. leave somebody doing something让某人一直做某事

leave something undone使某事只做了一半

leave something to be done事情有待于解决

leave somebody to do something让某人做某事，表示将来

v. with somebody to do something宾补与宾语是主谓关系，表示将来。

with somebody doing something宾补与宾语之间是主谓关系，表示正在进行。

with something to do宾补与宾语间是动宾关系，表示将来，动作执行者在句中找得到。

with something to be done宾补与宾语是动宾关系，表示将来，但动作执行者在句中找不到。

with something done宾补与宾语之间是动宾关系，表示完成。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇10：非谓语动词专项练习题 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

非谓语动词专项练习题

一、用所给动词适当形式填空：

A . ① I want one magazine ______ . ( read )

② My teacher wanted me ______ this question . ( answer )

③ The woman wanted her husband ______ at once . ( examine )

④ My bicycle wants _______ . ( repair )

B . ① What made you ______ so ? ( think )

② The girl was made _____ a man she didn't love at all . ( marry )

③ The show made me _______ in the study of science . ( interest )

④ He raised the picture to make everyone _______ clearly . ( see )

⑤ He raised his voice to make himself _______ . ( hear )

⑥ My father himself made some candles _______ light . ( give )

⑦ The boss made the workers _______ day and night . ( work )

C . ① You'd better get your own room _______ . ( clean )

② Yesterday he got his wallet _______ . ( steal )

③ You should get your friends _______ you . ( help )

④ The lecture got us _______ . ( think )

⑤ Don't get ________ in the rain . ( catch )

D . ① Did you see somebody _______ into the room ? ( steal )

② I saw him _______ in the room at that time . ( read )

③ She was glad to see her child ________ good care of . ( take )

④ I saw her _______ at the windows , thinking . ( seat )

⑤ She was seen ________ here . ( come )

E . ① I like _______ very much . ( swim )

② I don't like _______ TV at this time . ( watch )

③ He never likes _______ at the meeting . ( praise )

④ I feel like _______ to the cinema . ( go )

⑤ Would you like ______ with me ? ( go )

F . ① The man ______ at the meeting now is from the south . ( speak )

② I don't know the professor ______ at the meeting tomorrow . ( speak )

③ He is the professor _______ to dinner . ( invite )

G . ① It was so cold and he had the fire _______ all night long . ( burn )

② I have a lot of exercises ________ today . ( do )

③ “Do you have nay clothes _______ today ? ”asked Mother . ( wash )

④ You'd better have that bad tooth _______ out . ( pull )

⑤ I want to have him _______ a car for me . ( find )

H . ① He doesn't do anything but _______ all day . ( play )

② We have no choice but _______ . ( obey )

③ I'm thinking of how _______ my English . ( improve )

④ He made an apology for _____ late . ( be )

I . ① He told us about his trip in an _______ voice . ( excite )

② He told us his story in a _______ voice . ( tremble )

③ At the sight of a snake , the little girl was very _______ . ( frighten )

④ The boy was _______ , so I didn't believe him again . ( disappoint )

J . ① He is looking forward to ______ college . ( enter )

② He is looking forward to _____ nothing . ( see )

K . ① When he heard the news , he couldn't help ________ with joy . (jump)

② I couldn't help ______ by the beauty of nature . ( strike )

③ Sorry , I can't help ______ the housework today . ( do )

L . ①______ enough time , we'll do it better . ( give )

②______ a candle , he went on reading . ( light )

③______ from the hill , the park looks more beautiful . ( see )

④______ the people well , we must work hard at our lessons . ( serve )

二、单项选择：（1）

1. Saying always has less difficulty than _____.

A. done B. doing

C. to do D. having done

2. The girl is seriously ill. There is _____.

A. nothing to do but send for a doctor

B. something to do but to send for a doctor

C. nothing to do but to send for a doctor

D. anything to do but sending for a doctor

3. The rest of the money _____ to Alice.

A. is to send B. are to send

C. is to be sent D. are to be sent

4. Although swimming is his favorite sport, yet he doesn’t like _____ today.

A. to swim B. swimming

C. swim D. to have swim

5. She said she was sorry _____ the train, so she had to stay here for another day.

A. missing B. having missed

C. to miss D. to have missed

6. _____ the same mistake again made his parents very angry.

A. His being made B. He has made

C. He had making D. His making

7. I find the man hard _____.

A. to be pleased B. pleasing

C. pleased D. to please

8. You’d better not have the lights _____ all day long.

A. burning B. burned

C. to burn D. being burnt

9. It is _____ thinking about it now.

A. of no use B. not use

C. no use D. not of any uses

10. -Would you like to sing a song for us?

-_____.

A. I prefer not B. I prefer not to

C. I prefer to not D. I wouldn’t prefer

11. He insisted _____ the working site.

A. to be sent to B. being sent to

C. on being sent to D. that to be sent to

12. During the next ten years, she had to work hard _____ for the necklace.

A. paying B. to pay

C. for paying D. in order to paying

13. Janet was angry at _____.

A. my not waiting for her B. I didn’t wait for her

C. me not wait for her D. me to not wait for her

14. I prefer staying at home _____ the theater.

A. to go to B. for going to

C. to going to D. rather than go

15. Please get someone _____ the washing machine. I want to get it _____ as soon as possible.

A. to repair/to be repaired B. repair/repaired

C. to repair/repairing D. to repair/repaired

16. _____ more time, he could have done the work much better.

A. To be given B. To give

C. Given D. Giving

17. The information _____ to us is of great value.

A. brought B. taken

C. being taken D. being carried

18. The building _____ next month will be a modern hospital.

A. built B. being built

C. to be built D. be built

19. Jessie was sick _____ such noise.

A. of hearing B. to hear

C. of being heard D. heard

20. _____, he left the room.

A. Finishing the work B. Had finished the work

C. After finished the work D. Having finished the work

21. _____ afraid _____ behind, Bill studied even harder than ever before.

A. To be/of falling B. Being/fall

C. Being/of falling D. To be/to fall

22. The machine requires _____, so the workers are required _____ ready.

A. repair/to get B. repairing/to get

C. repairing/getting D. to be repaired/getting

23. Everyone dislikes _____.

A. being laughed B. to be laughed

C. being laughed at D. to be laughed at

24. Would you like Helen _____ you since you have some difficulty?

A. helping B. to help

C. has helped D. help

25. He is beginning _____ his mistakes.

A. correct B. to correct

C. correcting D. corrected

26. The Americans can’t use chopsticks _____.

A. to eat B. to eating

C. eating D. to eat with

27. My wish is _____ the people well in the future.

A. to serve for B. to serve

C. serving D. serving for

28. The poor boy, _____ with extraordinary strength, _____ from the ground.

A. filled/rose B. filling/rose

C. full/raised D. filled/risen

29. Most shops are open every day, Sunday _____.

A. including B. included

C. being included D. to include

30. _____ hot, he left only his stomach _____ with a piece of cloth.

A. Feeling/covering B. Feeling/covered

C. Felt/covered D. Felt/covering

31. He advised _____ a meeting _____ the problem.

A. holding/to discuss B. holding/for discussing

C. to hold/to discuss D. hold/discussing

32. _____ the teacher, and he will tell you the answer.

