哪些时候宾语从句中的that不能省略 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)（精选15篇）由网友“老爸”投稿提供，以下是小编为大家汇总后的哪些时候宾语从句中的that不能省略 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)，欢迎参阅，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
篇1：哪些时候宾语从句中的that不能省略 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
哪些时候宾语从句中的that不能省略
内蒙古五原县一中英语组 杨开昌
在一般情况下，宾语从句中的that只起引导作用，在句中不做任何成分，没有实际意义，通常可以将其省略。例如，
I think (that)he’ll be all right in a few days.
Current trends indicate (that)transportation is becoming cleaner,faster and safer.
但是，that在引导宾语从句时并非在任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况中，that不能省略。
（1）and 连接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第一个that可以省略也可以不省，但其它不能省略，以免产生误会：
Galileo’s observations show (that) Copernicus, another great astronomer, was right and that the earth moves around the sun, not the other way around.
(2) that引导的宾语从句放在except ,but 等介词后面的时候,that不能省略.
He is a good student except that he is a little careless.
(3) that 引导的宾语从句放在句首起强调作用的时候,that不能省略.
That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.
(4) 主句谓语动词和that引导的宾语从句之间有插入的时候,that不能省略
Everyone could see , I believe , that Tom was really afraid .
(5) it 作形式宾语时,that 引导的宾语从句中的that不能省略.
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
(6) 在对话中简短回答时,如果that引导的宾语从句独立出现,that不能省略.
---What did he say ?
---That he won the first prize in the game .
(7) 在可接双宾语动词后that引导的宾语从句作直接宾语的时候,that不能省略.
The foreign friend tells us that Chinese is one of the most difficult languages to learn .
(8) 在that引导的宾语从句之前或之后紧接着一个状语的时候,that不能省略.
He suddenly caught sight of the boy and realized at once that he had seen him before.
(9) 在直接引语中,that引导的宾语从句与主句隔开的时候,that不能省略,.
“I’m sorry to say,” he said ,“that you are not the suitable person for the work.”
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇2：省略 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
省略
省略在英语运用中，尤其是在交际对话中普遍存在，因为它可以避免重复，突出关键词语，能做到言简意赅，并使上下文紧密连接。在历年的高考题中也屡见不鲜。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，有的学者把某些替代也看作一种省略。那么--
一、词法上的省略
1. 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略
1）如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。如：
These are John's books and those are Mary's (books). 这些是约翰的书，那些是玛丽的书。
2）名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略。如：
at the doctor's 在诊所
at Mr. Green's 在格林先生家
to my uncle's 到我叔叔家
at the barber's 在理发店
2. 冠词的省略
1）为了避免重复
The lightning flashed and thunder crashed. 电闪雷鸣。（thunder前省略了定冠词the）
2）在the next day (morning, week, year...)等短语中，有时为了使语气紧凑定冠词the 常可以省略。如：We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day. 第二天，我们去农场帮助农民收庄稼。
3）在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。如：
She sings best in the class. 她在班上唱歌唱得最好。
4）在某些独立主格结构中。如：
Our teacher came in, book in hand. (=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.)
我们的老师手里拿着一本书进来了。
5）在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。如：
Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他还是一个孩子，却懂得很多。
3. 介词的省略
1）both 后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时，介词of可以省略，但接代词宾格时，of不能省略。如：
Both (of) the films were interesting. 这两部电影都很有趣。
She invited both of us to her birthday party. 她邀请我们俩去参加她的生日派对。
2）在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一段时间前的介词for可以省略。如：
These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time.
这双鞋穿破了，已经穿了很长一段时间了。
3）被动结构中，如果没有必要强调动作的执行者，则可以省略介词by短语。如：
The letter was posted (by me) yesterday. 这封信是昨天寄出去的。
4）和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，如：consider... (as)..., prevent / stop... (from)doing..., have trouble / difficulty... (in) doing...,spend... (in / on) doing... 等中的介词可以省略。如：
Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away. 树能阻止泥土被冲走。
Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? 你能阻止他下河洗澡吗？
I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. 回答这个问题我有点困难。
4. 动词不定式中的省略
1）有些动词，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构
to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。如：
I consider him (to be) lazy. 我认为他懒。
His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.他母亲发觉他是一个很聪明的孩子。
2）感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役动词let, make, have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留。如：
They made the boy go to bed early.他们强迫这个男孩早睡。
The boy was made to go to bed early. 这个男孩被迫早睡。
注：help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。
3）在can not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后的动词不定式一般不带to； but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 时，也不带to, 否则要带to。如：
We have nothing to do now but wait. 我们现在除了等没有别的事可做。
I can not but admire his courage. 我不能不钦佩他的勇敢。
He has no choice but to accept the fact. 除了接受这个事实他别无选择。
4）在并列结构中为了避免重复。如：
I'm really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知道该怎么想，怎么说才好。
但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省略。如：
I came not to scold but to praise you. 我来不是责备你，而是赞美你。
5）在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。如：
Why talk so much about it? 为什么大谈这个事呢？
Why not try it again? 为什么不再试一试呢？
6）动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to。如：They may go if they wish to(go). 如果他们想去，他们就可以去。
Don't go till I tell you to.直到我告诉你去，你才可以去。
在一些动词afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try等后跟动词不定式作宾语，不定式中的to可以承前（后)省略。如:
-Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿和我一起去看电影吗？
-Well, I'd like to (go with you). 我愿意。
I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you).
我想为你做这事，但我又不知如何做。
在某些形容词，如：afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager等后承前省略动词原形，只保留不定式符号to。如：-Will you join us in the game? 你愿和我们一起做这个游戏吗？
-Sure, I'll be glad to(join you in the game). 当然，我愿意。
有些动词，如：tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like, forbid等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语、主语补足语时，不定式承前省略动词原形， 保留动词不定式符号to。如： He didn't come, though we had invited him to (come).
尽管我们邀请他来，他却没来。
注：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be，则要保留be或have。如：
-Are you a teacher? 你是老师吗？ -No, but I used to be (a teacher). 不，我以前是。
二、句法中的省略
在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。
1． 简单句中的省略
1）感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。如： What a hot day (it is)!多热的天啊！
How wonderful!多妙啊！
2） 在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。如：
-（Will you） Have a smoke? 你抽烟吗？ -No. Thanks. 不，谢谢了。
（Is there）Anything else to say?还有别的要说吗？
2． 并列句中的省略
1） 如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。如：
John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.
约翰一定在踢球，而玛丽一定在做作业。
2） 主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略。如：
His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。
3） 主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。如：
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。
4）在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。如：
Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't （sing at the party）.
杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在晚会上唱歌。
3． 复合句中的省略
1） 名词性从句中的省略
（1）作宾语的what从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则what从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语。如：Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it).
有人用了我的自行车，但我不知道是谁。
He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).
他走了，但没人知道他去哪儿了。
（2）有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分。如：
（I'm） Sorry I've kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。
（3）在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。如：It's important that we (should) speak to the old politely. 我们对老人说话要有礼貌，这很重要。
2） 定语从句中的省略
（1）在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。如：
The man(who / whom) I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。
Where is the book (which) I bought this morning?今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿？
（2）关系副词when, where, why以及that在the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week, month, year等) when, the place(desk, table, room, spot, house, town, country, school等)where, the reason why, the way that结构中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合下，可以省略关系副词when, where, why, that。如：
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair. 他来这么早是他自己的事。
The way (that) you answered the questions was admirable. 你回答这些问题的方式令人钦佩。
3）状语从句中的省略
当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。
（1）在as, before, till, once, when, while等引导的时间状语从句中。如：
While（I was） waiting, I was reading some magazines. 我一边看杂志，一边等。
（2）在though, although,等引导的让步状语从句中。如：
Though (they were) tired, they went on working. 虽然他们累了，但他们仍继续工作。
（3）在if, unless(=if... not)等引导的条件状语从句中。如：
You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) invited.
除非你被邀请，否则你不应该来参加他的宴会。
（4）在as, as if, as though引导的让步状语从句中。如：
He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那样去做了。
He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak. 他停下来，好像是在期待她说话。
（5）在as(so)... as..., than引导的比较状语从句中。如：
I know you can do better than he (can do). 我知道你能比他做得更好。
This car doesn't run as fast as that one (does). 这辆小车不及那辆跑得快。
三、替代性省略
在一些交际用语中的某些动词，如：think, suppose, expect, believe，guess等后常常和so， not等连用，以替代上文出现的内容。如：
-Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? 你认为他会来参加这个会议吗？
-I suppose not. 我认为不会。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇3：省略与替代 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
省略与替代
（一）并列句中的省略
在并列句中，第二分句（或第三、第四分句）往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。如：
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.
（二）简单句中的省略
1．省略主语
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如：
(You) Be seated, please.
2）其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如：
(I)Thank you for your help. （谢谢你的帮助。）
(It)Doesn’t matter. （没关系。）
2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如：
(There is) No smoking. （禁止吸烟。）
(Is there) Anything else ?（还有其他事吗？）
(You come) This way, please. （请这边走）。
(Will you)Have a smoke ?（吸支烟？）
What (do you) think about a cup of tea ?（来一杯怎么样？）
Why（do you）not say hello to him ?（为什么不和他说声再见呢？）
3．省略宾语。如：
-Do you know Miss Gao ?（你认识高小姐吗？）
-I don’t know（her）. （我不认识。）
-Which of them is the better choice ?（他们中谁是更合适的人选？）
-Well, it’s hard to tell（it）. （哟，这很难说。）
4．省略表语。如：
-Are you thirsty ?（你渴吗？）
-Yes, I am（thirsty）. （是的，我渴。）
5．同时省略几个成分。如：
-Are you feeling better now ?（你觉得好些吗？）
-（I am feeling）Much better（now）. （好多了。）
-Have you finished your work ?（你完成工作了吗？）
-（I have）Not（finished my work）yet. （还没有。）
（I wish）Good luck（to you）！（祝你顺利！）
6．其他一些省略结构
1）名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：
We spent the weekend at the Blacks’.
2）what和how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语it和be动词。如：
What a wonderful victory（it is）for Wilma!
How wonderful（it was）to be treated like a normal child, even when I was bad.
3）不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to。
①代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，seem，try，wand，wish等后边。如：
I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to.
②在have，need，ought，be going，，used等后。如：
I didn’t want to go there, but I had to.
③在某些形容词glad，happy，pleased，delighted等后，如：
-Will you join in the game ?
-I’d be glad to.
④否定形式的省略用not to。如：
-Shall I go instead of him ?
-I prefer not to.
⑤如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。如：
-Are you a sailor ?
-No, but I used to be.
-He hasn’t finished yet.
-Well, he ought to have.
（三）复合句中的省略
1．定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that，which，whom常可以省略；当先行词是time，reason，place时作状语的关系副词when，why，where也可以省去。如：
This is the first time（when）he had trouble with the boss.
2．当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时，可以把重复的内容省去，而保留wh-疑问词。如：
Tom was sad, but I don’t know why（he was sad）.
3．状语从句中的省略现象
一般来说，省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中：
由when，while，as，before，after，till，until，once等引导的时间状语从句；由if，unless，whether等引导的条件状语从句；由though，although，even if，whatever等引导的让步状语从句，由as，than引导的让步状语从句；由as，as if，as though 方式状语从句。
上述状语从句在省略时，并不是任何成分都可以省略，而是遵循一定的原则：
1）当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：
①连词(as, as if, once) + 名词
Once（he was）a teacher, he now works in a government office.
②连词(though，whether，when) + 形容词
Work hard when（you are）young, or you’ll regret.
③连词(whether, as if, while) + 介词短语
He looked everywhere as if（he was）in search of something.
④连词(when，while，though) + 现在分词
While（I was）walking along the street, I heard my name called.
⑤连词（when，if，even if，unless，once，until，than，as） + 过去分词
The exhibition is more interesting than（it was）expected.
⑥连词（as if，as though） + 不定式
He opened his lips as if（he were）to speak.
注意：当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略：
Her father told her to be careful when（she was）crossing the street.
2）当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系统动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if，unless，when，whenever) + 形容词的结构。如：
Unless（it is）necessary, you’d better not refer to the dictionary.
另外，我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可有if + so/not省略句式。
Get up early tomorrow. If not（you don’t get up early），you will miss the first bus.
He may not be at home then, if so（he is not at home），leave him a note.
替 代
（一）so和not作替代词，代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子，一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用，作be afraid，believe，become，all，do，expect，fear，hope，imagine，say，see，speak，suppose，think等的宾语。Not代替否定的句子，还可放在perhaps，probably，absolutely等副词后。如：
She was not angry at first, but became so（=angry）after a while.
-Is he the best student in the class ?
-I think so（=He is best student in the class. ）
-I think not（=He is not the best student in the class）.
（二）替代的应用
1．So可以放在句首或句尾，但若谓语动词是see, notice, hear等，则只能放在句首。如：
I believe（say, think…）so. =So I believe（say, think…）.
-He is absent today.
-So I see（hear, notice）.
2．在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。如：
误：I doubt so.
正：I doubt it.
3．在ask和know之后也不用so。如：
误：Why do you ask so ?
正：Why do you ask that ?
4．do so一般只用替代动态动词，不替代静态动词。如：
She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so.
-Alice feels better today.
-I think she does.
-So she does.
但不可说：I think she does so.
基础训练
1.(春季全国高考题)The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if________whether he was going in the right direction.
A.seeing B.having
C.to have seen D.to see
2.(全国高考题)Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment，________ I will always treasure.
A.that B.oneC.it D.what
3.I often think of my childhood,during________I lived on my uncle’s farm.
A.which B.when C.where D.who
4.-May I help you with some shoes，sir?
-Yes，I’d like to try on those white ________.
A.one B.ones C.two D.pair
5.Here are four choices，which do you think is the best________?
A.choices B.that C.ones D./
6.-What’s the difference between the first house and the second?
-The first one has a garage while the second has ________.
A.nothing B.none C.no one D.neither
7.-Have you ever been to Shanghai?
-________.
A.Not yet B.Haven’t
C.Yet not D.Still not
8.-Don’t forget to come to my birthday party.
-________.
A.I don’t B.I won’t
C.I don’t forget D.I won’t forget
9.-Be sure to get up earlier tomorrow morning.
-________.I’ll be as early as a bird.
A.OK.I will B.I’m afraid 1 can
C.Of course not D.No，I will
10.-What’s the matter with you?
-I didn’t pass the test，but 1 still ________
A.hope so B.hope to
C.hope it D.hope that
11.-Is she really ill?
-________.She’s in hospital.
A.I hope so B.I’m sure
C.1 don’t think so D.I’m afraid so
12.I am happy if you ________.
A.happy B.are C.will D.be
13.-I say it is your turn to be on duty today.
-________?
A.Mine B.I C.Myself D.Me
14.Don’t come in unless ________.
A.inviting B.inviting to
C.invited to D.being invited to
15.-I usually go there by train.
-Why not ________by boat for a change?
A.to try going B.try to go
C.to try and go D.try going
16.The doctor did what he could ________the boy，but in vain.
A.save B.to save
C.saving D.saved
17.He spent most of his spare time________novels.
A.to read B.reading
C.to reading D.for reading
18.All the girl want ________do is________stay at home and study hard.
A./；to B.to；to
C.to；/ D.either B or C
19.-Why did you take a taxi?
-I ________.I was late.
A.have to B.have to do
C.had to D.had to do
20.-Why didn’t you do your homework yesterday?
-But ________，sir.
A.I did so B.I didn’t do it
C.I didn’t forget D.I did do it
21.He is very famous here，so we had no trouble________him yesterday.
A.to find B.finding
C.found D.in founding
22.-How often do they give the concert?
-________.
A.For twice a month B.In twice a month
C.Twice a month D.Twice month
23.He is not ________his sister，but ________.
A.taller than；stronger B.so tall as；strong
C.taller than；is stronger D.as tall as;stronger
24.-You look happy today，Mary.
-I like my new dress and Mother ________，too.
A.likes B.does C.is D.do
25.-What do you think made Mary so upset?
-________ her new bicycle.
A.As she lost B.Lost
C.Losing D.Because of losing
26.-Who’s got all my money?
-He ________.
A.does B.is C.was D.has
27.The children are made________twelve hours a day.
A.to work B.work C.working D.worked
28.We often hear him________English songs.
A.to sing B.sing
C.singing D.to be singing
29.I’m very busy preparing for the exam，so I can’t help________the house work.
A.doing B.do C.did D.done
30.What doctors can do is________ people’s life.
A.save B.saving C.to save D.A or C
31.Although________to stop，he kept on working.
A.tell B.told C.was told D.having told
32.Ask him to take you home________possible.
A.at B.while C.if D.if they
33.The English book for kids is the best of its kind ________.
A.that has ever been made B.ever made
C.ever been made D.has ever been made
34.-Will Susan win the Nobel Prize this time?
-It is likely that she ________.
A.will B.does C.will do D.wins it
35.I prefer the climate of Kunming to________of Wuhan.
A.it B.one C.this D.that
36.-Mr.Black has just arrived.
-Really? ________.He didn’t accept our invitation.
A.I can’t imagine it B.1 don’t think so
C.I hope so D.I don’t believe him
37.They live on a busy main road.________ must be very noisy.
A.There B.It C.That D.They
38.We don’t go to the cinema as much as ________.
A.we used to go B.we used to do
C.used to D.we used to
39.Canada has a large area than________China.
A.that of B.the one of
C.it of D./
40.________，I’ll have a letter sent to your company.
A.If necessary B.If it were necessary
C.As I’m necessary D.Unless it is necessary
41.-Shall I invite Mike to my party?
-Yes，it will be nice if you ________.
A.do B.do invite
C.are D.invite
42.-Have you been here long?
