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托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换

时间：2022-05-02 20:45:20 优美句子收藏本文下载本文

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篇1：托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换

托福阅读句子要点题：把握逻辑关系，稳抓同义替换

托福阅读句子要点题又称托福阅读句子简化题，顾名思义是对长难句的简化筛出句子最精华的要点，一般出题形式是在文章中高亮标示出一个句子，要求考生选择与原文基本信息最接近的选项，这类题目的提问方式一般为：“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”

句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类：一是对长难句的化繁为简，即原句比较长，逻辑关系复杂，选项只保留了原句的主要信息，而省略了原句的次要信息(如同位语、例子)等;二是对相对简单的句子的同义改写，即原句难度不大，逻辑关系简单，选项是原句的同义改写。从做题方法上来说，对于第二种出题思路的题目，考生应该采用通读的办法，在理解原句意思的基础上再答题。而针对第一种出题思路的题目，考生一般把握住原句的几个关键点就可以见微知著，找到破句子简化题的良方。

对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。如：

In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.

B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.

C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.

D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.

先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。很多同学采用翻译的方法做题，即首先翻译原句，然后逐个翻译四个选项。这种做法不仅浪费时间，而且对我们读句子的能力要求极高。更好的做法是，首先判断句子的核心信息。这是考题当中为数不多的原句比较简单的句子释义题，原句的核心概念在于强调区分(apart from)。因此找到同义替换，即是C 项当中的distinguished。但是大多数题目的原文不会是一个简单句，多数是带有逻辑关系的复杂句。那么简单的同义替换技巧就无法操作了。如何快速解决这种题型呢?我们主要分两个部分来解析。

其实，我们在读原句的时候并不需要完整的彻底的摄取信息，相反，我们通过快速浏览，只需要关注两个关键点：一是原句当中的表示程度，频率的词，二是原句当中的逻辑关系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速浏览将所关注的信息点抓住即可，这样便节省了大量的时间。

还可以对比原句与选项，逻辑关系与原文一致者为正确选项，对比原句中出现的例子与选项，不包含例子内容的选项为正确选项。如：

The highlighted sentence: Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (官方真题Official 14 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia)

A. Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status.

B. Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.

C. Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.

D. In pastoral societies, gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.

很多考生看到原句中出现的转折逻辑词but，就会想到用逻辑吻合的技巧来解答。由于英语中的转折关系与让步关系可以相互转换，因而很多考生看到选项A出现的despite，会误以为其是正确答案，掉入前面提到的在逻辑转换时题目设置的陷阱中。所以，考生在利用技巧一解题时，遇到逻辑吻合的选项后，一定要对比一下该选项与原句的主句意思是否一致。在本题中，原句主句的重点在but之后，即“they seem to have been softened”，而选项A的主句是“gender inequality still exists”，两者的意思明显不一致，因而A不是正确选项。事实上，如果考生快速浏览原句，会发现后面句子出现了举例的标志词including，所举的例子就是military skills。根据这个例子，考生可以暂且排除A、B、C三个选项。然后再对比选项D与原句的意思是否一致，最后考生可以得出正确答案正是选项D。

最后我们来回顾一下ETS对句子简化题的出题要求，简单来说，托福阅读句子要点题的关键就在于找到原文考查句子和选项各自的关键信息再进行比对。一般来说题目中干扰选项的错误主要体现在两个方面：一是从根本上改变了原句意思，二是漏掉了原句中包含的重要信息。我们在进行托福阅读句子要点题的备考时一定要注意结合方法技巧进行有的放矢的真题训练并做好反思总结，循序渐进提高对这类题型的应对能力。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines.

Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.

Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the trees,where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.

Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects,flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face. Walking or leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with their hands.

Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a climb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.

1. The passage answers which of the following questions?

(A) How is the rain forest different from other habitats?

(B) How does an animal's body size influence an animal's need for food?

(D) Why do large animals tend to dominate the upper canopy of the rain forest?

2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?

(A) Monkeys

(B) Cats

(D) Mice

3. The word they in line 4 refers to

(A) trees

(B) climbing mammals of moderately large size

(D) high tropical canopies

4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the small mammals in the rain

forest?

(A) They have body shapes that are adapted to live in the canopy.

(B) They prefer the temperature and climate of the canopy to that of other environments.

(D) They use the trees of the canopy for shelter from heat and cold.

5. In discussing animal size in paragraph 3, the author indicates that

(A) small animals require proportionately more food than larger animals do

(B) a large animal's size is an advantage in obtaining food in the canopy

(D) small animals and large animals are equally adept at obtaining food in the canopy

6. The word typify in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) resemble

(B) protect

(D) divide

7. According to paragraph 4, what makes jumping from one tree crown to another difficult for

small mammals?