A. Asking B. Ask

C. If ask D. If you ask

33. The thief entered the room without _____.

A. noticing B. being noticed

C. having noticed D. having been noticed

34. I happened _____ the story when she told me about it.

A. having heard of B. to have heard of

C. to be heard of D. to hear of

35. He is said _____ abroad already.

A. having sent B. to be sending

C. to have been sent D. being sent

36. He was made _____ working because of his poor health.

A. stopping B. to stop

C. stopped D. stop

37. Do you consider it any good _____ again?

A. to try B. try

C. trying D. for you to try

38. I regret _____ you that we are unable to offer you a job.

A. informing B. having informed

C. to inform D. to informing

39. I would appreciate _____ back this afternoon.

A. you to call B. you call

C. your calling D. you’re calling

40. She admitted _____ the key.

A. being taking B. to take

C. having taken D. to have taken

41. Besides _____, she is kind and tender.

A. beautiful B. being beautiful

C. she beautiful D. is beautiful

42. I don’t want to speak to you, but I _____.

A. have to speak B. have to

C. must speak D. must

43. I wondered whether the movie was _____ worth _____.

A. very/seeing B. well/being seen

C. very/being seen D. well/seeing

44. The lecturer began by _____ us where the island was, and went on _____ about its history.

A. telling/talking B. to tell/to talk

C. telling/to talk D. he told/talking

45. After seeing the movie, _____.

A. the book was read by him B. the book made him want to read it

C. he wanted to read the book D. the reading of the book interested him

46. -Why doesn’t he take notes?

-He has no pen _____. He seems _____ it.

A. to write/to forget bringing

B. to write with/to forget to bring

C. to use with/to have forgotten to bring

D. to write with/to have forgotten to bring

47. When _____, water can be changed into vapor.

A. heated B. being heated

C. having been heated D. to heat

48. Having finished the work, _____.

A. it was almost six o’clock

B. a postman came and delivered the evening paper and some letters

C. supper had already been prepared

D. we had a rest and then had supper

49. _____, she felt quite shy at the party.

A. As she a stranger B. Being a stranger

C. According to a stranger D. She was a stranger

50. Flank went to the swimming pool _____ swimming.

A. to go B. gone

C. going D. go

51. The _____ girl sat in the corner, crying.

A. frighten B. frightened

C. frightening D. fright

52. On a _____ morning the little match girl was found _____ at the corner of the street.

A. freezing/freezing B. freezing/frozen

C. frozen/frozen D. frozen/freezing

53. They found a _____ old man _____ on the ground when the door was broken open.

A. dying/lying B. dying/lied

C. dead/lied D. dead/lain

54. Be quick, or you’ll get _____ in the rain.

A. to be caught B. catching

C. to catch D. caught

55. Who could have imagined such a sweet-tempered girl as Jane _____ such a thing!

A. doing B. to do

C. will do D. does

56. He told me not to leave the pot _____.

A. uncovered B. to uncover

C. to be uncovered D. uncovering

57. The experience made him _____ the study of science.

A. interest in B. to interest in

C. interesting in D. interested in

58. He managed to make himself _____ with his _____ English.

A. understood/breaking B. understood/broken

C. understand/breaking D. understand/broken

59. Did you hear the sound like that of a door _____?

A. burst B. to burst in

C. burst in D. to be burst in

60. I was deep in thought, so I didn’t notice _____.

A. him to come in B. him come in

C. he come in D. him coming in

61. Have you any objection to _____ there on foot?

A. be going B. going

C. go D. went

62. The wallet was returned to him without anything _____.

A. missed B. to be missed

C. missing D. to miss

63. The teacher was far from _____ with the result of the exam.

A. satisfy B. satisfied

C. being satisfied D. satisfying

64. Hurry up! Mother is sure _____ us at home.

A. waiting B. to wait for

C. to be waiting D. to be waiting for

65. Mr Brown is said _____ a new novel.

A. to writing B. to have been written

C. to be written D. to have written

66. When _____ into a warm room, the ice soon changed to water.

A. to take B. to be taken

C. taking D. taken

67. The old man walked in the street _____.

A. followed his son B. and following his son

C. and followed by his son D. followed by his son

68. _____ with fear, a hungry fox hid himself in a small cave, _____ his tail to the rain.

A. Trembling/exposing B. Trembled/exposed

C. Trembled/exposing D. Trembling/exposed

69. The two farmers _____ what appeared to be small guns forced the enemy officer to hand in his map.

A. carried B. were carrying

C. carrying D. had carried

70. Six _____ nine makes fifteen.

A. added to B. adds to

C. added up to D. added by

71. The lecturer _____ will be here tomorrow.

A. to talk about so much B. to be talking about so much

C. so much talking about D. so much talked about

72. _____ some of the questions _____, the Premier said goodbye to us.

A. Left/unanswered B. Leaving/unanswered

C. Leaving/unanswer D. Left/unanswer

73. _____ her mother had come, her face lit up.

A. Hearing B. Having heard

C. When heard D. When she heard

74. _____ in white, she looks much more beautiful.

A. Wearing B. Dressing

C. Dressed D. Having dressed

75. _____, the boy couldn’t enter his house.

A. Since the key had lost B. The key being lost

C. Lost the key D. Having lost the key

76. The Arctic is considered _____ the northern part of the Atlantic.

A. having been B. to have been

C. to be D. being

77. It is impossible for the work _____ within a month.

A. finishing B. being finishing

C. to finish D. to be finished

78. I am too glad _____ you.

A. to see B. seeing

C. saw D. at seeing

79. There is _____ what the weather will be like.

A. not knowing B. no knowing

C. not know D. no known

80. The bottle _____ the poison was sent to the laboratory for a test.

A. containing B. contained

C. which containing D. which is contained

81. _____ the children, we are all sure everything will be all right.

A. With him taken care of B. With he taken care of

C. With him taking care of D. With he taking care of

82. At first she wanted to go to the cinema, but on second thoughts she decided it would be better _____ at home and _____.

A. stay/work B. to stay/to work

C. stay/to work D. to stay/work

83. He didn’t speak to me, let alone _____ me.

A. help B. to help

C. helping D. helped

84. The people’s government does its best to have the living standard of the people _____.

A. risen B. raised

C. rise D. raise

85. The little girl found her teddy bear _____ under the bed.

A. hiding B. to hide

C. hide D. hidden

86. Mr Smith is _____ to our English evening.

A. more pleased than to come B. more pleased to come than

C. more than pleased to come D. more pleasing than to come

87. Once _____, a bad habit is rather difficult to get rid of.

A. formed B. to be formed

C. forming D. having formed

88. You can have no idea what is _____ to do when you come to see the strange boss.

A. ordering B. being ordered

C. to order D. to be ordered

89. The noise of the door _____ the baby.

A. closing waken B. to close woke

C. closed wake D. being closed woke

90. Please leave a window _____, for it’s too hot.

A. open B. opening

C. to open D. opened

91. _____ not knowing the answer to such an easy question!

A. Hope B. Decide

C. Imagine D. Think

92. He asked to be kept _____ about developments.

A. informing B. informed

C. to inform D. inform

93. _____ everywhere, the wolves had nowhere _____ themselves.