-________.
A.No，not very B.Not much
C.Yes，only little D.No，only yesterday
43.-Do you follow me?
-Yes，________.
A.it is good B.I will
C.perfectly D.very good
44.Look out for cars________the street.
A.when crossed B.when crossing
C.if you crossed D.while you are crossing
45.She worked very hard________still rather poor in health.
A.though she B.although she
C.though D.although was
46.-Is the stamp very unusual?
-________.
A.Yes，very much B.Yes，it is so
C.Yes，very D.Yes，not very
47.-Can you climb that tree，my boy?
-________?
A.I B.Mine C.Myself D.Me
48.-Will you waste your time and money on that?
-Certainly ________.
A.I not B.no
C.won’t D.not
49.-What happened to the boy? He’s making so much noise.
-He wanted to play football，but his mother warned him ________.
A.not B.to
C.not to D.不填
50.-Shall I wake you up tomorrow morning?
-Yes，________.
A.please do B.you shall
C.you will D.you may
51.You have three children，but I have only two ________.
A.one B.ones
C./ D.child
52.-Mary said the lecture was boring.
-Yes，I said ________.
A.that B.this
C.the kind D.the same
53.-Alice，why didn’t you do it the day before?
-I ________，but I had an unexpected visitor.
A.had B.would
C.was going to D.does
54.-Do you need a new tie to go with your new suit，Mr.Smith?
-No.________.
A.I’m having plenty of ties
B.I have lots of ties to do it
C.I think I have several that will do
D.There are lots of ties to do it
55.-Are you a film star?
-________.
A.Yes，I was B.I used to be
C.I used to D.I’m used to
56.-I’ll be away on a business trip.Would you mind looking after my cat?
-Not at all.________.
A.I’ve no time B.I’d rather not
C.I’d like it D.I’d be happy to
57.-I’m going to dig it up.
-What ________?
A.with B.by C.at D.from
58.Frightened by the noise in the night，the girl did not dare ________in her room.
A.sleeping B.to sleeping
C.sleep D.slept
59.-They have done a good job.
-________.Let’s go to congratulate them.
A.So they have done B.So they have
C.So have they D.So is it
60.He smokes a lot.Does his father ________?
A.smoke so B.smoke that
C.do so D.did that
基础训练18 省略与替代
1~5 DBABD 6~10 BABAB
11~15 DBACD 16~20 BBDCD
21~25 BCABC 26~30 DABBD
31~35 BCBAD 36~40 ABDDA
41~45 AACBC 46~50 CDDCA
51~55 CDCCB 56~60 DACBC
【解析】
1.根据上下文，空白处为he wanted to see之省略。
2.one在这里代替moment，以避免重复。
5.此处既可不填直接用形容词最高级表示替代，也可在其后加一个one表替代。
6.此处用none表示第二套房没有车库之类的设施；而nothing表示什么也没有，显然语意不合。
7.现在完成时否定式的省略回答。
10.hope to pass the test之省略。
11.根据下文的回答用I’m afraid so表示“恐怕如此”之意。
12.if you are happy的省略。
13.Is it my turn(=mine) to be on duty today?的省略。
18.当主语部分中含有do这个动词时，不定式作表语可省掉to，也可不省。
19.I had to take a taxi的省略。
20.I did do it表示“我确实做了”。
25.所做的回答要能替换What在句中所起的作用。
27.make sb.do sth.在主动语态中do前没有to，但如果变成被动语态则必须加to。
29.这里的can’t help是“不能帮忙(做某事)”的意思，所以跟带to或不带to的原形动词；如果can’t help是“禁不住；情不自禁”之意，则后跟动词的-ing形式。
32.if it is possible的省略。
58.dare用作实义动词时，在否定句中，其后的不定式符号to可以省略。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇4：省略和倒装专练 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
省略和倒装专练
1．- I hate talking with that guy. Look, he is coming. What should I do?
- Don’t speak until _____.
A. speaking B. spoken to C. spoken D. speaking to
2．- How are you getting on with your work?
- Oh, I’m sorry. Things aren’t going so well as _____.
A. plans B. planning C. planned D. to plan
3．Comparison may make something appear more beautiful than it is _____ alone.
A. if seeing B. when seen C. to be seen D. to see
4．He is only too ready to help others, seldom, _____, refusing them when they turn to him.
A. if never B. if ever C. if not D. if any
5．- Did you have a sound sleep last night?
- Yes, never sleep _____.
A. better B. best C. badly D. worse
6．- Do you like the weather in July in Beijing?
-_____. It’s very hot and dry.
A. Not really B. Well, let me see C. Yes, very much D. Yes, I’ve been there
Twice
7. Tom must have been playing basketball ，Mary _____ doing her homework.
A. is B. was C. must be D. /
8. While _____ holding talks with President Hu Jintao, US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.
A. he is B. he was C./ D. B or C
9. -You should have thanked her before you left.
- I meant _____, but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere
A. to thank B. to C. / D. thanking
10. The only thing you have to do _____ the button.
A. is pressing B. is press C. was pressed D. was pressing
11. My advice is that he _____so much.
A. not smoke B. doesn't smoke C. won't smoke D. must not
12. [高考全国卷-II]When first _____ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
The eighteen-storeyed building, when _______, will shut out the sun _______ up the rooms in my house.
A. completed; lighted B. completed; lighting
C. completing; lighting D. competing; lighted
13. - Is your mother going to the supermarket？
- No, _____.
A. she doesn’t B. she’s cooking C. she gets by bus D. to a tailor’s shop
14. - She may not be free today.
- _____, we’ll have to put the meeting off.
A. If may B. If not C. If she may not D. If she may not be free today
15. She hurriedly left the room as if _____.
A. she angry B. was angry C. it was angry D. angry
16. - Do you follow me？
- Yes, _____.
A. it is good B. I will C. perfectly D. very good
17.－You haven’t lost the ticket, have you ?
－_____. I know it’s not easy to get another one at the moment.
A. I hope not B. Yes, I have C. I hope so D. Yes, I’m afraid so
18. I wonder why you won't do it as _____. It's the third time you have done so.
A. told to B. be told C. told you D. you told
19. He is rather difficult to make friends with, but his friendship, _____ is more true than any other.
A. once gained B. when to gain C. after is gained D. while gaining
20. - You seem to have lost your way. _____?
- I'm looking for Wangfujing Street.
A. What for B. Need help C. Why so D. Where to
21. -We have managed to put out the fire.
-But ____, we can’t be too careless.
A. even though B. even so C. therefore D. so
22. You may take them all home _____.
A. if possible B. if can C. if impossible D. if you are possible
23. Water, _____ enough, can change into vapor quickly
A. when heated B. while heating C. when to be heated D. when is heated
24. - Should I look up each word that I don’t understand?
- No, turn to your dictionary only when _____.
A. you are necessary B. you need
C. necessary D. you are needed
25．_____ that he found it difficult to stop at the red light.
A. So fast he was driving B. So fast he drove C. So fast was he driving D. So fast drive he
26. _____ to him.
A. Not a word I ever say B. didn’t ever say a word
C. Not a word did I ever say D. Not did I ever say a word
27. _____, I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John.
A. As long as I have traveled B. Now that I have traveled so much
C. Much as I have traveled D. As I have traveled so much
28. To such an extent ____ their son that they have tried to satisfy every demand of his.
A. their parents do love B. their parents love
C. do their parents love D. love their parents
29. - Why can't I smoke here?
- At no time _____ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
30. _____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
31. On the top of the hill _____ where the old man once lived．
A．a temple stands there B．a temple standing
C．stands a temple D．does a temple stand
32．-Can you tell me where my uncle is?
-Yes，of course, _____．
A．here your uncle comes B．here comes your uncle
C．comes your uncle here D．your uncle here come
33. _____, he would have passed the exam.
A. If he worked hard B. If he were to work hard
C. Had he worked hard D. If he was to work hard
34. No sooner _____ the top of the mountain, _____ the sun rose.
A. they had arrived on, than B. had they reached, than
C. had they climbed to, then D. they got to, then
35. Only _____ as an interpreter _____ how important it was to practice speaking English.
A. when I worked, I realized B. when did I work, did I realize
C. when I work, did I realize D. when I worked, did I realize
36. Such a noise _____ that I couldn’t go on with my work.
A. in the room there was B. there was in the room
C. was there in the room D. there is in the room
37. Little _____ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself.
A. does he care B. did he care C. he cares D. he cared
38. _____ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
39. By no means ____ once we start to do what we want to.
A. we shall give up B. we give away C. shall we give up D. shall we give away
40. _____ that they had made an important discovery in science.
A. Little they realized B. They had realized little
C. Little did they realize C. Little had they realized
41. _____ have I seen a better performance.
A. Everywhere B. Nowhere else C. Everywhere else D. Nowhere
42. Hardly _____ when the bus pulled away.
A. they had got to the bus stop B. they got to the bus stop
C. did they get to the bus stop D. had they got to the bus stop
43. There _____.
A. come they B. they come C. they are coming D. they will come
44. _____ and caught the mouse.
A. Up the cat jumped B. The cat up jumped
C. Up jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat
45. Seldom _____ any mistakes during my past few years of working here.
A. would I make B. had I made C. I did make D. shall I make
46. Not until I read the newspaper _____ the ShenzhouVI would be launched.
A. did I know B. I knew C. I know D. knew I
47. Many a time _____ the chess competition.
A. has he taken part B. he took part in
C. has he taken part in D. he has taken part in
48. If MR Black does not attend the meeting tomorrow, _____.
A. neither do I B. nor shall I C.I don’t, either D. never will I
49. _____, I will learn it well.
A. Whatever difficult English is B. No matter how difficult is English
C. However difficult English is D. Difficult as is English
50. They waited and waited, _____ they had been looking forward to.
A. then came the hour B. then did come the hour
C. then the hour came D. the hour then came
答案及简析
1.B．本题的答语部分是一个省略句。完整的结构应是: Don’t speak until you are spoken to.。当主从句主语一致时，可省略从句中的主语部分，保留从句的主要动词，本句省略了you are。
【高考验证】(2004高考全国卷-II)When first _______to the market, these products enjoyed great success.(04全国卷二)A. introducing B. introducedC. introduce D. being introduced
2．C。本题的答语部分也是一个省略句。完整的形式应是Things aren’t going so well as they were planned.。而在这个完整的句子中,我们可以省略they were, 而只保留planned。
3．B。考查省略和非谓语动词。从句结构上看空处应是状语从句，即：（when it is）seen alone“单独来看时”。C和D缺乏连词，A为主动，seeing的主语不明了。故选B。
4．B。if ever pron．如果有过的话也。句意为“他太喜欢帮助别人啦，别人向他求助时他不拒绝，如有的话，那。。。”。在too…to…结构中，如too后的形容词是描述心理（变化）的词，那too…to…结构不在表示否定意义，即表肯定意义。如：He is too eager to leave.他太想离开了。如：He’s too ready to pronounce on matters of which he really knows very little.
他太喜欢对自己实际上几乎一无所知的问题发表意见。
5．A。否定词加比较级相当于最高级的意思，意为“睡的再好不过啦，即这是睡的最好的一次”。
6. A。Not reaaly是I reaaly don’t like…的简写。从空后的答语判断说话人对北京的天气并不是十分满意，因此应选A最佳。
7. D。注意逗号的作用，逗号后应是独立主格结构。本句完整句子是：Tom must…basketball and Mary must have been doing her work.。当主从句主语不一致时，句中若没有并列连词，可把其中一个分句改为独立主格结构，保留其分句的主语。
8. C。当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be 。因主句谓语是过去时态，可排除A；如选B，往往会产生歧义（会误认为 He和President是两个人）。
9. B。不定式作某些动词的宾语且与前面的内容相同，为了避免重复，常省略与上文相同部分，只保留动词不定式符号to。类似的动词有:love, like, care,wish,hope,expect,prefer,refuse, mean,try,oblige ,advise ,persuade ,agree ,want ,afford ,forget ,remember ,try ,manage等。如：Would you like to go to the cinema this weekend? I’d like to (go to the cinema), but I… 。
10. B。当主语部分有to do或to do的任何形式,系动词又是 is 或 was 时 ，作表语的不定式通常省去to。根据句意可知press动作还未发生，可排除其他选项。
11. A。在advice, suggestion, order, proposal,plan, idea,advice, decision等需要有内涵的名词后的表语/同位语从句中，要用虚拟语气，其谓语动词需用：should+动词原形（常省略should），另外连接从句的连词that不能省略。
12. D。首先弄清句子结构，通过分析可以看出，when____, 是状语从句，因为…building was completed ,所以省略谓语动词，直接用“when completed”; the sun lights up…是主语形式，所以用“lighting”。
13.D。本句为……she is going to a tailor’s shop的省略。省略了与上句相同的部分。注意：be going to是将来时态，回答应用将来时或是将来时的省略形式。
14. B。本句为if she is not free的省略。根据空后时态和句意可以看出，空出应是条件状语从句，在条件状语从句中一般将来时要用一般现在时来代替。据此，可排除其他选项。
15. D。当if，unless，when，while，though/although，as if/though等引导的状语从句中的主语和主句的主语指同一人或物或从句的主语是it时，从句谓语中含有be时，可在从句中省略主语和be。
16. C。perfectly = I follow you perfectly。Perfectly“完全地，完全可以”。A、D表示事物本身性质，不符合句意。will一般用于别人提出要求时的肯定答语，含有感情色彩，表示愿望，或单纯将来。
17. A。考查省略。根据第一句You haven’t lost…和下句的…not easy to get…可以看出，应答应该是(No, )I hope not，No译为：是的，我希望没有（丢了）。替代词so / not用于避免重复前面所说过的内容，代替肯定的名词性从句。可与动词believe , do, expect, fear, guess, hope, say, speak, suppose, think 及 I’m afraid连用。肯定时上列动词都可与so 搭配，否定时hope与guess 只用I hope not 和I guess not 形式，而think ,believe, suppose等词可有两种否定形式，即：I think not 或I don’t think so.
18. A。…do it as you are told to。主从句主语一致，省略从句主语和部分谓语，保留主要动词。注意：在时间，地点，条件，方式或让步状语从句中如果主句，从句主语一致，从句中的谓语动词又包含be或主语是it，常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分省略。
【高考验证】(NMET1995) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
19. A。状语从句的省略形式，由题意知其完整形式是once it is gained，it指代friendship。此题和12题属于同类。在时间，地点，条件，方式或让步状语从句中如果主句，从句主语一致，从句中的谓语动词又包含be或主语是it，常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分省略。
20. B。语境省略。Need help?=Do you need help? What for“为什么？”；Why so?“为什么（会）这样？”；Where to“（要）去哪儿？”，A、C和D都不符合语境（习惯）。
21.B。even though“即使, 尽管”; therefore“因此, 所以”，表原因；so“因而, 所以, 那么, 这样看来”，表结果；even so “虽然（尽管）如此”，既可引导句子，也可单独使用，so代替上文所提内容（even we have managed to…。如：There are many spelling mistakes;even so it's quite a good essay. 这篇文章有许多拼写错误，然而仍不失之为好文章。又如：The book is rather old;even so,it is very useful. 这本书已很旧，尽管如此，它还是很有用。
22. A。根据句意可排除C；又因it代表事情（情况），所以应选A。注意：在时间，地点，条件，方式或让步状语从句中如果主句，从句主语一致，从句中的谓语动词又包含be或主语是it，常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分省略。
23. A。此题和第12、19题相同。也是把状语从句的省略形式插入到主句。省略原因还是如下：在时间，地点，条件，方式或让步状语从句中如果主句，从句主语一致，从句中的谓语动词又包含be或主语是it，常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分省略。
24. C此题和22题一样，when(it is )necessary，因it代表事情（情况），可排除其他选项。省略原因还是如下：在时间，地点，条件，方式或让步状语从句中如果主句，从句主语一致，从句中的谓语动词又包含be或主语是it，常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分省略。
25．C。so修饰副词或形容词位于句首时，谓语要倒装。【高考验证】(高考江苏卷-35) _________ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research
A. So curious the couple was B. So curious were the couple
C. How curious the couple were D. The couple was such curious
26. C。为了强调“not a + n.”或“not a single+n.”结构，将其置于句首时，句中的主语作部分倒装。如：Not a word did he say at the meeting. 【高考验证】(高考上海卷)Not a single song ______ at yesterday’s party. (00上海)
A. she sang B. sang she C. did she sing . D. she did sing .
提醒：由否定词never, not, hardly, little, seldom, rarely, nowhere和否定意义的短语in no way, in no case, at no time, by no means等引起的句子，常用倒装语序。
27. C。as引导让步状语从句要倒装，倒装部分常为作表语的形容词、作状语的副词和谓语动词。根据题意，本题前后两句之间存在着让步关系，又是as引导让步状语从句，句子要用倒装语序，即要把从句中状语提到as前面。【高考验证】（高考广东卷-23）_____,Garolina couldn’t get the door open. A. Might she as try B. As she might try C. She might as try D. Try as she might答案：D【详解】本题考查as引导的状语从句倒装的情况。【备考建议】倒装句是一常见的语言现象。要引起大家的足够的重视。
28. C。表示程度的副词such放句首时要用倒装，A、B非倒装，D项违背倒装原则（行为动词倒装要借助于助动词do/does/did等）。
29. A。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
30. C。在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.
【高考验证】[北京春季高考--31]I can’t see any coffee in this cupboard. ________ ?
A. Has it all been finished B. Was it all finished
C. Has it all finished D. Did it all finish
31. C。为了强调句中的状语或表语，为了保持句中平衡或上下文衔接紧密，可将状语或标语置于句首，句中主语和谓语全部倒装。如：In the paragraph can be found an answer.
【高考验证】（2005高考辽宁卷-35）In the dark forests ________, some large enough to hold several English towns.