(A) Air friction against the body surface

(B) The thickness of the branches

(D) The inability to use the front feet as hands

8. The word supplement in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) control

(B) replace

(D) add to

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) canopy (line 1)

(B) warm blooded (line 5)

(D) springboard (line 21)

托福阅读背景知识汇总之超现实主义

超现实主义(Surrealism)

第一次世界大战完毕后的几年, 人们开始怀疑理性主义, 虽理性主义然使欧洲的文化, 政治达到顶峰但还是发生了恐怖一次大战. 虽然达达派(Dada)的艺术风靡了当时的欧洲画坛. 但是把印了字的纸片洒在地上作诗, 似乎太过消极了. 超现实主义(Surrealism)这时开始萌芽了. 1924年, 超现实主义的创始人, 也是达达派的诗人与评论家-安德烈布尔顿发表了“超现实主义宣言”(The Surrealist Manifesto). 宣言中指出: 超现实主义是结合了意识的和无意识的精神领域在每天的现实生活中而完成世界的美梦与幻想. 简单的说, 超现实主义不但重视人类意识的思考, 另外更重视下意识的范畴. 他们用科学的方法研究人在无意中画出的图画, 信手写出的字, 小孩或疯子的图画, 结合心理学与精神病学的原理, 配合上人的梦境与幻想. 结论是: 美是在解放了的意识中那些不可思议的幻象与梦境. 所以超现实主义是一种超理性, 超意识的艺术. 超现实主义的画家不受理性主义的限制而凭本能及想象, 表现超现实的题材. 他们自由自在的生活在一种时空交错的空间, 不受空间与时间的束缚, 表现出比现实世界更真实更有意义. 超现实主义首先在法国展开, 立即受西班牙画家的欢迎, 很快普及到全世界. 而原本是单纯的美术改革运动, 不久也影响到了文学, 雕刻, 戏剧, 戏剧舞台, 电影, 建筑等其它的应用艺术, 所以超现实主义可以说是影响全世界的新文艺运动. 但在第二次世界大战时, 大量的艺术家迁往美国, 同时影响美国超现实主义的风行. 1945年后“新具象”在艺术之都巴黎兴起, 超现实主义才渐渐没落

篇2：托福阅读句子要点题

托福阅读句子要点题

对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。如：

A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.

B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.

C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.

D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.

还可以对比原句与选项，逻辑关系与原文一致者为正确选项，对比原句中出现的例子与选项，不包含例子内容的选项为正确选项。如：

A. Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status.

B. Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.

C. Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.

D. In pastoral societies, gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.

托福阅读备考：三种不同做题顺序

方法一：顺序做题

在这样的方法中，通常大家都会用5分钟左右的时间阅读完整篇文章，而将大概的重点都放在文章的结构和关键内容的理解中。而剩余的15分钟时间，就会从题目的题顺序做到后一题。也就是说，文章应对题目，看了一段题目后，找到相应要解决掉的题目。这样的方法相信是大部分备考学生都会采用到的。其优点在于，可以让大家对于整题的文章有了一定的把握，同时，容易理解文章的细节信息，建立阅读的自信。当然，其中的确定就是，很难控制好答题的时间，另外在做后一题时候，往往会需要我们在重新阅读一下整篇文章。

方法二：后一题优先

而针对以上这样的问题，很多同学也曾经考虑过改变顺序从而应对答题时间的问题。也就是是说，在阅读完整篇文章之后，先做后一到小结题，然后再从题做到倒数第二题。当然，这样方法有着一定的好处，因为在刚刚阅读结束后对于整篇文章有着比较深的印象，在完成后一题是能有比较高的准确率。但如果在这道题中稍稍耽搁了一会儿，也将会之后解题带来很大的时间压力。

方法三：先题后文

用题目还原到文章这样的解题，目前也是被大家逐渐推崇的一种不错的答题方法。也就是说，我们可以花上15分钟做题。然后，先题后文，读题目根据关键词定位到段落中某段话。然后，进行这句话和选项内容的比对，找到终的答案。而后的5分钟，我们就可以留给后一题了。这样的方法不仅可以保证在规定时间内完成答题，同时，也可以保证绝大多数题目的准确率。但是，想要使用这种方法，我们就必须有着很好的答题技巧，必须对于各个题型的解题方法和流程非常娴熟，否则只能增加自己解题的心理负担。

总之，对于托福阅读来说，建议大家不妨尝试试用一下各种解题的方法，看看哪一种方法适合自己，希望以上的内容能为大家的备考带来帮助。

托福阅读：出题的规则

一、列举和并列句

列举指的是： First, Second, Third,等逐条列出。并列句是指： A ， B and C ，即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：

1. Which 题型

该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下，往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。

2 . EXCEPT 题型

该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ?

这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点.我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。

二、否定及转折句

否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定词的句子，而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或 RATHER 等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。

三、举例句

句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。

四、数字与年代

文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点。

五、最高级及绝对性词汇

文章中若出现 must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等绝对性词汇或 first ， most beautiful 等最高级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是出题还是做题，不会产出歧义和疑问，因此很容易出题，答案绝对正确。相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇，如果我们出这样一道题： What color hats did some people choose? 那么就没有唯一正确的答案，因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ，给评卷带来困难。

六、比较级及比喻

如果文中含有 more than 或 as ， like ( a fly )等句型，则为比较级或比喻句结构，往往也是考题点，一般出“推断性题目”。

七、同位语及插入语

文章中带有由 that is ， i.e. ， or 等词汇引导的名词词组，放在一个名词后面，为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点，一般会出“细节性题目”。