A. Hunting/to hide B. To hunt/to hide

C. Hunted/hiding D. Hunted/to hide

94. It _____ this way.

A. used to do B. used to be done

C. is used to doing D. is using to do

95. They have a lot of difficulty _____.

A. in overcoming B. to overcome it

C. to overcome D. to be overcome

96. Didn’t you forget us _____ together in the countryside?

A. to work B. to working

C. working D. worked

97. You always hear about planes _____ because of technical faults.

A. having been delayed B. being delayed

C. having delayed D. delaying

98. These are needed for _____ clothes, paper and other necessaries.

A. the making of B. making of

C. to make D. makings

99. Have the police caught _____ yet?

A. the prisoner who escapes B. the escaping prisoner

C. the escaped prisoner D. the prisoner have escaped

100. Do you still remember _____ you when you stayed in hospital?

A. my mother and me visiting B. my mother’s and my visiting

C. my mother and me to visit D. my mother and me to have visited

三、单项选择（2）

1. There ______ no classes yesterday, we paid a visit to the Great Wall.

A. was B. being

C. were D. had been

2. The policeman rushed into the room only ______ an old lady lying on the ground.

A. found B. find

C. finding D. to find

3. The boy lay on the ground, his eyes ______ and his hands ______.

A. closing; trembling

B. closed; trembling

C. closed; trembled

D. closing; trembled

4.______, the girls raced on to the second runners.

A. Stick in hand

B. With a stick in her hand

C. Sticks in hand

D. Sticks in hands

5. Each of them got up early ______ to catch the early bus.

A. to hope B. hoping

C. so that D. and

6. How pleased the Emperor was ______ what the cheats said!

A. hearing B. heard

C. hear D. to hear

7. We should prevent pollution ______ happily.

A. from living B. living

C. to living D. to live

8.I am busy now, so I can’t help ______ the machine.

A. repair B. to have repaired

C. repairing D. fixing

9. Jane came very close ______ a gold medal for Britain in the Olympics.

A. to win B. winning

C. to winning D. to be won

10. The boy seated himself in the corner with his back ______ to his father.

A. turning B. to turn

C. to be turned D. turned

11. ----By the way, when did you get your bedroom ______?

----Last week.

A. to paint B. painted

C. painting D. to be painted

12. He likes ______, but he doesn’t like ______ today because it is too cold.

A. to swim; to swim

B. swimming; swimming

C. to swim; swimming

D. swimming; to swim

13. There is ______ what the weather will be like.

A. not knowing B. no knowing

C. not know D. no known

14. The novel is said ______ into many languages.

A. to translateB. being translated

C. to have been translated

D. having been translated

15. I’m examining the composition he has just finished ______ the possible mistakes in it.

A. correcting B. to correct

C. corrected D. correct

16. They would not allow him ______ across the enemy line.

A. to risk going B. risking to go

C. for risk to go D. risk going

17. He spent as much time as he could _____ the child.

A. teaching B. to teach

C. teach D. for teaching

18. ----Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?

----I ______, but I had an unexpected visitor.

A. had B. would

C. was going to D. did

19. How pleased the Emperor was ______ what the cheats said!

A. hearing B. to hear

C. heard D. hear

20. ______ the room, a letter was laid on the ground.

A. Entering B. Having entered

C. He entered D. Mrs Green entering

21. They set out ______ for the ______ boy.

A. searching; losing B. searching; lost

C. to search; lost D. to search; missed

22. ______ her mother had come, her face lit up.

A. Hearing B. Having heard

C. When hearing D. When she heard

23. They arrived at their university very late, ______ the gate closely shut.

A. found B. to find

C. find D. finding

24. ----Do you have anything more ______, sir?

----No. You can have a rest or do something else.

A. typing B. to be typed

C. typed D. to type

25. The manager promised to keep me ______ of how our business was going on.

A. to be informed B. on informing

C. informed D. informing

26. With a lot of difficult problems ______, the manager felt worried all the time.

A. to settle B. settling

C. settled D. being settled

27. Will those ______ the children from abroad come to the headmaster’s office?

A. teaching B. teach

C. who teaches D. who teaching

28. After ______ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.

A. being interviewed

B. interviewed

C. interviewing

D. having interviewed

29. They apologized for ______ to attend the meeting.

A. their not being able

B. their being not able

C. them not able

D. them being able not

30. They would not allow him ______ across the enemy line.

A. to risk going B. risking to go

C. for risk to go D. risk going

31. ______ to nuclear radiation, even for a short time, may produce variants(变异体) of genes in human bodies.

A. Being exposed B. Having exposed

C. Exposed D. After being exposed

32. China became the 143rd member of the World Trade Organization on December 11, , thus ______ its 15-year wish to join the global trade body.

A. having realized B. realized

C. realizing D. to realize

33. Tom looked at Jenny, tears ______ his eyes, and shouted out the words ______ in his heart for years.

A. filling; having hidden

B. filled; hidden

C. filling; hidden

D. filled; hiding

34. They apologized for ______ to attend the meeting.

A. their not being able

B. their being not able

C. them not able

D. them being able not

35. Which will you enjoy ______ your vacation, traveling abroad or working in the countryside?

A. to spend B. spend

C. spending D. spent

36. ----Will you please tell us how you can seize the robbers?

----I will spend a whole week ______ in your room to wait for their coming.

A. locking B. to lock

C. locked D. being locked

37. I regret ______ you that they are unable to come to your wedding tomorrow.

A. informing

B. having informed

C. to have been informed

D. to inform

38. He wondered if he could slip out of the lecture hall without anyone ______.

A. noticing B. noticed

C. to notice D. being noticed

39. After ______ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.

A. being interviewed

B. interviewed

C. interviewing

D. having interviewed

40. He spoke in such a high voice ______ out in the street.

A. as to be heard B. to be heard

C. as to hear D. to hear

41. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be set up in every town ______ 50 households or more.

A. having B. to have

C. to have had D. having had

42. The building project ______ next year is, I think, not easy ______ in time.

A. being carried out; to complete

B. carried out; to be completed

C. to be carried out; to complete

D. to be carried out; to be completed

43. The reason ______ she gave for not coming to the party is that her mother wouldn’t allow her to.

A. that B. what

C. why D. because

44. Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the Grand Hotel? I thought it was on this corner, but I seem to ______ a mistake.

A. make B. be making

C. having made D. have made

45. ----Here’s a new pair of shoes for you.

----Thank you, but there’s no need ______ a new pair for me.

A. to have bought B. to buy

C. buying D. to be buying

46. What worried the boy most was ______ to visit his father in the hospital.

A. his not allowing

B. his not being allowed

C. having not been allowed

D. his being not allowed

47. To do a bit for the motherland, ______.

A. working hard is necessary

B. to learn a foreign language is needed

C. it is important to master science

D. one should serve the people whole-heartedly

48. Everything ______ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.

A. to take B. taken

C. to be taken D. taking

49. The officials discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next month.

A. carry out B. carrying out

C. to carry out D. carried out

50. With a lot of difficult problems ______, the manager felt worried all the time.

A. to settle B. settling

C. settled D. being settled

51. ----Do you have anything more ______, sir?

----No, you can have a rest or do something else.