A．stand many lakes B．lie many lakes
C．many lakes lie D．many lakes stand
32．B。句中谓语是go, come, run等表示位置的动词或be动词，句中又有表示方向的副词（如：there, here, up, down, out, in, away等），为了强调该副词，可将其放于句首，而将谓语动词全部置于主语之前，如：Down came the rain。但当主语是代词时，要用半倒装如：Here it comes。
33. C。当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有were, should或had等时，如将if省略，则要将were, should或had等移到主语前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.
34. B。hardly…when…；no sooner…than…；scarcely…before…和not only…but also…引导两个分句时，如把hardly, no sooner或scarcely提置句前，需将所在分句（将前一个分句）中的主语作部分倒装，后一个分句中的主谓语序不变。
35. D。only修饰状语或状语从句且放在句首时，主句谓语动词要倒装（修饰主语除外）。
【高考验证-1】(2005高考福建卷-32) Only after my friend came________.
A. did the computer repair B. he repaired the computer
C. was the computer repaired D. the computer was repaired
【高考验证-2】(2004高考重庆卷-34) I failed in the final examination last term and only then _____the importance of studies.（04重庆卷）
A. I realized B I had realized C. had I realized D. did I realize
36. C。表示程度的副词such放句首时要用倒装，D项时态不符。如不提前such，本句应为：There was such a noise that I couln’t go on with my work.
37. B。由否定词never, not, hardly, little, seldom, rarely, nowhere和否定意义的短语in no way, in no case, at no time, by no means等引起的句子置于句首以示强调时，句子的主谓作部分倒装。
38. B。本题同33题。当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有were, should或had等时（would一般不包括在内），如将if省略，则要将were, should或had等移到主语前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.，D项时态不对。
39. C。由否定词never, not, hardly, little, seldom, rarely, nowhere和否定意义的短语in no way, in no case, at no time, by no means等引起的句子，常用倒装语序。
40. C当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 They realized little that they had made an important discovery in science.。
【高考验证】（2005高考天津卷-4）They have a good knowledge of English but little _______they know about German.
A. have B. did C. had D. do
41. B。nowhere副词，意为“到处都无; 到处都不”由否定词never, not, hardly, little, seldom, rarely, nowhere和否定意义的短语in no way, in no case, at no time, by no means等引起的句子，常用倒装语序。Nowhere else排除了去过的别的地方。Eveywhere是nowhere的反义词，放在句中不通。
【高考验证】（2004高考辽宁卷）Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else _________such a beautiful palace.
A. can you find B. you could find C. you can find D. could you find
42. D。注意hardly…when…; no nooner…when…和scarcely…before…结构。如把hardly, no nooner和scarcely提前，主句谓语要倒装。主句常用过去完成时，从句常用一般过去时。故排除B和C，又因A是陈述句，不符合要求，故排除。
43. B. 句中谓语是go, come, run等表示位置的动词或be动词，句中又有表示方向的副词（如：there, here, up, down, out, in, away等），为了强调该副词，可将其放于句首，而将谓语动词全部置于主语之前，如：Down came the rain。但当主语是代词时，要用半倒装,如：Here it comes。B、C和D都是陈述句，故排除。
44.C．句中谓语是go, come, run等表示位置的动词或be动词，句中又有表示方向的副词（如：there, here, up, down, out, in, away等），为了强调该副词，可将其放于句首，而将谓语动词全部置于主语之前，如：Down came the rain。但当主语是代词时，要用半倒装,如：Here it comes。A是半倒装，如选B，则and后的句子不当，应改为…and the mouse was caught，而D应把up置于句首才合适。故选C。
45. B。由否定词never, not, hardly, little, seldom, rarely, nowhere和否定意义的短语in no way, in no case, at no time, by no means等引起的句子，常用倒装语序。根据时间状语during my past few years…可以判断应用完成时，故排除A、C和D。
46. A。在not…until…句型中，要强调状语until…，需一起把主句中的not提置前面，同时主句要倒装。根据这一要求可排除B和C；行为动词倒装要借助助动词do/does或did，故排除D。
【高考验证】(NMET95) Not until all the fish died in the river , ____ how serious the pollution was .
A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize D. didn’t the villagers realize
【高考验证】(MET90) Not until I began to work______ how much time I had wasted.(MET90)
A. didn’t I realize B. did I realize C. I didn’t D.I realized
47. C。many a time作状语放在句首引起部分倒装。B、D为陈述语气，故排除，A谓语不全（因后有宾语，不能省略in），也排除。
48. D。从句子结构和句意可以看出，动作表将来而且空格处是主句，主句应用一般将来时态，故排除A和C；有因副词提前，句子倒装原则。will表示主观意志、意愿等“愿,想要,(一定)要”如；I won't do so. 我不愿这样做。shall用于第一人称表示一般将来时“将”，不表主观意志、意愿，所以，排除B。
注意：shall用在问句中, 征 询对方对于主语行动的意见(提供帮助, 提出建议、要求给予指示和征求意见), 主要用于第一、三人称意为“... 好吗? 要不要...?”，如：Shall I carry your bag ?
49.C。however是副词，修饰形容词。本题中心词是形容词。A项中的whatever是形容词，修饰名词，而A项中无中心词，故排除；B和D项中缺主语，也排除.。
【高考验证】（2005高考天津卷-5） He tried his best to solve the problem, _______difficult it was.
A. however B. no matter C. whatever D although （状语）
50. A．then是并列连词，本句是个并列句，then后的句子无须倒装，故排除A和B；D项中then的位置应是副词，要选D，那本句就缺少并列连词，故排除D。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇5：语法知识：省略、倒装和插入语 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法知识：省略、倒装和插入语
I.省略
为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可以省略。省略可分为以下几种情况：
（一） 简单句中的省略
1、省略主语
(1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如：
(I)Beg your pardon.
(请再说一遍。--括号内为省略的词语，下同)
(2)其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如：
①（I）Thank you for your help.
②（I）See you tomorrow.
③（It）Doesn’t matter.
2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如：
①（There is）No smoking.(禁止吸烟。)
②(Is there)Anything else?(还有其它事吗？)
③(You come)This way,please.(请这边走。)
④(Will you)Have a smoke?(吸支烟？)
⑤What(do you think)about a cup of tea?(来杯茶怎么样？)
⑥Why(do you)not say hello to him?(为何不向他问好呢？)
3、省略宾语
（1）省略宾语的全部。如：
①---Do you know Miss Gao? -----I don’t know (her).
②----Which of the two is the better choice?----Well,it’s hard to tell (it).
(2)在一定的语境中，在某些动词（如want,wish,hope,like,love等）之后，可省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。如：
①-----Are you going there?-----I’d like to (go there).
②He didn’t give me the chance,though he had promised to (give me the chance).
如果该宾语是be动词或是动词的完成时态，则须在to之后加be或have。如：
③-----Are you an engineer?------No,but I want to be(an engineer).
④----He hasn’t finished the task yet.-----Well,he ought to have(finished the task).
4、省略表语。如：
①----Are you thirsty?-----Yes,I am(thirsty).
②His brother is not lazy,nor is his sister(lazy).
5、同时省略几个成分。如：
①-----Are you feeling better now?----(I am feeling )Much better (now).
②----Have you finished your work?----(I have)Not(finished my work)yet.
(二)并列句中的省略
两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一个分句中相同的部分。如：
① My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
② I study at college and my sister(studies)at high school.
(三)主从复合句中的省略
1、句中有一些成分被省略（多见于句首）。如：
①(I’m)Sorry to hear that you are ill.
②(It is)Pity we live so far from the sea.
2、省略了从句中与主句相同的部分。如：
①They don’t visit their parents as much as they ought to(visit their parents).
②My friend can’t come to school,but I wonder why(he can’t come).
3、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。如：
①----She must be busy now.----If so,she can’t go with us.
②----Is he feeling better today?----I’m afraid not.
类似的用法还有：How so?/Why so?/Is that so?/Do you think so?/Quite so./He said so./I hope so./I don’t think so./I suppose not./I believe not./I hope not，等。
4、句和从句各有一些成分被省略。如：
①The sooner(you do it),the better(it will be).
②----Is Mr King in his office?----(I’m)Sorry,I don’t know(whether he is or not).
（四）其它省略
英语省略的情况还有很多，下面归纳几种需要注意的情况：
1、that的省略
(1)宾语从句中常省略连词 that,但并列多个宾语从句中，只能省略第一个that。
(2)在定语从句中，通常当that在从句中作宾语时，才能省略。如：
The noodles (that)I cooked were delicious.
但是定语从句是there be结构时,在从句中作主语的that也常省略。如：This is the fastest train(that)there is to Beijing.
(3)在主语从句、同位语从句中that很少省略（口语中有省略），在表语从句中偶尔省略。
2、不定式符号to的省略
（1）并列的不定式，前面的不定式带to,后面的不定式可省去to。如：①I told him to sit down and wait a while.
但是，如果两个不定式之间有对比关系，则不可省去to。如：
Hearing the news,we didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
（2）某些使役动词（如make,let,have）及感官动词（如see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,look at,listen to等）后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定要省去to,但在被动语态中须把to复原。比较：
I saw the boy fall from the tree./The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
He often makes his sister cry,but today he was made to cry by his sister.
(3)find当“发现”讲时，后面作宾语补足语不定式的符号to可以省去，也可以不省。如：
We found him(to)work hard at the experiment.
但如果不定式是to be则to不能省略。如：
She found him to be dishonest.
(4)help当“帮助”讲时，后面的宾语或宾语补足语的不定式符号to可省，也可不省。如：
I will help(to)do it for you./I will help you(to)do it.
(5)介词but,except前若有动词do,后面的动词不定式不带to。如：
① The boy does nothing but play all day.
② The animals have nothing to do but lie down and sleep in winter.
(6)主语从句中有动词do,后面作表语的动词不定式的to可带可不带。如：What we can do now is (to) wait.
3、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序要有变化。（见“倒装句”有关部分）
4、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可省去“主语+be”部分，如：
① As(he was)a child,he often asked many interesting questions.
② I’m going with you if(I am)free.
③ He opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.
5、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语是it，其后的动词be及其主语可一起省略。如：
① Fill in the blanks with articles,if(it is)necessary.
② Whenever(it was)possible,they would stop him and ask him the three questions.
6、在than和as引导的比较状语从句中，在意义明确的情况下，可省略than和as后的任何部分。如：
① I know you than he(knows you).
② I know you than(I know)him.
③ In winter,it is colder here than(it is cold)in your hometown.
④ I’m nearly as tall as he(is).
II. 倒装
英语的正常语序是“主语+谓语”。即主语在前，谓语在后。有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，就要采取倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语前称完全倒装；只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前，称为部分倒装。比较：
The teacher came in.→In came the teacher.（完全倒装）
I have never seen so moving a film before.→Never before have I seen so moving a film.(部分倒装)
倒装句常用于下列情况：
1、疑问句要倒装。如
① Are you from America?（一般疑问句）
② How old is your father?（特殊疑问句）
③ Would you like tea or coffee?（选择疑问句）
④ He was very unhappy,wasn’t he?（反意疑问句）
其中反意疑问句前面陈述部分不倒装，后面附加部分倒装。特殊疑问句中，如果疑问词在句中作主语或作主语的定语，就不倒装。如：⑤Who is going to give us a talk?(主语)
⑥Which bus runs to the zoo?(主语的定语)
2、there be句型
（1）be与其后紧接着的主语保持数的一致。如：
① There is a pen and some books on the desk.
② There are some books and a pen on the desk.
(2)类似的句型还有：there live,there stand,there lie,there seem to be,there happen to be,there is likely to be等。如：
① Once upon a time,there lived an old fisherman by the sea.
② There seems to be something wrong with it.
(3)there be句型的反意疑问句的附加部分也用there be的相应形式，如：①There is little ink in the bottle,is there?
③ There used to be a bus stop at the corner,usedn’t /didn’t there?
3、以here,there,up,down,in,out,now,then,away等副词开头的句子。如：①Look,there comes the bus.
②Out rushed the children.
③Away went the boy.
但如果主语是代词就不倒装。如：
① There he comes.
② Here it is.
4、以only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句开头时，要半倒装。如：
① Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
② Only in this way can we better the living conditions of the people.
③ Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to go back home.
5、以副词so,neither,nor(均有“也”的含义)开头的句子。如：
① He likes basketball very much.So do I.
② I didn’t read the notice on the board,nor(neither) did he.
但如果so不含“也”的意思，即使打头，也不用倒装。如：
-----It was cold yesterday.-----So it was.（so当“的确”讲）
6、否定意义的副词或连词（如seldom,never,hardly,little,not等）放在句首时，用半倒装。如：
① Seldom does his wife have a holiday.
② Never shall I forget the day.
③ Hardly can I believe it.
④ Not until he saw the present did he feel happy.
⑤ No sooner had we got home than it began to rain.
⑥ Not only is he a pop singer,but he is also a famous film star. （前一个分句倒装，后一个分句不倒装）
7、省略if的虚拟条件句。如果条件从句的谓语有were,had,should等，可省去if,把were,had,should移到句首。如：
① Were I you(=If I were you),I would try again.
② Had you come early(=If you had come early),you would have met him.
③ Should it rain tomorrow(=If it should rain tomorrow),the crops would be saved.
8、as引导的让步状语从句，谓语动词以后的部分倒装（提到as之前）。如：
① Child as he is（=Though he is a child）,he knows a lot.
② Much as I like it,I won’t buy it.
③ Hard as he worked,he made little progress.
Though引导的让步状语从句可以用倒装，也可以不用倒装。
9、so/such引导的结果状语从句，当so/such放在句首时，用倒装如：①So interesting was the film that I saw it twice.
②Such a kindhearted man is he that everyone loves him.
10、直接引语的全部或部分放在句首，并且主句的主语为名词时，主句倒装。如：
①“You are right.”said the teacher.
②“Boys,”said the teacher,“you are right.”
但“I am very sorry.”he said.(he是代词，不倒装)
11、为了表达生动，或为了强调表语或状语，或为了使句子均衡而倒装。如：
① At the head of the queue was an old woman.
② Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting.
③ Before them were miles and miles of snow.
④ Gone are the days when the Chinese had to use foreign oil.
⑤ Also present will be a person who thinks up an idea for an advertisement.
12、某些表示祝愿的句子，需要倒装。如：
① May you succeed!
② Long live the Communist Party of China!
Ⅲ、插入语
英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称之为“插入语”。
（一）插入语的类型
1、单词（多是副词）。如：
① I can,however,discuss this when I see you.
② -----Are you hungry?-----Yes,I sure am.
2、短语。如：
① China and India,for example,are neighbours.
② By the way,where are you from?
③ To tell you the truth,I don’t agree with you.
④ Jack,as far as I know,isn’t very clever.
⑤ These young people,I dare say,will succeed.
⑥ This machine,it seems,is not so good as that one.
⑦ What do you think has happened to him?
(二)插入语的位置
通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。有时，也位于句首或句末。也有时，不用逗号隔开。如：
① What on earth do you mean?
② What was to become of them all,he wondered.
(三)插入语在句中的作用
一般说来，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。如：He got the news from nobody knows where.如果把“nobody knows”从句中抽出，句子含义就不清楚，句子就不通了。
（四）混合疑问句
是一种包含有插入语的特殊疑问句，常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现的频率极高。如：
① How long did you say he would stay here?
② When do you suppose he’ll be back?
在这种混合疑问句中用作插入语的动词除了say,suppose之外，常用的还有guess,believe,consider,think,imagine等。
注意：这种带插入语的混合疑问句与带有宾语从句的一般疑问句在结构上是不同的。比较：
Where do you think he has gone?/Do you know where he has gone?
（五）大纲上要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语：
1.above all 2.after all 3.all the same 4.and so on 5.as a matter of fact/in fact 6.as a result 7.as usual 8.by the way 9.for example 10.in a word 11.in one’s opinion 12.in one’s turn 13.in other words 14.more or less 15.generally speaking 16.of course 17.to one’s joy 18.so far 19.to one’s surprise 20.to tell(you)the truth
常作插入语的副词有：actually,besides,finally,however,obviously,
otherwise,probably,therefore等。
高考试题：
1.Not until all the fish died in the river_____how serious the pollution was.(NMET95)
A.did the villagers realize B.the villagers realized
C.the villagers realized D.didn’t the villagers realize
2.Only in this way_____to make improvement in the operating system.
A.you can hope B.you did hope C.can you hope D.did you hope
（上海春季高考）
3.Not until I began to work_____how much time I had wasted.
A.didn’t I realize B.did I realize C.I didn’t realize D.I realize
(NMET90)
4.---David has made great progress recently.---_____,and_____.
A.So he has;so you have B.So he has;so have you
C.So has he;so have you D.So has he;so you have(97上海)
5.I finally got the job I dreamed about.Never in my life____so happy!
A.did I feel B.I felt C.I had felt D.had I felt (2000春)
6.Not a single song_____at yesterday’s party.(2000上海)
A.she sang B.sang she C.did she sing D.she did sing
7.John plays football_____,if not better than,David.(NMET94)
A.as well B.as well as C.so well D.so well as
8.We all write,_____,even when there is not much to say.(NMET 94)
A.now and then B.by and by C.step by step D.more or less
9.---Susan,go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
---Why_____? John is sitting there doing nothing.(NMET)
A.him B.he C.I D.me
10.The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once____with each other.(NMET2003)
A.they had quarreled B.they have quarreled
C.have they quarreled D.had they quarreled
专项题组训练
I.省略
1.He became a good player_____in college.