八、因果句

句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：

(1) 因果连词： because ， since ， for ， as ， therefore ， so ， consequently 等

(2) 表示因果的动词： cause ， result in ， originate from 等;

需要注意的是一旦完成了一个部分的考试便无法返回该部分内容，即进入第二部分以后便无法返回第一部分，加试同理。所以大家在做题的时候要认真仔细。

篇3：托福阅读句子要点题的分析

托福阅读句子要点题的分析

托福阅读句子要点题，又称托福阅读句子简化题，是对长难句的简化筛出句子最精华的要点。

一般出题形式是在文章中高亮标示出一个句子，要求考生选择与原文基本信息最接近的选项，这类题目的提问方式一般为：“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”

句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类：一是对长难句的化繁为简，即原句比较长，逻辑关系复杂，选项只保留了原句的主要信息，而省略了原句的次要信息(如同位语、例子)等;二是对相对简单的句子的同义改写，即原句难度不大，逻辑关系简单，选项是原句的同义改写。

从做题方法上来说，对于第二种出题思路的题目，考生应该采用通读的办法，在理解原句意思的基础上再答题。

而针对第一种出题思路的题目，考生一般把握住原句的几个关键点就可以见微知著，找到_句子简化题的良方。

对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。

找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。如：

A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.

B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.

C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.

D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.

该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。

很多同学采用翻译的方法做题，即首先翻译原句，然后逐个翻译四个选项。这种做法不仅浪费时间，而且对我们读句子的能力要求极高。

更好的做法是，首先判断句子的核心信息。

这是考题当中为数不多的原句比较简单的句子释义题，原句的核心概念在于强调区分(apart from)。因此找到同义替换，即是C 项当中的distinguished。但是大多数题目的原文不会是一个简单句，多数是带有逻辑关系的复杂句。那么简单的同义替换技巧就无法操作了。

其实，我们在读原句的时候并不需要完整的彻底的摄取信息，相反，我们通过快速浏览，只需要关注两个关键点：

一是原句当中的表示程度，频率的词;

二是原句当中的逻辑关系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速浏览将所关注的信息点抓住即可，这样便节省了大量的时间。

最后我们来回顾一下ETS对句子简化题的出题要求，简单来说，托福阅读句子要点题的关键就在于找到原文考查句子和选项各自的关键信息再进行比对。

一般来说题目中干扰选项的错误主要体现在两个方面：

一是从根本上改变了原句意思;

二是漏掉了原句中包含的重要信息。

托福阅读模拟题的练习

Hormones in the Body

Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.

Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.

As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.

Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.

Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.

27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) desire

(B) origin

(D) chemical

28. The word it in the passage refers to

(A) secretin

(B) small intestine

(D) pancreas

29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) remembered

(B) surprised

(D) motivated

30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must

(A) be part of the digestive process

(B) influence the operations of the nervous system

(D) regulate attitudes and behavior

31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to

(A) whether scientists understand their function

(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body

(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the blood

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) misunderstood

(B) precise

(D) simple

33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) sudden

(B) small

(D) noticeable

34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.

(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.

(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.

35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) decreased

(B) advertised

(D) researched

36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?

(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal

(B) Adults with strong digestive systems

(D) Children who may remain abnormally small

37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?

These sentences are highlighted in the passage.

(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.

(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.

(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.

38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.

Answer Choices

The term hormone is based on a Greek word that means “to excite” or “to set in motion.”Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.

Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.

Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.

Answer Keys

Reading：

27. B

28. A

29. D

30. C

31. D

32. C

33. B

34. D

35. A

36. D

37. A

38. third square

39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….

2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..

3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….

托福阅读文章要怎么做

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。

很多人在看到这句话的时候，经常翻译为“沙漠化是源于”或者翻译为“沙漠化导致”“很多的土地与很多的人去影响的原因。 ”这里面有两个点特别容易犯错误，一是result from是源于的意思，而不是单纯的导致的意思。二是affected在这里其实是后置定语，因此这里的意思是“被影响”，这里很多人又疑惑了，因为我们以前看到的东西都是，人的因素导致沙漠化啊，怎么又会是被影响呢?这就是你的问题了，你被自己以前获得的信息给影响了，你只要知道文章的作者是这么认为的就可以了，何必把自己脑中的信息强加在本文作者身上呢?

这句话其实是一个很浅显的例子，举这个例子，其实就是想告诉很多考生很多时候，只是认为自己已经把文章读懂了，但是实际上对于文章的理解上有无数的错误，这其实就是语言的细节!这些细节点要想解决靠的是什么?靠的是单词的积累，靠的是语法的一步一步的打磨。

新托福阅读中如果你经常有看得懂文章，但不对题的感叹出现，考生们最好还是从自身下手，去检查自己的单词，以及语法，如果觉得不知道从哪里下手，到底该怎么提升，建议你做做老托福的语法，而且要多分析错题;并且多找一些文章多翻译一下，然后按照里面给出的译文去检查一下自己到底哪里理解错了.

★ 托福阅读遇到长难句如何解决需掌握正确分析方法

★ 托福阅读关键词定位方法