A. typing B. to be typed

C. typed D. to type

52. The manager promised to keep me ______ of how our business was going on.

A. to be informed B. on informing

C. informed D. informing

1-5 BACAD 6-10 DDACB 11-15 CBACD 16-20 CACAD

21-25 CBCBB 26-30 DBABB 31-35 ABBBC 36-40 BCCCC

41-45 BBDCC 46-50 DADBA 51-55 BBADA 56-60 ADBCB

61-65 BCBDD 66-70 DDACA 71-75 DBDCB 76-80 CDABA

81-85 CDABD 86-90 CADDA 91-95 CBDBC 96-100 CBACA

答案：

A. 1.to read 2. to answer 3. (to be) examined 4. repairing / to be repaired

B. 1. think 2. to marry 3. interested 4. see 5. heard 6. to give 7. working

C. 1. cleaned 2. stolen 3. to help 4. thinking 5. caught

D. 1. steal 2. reading 3. taken 4. seated 5. to come

E. 1. swimming 2. to watch 3. being praised 4. going 5. to go

F. 1. speaking 2. to speak 3. invited

G. 1. burning 2. to do 3. to be washed 4. pulled 5. find

H. 1. 1. play 2. to obey 3. to improve 4. being

I. 1. excited 2. trembling 3. frightened 4. disappointing

J. 1. 1. entering 2. see

K. 1. 1. jumping 2. being struck 3. (to) do

A. 1. Given 2. Having lit 3. Seen 4. To serve

答案：

1------5BDBAB 6------10DDACD

11------15BDBCB 16------20AACBD

21------25CDDBC 26------30AAAAA

31------35ACCAA 36-----40CDAAA

41------45ACADA 46------50BDBDA

51-----55BC

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇11：非谓语动词专练 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

非谓语动词专练

--（动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词）

1. ___________ black and blue, the lady couldn’t move.

A. Beaten B. Beating C. To be beaten D. To beat

2. Most of the men _________ to the party were from town.

A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited

3. When I got back, I saw a message ____ to the door _____ “ Sorry to miss you; will call later.”

A. pin, read B. pinning, reading C. pinned, reading D. pinned, read

4. With a lot of different problems _______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled

5. With a lot of different problems __________ , the newly-elected president is very pleased.

A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled

6. ________ poor in English, I’m afraid I can’t make myself __________.

A. To be; understand B. I’m; to understand C. Being; understanding D. Being；understood

7. _________ the room, the nurse found the tape-recorder ________.

A. Entering; stealing B. Entering; gone

C. To have entered; being stolen D. Having entered; to be stolen

8. English is a language ______________ in many countries.

A. spoken B. speaking C. be spoken D. to speak

9. I should say sorry to him. I regret ___________ to help him that day.

A. refusing B. to refuse C. refused D. refuse

10. Professor Li is often seen ___________ something in his office.

A. to write B. write C. wrote D. written

11. Do you still remember __________ to your hometown ten years ago?

A. taken B. to take C. to be taken D. being taken

12. She is not used _________ in the city.

A. to live B. to living C. to have lived D. live

13. Hurry up! He is sure _________ us at the gate.

A. waiting B. to wait C. to be waiting D. to be waiting for

14. _________ everywhere, the wolves had no where _________ themselves.

A. Hunting; hiding B. To hunt; to hide C. Hunted; hiding D. Hunted; to hide

15. This is a _________ car.

A. use B. using C. to be used D. used

16. When ________, ice changes into water.

A. to heat B. heating C. heated D. they are heated

17. Charlie Chaplin is considered __________ a great contribution to the film industry.

A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made

18. _________ with you, we still have a long way to go.

A. Comparing B. To compare C. Having compared D. Compared

19. They haven’t decided when __________ for Shanghai.

A. to be leaving B. to leave C. leaving D. leave

20. I don’t know the girl ___________ in the snow storm.

A. to catch B. caught C. catching D. to be catching

21. Nobody enjoys ________ fun of in public.

A. to make B. making C. being made D. to be made

22. Do you know the girl ________ on a stone?

A. sit B. seating C. seated D. sat

23. I feel like __________ a long walk. Would you like _________ with me ?

A. taking; going B. to take; going C. taking; to go D. to take; to go

24. Don’t forget __________ the letter for me when you pass by the post office.

A. post B. to post C. posted D. posting

25. Hearing the good news, he couldn’t help _________.

A. jumping with joy B. to jump with joy C. jump with joy D. jumped with joy

26. The girl __________ down by a car lay dying.

A. knock B. knocking C. knocked D. to knock

27. You should keep on _________ English every day in order to improve it.

A. to practise to speak B. to practise speaking C. practising to speak D. practising speaking

28. In those days my family didn’t have enough room _________.

A. to live B. living in C. to live in D. living

29. ___________ more attention, the trees could have grown better.

A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given

30. She told me ________ about my lessons.

A. needn’t worry B. don’t worry C. not to worry D. not worry

31. The teacher walked to the lab, ______________.

A. followed by his students

B. his students followed

C. and followed by his students

D. both A and B

32. The lecture __________ will be given the day after tomorrow.

A. has been talked about B. to talk about

C. so much talked about D. so much talking of

33. The ___________ girl sat in the corner, crying.

A. frighten B. frightened C. frightening D. fright

34. I have had my bike ______, and I’m going to have somebody ______ my radio tomorrow.

A. repair; to repair B. repairing; to be repaired

C. repaired; repair D. to repair; repairing

35. You must get the work ________ before Friday.

A. do B. to do C. doing D. done

36. Prices of daily goods __________ through a computer can be lower than store prices.

A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying

参考答案：

1-5 ABCCA 6-10 DBAAA 11-15 DBDDD 16-20 CCDBB 21-25 CCCBA 26-30 CDCAC

31-36 ACBCDB

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇12：高考常见词组辨析 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

高考常见词组辨析专题

1. must和have to

这两个词均表示“必须”，must常偏重主观意志，而have to偏重客观需要。must一般只用于一般现在时和将来时态，而have to则有更多的时态。例如：

We must get up at six o’clock every day. 我们每天必须六点钟起床。

It is no time, we have to get up in a hurry. 没有时间了，我们必须快点起床。

We must follow the Party forever. 我们必须永远跟着党走。

He said he would have to go with her the next day. 他说他第二天得和她一道去。

2．almost 和nearly

这两个词意思均为“几乎”、“差不多”。但从程度的角度上说almost更接近些，感情色彩也更浓。在与表示否定意义的词never、nobody、no one、nothing、nowhere、none连用时，要用almost，不能用nearly。但可以说not nearly，而不能说not almost。例如：

It’s nearly time . 时间快到了。

It’s almost time. 时间马上就到了。

Almost nobody knew the accident that happened in the street yesterday.

几乎没有人知道昨天发生在街上的那起交通事故。

3 . the number of 和 a number of

the number of 意为“……数目”，用单数谓语动词。a number of 意为“许多的”、“一些”，用复数谓语动词。例如：

A number of students visited the factory last month. 上个月许多学生参观了那个工厂。

The number of the students of our school is more than three thousand. 我校学生的人数是三千多。

4. go to sleep 和 go to bed

go to sleep 意为“入睡”，指睡着了，表示状态。go to bed 意为“去睡觉”，指上床去睡觉，表示动作。例如：

We usually go to bed at eleven. 我们通常十一点上床睡觉。

I found that he had gone to sleep. 我发现他已经睡着了。

5. receive 与 accept

receive（vt.）意为“接受”，没有主观色彩，指收到了送来的东西。accept（vt.）意为“接受”，指乐意接受，强调主观愿望。例如：

She received a gift from him, but she refused to accept it.