A.when B.because C.as soon as D.even though
2._____green,the door might look more beautiful.
A.You painted B.If painted C.To paint D.Have it painted
3.-----The patient feels better.-----I know_______.
A.he feels B.he does C.he does so D.he does it
4.----Have you been here long?-----_________.
A.Not much B.Yes,only little C.No,only yesterday D.No,not very
5.----Do you need a new dictionary in your English study?---No,____.
A.I have some to do it B.there are some already
C.I think I have some that will do D.I’m having some dictionaries
6.I told him to sit down and_____for a moment.
A.waits B.waited C.wait D.waiting
7.My father is a doctor and my mother________.
A.nurse B.a nurse C.be a nurse D.is nurse
II.倒装
1.Nowhere else in the world____cheaper tailoring than in Hong Kong.
A.a tourist can find B.can a tourist find
C.a tourist will find D.a tourist has found
2.----You seem to be an actor.---____.I have played many parts in a lot of films.
A.So I am B.So am I C.So do I D.So I do
3._____that we all went out,lying in the sun.
A.So fine was the weather B.So was the fine weather
C.The weather so fine was D.So the weather was fine
4.____a nice man_____that we all believed him.
A.So;he seemed B.So;did he seem
C.Such;he seemed D.Such;did he seem
5.Not only____working hard,but also_____very polite.
A.is the boy;he is B.is the boy;is he
C.the boy is;he is D.the boy is;is he
6.Not until_____,______settle the problem.
A.he returns;can we B.he returns;we can
C.does he return;we can D.does he return;can we
7.Well____know him and well______know me.
A.I did;he did B.I did;did he C.did I;he did D.did I;did he
8.He was unable to make such progress,______.
A.hard he has tried B.as hard as he tried
9.There______shouts for help from the river.
A.are coming B.did come C.comes D.come
10.Seeing many people coming,away_____.
A.the thief ran B.run the thief C.ran the thief D.did the thief run
III.插入语
1．Hold the ladder for me,that’s_________.
A.all B.it C.all right D.complete
2.---______,but can you tell me how I can get to the zoo?
---I’m sorry.I’m a stranger here myself.Perhaps this lady can help you.
A.I’m sorry B.Hello C.Excuse me D.Why
3.---Have you nearly finished?---_____,we have just begun.
A.Above all B.After all C.On the contrary D.on the other hand
4.The young woman has studied in England for two years and she will come back______.
A.by and by B.one by one C.after a while D.long before
5.Mr Li looked as I remembered,_____he was very thin.
A.except for B.except that C.except D.besides
6.Many great men rose from poverty,Lincoln and Edison,_____.
A.like that B.as though C.for example D.such as
7.---____is the best football player in your city? -----Jerry.
A.Do you think who B.Do you think whom
C.Who do you think D.Whom do you think
8.____we like the idea______not,we’ll have to go with him.
A.Either,or B.Neither,nor C.Whether,or D.If,or
9._____is well known,Taiwan is part of China.
A.As B.That C.Which D.It
10.Albert did not take your book,_____,he was not in the room.
A.All of a sudden B.As a matter of fact
C.Once in a while D.To his surprise
11.Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard,and_______,you failed.
A.in the end B.after all C.in other words D.at the same time
12.His handwriting is as good as,_____,his brother’s.
A.if not better B.if not better than C.if it is better D.if better than
13.There was a big fire in the building last night.______,all the people were able to escape.
A.Fortunate B.Fortunately C.To be fortunate D.Above all
14.It was raining heavily.______,it was getting dark,so we lost our way and stayed in the cave for the whole night.
A.Above all B.That is C.What’s more D.In other words
15.I didn’t go to his party last night,___,I didn’t want to see him at all.
A.To tell you the truth B.Telling you the truth
C.That’s to say D.Let’s say
16.You may agree with anyone you like.____,I agree with Lily.
A.What’s more B.That’s all C.Personally D.Or rather
17.Only half of the students passed the exam,_____,about 30 students failed in the exam.
A.worse still B.that is C.indeed D.after all
18._____from his accent,he must be from the south.
A.Judging B.Judged C.To judge D.To be judged
19._____,we must do the work with a good plan.
A.To start B.To start with C.Starting D.Starting with
20.We met with a lot of trouble in doing the work._____we succeeded in the end.
A.All in all B.Above all C.Therefore D.After all
Key to the exercises:
高考试题：1---10 ACBBD CBADC
专题训练：I.省略：1---7 ABBDCCB
II.倒装：1--10 BAADA ADCDC
III.插入语：1----10 BCCAB CCCAB
11---20 CBBCA CBABA
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇6：时态 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
时态
一、目标
本章要求学生掌握中学阶段常用的八种时态, 即：一般现在时, 一般过去时, 一般将来时, 现在进行时, 现在完成时, 过去完成时, 过去进行时, 过去将来时。
要求掌握时态的意义、各种时态的动词形式、与各种时态连用的时间状语以及一些时态的特殊意义。
二、重点及难点
八种时态的意义；现在完成时与一般过去时的区别；点性动词与线性动词；时态一致性。
三、方法
1．Do you know something about “tense”?
你知道“时态”是什么吗？
2．You are right. For example：
I'm working.我正在工作。
I worked yesterday.我昨天工作。
I will work.我将要工作。
How many tenses have you learned ?
你们学了几种时态？
3．Now let's have a discussion on every tense.
现在咱们分别讨论每个时态。
I think the present indefinite tense is the easiest tense of all． Do you know what it means ?
我想一般现在时是所有时态中最容易的, 你知道它的含义吗？
4．What's the form of the verb ?
谓语动词形式是什么样的？
5．Very good ! Do you know how to use “am, is, are”?
Here's a saying:
（I）我用 am（you）你用 are, is连着他、她、它。单数名词用is, 复数名词全用are。
Can you learn it by heart ?
你知道行为动词第三人称怎么变化吗？
6．Do you know what sound“s” or“es” makes ?
你知道“s”或“es”怎么发音吗？
你应当记住“清-清, 浊-浊, 元-浊”。现在我解释一下：
清-清 即：“s”或“es”之前的音素如 果是清辅音的话, “s”或“es”读作［K］（清）。
浊-浊 指“s”或“es”之前的音素如果是浊辅音的话, 则“s”或“es”读作［L］（浊）。
元-浊 如果“s”“es”之前是元音音素, 则它读作［L］（浊）。
你能想出几个例子吗？
7．一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态外, 常与什么副词连用呢？
8．一般现在时除表示经常性动作或状态外, 还有其他用法。它能表示将来时, 但它是有条件的, 这个条件有两种情况：A．是在条件状语从句中, 如果主句是一般将来时或一般现在时。B．是表示计划、打算、有规律动作。你能想出几个例子吗？
9．I think you have known something about the present indefinite tense. But I have one more point to tell you.
That is：Sometimes the present indefinite tense is used in the object clause when the past indefinte tense is used in the main sentence, Can you show me an example？
10．So much for the present indefinite tense. Let's come to the present continuous tense. Do you know the form of the verb when it is used as the present continuous tense？
11．You are right. Then what kind of adverbial is used？
那么用什么状语呢？
12．现在进行时有一个特殊的意义, 它可以表示将来发生的动作。但是这些动词必须是表示位置移动的单词。例如：go, come, start, leave 等。 Would you please give me two sentences？
13．Very good. Now shall we talk about the future indefinite tense？This kind of tense refers to an action that is going to happen in the future. Would you please say more？
14．一般将来时除去will do结构外, 还有其他结构, 也可表示将来时, 但注意这些结构有其他意义在里边。如： be going to do…表示动作将要发生, 表示主观打算。
be to do表示安排、计划好的动作, 表示命令、可能等意义。
be about to do…表示眼下即将发生……
Can you make some sentences？
15．The past indefinite tense expresses an action happened in the past. It's usually used with the adverbials such as yesterday, last month（ year, week）, the day before yesterday, … ago, in 1968 etc.它的谓语动词形式是什么样的呢？
16．Now let's come to the present perfect tense. In this tense, the action also happened in the past, but the action has something to do with“now”.
现在完成时动作发生在过去, 但它对现在有影响。谓语动词的形式为have done, done代表过去分词。have还有一种变化, 即has。has用于第三人称单数, 其他人称用have, 请你给出几个现在完成时的句子。
17．请你根据刚才的句子, 归纳一下现在完成时有几种含义？
18．现在完成时的这两种含义非常重要, 要认真领会。这里引出了两个概念：延续性动词与非延续性动词。即：点性动词与线性动词。所谓点性动词就是不能延续的动词；线性动词就是可以延续的动词。延续性动词用于现在完成时的第二种用法, 点性动词用于第一种用法。
19．点点结合, 线线结合是完成时中一个重要原则, 这个问题往往是学生容易出错的地方。请把下列句子的错误改正过来：
A．He has come for 3 hours.
B．The girl has waited since two years.
C．The old man has died for ten years.
D．I have bought the book for two months.
20．那么，在英语中，同一种意思，既有点性动词，又有线性动词的实例很多。Now would you please show the continuous verbs of the following ?
A．join the army
B．join the Party
C．come back
D．borrow a book
E．buy a book
F． leave
G．go out
H．die
I．open
J．begin
K． arrive
21．在完成时的句子中, 同一种意思可以有几种英语表达方法。如：
我入团已经5年了。有以下几种表达方式：
A．I have been a League member for 5 years.
B．It's five years since I joined the League.
I joined the League 5 years ago.
I have been a League member since 5 years ago.
Now I give you some sentences and please try to express the same meaning in other ways.
A．He has been here for 2 hours.
B．They've been away since 1960.
C．The film has been on for one hour.
22．Now let's do some other exercises. Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of verbs.
A．I ____ （lose）my pen.
She ____ （ lose） her pen yesterday.
B．I ____ （be）to the Agricultural Exhibition.
I ____ （go） to the Agricultural Exhibition last week.
C．The car ____ （stop）.
The car ____ （stop） just now.
D．A： ____ you ____ your lunch ?
B：Yes, I ____ .
A：When ____ you ____ it ?
B：I ____ it about half an hour ago.
23．Now let me say something about “have been to” and“have gone to”.
have been to 意思是“去过”。
have gone to 意思是“去了”。
请翻译下列各句：
A．我去海南四次了。
B．他已经去南方了。
C．你去过东京吗？
D．小李已经去办公室了。
你可以去那儿找他。
E．你去哪儿了？
F．他去哪儿了？
24．通过练习，对现在完成时和过去时有了足够的认识, 你能说出它们的异同点吗？
25．Very good !Here's a drawing to show the difference between the present perfect tense and the past indefinite tense.
e．g．He was a student in the past.
e．g． He has been a student for 2 years.
26．现在来谈谈对比时态问题。所谓对比时态是指两个动作同时存在, 但有时间前后。这样的时态有过去将来时、过去完成时。
27．过去完成时也可跟另一个时间进行对比, 含义仍然是到过去某个时间为止, 如它与 by the end of…, by the time when…
例如：
A．They had completed the program by the end of the last year.
B．The train had left by the time when we arrived at the station.
28．You are right. The present continuous tense expresses an action happening at a present moment or during a present period of time, while the past continuous tense refers to the past.
e．g．My daughter was reviewing her lessons at eight last night.
What were you doing while I was watching TV ?
Students
1．I think“tense” is a certain form of a verb. It changes according to the time of the action.
我想“时态”是动词的某种形式, 它随动作的时间而发生变化。
2．We have learned eight tenses. They are： the present indefinite tense, the past indefinite tense, the future indefinite tense, the present continuous tense, the present perfect tense, the past continuous tense, the past perfect tense and the future-in-the-past indefinite tense.
我们学习了：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时和过去将来时。
3．一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态、过去、现在以及将来一直进行的动作或存在的状态。
4．一般现在时, 谓语动词要随主语人称而变化。be动词有三种变化形式, 即am, is, are；行为动词有两种变化形式, 即：原形和第三人称单数。
5．行为动词第三人称有以下几种变化形式：
A．动词后面直接加“s”, 如works, plays, learns。
B．以［K］［CM］, ［DN］,［M］,［L］ 结尾的单词, 词尾加“es”, 如果词尾有“e”, 则只加“s”, 如：misses, finishes, teaches, loses。
C．如词尾以辅音字母+y结尾, 应变y为“i”, 再加“es”, 如： flies, carries。
D．特殊情况：go和do词尾加“es”。
6．啊！我明白了, 像 works, 由于 s之前是k, 读作［E］, 是清辅音, 所以s读作［K］；又如：learns s之前是浊辅音［Q］, 所以它读作浊辅音［L］； plays s之前由于是ay字母组合, 读作元音音素［-!］, 所以s读作［L］这叫做“元-浊”。
7．与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：often, usually, sometimes, always, seldom, twice a week, every day…
8． A．If it is fine tomorrow, I will go out for a picnic.
（条件状语从句中一般现在时表示将来）
B．When they leave school, they will go back to the factory.（时间状语从句一般现在时表示将来）
C．The train starts at ten o'clock in the morning.
（计划, 有规律的动作表示将来）
9．Yes, I can. Here's a sentence.
The teacher said that the sun rises in the east. Here“rises”is the present indefinite tense. This tense is used because it happens regularly.
因为动作是有规律地发生。
10．The form of the verb is“be doing”, and“be”can be changeable.
For example：am, is, are. I think the present continuous tense expresses an action happening at present time or during present period of time.
For example：
He is reading a book now.
We are learning BookⅡthis week.
11．现在进行时与 now, at the present, this year（week, month）等时间状语连用。
12．
A．He is coming to see me tomorrow.
明天他要来看我。
B．They are leaving Shanghai for Beijing.他们要离开上海去北京。
13．OK ! The future indefinite tense is connected with the future time, such as, tomorrow, next week（year, month）, the day after tomorrow, from now on, in a month （year） etc.
它的动词结构是will do 有时第一人称单复数用shall do。
14．Yes, I can.
A．We are going to help the farmers on the Red Star Farm.
我们打算去红星农场帮助农民们。
B．The boys are to go to school next week.
这些男孩们下周要上学了。
C．We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit him now.
我们就要离开了, 所以现在没有时间去看他了。
15．一般过去时, 谓语动词的形式应该用过去时。即：原形动词后加ed, 还有一些特殊形式的动词。如：go----went, see----saw, do----did, read----read, give----gave, sit----sat。
我想特殊动词要特殊记忆。
16．我清楚了, 现在完成时谓语动词形式have done, 可以这样理解：have是“变量”；done是“常量”。
A．We have cleaned the room now.
我们现在已经打扫了房间。
B．He has cleaned the room now.
他现在已经打扫了房间。
C．They have been here for 3 hours.
他们在这儿呆了3个小时了。
D．The professor has worked in this university since 1969．
教授自从1969年就在这所大学里工作。
17．我想有两种含义：
一种是动作发生在过去, 动作不延续, 但对现在有结果和影响。如句子A、B表示打扫房间的动作发生在过去, 但强调的是现在房间已经干净了。
另一种是动作从过去开始一直延续到现在, 对现在有结果和影响, 如句子C、D。
18．点性动词应当与点性时间状语连用, 线性动词与线性时间状语连用。点性时间状语有：now, today, already, just, before, never, ever, always, yet等, 线性时间状语有for…, since…等。
19．A句中应当把come改为 been here, come为点性动词, for为线性时间状语。
B句有两种改法，一是将since改为for, 意思是“已经等了两年了”。另一种是在two years之后加ago, 意思是“自从两年前就开始等, 一直等到现在。”
C句将 died改为 been dead, 因为 for ten years是线性时间状语, die为点性动词, 不能延续, 而 be dead是线性动词, 可与 for短语连用。
D．将 bought改为 kept或 had。 buy为点性动词, have（keep）为线性动词。
20．Let me have a try．
join the army----serve in the army
join the Party----be a Party member
come back----be back
borrow a book----keep a book
buy a book----have a book
leave----be away
go out----be out
die----be dead
open----be open
begin----be on
arrive----be here
A．He has been here since two hours ago.
It's two hours since he came.
He came here two hours ago.
B．They went away in 1960.
They have been away for 40 years.
It's 40 years since they went away.
C．The film began an hour ago.
It's one hour since the film began.
The film has been on since one hour ago.
21．A．He has been here since two hours ago.
It's two hours since he came.
He came here two hours ago.
B．They went away in 1960.
They have been away for 40 years.
It's 40 years since they went away.
C．The film began an hour ago.
It's one hour since the film began.
The film has been on since an hour ago.
22．
A．have lost； lost
B．have been； went
C．has stopped； stopped
D．Have… had
have
did… have
had
23．
A．I have been to Hainan four times.
B．He has gone to the South.
C．Have you ever been to Tokyo ?
D．Xiao Li has been to his office. You can find him there.
E．Where have you been ?
F． Where has he gone ?
24．在我看来，它们的相同之处是动作都发生在过去，它们的不同点是现在完成时的动作对现在有影响，而过去时对现在没有影响。
25．图A表示动作发生在过去，处于静止状态, 而图B表示动作发生在过去，但它指向现在，对现在有结果和影响，最后强调的是现在。
26．当主句动作发生在过去，从句动作发生在它之后，这时从句谓语用过去将来时。如：
I said that I would go to that island.
“said”在前，相对它来讲，would go在后。
可当一个动作发生在过去而另一个动作发生在它之前, 那么这个动作则要用过去完成时。如：
I said that I had finished the composition.
said发生在过去, had finished在它之前发生, 称之为过去的过去。
27．现在我明白啦！过去完成时和过去将来时只有在与另一个过去的动作进行对比的情况下才能存在。所以把这两种时态叫对比时态。
老师，我有一个问题，过去进行时是指过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间正在进行的动作吗？
四、精选题
选择填空：
1．----Can I join your club, Dad？ [ ]
----You can when you ____ a bit older.（'94）
A．get B．will get
C．are getting D．will have got
2．----I'm sorry to keep you waiting.（'94） [ ]
----Oh, not at all. I ____ here only a few minutes.
A．have been B．had been
C．was D．will be
3．I don't really work here；I ____ until the new secretary arrives.（'94） [ ]
A．just help out
B．have just helped out
C．am just helping out
D．will just help out
4．I need one more stamp before my collection ____ . [ ]
A．has completed
B．completes
C．has been completed
D．is completed
5．I first met Lisa three years ago．She ____ at a radio shop at the time.（'97） [ ]
A．has worked
B．was working
C．had been working
D．had worked
6．----Is this raincoat yours？ [ ]
----No, mine ____ there behind the door.（'97）
A．is hanging B．has hung
C．hangs D．hung
7．----Nancy is not coming tonight. [ ]
----But she ____ ！（'98）
A．has written B．wrote
C．had written D．was writing
8．Shirley ____ a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it.（'98） [ ]
A．has written B．wrote
C．had written D．was writing
9．----Hi, Tracy, you look tired. [ ]
----I am tired. I ____ the living room all day.（'98）
A．painted
B．had painted
C．have been painting
D．have painted
10． The price ____ , but I doubt whether it will remain so.（'99） [ ]
A．went down
B．will go down
C．has gone down
D．was going down
11．----Bob has gone to California. I hear. [ ]
----Oh. I wonder when he ____ .（'96海淀）
A．has left B．leaves
C．left D．was leaving
12．----Have you got your test result ? [ ]
----Not yet. The papers ____ .（'96海淀）
A．are not correcting
B．have not corrected
C．are still being corrected
D．have already been corrected
13．----Why weren't you at the meeting ? [ ]
----I ____ for a long----distance call from my father in Australia.（'99西城）
A．waited B．was waiting
C．had waited D．have been waited
14．The telephone ____ four times in the last hour, and each time it ____ for my roommate.（'99西城） [ ]
A．has rung; was
B．has been ringing; is
C．had rung; was
D．rang; has been
15． Two million tons of oil ____ exploited in this area that year.（'99西城） [ ]
A．was B．has been
C．were D．have been
16．----What time ____ Tom tomorrow？ [ ]
----At 3：00 p．m．（'99西城）
A．do you meet
B．will you meet
C．would you meet
D．are you meeting
17． That was not a good place to go skating. You ____ your leg. [ ]
A．can break
B．could break
C．could have broken
D．could have been broken
18．---- ____ the sports meet might be put off. [ ]
----Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A．I've been told
B．I've told
C．I'm told
D．I told
19．----Your phone number again？ I ____ quite catch it. [ ]
----It's 9568442．
A．didn't B．couldn't
C．don't D．can't
20． As she ____ the newspaper, Granny ____ asleep. [ ]
A．read; was falling
B．was reading; fell
C．was reading; was falling
D．read; fell
21．I don't think Jim saw me; he ____ into space. [ ]
A．just stared
B．was just staring
C．has just stared
D．had just stared
22．----Who is Jerry Cooper？ [ ]
---- ____ ? I saw gou shaking hands with him at the meeting.
A．Don't you meet him yet
B．Hadn't you met him yet
C．Didn't you meet him yet
D．Haven't you met him yet
用所给动词的正确形式填空：
1． I'm afraid I can't get in all the wheat within such a short time unless you ____ to help me tomorrow.（come）
2． They left for Beijing last week and we ____ then so far.（not hear）
3．When we reached the airport, we were surprised to find that Uncle's plane ____ . （land）
4．I ____ he had finished his work.（think）
5．We ____ the problem for quite some time, but we any conclusion yet.（discuss, not reach）
6．He said this book would be published if the writer ____ .（agree）
7．John works very hard. In fact, I think he ____ right now.（study）
8．The little boy didn't see me, he ____ a golden fish in a basin.（watch）
9．I have to make a quick phone call. Can you wait a few moments ? It ____ long.（not take）
10．They ____ themselves on the beach when the train ____ .（enjoy, come）
答案：
选择填空：
1～5 AACDB 6～10 ABDCC 11～15 CCBAC
16～20 BBAAB 21～22 BD
用所给动词的正确形式填空：
1．come 主句用将来时, 从句用一般现在时表示将来。
2．haven't heard so far与现在完成时连用。
3．had landed 在 reached之前发生, 故用过去完成时。
4．thought
5．have been discussing, haven't reached 讨论从过去开始一直到现在, 但是到目前仍没有结论。
6．agreed 主句是过去时, 从句动作受它影响。
7． is studying
8．was watching 没有看到我, 那时正观看金鱼。
9．won't take
10．were enjoying, came
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇7：It 句型 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
It 句型归纳
1． It is ＋adj．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋ to do sth．
用于此句型的形容词有：easy， hard， difficult，possible，
important， impossible， necessary， good， bad， exciting，
interesting， surprising等。如：
It is necessary to change your job．
It was very hard for them to walk such a long way in
the snow．
2． It is ＋n．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋ to do sth．
用于此句型的名词有： pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s
job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。如：
It is a pity for you to have missed such a wonderful
play．
It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats
for the old．
3． It is ＋adj．＋of sb．＋to do sth．
此句型中的形容词主要描述某人的品德、特征。能用于该句型的形容词有：
kind, nice, wise,
silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。如：
How silly it was of you to give up such a good
chance！
It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel
at home in their house．
4． It is ＋adj．（＋n．）＋doing sth．
此句型中的形容词和名词常见的有：no／little use, no／much good,
useless等。如：
It’s no use crying over spilt milk．
5．It takes sb．＋一段时间＋to do sth． 表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”。如：
It took us half an hour to ride to the town by the
sea．
6．It is ＋及物动词的过去分词＋that从句
此句型中常见的及物动词的过去分词有：said, told, known, reported,
recorded, thought, believed, considered等。如：
It is reported that the Russian President will visit
China next week．
7．It ＋不及物动词＋that从句
此句型中不及物动词常见的有：seem， happen， appear， matter等。如：
It seems that there will be a heavy snow tomorrow．
It happened that I met my good friends in the museum
yesterday．
8．强调句型：It is＋被强调部分＋that／who从句
在使用强调句型时要注意，指人时可以用who或that，其它情况一律用that。如：
It was under the bed that my brother hid the ball
this morning．
It is Mr Bell who／that often comes and looks after
the old man．
9．It is／has been＋一段时间＋since从句。如：
It is ／has been three years since we saw each other
last．
10．It is (high) time that sb． did sth．
该句型表示“某人现在该做某事了”，从句常用过去时（虚拟语气）
说明现在应该做的事情。如：
It’s six o’clock．It is high time that we went home
now．
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇8：表语 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
表语
一、教学目标
通过本章学习, 使学生明白表语的概念及表语的用法。
二、教学重点和难点
不定式、分词、动名词作表语及表语从句。
三、教学方法
1．在谓语一章中我们已分析过表语, 最常见的是 be动词及 become。
2．在使用中我们常见到不定式用在be动词后边作表语。由于不定式表明一个具体的动作, 当放在be动词后边时表示即将要去做的事。请将下列句子翻译成汉语并作分析：
3．
A．The news sounds inspiring.
B．His absence is disappointing.
C．We are interested in the story.
D．After a long walk, we all felt tired.
E．He has got married.
一般来说～ing形式作表语表示主语的特征, 具有影响别人的能力；～ed形式作表语表示受到影响而呈现的状态。
4．A句是动名词作表语, 表示主语job的内容。
B句是现在分词作表语, 表示主语result 的特征。
动名词与现在分词作表语的不同就是前者是表内容, 后者是表特征。
5．这是一个含有主语从句和表语从句的复合句, 在后边的章节中会作进一步阐述。
1．表语表明主语的身份、状态、样子、方位、处所, 除了be, become这两个系动词外, 还有一些本身既是行为动词又是系动词的词。
2．
A．I am to go to town.
我要进城。
B．My work is to clean the classroom.
我的工作是打扫教室。
3．A．这消息听起来挺鼓舞人心的。是现在分词作表语, 表示本身具有影响别人的特征。
B．他的缺席令人失望。与上句一样表示主动。
C．我们对这故事感兴趣。过去分词作表语, 表示故事有趣, 使得我们对它感兴趣, 因此用过去分词。
D．走了一大段路, 我们都感到累了。过去分词作表语, 是走路使得我们累, 我们才感到累。
E．他结婚了。表示一状态, 过去分词作表语。 get married是个词组。
4．同样都是～ing 形式作表语, 遇到这样的句子, 怎样解释？
A．My job is running the machine.
B．The result is exciting.
5．如何理解下面这个句子？
Why he hasn't come is that he has something important to do at home.
四、精选题
1．The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult. [ ]
A．not makeB．not to make
C．not making D．do not make
2．Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour. [ ]
A．pay B．paying
C．paid D．to pay
3．Longjing tea, Jasmine tea and Wuyi tea are all famous, but which do you think ____ ? [ ]
A．tastes best B．smells most
C．drinks mostly D．sounds best
4．----Hello, Tom, where were you last night ?---- ____ . [ ]
A．To Brown's
B．To the Browns'
C．In Brown's
D．In the Browns'
5．Thank you very much indeed． That's ____ of you. [ ]
A．kindest B．most kind
C．the kinder D．the most kind
6．The meeting was put off, ____ was exactly ____ we wanted. [ ]
A．it；that B．as；that
C．which； what D．this ；what
7．His suit has become loose． He seems ____ weight. [ ]
A．to lose B．being lost
C．losing D．to have lost
8．----Did you enjoy yourself at the party？ [ ]
----Sorry to say I didn't． It was a meeting than a party.
A．more ofB．rather like
C．less of D．more or less
9．----Where is George？ He said he would meet me here at 3 O'clock. [ ]
----He seems ____ with Mr Brown in the office.
A．to talk
B．to be talking
C．to have talked
D．talking
10．They found there was ____ to weigh such an elephant. [ ]
A．big enough nothing
B．nothing enough big
C．enough nothing big
D．nothing big enough
答案：1～5 BCADB 6～10 CDABD
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篇9：倒装(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
倒 装
(一)疑问句多数是倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问词或被疑问词修饰的，整个句子是自然语序，本身就是个正装句
A. Who invented the machine?
B. What impressed you most?
C. What has happened to Tom?
D. How many people took part in the demonstration?
E. Which team won the game?
(二)there be结构是倒装句，除be以外，live, happen, exist, lie, remain也都可以充当该结构的谓语
A. About 2, 300 years ago, there lived in Greece a great thinker named Aristotle.
B. There happened to be nobody in the bedroom.
C. For there lay the Combs-the set of combs that Della had worshipped for many months in a shop window.
(三)only放在句首修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句时要倒装，其他情况就不构成倒装式了。如果谓语动词是单个实意动词，倒装时加do的相应形式(即do, does, 或did)
A. Only in this way can you succeed.
B. Only yesterday did I hear of the accident.
C. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work.
D. Only my parents know the secret. (不倒装)
(四)表示否定意义的词放在句首时要倒装
hardly, scarcely, never, not, not until, not only, seldom, little等。
A. Never shall I forget it.
B. Not a single mistake did he make.
C. Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.
D. Not only was everything he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.
E. Not until quite recently did I have any idea what a guided missile was like. 请注意下列这组句子。
A. She didn't change her mind until yesterday. (正装句)
B. Not until yesterday did she change her mind. (倒装句)
C. It was not until yesterday that she changed her mind. (强调句不倒装)
(五)把副词so放在句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(或物)，只用于肯定句
A. He has been to Beijing, So have I.
B. They like English very much. So does John.
C. Society has changed and so have the people in it.
但如果后面的句子是对前面句子的内容加以确认的话，那么也把so放在句首，不过后面主谓不倒装。
A. There was clearly nothing left to do but drop herself onto the shabby couch and weep. So Della did.
B. I said I was going to visit him. So I did.
C. He studies hard. So he does.
(六)如果虚拟条件从句的谓语动词含有be动词，助动词或情态动词，可将if省略，而把be动词、情态动词或第一个助动词移到主语前，构成倒装句
If it had not been for their assistance, we couldn't have got over the difficulties. (正装句)
A.
Had it not been for their assistance, we couldn't have got over the difficulties. (倒装句)
If there should be a flood, what should we do?
B.
Should there be a flood, what should we do?(倒装句)
(七)在某些让步状语从句中用倒装结构
A. Proud as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me.
B. Small as it was, the army had great fighting capacity.
C. Child as he is, he knows a lot.
(八)某些表示祝愿的句子也用倒装结构
A. Long live the solidarity of the people of the world!
B. May you both be happy!
(九)为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时常常把表语或状语部分放在谓语动词前
A. On the ground lay an old sick goat.
B. There, on the shore, were nine savages, sitting round a fire.
C. From a speaker on the wall comes the doctor's voice: “Good morning. ”
D. Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms.
(十)宾语在多数情况下都紧跟在谓语后面，但当我们特别想强调宾语时，亦可放到主语前面，但句中的主谓不倒装
This they kept for themselves.
All this he fixed together with glue, string, wax and many wires.