她收到了他的礼物，但她拒绝接受。

I received a letter from America yesterday. 昨天，我收到了一封来自美国的信。

I accepted the advice of his. 我接受了他的建议。

6. at the end of 和 in the end

at the end of 意为“在……的末尾”、“在……的末端”。in the end意为“最后”、“最终”是finally和at last的同义词。例如：

After ten months, he finished his work in the end. 十个月以后，他最终完成了工作。

There is a shop at the end of the street. 在街的尽头有一家商店。

7 well和good

两词均译为“好”。当两词都为形容词时，good常用作定语。如用作表语时，后面常与介词for连用。well为形容词时， 多用作表语，指身体好。也可用作定语。例如：

Spring is a good season. 春天是个好季节。

Milk is good for children. 牛奶对儿童有益。

When I saw him, he looked well. 我见到他时，他显得很健康。

He is not a well man. 他不是一个健康的人。

well还为副词，而good的副词也是well。例如：

He finished his homework well. 他的家庭作业完成得很好。

8. sleep和asleep

sleep(v.) 动词“睡觉”。asleep(adj.)形容词“睡着的”、“沉睡的”，只用作表语，表示某人睡着了。也常置于名词后，作补语。例如：

The baby sleeps well. 这个婴儿睡得很熟。

Mother is asleep in the next room. 妈妈在隔壁房里睡着了。

asleep也常与fall连用。例如：

he has fallen asleep. 他已经睡熟了。

9. have been to 和 has gone to

have been to… “曾到过……”指曾到过某地，说话时人已经回来。have gone to “到……去了”指已到某地去了，说话时，人已不在这里了。例如：

I have been to Japan. 我曾到过日本。

You can’t see him. He has gone to Tianjin. 你见不到他了， 他已经去天津了。

10. sometimes、sometime和some time

sometimes（adv.）意为“有时”、“不时”是频度副词，用作状语。sometime（adv.）意为“某时”、“日后”，副词，用作状语。some time意为“一些时候”，副词短语，用作状语（也可用作名词性短语）。例如：

I have been waiting for you for some time. 我已等了你一些时候了。

I’ll come to see you sometime next week. 下周，我会来看你的 。

Sometimes I get up late, sometimes I get up early. 我有时起得早，有时起得晚。

11. in the corner 、on the corner 和at the corner

三个词均为“在……角”。in the corner 为“在……角里”；on the corner为“在……角上”“在……拐角上”； at the corner为“在……角边”。下图可表示三个词的区别：

in the corneron the corner (on)at the corner

例如：The bank is on (at) the corner. 银行就在拐角上。

In the corner of the office stands a desk, on the corner of which lies a bag.

在办公室的角落有一张桌子，在桌角上放着一个口袋。

corner作“拐角”解，与之搭配的介词，美国英语多用on，英国英语通常用at；corner作角(即180o以内的角)解时与之搭配的介词用in，在……内部的“角”，习惯上用in the corner of….

例如：误：The girl sat at the corner in the classroom

正：The girl sat in the corner in the classroom.

那个女孩子坐在教室的角落里。

训练1、Don’t sit the corner of the table.

A. on B. in C. to D. at (A)

2. The boy sat _____ the corner of the room.

A. at B. in C. on D. to (B)

3. People came _____ the four corners of the earth.

A. in B. at C. from D. on (C)

4.The house stands ____ the corner.

A. from B. to C. in D. on (D)

典型错误例析

1. 承蒙相助，不胜感激。

误：That’s very kind to you to help me.

正：That’s very kind of you to help me.

析：在得到对方帮助、善待时， 你要表示自己的感激之情，常用 That(It) is very kind of you (to do sth.)。而be kind to 意为“（某人）对（某人）好”。

2．我想尽可能早点见到他。

误：I would like seeing him as soon as possible.

正：I would like to see him as soon as possible.

析：would like =’d like, 用来表示“想要、希望、愿意“，后跟动词不定式，不跟动名词。

3．我对他的汉语有些担忧。

误：I’m worried for his Chinese.

正：I’m worried about his Chinese.

析：“对……担忧”应用 be worried about 。

4．两个月太长了。

误：Two months are quite a long time.

正：Two months is quite a long time.

析：表示重量、时间、长度、价值等的名词作主语，尽管是复数形式，但仍作为一个整体看待，动词一般用单数形式。如：

Ten dollars is enough. 十美元够了。

5．全家人打算在那儿呆两个月。

误：The whole family are going there for two months.

正：The whole family is going there for two months.

析：在这里family指整个家庭，所以动词用单数形式。试比较：My family are very well. 我全家都很健康。（这里指家庭成员，动词用复数）

6．我看见他们正在踢足球。

误：I saw them play football.

正：I saw them playing football.

析：在see、hear、watch等动词后，既可接不带to 的动词不定式，又可带现在分词作宾语补足语，但它们所表示的意义不同。用不定式时说明动作发生了，即动作的全部过程结束了。用现在分词表示动作正在发生，即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束。

7．我对科学感兴趣。

误：I’m interesting in science.

正：I’m interested in science.

析：interesting “令人感兴趣的”，可用作标语，其主语是物，也可以用作定语，修饰人或物。interested“感兴趣的”，常用于be(become) interested的结构，主语是人。

8．她没乘车去，而是步行的。

误：She went there on foot instead by bus.

正：She went there on foot instead of by bus.

正：She didn’t go there by bus. She went there on foot instead.

析：instead“代替”，表示前面的事情没有做，而是做了后面的事，一般位于句首或句尾，但不能位于句中，且不能接并列成分。instead所在的那个句子一般是肯定形式，前面的那个句子一般是否定形式。而instead of具有否定意义，后可接一个并列成分。

9．那个男孩有那么多奇怪的问题。

误：The boy had such many strange questions.

正：The boy had so many strange questions.

析：表示“这样（那样）多”，可用so many（用于复数可数名词）或so much（用不可数名词）。它们是固定搭配，so 不能用such代替。

10．请让他把音量调小点儿。

误：Ask him to turn off it, please.

正：Ask him to turn it down, please.

析：表示通过使用开关或调节器，将电器或类似用品（收音机、电视机等）的声音、亮度等调低、关小，用turn down, 其中down是副词，若是代词作宾语时，则要把代词放在turn和down之间。

11．下周我将乘飞机去上海。

误：I’ll fly to Shanghai by air next week.

正：I’ll fly to Shanghai next week.

正：I’ll get to Shanghai by air(plane) next week.

析：fly to some place =go to some place by air(plane), 它不能再与by air 连用，以免重复。

12．我每周看一次电影。

误：I go to the cinema once every week.

正：I go to the cinema once a week.

析：表示在一段时间内出现一定的次数，用“次数+一段时间”这一结构。如 twice a week(month、year) 每周（月、年）两次。

13．包里装满了书。

误：The bag is full with books.

正：The bag is full of books.

正：The bag is filled with books.

析：be full of =be filled with, 意为“某容器装满了某物”，其主语多为容器。

14．我们每个人都有一本词典。

误：Each we have a dictionary.

正：We have a dictionary each.

正：Each of us has a dictionary.

析：each可用作同位语，放在主语、助动词、连系动词之后或句末，谓语动词用复数形式。each of 可和人称代词的宾格连用，谓语用单数形式。

15．手术持续了五个小时。

误：The operation kept five hours.

正：The operation lasted for five hours.

析：动词last可用来表示某事物持续存在下去，也可用于下列情况：某物的数量达到在需要的一段时间内够用，即可说那样东西持续（多长时间）。而keep为“保存、保持”之意，与题意不符。

16．你知道他们的飞机什么时候离开北京吗？

误：Do you know what time does their plane leave Beijing?