(十一)so…that结构中的so置于句首时，需要倒装
A. So excited was he that he couldn't say a word.
B. So loudly did he speak that even people in the next house could hear him.
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇10：高三英语教学初探 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
高三英语教学初探
周至四中 张荣利
众所周知，高三这一学年里，英语教师既要完成高中英语第三册的教学，又要带领学生进行会考、高考的复习备考，再加上我们农村地区的学生英语基础差，要让学生在一年内成绩有较大的提高，可谓任务紧、压力大。那麽，如何更加有效的进行教学呢？
分析历年考题后，我们会发现，高考、会考在重视英语基础知识的同时，都突出以测试语言运用能力为主的原则，形成了以篇章阅读为主的试题布局。说到底，高三复习最终目的是提高英语语言运用的能力。因此我的做法是这样的：
一、新课教学与单元复习同步进行.--------以新带旧,复习总结
边进行高三的课文教学，边对高中的内容如语音、词汇、语法和惯用法等语言知识进行查缺补漏和系统化训练。每单元除精选课本上的词汇、语法、填空或阅读理解习题进行即时训练外，还结合高考第一轮复习资料《创新设计》上高三部分套题对学生进行反馈训练。这些套题为每2单元一套，包括短语翻译15个，单词拼写10个，句形转换5个，单项选择15题（基本包括本单元主要语言点）、完型填空1篇。同时适当穿插语法专项、句型翻译、阅读理解和完型填空强化习题，印发一些范文让学生背。并告诉学生：词汇、短语的学习不能脱离语篇。要求同学通过诵读课文、范文，试着造句加深对词语与重点句型的印象。
二、加强词汇教学,积累语言信息．---------稳固根基,加强交际应用
在平时教学中对所学英语知识进行归纳总结，将零散的、孤单的知识有机地结合起来，使已学知识网络化，形成一个完整的知识体系，从而摸索出、总结出带规律性的东西，提高复习效率。比如：
（1）“点”： 归纳常用、常考重点词汇的基本用法、语法特点、适用条件以及相关知识点，特别是一些使用频率教高的动词，如 need, consider, suggest, expect, prefer 等。例如 suggest, 可表示“建议”，也表示“暗示”“表明” 等意义；还有suggest doing的结构, 以及做宾语从句时要用虚拟句型suggest that sb.（should）do 的结构，而作“暗示”、“表明”时则要用陈述语气；据此还可以联想到所带宾语从句中用虚拟语气的相关动词insist, demand, order, advice等。
（2） “线”：对有共同用法特点的词汇进行归纳、串联，形成知识链。如，既可作实义动词又可作系动词的词有：sound，smell，taste，get，become，turn，grow，come，fall，go，remain，look，appear，seem等。又如常用动名词（不能用不定式）作宾语的动词有：mind, enjoy, finish, imagine, suggest, avoid, practise, delay, appreciate, risk，等。
(3） “面”：由点及线，由线及面，培养发散思维和知识迁移的能力。对搭配能力强的词汇在复习时让学生先进行归纳复习。如复习Put用法时，马上想到Put away,put aside,put sth.in order,put on,put up with,put through等 。再区别记忆。
(4) “分”： 英语近义、同义词的学习和归纳可以扩大知识面，增强语言的使用能力。如在复besides 用法时，可以联系except, but, except for, except that, but for, apart from, other than 等词汇的词义区别和用法。再如: dress, be in ..., put on, have on, wear等词汇都可以表示“穿戴”，但他们的意义和用法的区别在哪？
（5）“合”：正确处理语法教学和阅读教学的关系：
要摆脱语法束缚，就得学好语法，逐步养成用英语思维的习惯。现行教材强调交际和运用，可是交际并不排斥语法，我们不能孤立地谈交际、阅读，更不能片面地教语法。这是两个极端。语言的基本功能就是交际，就是用来交流思想和看法的，很难想象一个满口病句错句的人能把他自己的思想准确无误地表达出来。形式是为内容服务的，适当的语言形式(即语法)应在运用中、在篇章阅读中让学生不断体会，进行自我总结，再由老师简要归纳，最后为学生所掌握。
三、检测：
实施单元训练和月考制度。单元训练每单元学完进行一次，重点是对阅读理解、完形填空和写作的考查，测试时量不超过45分钟，题量为一张8开试卷纸（双面）。
四、专项突破
单项选择
1、这种题型知识面考查范围较宽,要通过上下文中的暗示,附加信息掌握语境,正确推测对话双方的关系,选择符合西方文化习俗的正确答语;
2、在题中加入插入语成分、或故意打破句子的结构和平衡、或故意前置增加迷惑性;
3、句子结构题:考查强调句型、倒装句型、省略句型;
4、习语搭配型:提高区别相近习语混淆的能力;
5、逻辑题型:考查上下文的逻辑关系,选择恰当的连词;
6、将基础的语法、时态融入特设的愈境中,这时附加信息对答案有直接的影响;
完型填空
完形填空实际上是从词汇、语法、篇章、语境和用英语思维等方面对学生进行综合考查。所以，应从以下三个方面入手训练学生做完形填空的思维能力和解题技巧：
1．充分利用首句信息，掌握文章大意；
2．利用同位结构、破折号、上下文对词汇、词组进行推测;
3．掌握全文基本时态;
4、利用语篇标志解题;
语篇标志即:表明语篇内在联系的词语。如表示结构层次的firstly ,secondly ,finally等;表示逻辑关系的thus, therefore, so ;表示改变话题的by the way ,on the contrary,;表示递进的besides, what’s more ,further等;表示时间的before, after, so far, meanwhile ,later等;
5．利用语法知识分析句子结构；
6．利用词性和词语辨析法来解题；
7．利用文化背景和生活常识解题。
高考完形填空所选文章都堪称精品，其逻辑必是上下贯通，其脉络也必是井然有序，令人信服。因此，做完完形填空以后，应从文章的内在逻辑入手，看所选答案是否经得起推敲，是否能自然融入整个语篇，如果有游离于文章主旨之外或与整篇文章的逻辑相矛盾的答案，就需要重新理解、修正。
阅读理解
阅读能力一直是高考英语测试的主题，完型填空题也是以阅读能力为基础的。因此，在平时的教学中，我们尽量采用整体教学法，注意培养学生的下列能力：
1．理解文章主旨大义的能力；
2．获取课文中重点细节的能力；
3．根据上下文、词缀推测生词词义的能力；
4．根据文章的内容和提供的线索做出简单判断和推理的能力；
5．理解文章基本结构和逻辑关系的能力；
6．理解作者基本意图和基本态度的能力；
7．分清文章中的事实和观点的能力；
8．理解指代关系的能力；
9．理解图表信息的能力；
10．预测下文的能力。
在进行专项复习中，让学生限时阅读，培养他们快速阅读的技巧。对于学生无法读懂的文章，采用泛读和精读相结合的办法，通过对语义的解析，使同学理解语篇。阅读训练的重点是主旨大意和推理能力的培养。同时，课外给学生一定的阅读量，使他们熟悉各种体裁的文章，提高阅读能力。同时注意文章的时效性，题材的多样化。特别关注人与人、人与自然的和谐，健康与饮食，环保与节能内容的文章。
短文改错
1、检查是否“三一致，”即：主谓一致，指代一致，时态一致；
2、平行结构的一致：由and,but 连接或是比较状语结构是否前后一致；是否该省略“to”;是否是并列谓语；
3、用词的准确性，是否夹杂了文化差异；
4、并列与转折：根据上下文，选择恰当的连词；
5、逻辑推理与语意呼应：上下文的语意是否一致；
6、介词、动词是否搭配一致；
7、冠词是否恰当，是不是零冠词；
8、形容词是否正确，是原级、比较级还是最高级；
9、名词的数与格；
10、注意隔行句（每行只有一个错）；
书面表达
写作的过程与达标是一个渐进的过程。在高中的整个课文教学中，要求学生背诵每篇课文中的典型句式和表达好的句式。在高三的作文讲解中，也要重视对学生组句成文、文法知识、各种文体的行文方法的指导和对学生进行范文引导和习文点评。同时通过汉译英、词语造句的练习来强化学生对句法和文章结构的理解与认识。这样，学生在训练过程中逐步积累题型训练经验、获得答题技巧，提高语言交际运用能力。以下是注意事项：
1. 加强遣词造句的训练。把握五种基本句型结构，避免中式英语，力使句子语言生动、精练；
2. 练习篇章写作。循序渐进，仿写、改写、缩写、扩写，正确使用过渡词语；
3. 规范使用大小写和标点符号，避免非文字信息的丢分；
4. 注意人称、时态的一致和文章格式；
5. 学会审题，思路清晰，拟好提纲，避免要点错漏；
6. 字数适中，书写规范，卷面整洁。
五、考前训练
专项训练结束后，再进行NMET的适应性训练。训练学生审查试卷和填涂答题卡的习惯，养成良好的适应考试的能力，使学生在考试中能够发挥正常水平。时间分配上，建议单项选择用12分钟，完型填空用18分钟，阅读理解用40到45分钟，单词拼写和改错题用10分钟，写作（包括阅读填空）用25到30分钟，填涂答题卡用5分钟（建议每做完一个大题填涂一次，避免出错和没时间填涂）。
总之，高三的教学重点就在于通过第一轮对基础知识的系统复习、归纳、整理、深化，第二轮的专项训练和第三轮的模拟训练，完成由知识向应用能力的成功转化，使学生具备参加高考的能力和取胜的信心。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇11：补语 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
补语
一、目标
通过本章学习, 使学生了解主动语态句子中宾语补足语的概念、使用方法及被动语态中主语补足语的使用。
二、重点和难点
不定式、分词、形容词、名词及with sb./sth.+补语结构
三、方法
1．We mean that part of the sentence which stands in the same relation to the object as the predicate stands to the subject.
2．A．At the meeting we elected him monitor.
把him与monitor扩展成一个句子则成为：He is a monitor.
B．What you said made Xiao Wang angry.
把Xiao Wang与angry扩展成一个句子则成为：Xiao Wang is angry.
3．名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。
4．Nouns used as objective complements.
Please do the following translations:
A．他们让他当会议主席。
B．我认为你弟弟是个聪明的孩子。
C．年轻的父亲给他的宝宝起名叫“强强”。
D．我认为这是撒谎。
E．你们选玲玲当经理了吗？
5．How many verbs can be followed the nouns used as by objective complements? And what are they?
6．形容词是否可以作宾补？请翻译下列句子：
A．我发现教室空无一人。
B．他们把丝绸染成红色。
C．别把布料裁得太短。
D．一切都准备好了吗？
E．这消息几乎令他发疯。
7．Generally speaking, the following can be followed by adjectives used as the objective complements: find, make, keep, cut, paint, push, drive, leave…
8．副词
A．Please call the students back at once.
B．He was seen to take his cap off.
C．It was John who took the baby upstairs.
D．I joined the two pieces of wood together.
E．Please keep yourselves off the grass.
F．We wished the talk at an end.
9．副词作宾语补足语比较难于掌握, 对高中学生来说, 多用于理解, 而不强求会用。
10．不定式
在高中阶段我们只学过如下九个及物动词后边的不定式作宾补省略to：
let, make, have, feel, see, watch, hear, observe, notice, 从日常应用的角度看, 记住上边的九个动词基本就够用了。
11．Without“to”:
A．I can't have you say so.
B．You should try your best to make him understand that.
C．I noticed the thief steal into the room.
D．We observed the students do the physics experiment.
E．I felt my hands tremble.
能够跟不定式作宾补的词很多, 我们应当在使用中注意积累。
12．现在分词作宾补
have, see, watch, feel, hear, notice, observe, keep, find, 注意make后边不能跟现在分词作补语。
13．过去分词作宾补
在 have, make, see, watch, feel, hear, notice, observe, keep, find, get后
如： get one's hair cut
have one's hair cut
make oneself understood
keep one's mouth shut
find the work done
14．上述凡能跟宾语补足语的动词, 当它们出现在被动语态的句子中时, 原来被称为宾语补足语的部分则被称为主语补足语。需要指出的一点是, 原来不定式作宾补省略to的动词变成被动语态时, to不能省。
A．We call him Lao Wang.
主 谓 宾补
He is called Lao wang.
主 谓 主 补
B．We made him copy the sentence.
主 谓 宾 补
He is made to copy the sentence.
主 谓 主补
C．We asked him to sing us a song.
主 谓 宾 补
He is asked to sing us a song.
主 谓 补
需要说明的地方是have sb. do sth.一般不用于被动语态。 let sb. do sth.一般情况下也不用被动语态。
Students
1．What do you mean by the objective complement?
2．在一个句子中谓语动词是及物动词时, 后边必须跟宾语, 如果宾语后边仍有一个能与它构成逻辑上主谓关系的部分, 我们则称其为宾语补足语。
C．We hear him singing in the hall.
把him与singing扩展成一个句子则成为：He is singing.
3．什么可以在句子中作宾补？
4．
A．They made him chairman of the meeting.
B．I think（consider） your brother a clever boy.
C．The young father named his baby “Qiang-qiang.”
D．We call this lying.
E．Have you elected Ling-ling manager?
5．They are: elect, make, name, call, think, consider…
6．形容词也可以作宾补：
A．I found the classroom empty.
B．They dyed the silk red.
C．Don't cut the cloth too short.
D．Have you got everything ready?
E．The news almost drove him mad.
7．间或我们还能见到这样的句子：
Don't swallow it whole.
I bought it cheap.
也即是说swallow与buy后边也可跟形容词作宾补, 只是不常用罢了。
8．We use adverbs as well as prepositional phrases to be the objective complements less frequently than we use adjectives.
A．请叫这些学生们立即回来。
B．只见他脱下了帽子。
C．是John把孩子带上楼的。
D．我把两块木头接到了一起。
E．请你们不要践踏草地。
F．我们希望谈话快点结束。
9．We think it a bit difficult for us students to use adverbs to be the objective complements.
10．不定式作宾补分带to与不带to两种。因为在做练习时我们常见到这样的句子：
We saw him enter the hall.
I forced him to tell me the truth.
另外help后边的不定式不论是作宾语还是作宾语补足语, to省与不省没有关系。
11．With“to”:
A．I believe him to be honest.
B．He allowed me to use his car.
C．All parents forbid their children to play with fire.
D．Can you get some students to help me with the work?
E．What caused the Second World War to break out?
12．
A．It's too cold inside, please keep the fire burning.
B．When I pushed the door open,
I found him lying in bed, sleeping.
13．
A．He saw his face reflected in the water.
B．I heard it spoken of in the next room.
C．I'll get it done in one day or two.
D．How much will it cost to have it repaired ?
E．We observed the door unlocked.
14．
A．He is seen to stand up and go out.
只见他站起来并走了出去。
B．He was observed to open the window.
有人见到他把窗子打开。
C．The students were watched to play basketball.
人们观看学生们打篮球。
D．Air can be felt to be exist if you blow to your hand.
如果你对着手吹气, 就能感觉到空气的存在。
E．They were encouraged to practise speaking English.
人们鼓励他们练习讲英语。
四、精选题
1．Robert is said ____ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in. [ ]
A．to have studied
B．to study
C．to be studying
D．to have been studying
2．I saw the man ____ down and the driver ____ away. [ ]
A．knocking； driven
B．knock；driving
C．knocked；driving
D．knocked； drive
3．----Is there anything I can do for you ? [ ]
----I'd like to have these materials ____ by ten o'clock.
A．printed
B．print
C．printing
D．to print
4．who did the teacher ____ an article for the wall newspaper? [ ]
A．has write
B．has written
C．have write
D．have written
答案：1～4 ADAC
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇12：从句(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
从 句
(一)定语从句
(1)as可引起定语从句，常和such, same连用，有时可代表主句所表达的内容，译作“这一点”、“这件事”。
A. My hometown is no longer the same as it was.
B. Such people as you describe are very common now.
C. This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.
D. As is announced in the papers, our country has launched another man-made earth satellite.
(2)表示地点的名词、表示时间的名词和表示原因的名词作先行词时，关系词不一定是where, when和why。如果它们在定语从句中充当主语或宾语时，则应用which。
I'll never forget the day when you said good-bye to me.
A.
October 1st, 1949 is a day which the Chinese people will never forget.
This is the room where he was born.
B.
This is the room which he bought four weeks ago.
This is the reason why she was absent yesterday.
C.
This is the reason which she gave for her absence yesterday.
(3)在定语从句中关系代词who, that, which等作主语时，谓语应与主句中先行词保持一致。
A. The man who is standing there looks worried.
B. Those who have seen the picture enjoy it very much.
He is one of those boys who are fond of music.
C.
He is the only one of those boys who is fond of music.
(4)定语从句通常和所修饰的先行词紧紧相连，但是如果主句的谓语部分很短，那么定语从句可放在谓语部分后面以保持句子的平衡。
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
但要注意“我把昨天买的书放在桌上”这个句子。
正：I put the books which I bought yesterday on the desk.
误：I put the books on the desk which I bought yesterday.
(5)当有二个或二个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，用that而不用who, whom, which。
The letter and the little boy that we had discovered disappeared again.
(二)状语从句
(1)注意连词as的一词多义：
A. He had to make a living by selling newspapers as he was only a little boy. (“当……的时候”，引导时间状语从句)
B. As he was not well, I decided to go without him. (“由于、鉴于”，引导原因状语从句)
C. He is not the same man as he used to be. (“正如”，定语从句)
D. Things are not always as they seem. (表语从句)
E. Young as he is, he knows a lot. (“虽然，尽管”，让步状语从句)
F. Please state the facts as they are. (“按照，如同”，方式状语从句)
G. The work is not so easy as you imagine. (“像……一样”，比较状语从句)
(2)表示条件的状语从句除由if和whether引导外，还可由unless, suppose, in case, so(as)long as, on condition(that), provided(that)引导，并注意在条件状语从句中不能用将来式。
A. We shall go outing unless it snows.
B. You'll get there in time so long as the bus doesn't break down.
C. You can borrow the book on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else.
D. Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I forget.
E. Suppose he is absent, what shall we do?
F. I will go provided that my expenses are paid.
(3)whatever相当于no matter what, whenever相当于no matter when，以此类推，可引导让步状语从句。
Whatever happens, we're determined to fulfill the task.
A.
No matter what happens, we're determined to fulfill the task.
Whatever dictionary you have, lend it to me.
B.
No matter what dictionary you have, lend it to me.
注意：当whatever作名词性从句的连词时，就不能和no matter交换使用了。
正：Whatever she did is perfect.
误：No matter what she did is perfect.
正：Take whatever you want.
误：Take no matter what you want.
(4)where, when引导的从句，无先行词是状语从句，有先行词则是定语从句。
A. We'll go where the Party needs us. (地点状语从句)
We'll go to the place where the Party needs us. (定语从句)
B. He came when we needed help. (时间状语从句)
He came at a time when we needed help. (定语从句)
(5)while和when的区别
while和when都可作“当……的时候”解，都可引导时间状语从句。while后的从句中谓语动词只能用延续性动词，而when则瞬间动词和延续性动词都可用。
A. My mother entered the room while I was doing some sewing.
B. 正：When I had finished the work, I took a rest.
误：While I had finished the work, I took a rest.
While还可作“而，然而”解，when则没有这个意思。
A. Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.
B. I am a late riser while my sister is an early bird.
when有时可作and then解，而while却不能。
A. I was wandering through the streets when I caught sight of a tailor's shop.
B. I went out for a walk, when I met John.
(6)though, when, while, if, till, until等引导的状语从句中的省略
当某些表示让步、方式、时间、条件的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同，且谓语动词又包含be动词，那么这种状语从句中的主谓都可省略。
A. The article is very important though(it is)short.
B. When still a boy of ten(When he was still a boy of ten), he started working to support himself.
C. Do not leave the machine till told to do so(till you are told to do so).
D. If (he is) too old to work much, the retired worker is very enthusiastic about neighborhood affairs.
E. While (he was) in school, Kim worked hard to study his chosen subject, computer science.
F. He acted as if (he was) certain of success.
固定词组if(when, where)necessary(possible)是if(when, where) it is necessary (possible)的省略形式。
A. Fill in the blanks with proper articles where(it is) necessary.
B. Whenever possible (Whenever it was possible), one of them would stop him, make him stand at attention and ask him the three questions.
(7)if作“如果”解，引导状语从句，此时应注意从句中谓语动词不能用将来式；if作“是否”解，引导宾语从句，从句中该用什么时态就用什么时态。
A. I don't know if he will come tomorrow. (“是否”，宾语从句)
B. If he comes tomorrow, I'll tell him about it. (“如果”，状语从句)
(三)主语从句
(1)当主语从句在意义上和语法上都完整的情况下，连词必不可少。
A. That she was chosen made us very happy.
B. That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.
当主语从句放在句首使句子显得笨重时，一般把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词it作形式主语。
A. It is strange that he didn't come yesterday.
B. It's not your fault that this has happened.
(2)表示“是否”的主语从句用whether引导，一般不用if引导。
A. Whether or not she will go is up to her to decide.
B. It is not yet known whether they will send a delegation to the conference.
(3)由连接代词(what除外)或连接副词引起的主语从句，可以直接放在句首作主语，也可放到句子后面，前面用it作形式主语。
When we shall have our discussion is still a question.
It is still a question when we shall have our discussion.
但如果句子是疑问形式，就只能用带it的结构了：
Has it been announced who will take part in this important job?
(4)无论主语从句有多长，一般作单数处理。
A. Whether we do it this or that way doesn't matter too much.
B. That you have achieved so much in such a short time is really something unthinkable.
(四)表语从句
(1)系动词后面的从句是表语从句。除be动词以外，常用的系动词还有：
A. 单纯表示一个特征或状态：feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear;
B. 表示由一种状态变为另一种状态：become, turn, get, grow, fall, go, come, run;
C. 保持某种状态：remain, continue, stay, keep, prove
(2)引导表语从句的连词是that, whether和as if
A. The fact remains that we are still behind the other classes.
B. The question is whether it is worth doing.
C. It looked as if it was going to snow.
(3)请注意“他没来学校的原因是因为他病了”这个句子。
误：The reason why he doesn't come to school is because he is ill.
正：The reason why he doesn't come to school is that he is ill.
(五)宾语从句
(1)宾语从句在双宾语中充当直接宾语。
A. Please advise me which book I should read first.
B. Mr. Smith explained to them that John had told him all about his past when he asked for a job in his factory.
C. You may ask the policeman how you can get to the Shanghai Indoor Stadium.
(2)在介词后面的宾语从句。
A. The Emperor was pleased by what the Prime Minister told him about the cloth.
B. The Swede stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly.
C. The study also showed that, contrary to what many people believe, if you skip breakfast, you will not lose weight.
(3)带复合宾语的从句中，that引导的从句常常移到后部去，前面用it作形式宾语。
A. I took it for granted that they were not coming.
B. We all thought it a pity that our team should have lost the game.
C. They want to make it clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.
(4)陈述部分带that从句作宾语时，作反意问句的疑问尾句应与主句的主谓保持一致。
A. I have told him many times that he should observe traffic regulations, haven't I?
B. You never told us why you were late for the last meeting, did you?
当陈述部分的主句是I think(suppose, believe, expect, imagine)时，反意问句的疑问尾句往往与that从句中的主谓保持一致。
A. I don't suppose he cares, does he?
B. I think you two have met before, haven't you?
(六)同位语从句
(1)同位语从句一般跟在某些名词(如idea, news, fact, promise, rumour, hope, belief,
thought, doubt, answer, message)后面，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容，用连词that或连接副词how, when, where等引导。
A. During the first hundred years of my stay in the sea, I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.
B. You have no idea how worried I was!
C. One of the men held the view that what the book said was right.
D. Braille had to face the fact that he would go to a special school for the blind in Paris.
(2)如果主句的谓语很短，为了保持句子平衡，可将谓语放在前面，而将同位语从句放在后面。
A. Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.
B. News reached England that they were receiving little care.
(3)在on condition that, in spite of the fact that后的从句也是同位语从句。
A. I'll lend you this money on condition that you give it back in two months. B. He came to the meeting, in spite of the fact that he was very ill.
(4)定语从句和同位语从句的先行词都是名词，如果该引导词既在从句中充当成分，又能代替所修饰的先行词，则是定语从句；
如果该引导词在从句中不充当成分，或虽充当成分却不能代替所修饰的先行词，那么这个句子就是同位语从句。
He didn't tell us the date when he would start. (定语从句)
A.
I have no idea when he will start. (同位语从句)
Often, we read to discover facts that we didn't find in our first reading. (定语从句)
B.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. (同位语从句)
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇13：并列句(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
并列句
(一)何谓并列结构
一个英语句子有时候具有两个或两个以上相互连接而又属于同一层次即具有相同句法功能的语言结构，这种结构称为并列结构。并列结构通常用并列连词来连接两个或两个以上平行的词、词组或分词：
Are we to have the speech contest today or tomorrow?(并列连词or连接两个平行的单词)
You can go to Beijing either by train or by plane. (并列连词either…or连接两个平行的词组)
Hurry up, or we shall be late for the lecture. (or连接两句分句)
并列成分有时候不用逗号而用连词加以连接；一般讲，逗号用来连接平行的单词居多：
Fuel, rice, oil, salt--these are chief daily necessities of life. (柴米油盐--这些是主要的生活日用品。)
在现代英语里，逗号常被用来连接两个短的独立分句，如He is absent, he is ill. 实际上，这两个简短的独立分句含有因果关系，这个逗号等于从属连词because，用逗号来取代使引文更为简炼。
(二)并列连词和连接性副词的区别
引导并列结构的并列连词有and, or, but, so, for, nor等，并列连词包括关联连词both…and, either…or，neither…nor，not only…but also, as well as, as much as等。并列连词也包括连接性副词，如however, hence, therefore, besides, moreover, yet, anyway,
consequently, still, nevertheless, all the same等。但并列连词和连接性副词存在着如下的区别：
1. 位置上的区别
连接两个独立的分句时，并列连词的位置只能放在它所引导的分句句首，前面通常有逗号：
Lopez left For Woodside(美新译西州一城市)the day before yesterday, and he won't be back till the end of the month.
I must work harder, for I still have a long way to go.
Pay him back, or he will bring a suit against you. (快还他钱，不然他要向你起诉。)They all went, but I didn't(go).
连接性副词的位置较灵活，既可放在句首，也可位于句中或句末、但以置于句首居多：
Father is ill; therefore ，he doesn't go to work today.
置于句首
Father is ill; he, therefore， doesn't go to work today.
置于句首
Father is ill; he doesn't go work today, therefore.
置于句末
2. 用法的区别
两个并列连词不可以连用：
Oscar and I go to the club every Saturday evening, and but we play bridge there. (根据句意，应把but划掉。)
但并列连词却可以和连接性副词连用：
He is not in favor of the plan, and yet he raised no objection.
(三)一些常见并列连词的用法
1. and
(1)表示动作或事物的先后
I heard a crash and went out to see what had happened.
The pictures and the sound are relayed by the communication satellites. And they are received in all parts of the world.
注意，and也可置于独立分开的分句句首。
(2)表示意义上的增补
The relations between the two countries are improving: a trade agree--ment has been signed and a cultural exchange(has been)arranged.
and连接的分句a cultural exchange(has been)arranged在意义上增补前面的分句a trade agreement has been signed。
(3)表示意义上的转折或让步
He tried hard, and(=and yet)he failed to get the job.
掌握and的这一用法，便能正确理解下面一句在西方极为流行的谚语：
You can't eat your cake and have it.
显然，这里的and=and yet, 表示意义上的转折，指你可不能又要把蛋糕吃下肚同时又要把它保持下来，即“不能两全其美”之意。
(4)表示对照
Jack is clever and(=but) Jane is dull.
(5)表示对第一分句的评注
John failed to pass the entrance examination, and that's too bad.
(6)and连接两个或两个以上相同的名词可以表示数量众多的含意
In Holland, everywhere you go, you find water and water.
and在口语体中还经常被用来连接两个比较级的形容词或副词，表示“越来越……”这一逐步增强的含义：
The wind blew harder and harder.
and连接两个比较级副词，表示“风刮得越来越大”。
It's getting warmer and warmer.
and连接两个比较级形容词，表示“天气越来越热”。
在讲话中and也常用来连接两个或两个以上相同的动词，表示动作的不断重复或持续进行：
We talked and talked till it was midnight.
连续不断的动作有时也可由and连接两个或两个以上相同的名词或具有“继续”含义的相同小品词来表示：
“Sail on and on and on, ”said Columbus to the sailors.
That night, we talked for hours and hours till the day broke.
for hours and hours意义上=for a very long time.
We walked for miles and miles till it was dark, and then we went home.
for miles and miles相等于for a very long distance.
(7)当and连接两个形容词，而前面的形容词是nice, good, fine或rare时，and加上它前面的形容词实质上变成副词，对后面的形容词表示修饰的从属关系：
The room is nice and cozy.
nice and cozy=very cozy
It's good and cool outside.
good and cool=quite cool
The children are fine and joyful in the nursery.
fine and joyful=finely joyful, 即very joyful。
The girl is rare and beautiful.
rare and beautiful=rarely beautiful, 即uncommonly beautiful(美得出奇)。
and的这种用法在口语中很普通。
(8)and连接祈使句和陈述句以表示条件，即祈使句+ and=if：
Press the button and the machine runs by itself.
祈使句 陈述句
(=If you press the button, the machine will run by itself. )
Make another effort and you will succeed.
祈使句 陈述句
(=If you make another effort, you will succeed. )
注意两点：
a. 在口语中，有时可省去and以逗号代之：
Take the offer, you will never regret it.
b. 祈使句中的动词有时也可省去：
Another effort, and you will succeed. another前的动词make省略。One more word and I'll knock you flat(摆平你)。one前面的动词say也被省略。
(9)and连接某些动词(包括某些词组)和另一动词以表示目的，结构为：动词(必须原形式)+ and+ 动词(也是原形式)。
一般有以下这些动词：
go/come/run/mind/learn/send/try/stay/stop/write/remember/take care/be sure
在上列结构中and=不定式符号to, 故表示目的。如：
Try and get(=Try to get)the work done today.
The meeting is very important. You must mind and arrive(=mind to arrive)punctually.
I'll write and thank him(=write to thank him).
You look ill. You'd better go and see(=go to see) a doctor.
在现代口语里，go(或come)and see中的and往往都被省略，如“I'll go ask her. ”和“I'll go see my brother. ”
(10)and的一些常见习惯用法
a. and that+ 副词
and that用来代表前面分句中的整个谓语以避免重复。这是一种强势句法。试比较下列三组例句：
Something must be done about it without delay.
*Something must be done about it, and that without delay.
and that代表must be done about it, 是强势式。
He speaks Spanish very well.
*He speaks Spanish, and that very well.
and that代表speaks Spanish, 是强势式
He will come soon
*He will come, and that soon.
and that代表will come, 是强势
b. and all用于俗语，作“等等”，“以及其他一切”解：
To save the little boy from drowning, the man jumped into the river, clothes and all (衣服等一概未脱)。
The fire burnt the books, clothes, furniture and all. (那场火把书籍“衣服”家俱以及其他所有东西统统烧光了。)
c. and all that用于口语，意思是“等等”；“诸如此类的东西”。(=and other things of that kind)
You can get paper, ink, chalk and all that in the little store at the street corner. (在街上拐角的那家小商店里可以买到纸张、墨水、粉笔之类的东西。)
You have really been very kind to me, my hearty thanks and all that. (你对我确实是深情厚谊，我衷心地感谢你，不一一地讲了。)
d. and so on; and so forth; and so on and so forth
以上三式意义相同，都作“等等”；“如此等等”解：
The marchers carried banners, balloons, models, charts, bouquets and so on. (游行的人们拿着旗帜、汽球、模型、图表、花束等等东西。)
e. and the like作“之类”；“等等”解：
In the Kindergarten, the children learn singing, dancing, drawing, and the like.
f. and then some
这一句习惯用语在美国口语里常用；意思是“此外还有许多”；“还有好多好多”：
My uncle gave me two pencils, a pencil sharpener, a rubber, and then some. (我的叔叔给了我两支铅笔，一只卷笔刀，一块橡皮，还有好多好多东西。)
I'm afraid the expensive new car would cost all your money and then some. (恐怕把你们所有的钱都花掉买这部昂贵的新汽车还不够哩。)
g. and the rise
系美国口语常用语，作“还多些”；“不止于此”；“…以上”解：
There are eight hundred thousand volumes in our library and the rise. (我们图书馆有八十万册以上的书。)
h. and what not口语常用语，和and so on(或forth)同义，作“以及其他”；“等等”解：
He sent me some books, magazines, newspapers, pictorials and what not.
Children love to have toys, pictures and what not.
i. enough and to spare作“很多”；“绰绰有余”解，可用作定语短语和名词短语：
You two could have come with us; there was food enough and to spare for three more people. (你们两位本来可以和我们一起来，饭菜再有三个人也够吃。)用作定语
We have heard enough and to spare of his selfishness. (他的自私自利我们听得多了。)用作名词
2. both…and…
both…and…是对and意义的强化，但在用法上和and有如下的区别：
(1)and可以连接两个以上的并列成分，而both…and…只能连接两个属同一层次，即语法结构相同的并列成分：
Both Martha and her sister paid a visit to China not long ago. (连接两个并列的主语)
I teach myself both physics and mathematics. (连接两个并列的宾语)
Kenneth is both clever and diligent. (连接两个并列的用作表语的形容词)
Judith is a versatile girl. She can both sing and dance. (连接两个并列的动词)
(2)and可连接分句，both…and…则不能连接分句。
both Eric cleaned the windows and Ernest swept the floor.
在上句中，both…and…各连接一个分句，故不能成立，应改为：
Eric cleaned the windows and Ernest swept the floor. (and连接分句)
或：While Eric cleaned the windows, Ernest swept the floor. (and连接分句)
或：Eric(或Ernest)both cleaned the windows and swept the floor. (both…and…各连接一个谓语)
或：both Eric and Ernest cleaned the windows and swept the floor.
在这最后一句中，both…and…各连接一个主语，故在语法上能成立；但注意，句意是“Eric和Ernest俩人都揩了窗，又拖了地板”。
both…and…的用法中还要注意两个问题：
a. both…and…可以和at once…and…互换使用，意义上无区别：
I am at once (=both)a teacher and a student. (我既当老师又当学生。)
The writer's satirical essays were at once(=both)incisive and forceful, exposing the evils of society like a surgeon's scalpel. (作者的讽刺文章既锋利又泼辣，好像外科医生的手术刀揭露了社会的弊病。)
注意，只有在at once…and…这一词组中，at once才=both。
b. 在both…and…这一结构中，不能用as well as来代替both, …as well as…不能成立。
3. nor; neither nor和neither都是表示“也不”这一否定意义的并列连词，它们用法相同a. nor/neither单独用来连接并列成分时，前面部分通常都用否定式，nor/neither后面部分则不能用否定式，因nor/neither已含有否定意义：
Peter is a decent fellow. He won't do it, nor/neither Considers it.
否定式 肯定式
Anthony is not clever, nor/neitherヾiligent.
否定式 肯定式
b. nor/neither连接的后面并列成分是分句时，则其主谓须倒装：
Peter is a decent fellow. He won't do it, nor/neither will he consider it.
Anthony is not clever, nor /neither is he diligent.
Martha can't speak Spanish, nor/neither can her sister.
Yance does not drug (吸毒)，nor/neither does his brother.
Cannis has never been abroad, nor/neither have I.
注意，由于neither和nor都带有副词性质，故它们前面可以加上and或but:
You cannot lift it, and nor/and neither can I.
I didn't clean the room, but nor/but neither did you.
c. nor通常后面连接一个并列成分，但有时也可连好几个并列成分：
Futter does not ride, nor shoot, nor fish, nor swim.
4. neither…nor…
neither…nor…一起用时，作为关联性的并列连词，连接语法功能相同的平行结构：
Neither you nor he konws it. (连接用作主语的代词)
The old man can neither read nor write. (连接动词)
I drink neither coffee nor tea. (连接宾语)
The story is neither interesting nor instructive. (连接用作表语的形容词)
Gas is a substance with neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. (连接介词宾语)
I believe neither what you said before nor what you are saying now. (连接宾语从句)
注意：
(1)Neither置于句首时，neither…nor…所连接的分句均须主谓倒装：
I don't like that girl. Neither have I dated her for a dance(约她跳舞) nor will I do so.
Neither does he play the cello nor does his brother.
(2)Neither…nor…连接主语时，后面的动词在数上应与靠近的主语取得一致：
Neither Ike nor I am going to attend the meeting. (动词与I靠近，故用am。)
Neither Ike nor he is going to attend the meeting. (动词与he靠近，故用is。)
(3)neither…nor…作“既不…也不…”解，故谓语动词必须用肯定式，不能用否定式：
He is frightened by neither hardship nor danger. (谓语用肯定式，不能用否定式not frightened。)
Neither you nor your brother can do it. (同上，谓语动词不能用cannot do it。)
(4)neither…nor…也可连接两个以上的并列成分：
Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer
5. or
(1)表示选择：
Which do you prefer, this one or that one?
You can go with us or stay at home.
They parted for one reason or another.
(2)表示同位关系或一种改换的说法：
Seaweeds, or algae, do not have roots like higher land plants. (海菜即海澡同较高地势的植物一样，是无根的。)
The workers are satisfied now, or at least they do not make any more complaints. (工人们现在感到满意了，或者至少说他们已不再抱怨。)
(3)表示不确定或含混的说法：
The accident happened two or three weeks ago.
I put the novel in the bookcase or somewhere.
在表示“不确定”或“大约”这一概念时，or有两个常用短语：
a. or so(左右；前后)
We'll stay here for a month or so.
I'll be back in a week or so.
There will be sixty or so people at the New Year get-together(新年联欢会). (注意，也可说sixty people or so。)
(4)or something(表示不能十分肯定)或是什么；或是做点什么)
Don't idle away your time; do some reading or something. (别虚度光阴，还是读点书或是做点别的什么事儿。)
Haven't seen you for ages! Have you moved or something? (好久没见到你了，你是搬了地方还是什么的?)
He is engaged in carpentry or something. (他是做木匠或别的什么的。)
(5)表示否定的条件：
Put on your overcoat, or(不然)you will catch cold. (=if you do not put on your overcoat)
I must work doubly hard(加倍努力)，or I'll fail in the entrance examination. (=if I do not work doubly hard)
这样用时，or后面可以加上else来强化其意义：
Do what I tell you, or else you'll be sorry. (or else=if you do not do what I tell you)
(6)与not一起用时，表示全部否定：
He is just like an illiterate(文盲)。
He cannot read or write. (他不识字，也写不来。)
I can't sing or dance. (我唱歌、跳舞都不会。)
注意，not和and一起用时，则表示部分否定，而不是表示全部否定。试比较：
The story is not interesting or instructive. (部分否定，句意是“这篇故事既不吸引人又无教育意义。”)
He story is not interesting and instructive. (全部否定，意思是“这篇故事内容很有趣，但无教育意义。”)
He does not speak English clearly or correctly. (全部否定，指英语讲得既不清楚又不正确。)
He does not speak English clearly and correctly. (部分否定，意思是英语讲得口齿很清楚，但不正确。)
从上面例子中可以看出，not…and…一起用时，and的前面部分肯定，后面部分否定，试再看下面一例：
He is not rich and kind. (前面部分肯定 后面部分否定)
这是书面语言，在日常用语中往往改用He is rich, but he is not kind这种形式来表达以避免在意义上引起误解。
6. either…or…是关联连接词，表示比or更强的选择概念。它和neither…nor…一样，连接语法功能相同的平行结构，后面动词的数和最靠近的主语保持一致：
Either you or he is wrong. (靠近的主语是he，故动词用is。)
Either he or I am wrong. (靠近的主语是I, 动词用am。)
You can Either do it yourself or ask someone else to do it. (连接两个并列谓语)
There are only two possibilities: Either you succeed or you fail. (连接两个并列分句)
(1)上面列举的前二句例句系极正式的英语，颇不自然，在日常应用中往往避免这种结构而改为：
Either you are wrong, or he is.