正：Do you know what time their plane leaves Beijing?

析：宾语从句不论其原来结构如何，都使用陈述句语序，即：不颠倒主谓语，也不另加助动词。

17．昆明的天气比兰州的好。

误：The weather of Kunming is better than Lanzhou.

正：The weather of Kunming is better than that of Lanzhou.

析：在比较句型中，比较的内容应前后一致。本句是拿“昆明的天气”与“兰州的天气”比较，而不是与“兰州”这个地名相比较。

18．他告诉我们太阳是圆的。

误：He told us that the sun was round.

正：He told us that the sun is round.

析：在含宾语从句的复合句中，主句是一般过去时，从句可根据需要选用过去的某种时态,但从句若陈述的真理性、普遍性的事情等时，则常用一般现在时。

19．没有消息就是好消息。

误：No news are good news.

正：No news is good news.

析：news尽管看上去是复数形式，但常用作不可数名词，后面的谓语动词要用单数形式。

20．那台电视机现在立在我们起居室的角落里。

误：That TV set is now standing at the corner of our sitting room.

正：That TV set is now standing in the corner of our sitting room.

析：“在室内角落处”应说in the corner; 而at(on) the corner (of)表示“在（街、墙）的拐角处”。

21． 他正在忙着做家务。

误：He is busy to do his housework.

正：He is busy doing his housework.

正：He is busy with his housework.

析：be busy doing 表示“忙于做……”，doing不能改为to do; be busy with 也表示“忙于做……”，但后面只能接名词，不能接动词的“-ing”形式。

22．我不得不告诉你这件事，对吗？

误：I had tell you about it, hadn’t I?

正：I had to tell you about it, didn’t I

析：have to 意为“不得不”，其疑问句式的构成不能用have，而要根据不同的人称和世态，选用助动词do 、does 或did。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇13：时态 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

时态

一、目标

本章要求学生掌握中学阶段常用的八种时态, 即：一般现在时, 一般过去时, 一般将来时, 现在进行时, 现在完成时, 过去完成时, 过去进行时, 过去将来时。

要求掌握时态的意义、各种时态的动词形式、与各种时态连用的时间状语以及一些时态的特殊意义。

二、重点及难点

八种时态的意义；现在完成时与一般过去时的区别；点性动词与线性动词；时态一致性。

三、方法

1．Do you know something about “tense”?

你知道“时态”是什么吗？

2．You are right. For example：

I'm working.我正在工作。

I worked yesterday.我昨天工作。

I will work.我将要工作。

How many tenses have you learned ?

你们学了几种时态？

3．Now let's have a discussion on every tense.

现在咱们分别讨论每个时态。

I think the present indefinite tense is the easiest tense of all． Do you know what it means ?

我想一般现在时是所有时态中最容易的, 你知道它的含义吗？

4．What's the form of the verb ?

谓语动词形式是什么样的？

5．Very good ! Do you know how to use “am, is, are”?

Here's a saying:

（I）我用 am（you）你用 are, is连着他、她、它。单数名词用is, 复数名词全用are。

Can you learn it by heart ?

你知道行为动词第三人称怎么变化吗？

6．Do you know what sound“s” or“es” makes ?

你知道“s”或“es”怎么发音吗？

你应当记住“清-清, 浊-浊, 元-浊”。现在我解释一下：

清-清 即：“s”或“es”之前的音素如 果是清辅音的话, “s”或“es”读作［K］（清）。

浊-浊 指“s”或“es”之前的音素如果是浊辅音的话, 则“s”或“es”读作［L］（浊）。

元-浊 如果“s”“es”之前是元音音素, 则它读作［L］（浊）。

你能想出几个例子吗？

7．一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态外, 常与什么副词连用呢？

8．一般现在时除表示经常性动作或状态外, 还有其他用法。它能表示将来时, 但它是有条件的, 这个条件有两种情况：A．是在条件状语从句中, 如果主句是一般将来时或一般现在时。B．是表示计划、打算、有规律动作。你能想出几个例子吗？

9．I think you have known something about the present indefinite tense. But I have one more point to tell you.

That is：Sometimes the present indefinite tense is used in the object clause when the past indefinte tense is used in the main sentence, Can you show me an example？

10．So much for the present indefinite tense. Let's come to the present continuous tense. Do you know the form of the verb when it is used as the present continuous tense？

11．You are right. Then what kind of adverbial is used？

那么用什么状语呢？

12．现在进行时有一个特殊的意义, 它可以表示将来发生的动作。但是这些动词必须是表示位置移动的单词。例如：go, come, start, leave 等。 Would you please give me two sentences？

13．Very good. Now shall we talk about the future indefinite tense？This kind of tense refers to an action that is going to happen in the future. Would you please say more？

14．一般将来时除去will do结构外, 还有其他结构, 也可表示将来时, 但注意这些结构有其他意义在里边。如： be going to do…表示动作将要发生, 表示主观打算。

be to do表示安排、计划好的动作, 表示命令、可能等意义。

be about to do…表示眼下即将发生……

Can you make some sentences？

15．The past indefinite tense expresses an action happened in the past. It's usually used with the adverbials such as yesterday, last month（ year, week）, the day before yesterday, … ago, in 1968 etc.它的谓语动词形式是什么样的呢？

16．Now let's come to the present perfect tense. In this tense, the action also happened in the past, but the action has something to do with“now”.

现在完成时动作发生在过去, 但它对现在有影响。谓语动词的形式为have done, done代表过去分词。have还有一种变化, 即has。has用于第三人称单数, 其他人称用have, 请你给出几个现在完成时的句子。

17．请你根据刚才的句子, 归纳一下现在完成时有几种含义？

18．现在完成时的这两种含义非常重要, 要认真领会。这里引出了两个概念：延续性动词与非延续性动词。即：点性动词与线性动词。所谓点性动词就是不能延续的动词；线性动词就是可以延续的动词。延续性动词用于现在完成时的第二种用法, 点性动词用于第一种用法。

19．点点结合, 线线结合是完成时中一个重要原则, 这个问题往往是学生容易出错的地方。请把下列句子的错误改正过来：

A．He has come for 3 hours.

B．The girl has waited since two years.

C．The old man has died for ten years.

D．I have bought the book for two months.

20．那么，在英语中，同一种意思，既有点性动词，又有线性动词的实例很多。Now would you please show the continuous verbs of the following ?

A．join the army

B．join the Party

C．come back

D．borrow a book

E．buy a book

F． leave

G．go out

H．die

I．open

J．begin

K． arrive

21．在完成时的句子中, 同一种意思可以有几种英语表达方法。如：

我入团已经5年了。有以下几种表达方式：

A．I have been a League member for 5 years.

B．It's five years since I joined the League.

I joined the League 5 years ago.

I have been a League member since 5 years ago.

Now I give you some sentences and please try to express the same meaning in other ways.

A．He has been here for 2 hours.

B．They've been away since 1960.

C．The film has been on for one hour.

22．Now let's do some other exercises. Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of verbs.

A．I ____ （lose）my pen.

She ____ （ lose） her pen yesterday.

B．I ____ （be）to the Agricultural Exhibition.

I ____ （go） to the Agricultural Exhibition last week.

C．The car ____ （stop）.

The car ____ （stop） just now.

D．A： ____ you ____ your lunch ?

B：Yes, I ____ .