Either he is wrong, or I am.
(2)either后面有时可以接一个以上的or：
He Either resigned, or opened up an office of his own, or went abroad.
(3)either后面接or，不能接nor或and, 但not…either…后面则要用nor，不能用or，因not…either=neither。
7. not only…but also…
应用这一关联连词时，要注意以下几点：
(1)后面须接平行结构：
Hangzhou is famous not only for its beautiful scenery but also for its longjing tea. (连接两个介词短语)
He is not only an architect but also a painter. (连接两个表语)
She speaks not only English but also French. (连接两个宾语)
Father not only said it but also did it. (连接两个谓语动词)
Not only they but also we are invited. (连接两个作主语的代词)
Students should develop not only intellectually, but also morally and physically. (连接副词)
(2)not only…but also…着重于but also后面的部分，故句中谓语动词的数应与but also后面的主语取得一致。试比较：
Not only you but also he is invited.
Not only he but also I am invited.
(3)not only…but also…在实际应用中出现以下几个变体：
a. not only…but…(省略also)：
He not only has read the novel but remembers what he has read.
b. not only…also…(省略but)：
Man has in fact not only domesticated wild animals, also domesticated wild plants, especially those which bear edible fruit. (also前省掉了but)
c. not only…(在现代英语中，有时but also都省略，代之以逗号“，”：
She was not only compelled to stay at home, (but) she was(also)forbidden to see her friends.
D. not only…but…as well(but also为but…as well所代替：
He is not only my teacher but my friend as well.
e. not only…but…also(not only不能分开，but also可以拆开)：
She was not only compelled to stay home, but she was also forbidden to see her friends. (注意，stay home是美国英语=英国英语stay at home。)
f. not only置于句首时，主谓须倒装，但but also后面如连接从句的话，其主谓则不能倒装：
not only was the girl complain to stay home, but she was not allowed to see all her friends.
not only did he complain about the food, but he also refused to pay for it.
8. but
并列连词but能表示：
(1)意义的转折
He is poor but honest. (连接两个形容词)
All men must die, but death can vary in its significance. (连接两个分句)
He said that he was free today but that he would be busy tomorrow. (连接两个宾语从句。注意：but后面有从属连词that, but连接分句，that引导宾语从句。)
从上面的例子看，but连接的并列成分，其意义应该是相反的。如果句意顺势发展下去，不带有相反的含义，就不能用but，而应该用and:
It is more than ten years since I left Ypsilanti, but I haven't gone back there once in that time. (句意是“我离开Ypsilanti［美密执安州一城市，Eastern Michigan University所在地］以来已经十多年了，但是这些年来我一次也没有回去过。”)
两个分句的意思基本一样，第二分句是第一分句意思上的延伸，故不应用but，应把but改为and。
(2)表示对比或对照的意义。
She doesn't know a word of Japanese, but she speaks English perfectly.
表示这一意义时，but还用于下列句型中：
a. not…but…，后面须接语法功能相同的平行结构：
The book is not mine, but hers. (连接两个物主代词)
I major not in law, but in American history. (连接两个介词短语)
not what you expect to receive but what you are ready to give counts in love. (连接两个主语从句，句中的谓语动词是counts。句意是“在谈情说爱中，重要的并不是你指望得到什么而是你准备给予什么。”)
请再比较下列两句：
A good policy is not a dogma, but a guide to action. (连接两个用作表语的名词，平行结构，句意是“一项好的政策不是教条而是行动的指南。”)
A good policy is not a dogma, but it is a guide to action. (这句错，因not…but…后面的结构不平行，但在日常口语中可以接受。)
注意，not…but…可以转换成主语+ 肯定式或谓语+ but not…。如：
The book is not mine, but hers.
可转换成：The book is hers, but not mine.
I major not in law, but in American history.
可转换成：I major in American history, but not in law
b. never…but…作“不…则已，一…就…”解。
在这一句型中，never后面接谓语动词，but后面接分句=never+ 谓语动词+ without+ 动名词：
I never see him but I think of my younger brother. (=I never see him without thinking of my younger brother. )(上面两例句意思相同，即“我一看他就想起我的弟弟”)
never…but…是一个意义非常正式的书面体，具有极为强调的效果，故也用于谚语：
It never rains but it pours. (［谚］不雨则已，一雨倾盆，含意是“坏事情不发生则已，一发生则接踵而来。”)
如John got sick, and then his brothers and sisters all got sick. It never rains but it pours.
在日常应用中，never…but…往往改用when…always…I never see him but I think of my younger brother.
改成：when I see him, I always think of my younger brother.
我们也可反过来改：
when he speaks, she always contradicts(批驳)him. (口语体)(=He never speaks but she contradicts him. )(强调的书面体)
when I go past my old school, I always think of Mr. Wilkins, the headmaster. (口语体)(=I never go past my old school but I think of Mr. Wilkins, the headmaster. (强调的书面体)
c. not such或so…but…在这一句型中，but=that…not…: Octavius is not such a fool but he knows it. (=Octavius is not such a fool that he does not know it. )(奥克泰弗斯并没有傻到连这个都不知道。)
Octavius is not so big a fool but he knows it. (=Octavius is not so big a fool that he does not know it. )(意思同上。)
这一句型有一个变体，即否定主语+ be+ so…but(或but that)…
Nothing is so hard but(或but that) it becomes easy by practice. (=Nothing is so hard that it does not become easy by practice. )(再难的事情通过实践也会变得容易了。)
这一变体实际上用得比原来的句型要多，如“再难的任务我们也能完成”就可用这一变体的句型来表示：
No task is so difficult but we can accomplish it. (=No task is so difficult that we cannot accomplish it. )
(3)在特定的语言环境中，but或but that无实义，相等于连词that, 通常用于下列情况：
a. 用在“怀疑”、“否定”等表示否定意义的词后面：
I do not doubt but (=that) someone among us leaked the information.
There is no doubt/no question but (=that) he will recover.
I do not deny but/but that(=that) his statement is true.
b. 用在It is not impossible后面：
It is not impossible but (=that) such a day may come. (这样的日子的到来不是不可能。)
c. 用在It is ten to one等类似结构中：You are working so hard. It is ten to one but (=that) you will succeed. (你这么努力，十之八九你会成功的。)
d. 在口语中，but往往用在表示歉意或相反意见的词的后面，使语气缓和一些，but本身无实义，不作“但是”解，故翻译时不需译出：
Excuse me, but are you Mr. Brown from the ABC Company?
I'm sorry, but I disagree with you on that point.
(4)用于not that…but that…省略结构中
这一结构可以理解为前面省略了(I do) not(say) that…but that…或(The reason is) not that…but that…，故not that…but that…作“不是…而是…”解：
Not that I dislike the work, but that I am unequal to it. (不是因为我不喜欢这项工作，而是我不能胜任。)
(5)but then
but往往和then连用，表示委婉的相反含义，作“但是”，“不过”，“但另一方面却”解：
Your plan is a good one; but then it would take too much time and money. (你的计划好是好，不过费时太久，花钱太多。)
9. for表示因果关系的从属连词有as, since, because等好几个，但表示这一关系的并列连词只有一个，即for。
for与because的区别
(1)because是因果概念最强烈的从属连词，故直接回答由why引出的问句时，只能用because，不能用for：
A: Why are you leaving?
B：I'm leaving because I'm fed up with the life style here. (因我对这里的生活方式感到厌烦了。)
(2)because引导的原因状语从句可以置于句首或句末，置于句首时通常要用逗号分开，置于句末时则不需用逗号分开：
Girls are jealous of her because she is beautiful and successful. (because从句置于句末，不用逗号分开。)
Because she is beautiful and successful, girls is jealous of her. (从句置于句首，用逗号分开。)
但由for引导的原因分句不能置于句首，只能置于句末，并且必须用逗号分开：
Girls are jealous of her, for she is beautiful and successful.
(3)because只是直接表示因果关系，而for是并列连词，它所引导的分句对前一分句所表示的内容则起着补充说明其理由或推断其原因的作用：
I decided to stop and have lunch-for I was feeling hungry. (for引导的分句补充说明“我决定停下来吃饭”的理由。)
He must have gone to sleep, for the light is off. (从灯关掉这一for引导的分句推断出他肯定已入睡了。)
在以上两例中，不能用because来取代for。
10. as well as
as well as用作并列连词时，有两个意义：
(1)=not only…but also，但两者在用法上有如下不同：
a. not only…but also侧重后者，as well as则着重前者，也就是说A as well as B=not only B but also A:
Mr. Brown has experience as well as knowledge. (不仅有知识而且有经验)( 侧重前者，即experience。)(=Mr. Brown has not only knowledge but also experience. )(着重后者，即but also后面的部分。)
了解as well as的侧重点便能正确判断下面句子的正误：
I am a Chinese, but I have Chinese friends as well as foreign friends.
as well as强调它前面的成分，故这句的意思是：“我是中国人，但我不仅有外国朋友而
且还有中国朋友。”显然，这是讲不通的。应改为：
I am a Chinese, but I have foreign friends as well as Chinese Friends.
as well as连接的并列成分对调后，则变成“我是中国人，但我不仅有中国朋友而且还有外国朋友。”这样，句意便能成立。
b. 在带有as well as的句子中，动词须和as well as前面的主语在数上取得一致；not only…but also连接句中的并列成分时，动词的数则和but also后面的主语取得一致：试比较：
The pilot as well as two of the passengers has miraculously escaped death. (as well as前的主语pilot系单数，故动词用has。)
Not only two of the passengers but also the pilot has miraculously escaped death. (but also后面的主语pilot也系单数，动词用has。)
Two of the passengers as well as the pilot have miraculously escaped death. (as well as前的主语two of the passengers系复数，动词用have。)
Not only the pilot but also two of the passengers have miraculously escaped death. (but also后面的主语也系复数，动词也用have。)
(2)有时候，as well as所连接的成分并未有侧重的意义，这时它的意义相当于and，但和and又有以下三点不同：
a. as well as比and强调，含有“又”的涵义：
The plan is practical as well as far-sighted. (这方案切实可行，又具有远见性。)
b. and经常用于A, B, and C这一模式，但as well as则不能，A, B，as well as C是错的，应改为A and B as well as C
We study physics，chemistry as well as mathematics.
上列例句是一个常见的错误，宜改为以下两式：
We study physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
We study physics and chemistry as well as mathematics.
c. 鉴于as well as有时候意义相等于and, 而and可和both连用，故在现代英语里as well as也可与both连用：
This collection of stories includes both foreign as well as Chinese works.
11. as much as作“与……一样多；同样地；等于…”解：His remarks were directed at you as much as at me. (他的话是指你而说的，也是指向我而说的。)
That is as much as to say that you are rejecting our proposal. (这等于
说，你们拒绝我们的建议啦。)
as much as也可拆开来，即as much…as。如It is as much your responsibility as mine. (这是你的职责，同样也是我的职责。)
as much as的否定式通常是not so much…as，后面接平行结构：
I am impressed not so much by his excellent academic record as by his admirable independence of mind. (给我印象很深的与其说是他的优异的成绩倒不如说是他的令人钦佩的独立思考能力。)
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇14：被动语态(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
被动语态
(一)语态分类
英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动)
A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动)
汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+ 及物动词的过去分词构成。
(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化
主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give为例，列表如下：
［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。
(三)被动语态常用的八种时态
1. 一般现在时
People grow rice in the south of the states.
鯮ice is grown in the south of the states.
The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
鯳e are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
2. 一般过去时
They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.
鯰he building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
He had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
And the students didn't forget his lessons easily.
鯤e had a strange way of making his classes lively and his lessons were not easily forgotten.
3. 一般将来时
They will send cars abroad by sea.
鯟ars will be sent abroad by sea.
They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.
鯬lenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.
4. 过去将来时
The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.
鯰he manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.
The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.
鯰he workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.
5. 现在进行时
The radio is broadcasting English lessons.
鯡nglish lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.
--Have you moved into the new house?
--Not yet. We are painting the rooms.
鯰he rooms are being painted.
6. 过去进行时
--Why didn't they drive there on time?
--Because the workers were mending the road.
鯞ecause the road was being mended.
This time last year we were planting trees here.
鯰rees were being planted here this time last year.
7. 现在完成时
Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off.
鯥 have been told the sports meet might be put off.
We have brought down the price.
鯰he price has been brought down.
8. 过去完成时
When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.
鯳hen I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.
The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a great leader.
鯤e had been considered to be a great leader.
9. 含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。
The teacher said, “You must hand in your compositions after class. ”
鯰he teacher said, “Your compositions must be handed in after class. ”
He can write a great many letters with the computer.
鯝 great many letters can be written with the computer by him.
(四)被动语态的使用
1. 当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。
“Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。
2. 突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。
These records were made by John Denver.
The cup was broken by Paul.
3. 当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+ 名词作状语，而代替by短语。
These cars were made in China.
15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory.
(五)主动语态变被动语态的方法
1. 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2. 把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+ 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。
3. 把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+ 地点名词作状语。如：
My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
I was invited (by my aunt )to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
The school set up a special class to help poor readers.
A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.
(六)语态转换时所注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer.
鯝 new computer has been bought. (正确)
A new computer have been bought. (错误)
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：
bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell等。
The magazine was passed on to me.
The cup with mixture was showed to the class.
My bike was lent to her.
一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for, 如：
build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。
Mother made me a new skirt.
A new skirt was made for me.
The meat was cooked for us.
Some country music was played for us.
有些既不用to也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。
He ask me a question.
A question was asked of me.
People all over the world know the Great Wall.
The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语)
3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：
不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about等。
The patient is being operated on.
The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.
及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out等。
His request was turned down.
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.
4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：
We always keep the classroom clean.
鯰he classroom is always kept clean.
She told us to follow her instructions.
鯳e were told to follow her instructions.
注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。
We often hear him play the guitar.
He is often heard to play the guitar.
The earthquake made the road fall onto another one below.
The road was made to fall onto another one below by the earthquake.
注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：
Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples.
误：Love apples were called them.
正：They were called love apples.
5. 还有一种短语动词由动词+ 名词+ 介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：
1)We take good care of the books.
鯰he books are taken good care of.
Good care is taken of the book.
2)You must pay attention to your pronunciation.
Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.
Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.
用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on等。
6. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：
Nobody can answer this question.
误：The question can be answered by nobody.
正：The question can not be answered by anybody.
7. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：
They haven't done anything to make the river clean.
鑫螅篈nything hasn't been done to make the river clean.
正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.
8. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：
Who wrote the story?
鑫螅篧ho was the story written?
正：By whom was the story written?
9. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook等。如：
The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。
The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。
The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。
The books sell well. (主动句)
对比：
The books were sold out. (被动句)
The meat didn't cook well. (主动句)
对比：
The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句)
10. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：
第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。
--Do you like the material?
--Yes, it feels very soft.
误：It is felt very soft.
The food tastes delicious.
误：The food is tasted delicious.
The pop music sounds beautiful.
误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.
第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：
He entered the room and got his book.
误：The room was entered and his book was got.
She had her hand burned.
误：Her hand was had burned.
第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：
The fire broke out in the capital building.
误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.
第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。
1)When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.
误：The sun had already been risen.
2)After the earthquake, few houses remained.
鑫螅篈fter the earthquake, few houses were remained.
第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：
I taught myself English.
鑫螅篗yself was taught English.
We love each other.
鑫螅篍ach other is loved.
11. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，如：
据说……It is said that…
据报导……It is reported that…
据推测……It is supposed that…
希望……It is hoped that…
众所周知……It is well known that…
普遍认为……It is generally considered that…
有人建议……It is suggested that…
1)It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.
2)It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.
在英语语言中，被动语态是极常见的语言现象，人们进行语言交际，离不开对被动语态的使用，熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学习打下良好的基础，在动词-ing形式，不定式等结构中，都有被动式，都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇15：作文(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
I’d like to introduce a program named Learning Chinese to in the international channel CCTV 9, which is convenient for to watch at home. You can watch this program at 09:15 or at 15:15 from Tuesday to Saturday every week. Da Shan, a Canadian, who hosts Learning Chinese and becomes popular with foreigners, has rich experience of learning Chinese. Since 2008 Beijing Olympics, the content of this program has been enlarged, which includes Communication Chinese, Travel Chinese and PE Chinese. Being easy to understand, easy to learn and interesting, it is suitable for you to get the hang of Chinese culture and spread it wherever you go.
14分 表达流畅、自然；只有个别用词错误。
Saving the Resources
The story tells us that Peter ignored the running water tap when he passed by it. After Mary came up to turn it off and scolded him, Peter still thought it was none of his business.
In my opinion, Peter is wrong because he lacks the sense of responsibility to save the resources. As the society develops, we are in short of many kinds of resources. Turning a running tap off is such an easy thing that everyone can do. Everyone can contribute to the environment by doing such little and easy things. Peter’s thought is quite harmful.
One day, when I walked along the street, I saw a young boy picking up waste paper on the ground to get it recycled. I was moved by his behaviour, so I went up to help him. It was a beneficial experience for me.
If the idea of saving resources can be spread in the society, our world may become more beautiful.
22分
责任编辑：李芳芳
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