A：When ____ you ____ it ?

B：I ____ it about half an hour ago.

23．Now let me say something about “have been to” and“have gone to”.

have been to 意思是“去过”。

have gone to 意思是“去了”。

请翻译下列各句：

A．我去海南四次了。

B．他已经去南方了。

C．你去过东京吗？

D．小李已经去办公室了。

你可以去那儿找他。

E．你去哪儿了？

F．他去哪儿了？

24．通过练习，对现在完成时和过去时有了足够的认识, 你能说出它们的异同点吗？

25．Very good !Here's a drawing to show the difference between the present perfect tense and the past indefinite tense.

e．g．He was a student in the past.

e．g． He has been a student for 2 years.

26．现在来谈谈对比时态问题。所谓对比时态是指两个动作同时存在, 但有时间前后。这样的时态有过去将来时、过去完成时。

27．过去完成时也可跟另一个时间进行对比, 含义仍然是到过去某个时间为止, 如它与 by the end of…, by the time when…

例如：

A．They had completed the program by the end of the last year.

B．The train had left by the time when we arrived at the station.

28．You are right. The present continuous tense expresses an action happening at a present moment or during a present period of time, while the past continuous tense refers to the past.

e．g．My daughter was reviewing her lessons at eight last night.

What were you doing while I was watching TV ?

Students

1．I think“tense” is a certain form of a verb. It changes according to the time of the action.

我想“时态”是动词的某种形式, 它随动作的时间而发生变化。

2．We have learned eight tenses. They are： the present indefinite tense, the past indefinite tense, the future indefinite tense, the present continuous tense, the present perfect tense, the past continuous tense, the past perfect tense and the future-in-the-past indefinite tense.

我们学习了：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时和过去将来时。

3．一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态、过去、现在以及将来一直进行的动作或存在的状态。

4．一般现在时, 谓语动词要随主语人称而变化。be动词有三种变化形式, 即am, is, are；行为动词有两种变化形式, 即：原形和第三人称单数。

5．行为动词第三人称有以下几种变化形式：

A．动词后面直接加“s”, 如works, plays, learns。

B．以［K］［CM］, ［DN］,［M］,［L］ 结尾的单词, 词尾加“es”, 如果词尾有“e”, 则只加“s”, 如：misses, finishes, teaches, loses。

C．如词尾以辅音字母+y结尾, 应变y为“i”, 再加“es”, 如： flies, carries。

D．特殊情况：go和do词尾加“es”。

6．啊！我明白了, 像 works, 由于 s之前是k, 读作［E］, 是清辅音, 所以s读作［K］；又如：learns s之前是浊辅音［Q］, 所以它读作浊辅音［L］； plays s之前由于是ay字母组合, 读作元音音素［-!］, 所以s读作［L］这叫做“元-浊”。

7．与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：often, usually, sometimes, always, seldom, twice a week, every day…

8． A．If it is fine tomorrow, I will go out for a picnic.

（条件状语从句中一般现在时表示将来）

B．When they leave school, they will go back to the factory.（时间状语从句一般现在时表示将来）

C．The train starts at ten o'clock in the morning.

（计划, 有规律的动作表示将来）

9．Yes, I can. Here's a sentence.

The teacher said that the sun rises in the east. Here“rises”is the present indefinite tense. This tense is used because it happens regularly.

因为动作是有规律地发生。

10．The form of the verb is“be doing”, and“be”can be changeable.

For example：am, is, are. I think the present continuous tense expresses an action happening at present time or during present period of time.

For example：

He is reading a book now.

We are learning BookⅡthis week.

11．现在进行时与 now, at the present, this year（week, month）等时间状语连用。

12．

A．He is coming to see me tomorrow.

明天他要来看我。

B．They are leaving Shanghai for Beijing.他们要离开上海去北京。

13．OK ! The future indefinite tense is connected with the future time, such as, tomorrow, next week（year, month）, the day after tomorrow, from now on, in a month （year） etc.

它的动词结构是will do 有时第一人称单复数用shall do。

14．Yes, I can.

A．We are going to help the farmers on the Red Star Farm.

我们打算去红星农场帮助农民们。

B．The boys are to go to school next week.

这些男孩们下周要上学了。

C．We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit him now.

我们就要离开了, 所以现在没有时间去看他了。

15．一般过去时, 谓语动词的形式应该用过去时。即：原形动词后加ed, 还有一些特殊形式的动词。如：go----went, see----saw, do----did, read----read, give----gave, sit----sat。

我想特殊动词要特殊记忆。

16．我清楚了, 现在完成时谓语动词形式have done, 可以这样理解：have是“变量”；done是“常量”。

A．We have cleaned the room now.

我们现在已经打扫了房间。

B．He has cleaned the room now.

他现在已经打扫了房间。

C．They have been here for 3 hours.

他们在这儿呆了3个小时了。

D．The professor has worked in this university since 1969．

教授自从1969年就在这所大学里工作。

17．我想有两种含义：

一种是动作发生在过去, 动作不延续, 但对现在有结果和影响。如句子A、B表示打扫房间的动作发生在过去, 但强调的是现在房间已经干净了。

另一种是动作从过去开始一直延续到现在, 对现在有结果和影响, 如句子C、D。

18．点性动词应当与点性时间状语连用, 线性动词与线性时间状语连用。点性时间状语有：now, today, already, just, before, never, ever, always, yet等, 线性时间状语有for…, since…等。

19．A句中应当把come改为 been here, come为点性动词, for为线性时间状语。

B句有两种改法，一是将since改为for, 意思是“已经等了两年了”。另一种是在two years之后加ago, 意思是“自从两年前就开始等, 一直等到现在。”

C句将 died改为 been dead, 因为 for ten years是线性时间状语, die为点性动词, 不能延续, 而 be dead是线性动词, 可与 for短语连用。

D．将 bought改为 kept或 had。 buy为点性动词, have（keep）为线性动词。

20．Let me have a try．

join the army----serve in the army

join the Party----be a Party member

come back----be back

borrow a book----keep a book

buy a book----have a book

leave----be away

go out----be out

die----be dead

open----be open

begin----be on

arrive----be here

A．He has been here since two hours ago.

It's two hours since he came.

He came here two hours ago.

B．They went away in 1960.

They have been away for 40 years.

It's 40 years since they went away.

C．The film began an hour ago.

It's one hour since the film began.

The film has been on since one hour ago.

21．A．He has been here since two hours ago.

It's two hours since he came.

He came here two hours ago.

B．They went away in 1960.

They have been away for 40 years.

It's 40 years since they went away.

C．The film began an hour ago.

It's one hour since the film began.

The film has been on since an hour ago.

22．

A．have lost； lost

B．have been； went

C．has stopped； stopped

D．Have… had

have

did… have

had

23．

A．I have been to Hainan four times.

B．He has gone to the South.

C．Have you ever been to Tokyo ?

D．Xiao Li has been to his office. You can find him there.

E．Where have you been ?

F． Where has he gone ?

24．在我看来，它们的相同之处是动作都发生在过去，它们的不同点是现在完成时的动作对现在有影响，而过去时对现在没有影响。

25．图A表示动作发生在过去，处于静止状态, 而图B表示动作发生在过去，但它指向现在，对现在有结果和影响，最后强调的是现在。

26．当主句动作发生在过去，从句动作发生在它之后，这时从句谓语用过去将来时。如：

I said that I would go to that island.

“said”在前，相对它来讲，would go在后。

可当一个动作发生在过去而另一个动作发生在它之前, 那么这个动作则要用过去完成时。如：

I said that I had finished the composition.

said发生在过去, had finished在它之前发生, 称之为过去的过去。

27．现在我明白啦！过去完成时和过去将来时只有在与另一个过去的动作进行对比的情况下才能存在。所以把这两种时态叫对比时态。

老师，我有一个问题，过去进行时是指过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间正在进行的动作吗？

四、精选题

选择填空：

1．----Can I join your club, Dad？ [ ]

----You can when you ____ a bit older.（'94）

A．get B．will get

C．are getting D．will have got

2．----I'm sorry to keep you waiting.（'94） [ ]

----Oh, not at all. I ____ here only a few minutes.

A．have been B．had been

C．was D．will be

3．I don't really work here；I ____ until the new secretary arrives.（'94） [ ]

A．just help out

B．have just helped out

C．am just helping out

D．will just help out

4．I need one more stamp before my collection ____ . [ ]

A．has completed

B．completes

C．has been completed

D．is completed

5．I first met Lisa three years ago．She ____ at a radio shop at the time.（'97） [ ]

A．has worked

B．was working

C．had been working

D．had worked

6．----Is this raincoat yours？ [ ]

----No, mine ____ there behind the door.（'97）

A．is hanging B．has hung

C．hangs D．hung

7．----Nancy is not coming tonight. [ ]

----But she ____ ！（'98）

A．has written B．wrote

C．had written D．was writing

8．Shirley ____ a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it.（'98） [ ]

A．has written B．wrote

C．had written D．was writing

9．----Hi, Tracy, you look tired. [ ]

----I am tired. I ____ the living room all day.（'98）

A．painted

B．had painted

C．have been painting

D．have painted

10． The price ____ , but I doubt whether it will remain so.（'99） [ ]

A．went down

B．will go down

C．has gone down

D．was going down

11．----Bob has gone to California. I hear. [ ]

----Oh. I wonder when he ____ .（'96海淀）

A．has left B．leaves

C．left D．was leaving

12．----Have you got your test result ? [ ]

----Not yet. The papers ____ .（'96海淀）

A．are not correcting

B．have not corrected

C．are still being corrected

D．have already been corrected

13．----Why weren't you at the meeting ? [ ]

----I ____ for a long----distance call from my father in Australia.（'99西城）

A．waited B．was waiting

C．had waited D．have been waited

14．The telephone ____ four times in the last hour, and each time it ____ for my roommate.（'99西城） [ ]

A．has rung; was

B．has been ringing; is

C．had rung; was

D．rang; has been

15． Two million tons of oil ____ exploited in this area that year.（'99西城） [ ]

A．was B．has been

C．were D．have been

16．----What time ____ Tom tomorrow？ [ ]

----At 3：00 p．m．（'99西城）

A．do you meet

B．will you meet

C．would you meet

D．are you meeting

17． That was not a good place to go skating. You ____ your leg. [ ]

A．can break

B．could break

C．could have broken

D．could have been broken

18．---- ____ the sports meet might be put off. [ ]

----Yes, it all depends on the weather.

A．I've been told

B．I've told

C．I'm told

D．I told

19．----Your phone number again？ I ____ quite catch it. [ ]

----It's 9568442．

A．didn't B．couldn't

C．don't D．can't

20． As she ____ the newspaper, Granny ____ asleep. [ ]

A．read; was falling

B．was reading; fell

C．was reading; was falling

D．read; fell

21．I don't think Jim saw me; he ____ into space. [ ]

A．just stared

B．was just staring

C．has just stared

D．had just stared

22．----Who is Jerry Cooper？ [ ]

---- ____ ? I saw gou shaking hands with him at the meeting.

A．Don't you meet him yet

B．Hadn't you met him yet

C．Didn't you meet him yet

D．Haven't you met him yet

用所给动词的正确形式填空：

1． I'm afraid I can't get in all the wheat within such a short time unless you ____ to help me tomorrow.（come）

2． They left for Beijing last week and we ____ then so far.（not hear）

3．When we reached the airport, we were surprised to find that Uncle's plane ____ . （land）

4．I ____ he had finished his work.（think）

5．We ____ the problem for quite some time, but we any conclusion yet.（discuss, not reach）

6．He said this book would be published if the writer ____ .（agree）

7．John works very hard. In fact, I think he ____ right now.（study）

8．The little boy didn't see me, he ____ a golden fish in a basin.（watch）

9．I have to make a quick phone call. Can you wait a few moments ? It ____ long.（not take）

10．They ____ themselves on the beach when the train ____ .（enjoy, come）

答案：

选择填空：

1～5 AACDB 6～10 ABDCC 11～15 CCBAC

16～20 BBAAB 21～22 BD

用所给动词的正确形式填空：

1．come 主句用将来时, 从句用一般现在时表示将来。

2．haven't heard so far与现在完成时连用。

3．had landed 在 reached之前发生, 故用过去完成时。

4．thought

5．have been discussing, haven't reached 讨论从过去开始一直到现在, 但是到目前仍没有结论。

6．agreed 主句是过去时, 从句动作受它影响。

7． is studying

8．was watching 没有看到我, 那时正观看金鱼。

9．won't take

10．were enjoying, came

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇14：It 句型 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

It 句型归纳

1． It is ＋adj．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋ to do sth．

用于此句型的形容词有：easy， hard， difficult，possible，

important， impossible， necessary， good， bad， exciting，

interesting， surprising等。如：

It is necessary to change your job．

It was very hard for them to walk such a long way in

the snow．

2． It is ＋n．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋ to do sth．

用于此句型的名词有： pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s

job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。如：

It is a pity for you to have missed such a wonderful

play．

It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats

for the old．

3． It is ＋adj．＋of sb．＋to do sth．

此句型中的形容词主要描述某人的品德、特征。能用于该句型的形容词有：

kind, nice, wise,

silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。如：

How silly it was of you to give up such a good

chance！

It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel

at home in their house．

4． It is ＋adj．（＋n．）＋doing sth．

此句型中的形容词和名词常见的有：no／little use, no／much good,

useless等。如：

It’s no use crying over spilt milk．

5．It takes sb．＋一段时间＋to do sth． 表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”。如：

It took us half an hour to ride to the town by the

sea．

6．It is ＋及物动词的过去分词＋that从句

此句型中常见的及物动词的过去分词有：said, told, known, reported,

recorded, thought, believed, considered等。如：

It is reported that the Russian President will visit

China next week．

7．It ＋不及物动词＋that从句

此句型中不及物动词常见的有：seem， happen， appear， matter等。如：

It seems that there will be a heavy snow tomorrow．

It happened that I met my good friends in the museum

yesterday．

8．强调句型：It is＋被强调部分＋that／who从句

在使用强调句型时要注意，指人时可以用who或that，其它情况一律用that。如：

It was under the bed that my brother hid the ball

this morning．

It is Mr Bell who／that often comes and looks after

the old man．

9．It is／has been＋一段时间＋since从句。如：

It is ／has been three years since we saw each other

last．

10．It is (high) time that sb． did sth．

该句型表示“某人现在该做某事了”，从句常用过去时（虚拟语气）

说明现在应该做的事情。如：

It’s six o’clock．It is high time that we went home

now．

责任编辑：李芳芳

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